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Artesunate improves venetoclax plus cytarabine AML cell targeting by regulating the Noxa/Bim/Mcl-1/p-Chk1 axis. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:379. [PMID: 35443722 PMCID: PMC9021233 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04810-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2021] [Revised: 03/20/2022] [Accepted: 03/30/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Venetoclax plus cytarabine therapy is approved for elderly acute myeloid leukemia (AML) patients and needs further improvement. We studied the mechanisms of venetoclax plus cytarabine treatment and searched for a third agent to enhance their effects. Cytarabine induces S phase arrest-mediated DNA damage with activation of DNA replication checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) through phosphorylation, while venetoclax induces B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-interacting mediator of cell death (Bim)-mediated apoptotic DNA damage. Myeloid cell leukemia-1 (Mcl-1) plays negative roles in both events by sequestering Bim and accelerating Chk1 phosphorylation. Venetoclax releases Bim from Bcl-2 with increased Bim binding to Mcl-1. Artesunate, an antimalaria drug, induces Noxa to replace Bim from Mcl-1 and induces synergistic apoptosis with venetoclax accompanied with Mcl-1 reduction. Silencing Mcl-1 or adding venetoclax/artesunate diminishes the cytarabine resistance pathway p-Chk1. The triple combination exhibits S phase arrest with enhanced DNA damage, improves AML colony formation inhibition, and prolongs survival of two mice xenograft models compared to the venetoclax/cytarabine dual combination. Artesunate serves as a bridge for venetoclax and cytarabine combination by Noxa and Bim-mediated apoptosis and Mcl-1 reduction. We provide a new triple combination for AML treatment by targeting the Noxa/Mcl-1/Bim axis to reverse Mcl-1/p-Chk1 resistance of cytarabine therapy.
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Mohiuddin M, Kasahara K. Paclitaxel Impedes EGFR-mutated PC9 Cell Growth via Reactive Oxygen Species-mediated DNA Damage and EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR Signaling Pathway Suppression. Cancer Genomics Proteomics 2021; 18:645-659. [PMID: 34479917 DOI: 10.21873/cgp.20287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2021] [Revised: 06/10/2021] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIM Paclitaxel is used as a first-line and subsequent therapy for the treatment of various cancers. However, the function and mechanisms of action of paclitaxel in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) remain unknown. In this study, the molecular mechanism underlying the anticancer activity of paclitaxel was investigated in vitro in a human NSCLC cell line carrying the EGFR exon 19 deletion (PC9). MATERIALS AND METHODS PC9 cells were treated with paclitaxel and then evaluated with a cell viability assay, DAPI staining, Giemsa staining, apoptosis assay, reactive oxygen species (ROS) assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling assay and Western blotting. RESULTS Paclitaxel markedly decreased the viability of PC9 cells and induced morphological signs of apoptosis. The apoptotic effects of paclitaxel were observed through caspase cascade activation, along with ROS generation and loss of mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP). Furthermore, paclitaxel induced ROS-mediated DNA damage that triggered the activation of the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis via the up-regulation of death receptor (DR5) and caspase-8 activation. In addition, we found that paclitaxel effectively suppressed the EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway to impede PC9 cell growth. Paclitaxel induced cell cycle arrest at the G1 phase in response to DNA damage, in association with the suppression of CDC25A, Cdk2 and Cyclin E1 protein expression. CONCLUSION Paclitaxel showed anticancer effects against NSCLC by activating extrinsic and intrinsic apoptotic pathways through enhancing ROS generation, inducing cell cycle arrest, and suppressing EGFR/PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mohiuddin
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Kazuo Kasahara
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Kanazawa University, Ishikawa, Japan
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Safari F, Farajnia S, Behzad Behbahani A, Zarredar H, Barekati-Mowahed M, Dehghani H. Caspase-7 deficiency in Chinese hamster ovary cells reduces cell proliferation and viability. Biol Res 2020; 53:52. [PMID: 33187557 PMCID: PMC7666471 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-020-00319-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells are the most commonly used mammalian host cell in the commercial-scale production of biopharmaceutical proteins. Modification of genes involved in apoptosis may improve the productivity of CHO cells. Executive caspases, including caspases 3 and 7, play critical roles in apoptosis. The effects of the ablation of the caspase 7 gene on proliferation and viability of CHO cells remains unknown. In this study, we applied clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR/Cas9) to target caspase 7 gene of CHO K1 cell via all in one and homology targeted integration strategies. Consequently, the effect of caspase 7 deficiency on cell proliferation, viability, and apoptosis was studied by MTT assay and flow cytometry. RESULTS Findings of gel electrophoresis, western blotting, and sequencing confirmed the caspase 7 gene silencing in CHO cells (CHO-KO). Proliferation assay revealed that caspase 7 deficiency in CHO cells resulted in the reduction of proliferation in various CHO-KO clones. Besides, the disruption of caspase 7 had negative effects on cell viability in exposure with NaBu which confirmed by MTT assay. Results of flow cytometry using Anexin V/PI demonstrated that Nabu treatment (11 mM) declined the percentage of live CHO-K1 and CHO-KO cells to 70.3% and 5.79%. These results verified that the CHO-K1 cells were more resistant to apoptosis than CHO-KO, however most of CHO-KO cells undergone early apoptosis (91.9%) which seems to be a fascinating finding. CONCLUSION These results reveal that caspase 7 may be involved in the cell cycle progression of CHO cells. Furthermore, it seems that targeting caspase 7 is not the ideal route as it had previously been imagined within the prevention of apoptosis but the relation between caspase 7 deficiency, cell cycle arrest, and the occurrence of early apoptosis will require more investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatemeh Safari
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Safar Farajnia
- Biotechnology Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Daneshgah Ave., Tabriz, Iran.
- Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran.
| | - Abbas Behzad Behbahani
- Diagnostic Laboratory Sciences and Technology Research Center, School of Paramedical Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Habib Zarredar
- Tuberculosis and Lung Diseases Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mazyar Barekati-Mowahed
- Department of Physiology & Biophysics, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Hesam Dehghani
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
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Ju JQ, Li XH, Pan MH, Xu Y, Sun MH, Xu Y, Sun SC. CHK1 monitors spindle assembly checkpoint and DNA damage repair during the first cleavage of mouse early embryos. Cell Prolif 2020; 53:e12895. [PMID: 32914523 PMCID: PMC7574881 DOI: 10.1111/cpr.12895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 08/12/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES DNA damage and errors of accurate chromosome segregation lead to aneuploidy and foetal defects. DNA repair and the spindle assembly checkpoint (SAC) are the mechanisms developed to protect from these defects. Checkpoint kinase 1 (CHK1) is reported to be an important DNA damage response protein in multiple models, but its functions remain unclear in early mouse embryos. MATERIALS AND METHODS Immunofluorescence staining, immunoblotting and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction were used to perform the analyses. Reactive oxygen species levels and Annexin-V were also detected. RESULTS Loss of CHK1 activity accelerated progress of the cell cycle at the first cleavage; however, it disturbed the development of early embryos to the morula/blastocyst stages. Further analysis indicated that CHK1 participated in spindle assembly and chromosome alignment, possibly due to its regulation of kinetochore-microtubule attachment and recruitment of BubR1 and p-Aurora B to the kinetochores, indicating its role in SAC activity. Loss of CHK1 activity led to embryonic DNA damage and oxidative stress, which further induced early apoptosis and autophagy, indicating that CHK1 is responsible for interphase DNA damage repair. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that CHK1 is a key regulator of the SAC and DNA damage repair during early embryonic development in mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Qian Ju
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiao-Han Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Meng-Hao Pan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yao Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ming-Hong Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Xu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shao-Chen Sun
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Connolly P, Garcia-Carpio I, Villunger A. Cell-Cycle Cross Talk with Caspases and Their Substrates. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2020; 12:a036475. [PMID: 31727679 PMCID: PMC7263087 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a036475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Caspases play central roles in mediating both cell death and inflammation. It has more recently become evident that caspases also drive other biological processes. Most prominently, caspases have been shown to be involved in differentiation. Several stem and progenitor cell types rely on caspases to initiate and execute their differentiation processes. These range from neural and glial cells, to skeletal myoblasts and osteoblasts, and several cell types of the hematopoietic system. Beyond differentiation, caspases have also been shown to play roles in other "noncanonical" processes, including cell proliferation, arrest, and senescence, thereby contributing to the mechanisms that regulate tissue homeostasis at multiple levels. Remarkably, caspases directly influence the course of the cell cycle in both a positive and negative manner. Caspases both cleave elements of the cell-cycle machinery and are themselves substrates of cell-cycle kinases. Here we aim to summarize the breadth of interactions between caspases and cell-cycle regulators. We also highlight recent developments in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Connolly
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Irmina Garcia-Carpio
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
| | - Andreas Villunger
- Division of Developmental Immunology, Biocenter, Medical University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck 6020, Austria
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases, Vienna 1090, Austria
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna 1090, Austria
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6
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McLoughlin HS, Moore LR, Paulson HL. Pathogenesis of SCA3 and implications for other polyglutamine diseases. Neurobiol Dis 2020; 134:104635. [PMID: 31669734 PMCID: PMC6980715 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2019.104635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tandem repeat diseases include the neurodegenerative disorders known as polyglutamine (polyQ) diseases, caused by CAG repeat expansions in the coding regions of the respective disease genes. The nine known polyQ disease include Huntington's disease (HD), dentatorubral-pallidoluysian atrophy (DRPLA), spinal bulbar muscular atrophy (SBMA), and six spinocerebellar ataxias (SCA1, SCA2, SCA3, SCA6, SCA7, and SCA17). The underlying disease mechanism in the polyQ diseases is thought principally to reflect dominant toxic properties of the disease proteins which, when harboring a polyQ expansion, differentially interact with protein partners and are prone to aggregate. Among the polyQ diseases, SCA3 is the most common SCA, and second to HD in prevalence worldwide. Here we summarize current understanding of SCA3 disease mechanisms within the broader context of the broader polyQ disease field. We emphasize properties of the disease protein, ATXN3, and new discoveries regarding three potential pathogenic mechanisms: 1) altered protein homeostasis; 2) DNA damage and dysfunctional DNA repair; and 3) nonneuronal contributions to disease. We conclude with an overview of the therapeutic implications of recent mechanistic insights.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lauren R Moore
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Henry L Paulson
- Department of Neurology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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Bandara G, Muñoz-Cano R, Tobío A, Yin Y, Komarow HD, Desai A, Metcalfe DD, Olivera A. Targeting Sphingosine Kinase Isoforms Effectively Reduces Growth and Survival of Neoplastic Mast Cells With D816V-KIT. Front Immunol 2018; 9:631. [PMID: 29643855 PMCID: PMC5883065 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00631] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/13/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a disorder resulting from an abnormal mast cell (MC) accumulation in tissues that is often associated with the D816V mutation in KIT, the tyrosine kinase receptor for stem cell factor. Therapies available to treat aggressive presentations of mastocytosis are limited, thus exploration of novel pharmacological targets that reduce MC burden is desirable. Since increased generation of the lipid mediator sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P) by sphingosine kinase (SPHK) has been linked to oncogenesis, we studied the involvement of the two SPHK isoforms (SPHK1 and SPHK2) in the regulation of neoplastic human MC growth. While SPHK2 inhibition prevented entry into the cell cycle in normal and neoplastic human MCs with minimal effect on cell survival, SPHK1 inhibition caused cell cycle arrest in G2/M and apoptosis, particularly in D816V-KIT MCs. This was mediated via activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) cascade, including phosphorylation of the checkpoint kinase 2 (CHK2), CHK2-mediated M-phase inducer phosphatase 3 depletion, and p53 activation. Combination treatment of SPHK inhibitors with KIT inhibitors showed greater growth inhibition of D816V-KIT MCs than either inhibitor alone. Furthermore, inhibition of SPHK isoforms reduced the number of malignant bone marrow MCs from patients with mastocytosis and the growth of D816V-KIT MCs in a xenograft mouse model. Our results reveal a role for SPHK isoforms in the regulation of growth and survival in normal and neoplastic MCs and suggest a regulatory function for SPHK1 in the DDR in MCs with KIT mutations. The findings also suggest that targeting the SPHK/S1P axis may provide an alternative to tyrosine kinase inhibitors, alone or in combination, for the treatment of aggressive mastocytosis and other hematological malignancies associated with the D816V-KIT mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geethani Bandara
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Rosa Muñoz-Cano
- Allergy Section, Pneumology Department, Hospital Clinic, ARADyAL, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Araceli Tobío
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Yuzhi Yin
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Hirsh D Komarow
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Avanti Desai
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Dean D Metcalfe
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
| | - Ana Olivera
- Mast Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, United States
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Torabi B, Flashner S, Beishline K, Sowash A, Donovan K, Bassett G, Azizkhan-Clifford J. Caspase cleavage of transcription factor Sp1 enhances apoptosis. Apoptosis 2018; 23:65-78. [PMID: 29236199 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-017-1437-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Sp1 is a ubiquitous transcription factor that regulates many genes involved in apoptosis and senescence. Sp1 also has a role in the DNA damage response; at low levels of DNA damage, Sp1 is phosphorylated by ATM and localizes to double-strand break sites where it facilitates DNA double-strand-break repair. Depletion of Sp1 increases the sensitivity of cells to DNA damage, whereas overexpression of Sp1 can drive cells into apoptosis. In response to a variety of stimuli, Sp1 can be regulated through proteolytic cleavage by caspases and/or degradation. Here, we show that activation of apoptosis through DNA damage or TRAIL-mediated activation of the extrinsic apoptotic pathway induces caspase-mediated cleavage of Sp1. Cleavage of Sp1 was coincident with the appearance of cleaved caspase 3, and produced a 70 kDa Sp1 product. In vitro analysis revealed a novel caspase cleavage site at aspartic acid 183. Mutation of aspartic acid 183 to alanine conferred resistance to cleavage, and ectopic expression of the Sp1 D183A rendered cells resistant to apoptotic stimuli, indicating that Sp1 cleavage is involved in the induction of apoptosis. The 70 kDa product resulting from caspase cleavage of Sp1 comprises amino acids 184-785. This truncated form, designated Sp1-70C, which retains transcriptional activity, induced apoptosis when overexpressed in normal epithelial cells, whereas Sp1D183A induced significantly less apoptosis. Together, these data reveal a new caspase cleavage site in Sp1 and demonstrate for the first time that caspase cleavage of Sp1 promotes apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Behzad Torabi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Samuel Flashner
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Kate Beishline
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Aislinn Sowash
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Kelly Donovan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Garrett Bassett
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | - Jane Azizkhan-Clifford
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
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9
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Devhare P, Meyer K, Steele R, Ray RB, Ray R. Zika virus infection dysregulates human neural stem cell growth and inhibits differentiation into neuroprogenitor cells. Cell Death Dis 2017; 8:e3106. [PMID: 29022904 PMCID: PMC5682681 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2017.517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The current outbreak of Zika virus-associated diseases in South America and its threat to spread to other parts of the world has emerged as a global health emergency. A strong link between Zika virus and microcephaly exists, and the potential mechanisms associated with microcephaly are under intense investigation. In this study, we evaluated the effect of Zika virus infection of Asian and African lineages (PRVABC59 and MR766) in human neural stem cells (hNSCs). These two Zika virus strains displayed distinct infection pattern and growth rates in hNSCs. Zika virus MR766 strain increased serine 139 phosphorylation of histone H2AX (γH2AX), a known early cellular response proteins to DNA damage. On the other hand, PRVABC59 strain upregulated serine 15 phosphorylation of p53, p21 and PUMA expression. MR766-infected cells displayed poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and caspase-3 cleavage. Interestingly, infection of hNSCs by both strains of Zika virus for 24 h, followed by incubation in astrocyte differentiation medium, induced rounding and cell death. However, astrocytes generated from hNSCs by incubation in differentiation medium when infected with Zika virus displayed minimal cytopathic effect at an early time point. Infected hNSCs incubated in astrocyte differentiating medium displayed PARP cleavage within 24–36 h. Together, these results showed that two distinct strains of Zika virus potentiate hNSC growth inhibition by different mechanisms, but both viruses strongly induce death in early differentiating neuroprogenitor cells even at a very low multiplicity of infection. Our observations demonstrate further mechanistic insights for impaired neuronal homeostasis during active Zika virus infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pradip Devhare
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Keith Meyer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Robert Steele
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ratna B Ray
- Department of Pathology, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA.,Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ranjit Ray
- Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, USA
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Massey AJ. Modification of tumour cell metabolism modulates sensitivity to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage. Sci Rep 2017; 7:40778. [PMID: 28106079 PMCID: PMC5247758 DOI: 10.1038/srep40778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 12/05/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chk1 kinase inhibitors are currently under clinical investigation as potentiators of cytotoxic chemotherapy and demonstrate potent activity in combination with anti-metabolite drugs that increase replication stress through the inhibition of nucleotide or deoxyribonucleotide biosynthesis. Inhibiting other metabolic pathways critical for the supply of building blocks necessary to support DNA replication may lead to increased DNA damage and synergy with an inhibitor of Chk1. A screen of small molecule metabolism modulators identified combinatorial activity between a Chk1 inhibitor and chloroquine or the LDHA/LDHB inhibitor GSK 2837808A. Compounds, such as 2-deoxyglucose or 6-aminonicotinamide, that reduced the fraction of cells undergoing active replication rendered tumour cells more resistant to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage. Withdrawal of glucose or glutamine induced G1 and G2/M arrest without increasing DNA damage and reduced Chk1 expression and activation through autophosphorylation. This suggests the expression and activation of Chk1 kinase is associated with cells undergoing active DNA replication. Glutamine starvation rendered tumour cells more resistant to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage and reversal of the glutamine starvation restored the sensitivity of tumour cells to Chk1 inhibitor-induced DNA damage. Chk1 inhibitors may be a potentially useful therapeutic treatment for patients whose tumours contain a high fraction of replicating cells.
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11
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Iacobucci I, Di Rorà AGL, Falzacappa MVV, Agostinelli C, Derenzini E, Ferrari A, Papayannidis C, Lonetti A, Righi S, Imbrogno E, Pomella S, Venturi C, Guadagnuolo V, Cattina F, Ottaviani E, Abbenante MC, Vitale A, Elia L, Russo D, Zinzani PL, Pileri S, Pelicci PG, Martinelli G. In vitro and in vivo single-agent efficacy of checkpoint kinase inhibition in acute lymphoblastic leukemia. J Hematol Oncol 2015; 8:125. [PMID: 26542114 PMCID: PMC4635624 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-015-0206-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although progress in children, in adults, ALL still carries a dismal outcome. Here, we explored the in vitro and in vivo activity of PF-00477736 (Pfizer), a potent, selective ATP-competitive small-molecule inhibitor of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) and with lower efficacy of checkpoint kinase 2 (Chk2). METHODS The effectiveness of PF-00477736 as single agent in B-/T-ALL was evaluated in vitro and in vivo studies as a single agent. The efficacy of the compound in terms of cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and changes in gene and protein expression was assessed using different B-/T-ALL cell lines. Finally, the action of PF-00477736 was assessed in vivo using leukemic mouse generated by a single administration of the tumorigenic agent N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea. RESULTS Chk1 and Chk2 are overexpressed concomitant with the presence of genetic damage as suggested by the nuclear labeling for γ-H2A.X (Ser139) in 68 % of ALL patients. In human B- and T-ALL cell lines, inhibition of Chk1/2 as a single treatment strategy efficiently triggered the Chk1-Cdc25-Cdc2 pathway resulting in a dose- and time-dependent cytotoxicity, induction of apoptosis, and increased DNA damage. Moreover, treatment with PF-00477736 showed efficacy ex vivo in primary leukemic blasts separated from 14 adult ALL patients and in vivo in mice transplanted with T-ALL, arguing in favor of its future clinical evaluation in leukemia. CONCLUSIONS In vitro, ex vivo, and in vivo results support the inhibition of Chk1 as a new therapeutic strategy in acute lymphoblastic leukemia, and they provide a strong rationale for its future clinical investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Iacobucci
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
| | - Andrea Ghelli Luserna Di Rorà
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Claudio Agostinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrico Derenzini
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Anna Ferrari
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Cristina Papayannidis
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Annalisa Lonetti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Righi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Enrica Imbrogno
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Silvia Pomella
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Claudia Venturi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Viviana Guadagnuolo
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Cattina
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.,Hematology and BMT Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Emanuela Ottaviani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Abbenante
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Antonella Vitale
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Loredana Elia
- Division of Hematology, Department of Cellular Biotechnologies and Hematology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Domenico Russo
- Hematology and BMT Unit, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Zinzani
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Pileri
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Martinelli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, Institute of Hematology "L. e A. Seragnoli", University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy.
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Yuan Z, Guo W, Yang J, Li L, Wang M, Lei Y, Wan Y, Zhao X, Luo N, Cheng P, Liu X, Nie C, Peng Y, Tong A, Wei Y. PNAS-4, an Early DNA Damage Response Gene, Induces S Phase Arrest and Apoptosis by Activating Checkpoint Kinases in Lung Cancer Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:14927-44. [PMID: 25918161 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.658419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
PNAS-4, a novel pro-apoptotic gene, was activated during the early response to DNA damage. Our previous study has shown that PNAS-4 induces S phase arrest and apoptosis when overexpressed in A549 lung cancer cells. However, the underlying action mechanism remains far from clear. In this work, we found that PNAS-4 expression in lung tumor tissues is significantly lower than that in adjacent lung tissues; its expression is significantly increased in A549 cells after exposure to cisplatin, methyl methane sulfonate, and mitomycin; and its overexpression induces S phase arrest and apoptosis in A549 (p53 WT), NCI-H460 (p53 WT), H526 (p53 mutation), and Calu-1 (p53(-/-)) lung cancer cells, leading to proliferation inhibition irrespective of their p53 status. The S phase arrest is associated with up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) and inhibition of the Cdc25A-CDK2-cyclin E/A pathway. Up-regulation of p21(Waf1/Cip1) is p53-independent and correlates with activation of ERK. We further showed that the intra-S phase checkpoint, which occurs via DNA-dependent protein kinase-mediated activation of Chk1 and Chk2, is involved in the S phase arrest and apoptosis. Gene silencing of Chk1/2 rescues, whereas that of ATM or ATR does not affect, S phase arrest and apoptosis. Furthermore, human PNAS-4 induces DNA breaks in comet assays and γ-H2AX staining. Intriguingly, caspase-dependent cleavage of Chk1 has an additional role in enhancing apoptosis. Taken together, our findings suggest a novel mechanism by which elevated PNAS-4 first causes DNA-dependent protein kinase-mediated Chk1/2 activation and then results in inhibition of the Cdc25A-CDK2-cyclin E/A pathway, ultimately causing S phase arrest and apoptosis in lung cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhu Yuan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Wenhao Guo
- the Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, No. 37, Guoxue Road, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan Province, China, and
| | - Jun Yang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lei Li
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Meiliang Wang
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yi Lei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yang Wan
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Zhao
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Na Luo
- the Nankai University School of Medicine/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Ping Cheng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Xinyu Liu
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Chunlai Nie
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yong Peng
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Aiping Tong
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China,
| | - Yuquan Wei
- From the State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 17 People's South Road, Chengdu 610041, China
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13
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FANCD2 is a target for caspase 3 during DNA damage-induced apoptosis. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:3778-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 08/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Azad A, Storey A. Chk1 activity is required for BAK multimerization in association with PUMA during mitochondrial apoptosis. Cell Commun Signal 2014; 12:42. [PMID: 25012639 PMCID: PMC4422300 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-014-0042-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 06/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Bcl-2 protein BAK is a key player in mitochondrial apoptosis and responds to a myriad of different death signals. Activation of BAK is a multistep process that involves a number of conformational changes mediated by BH3-only proteins or p53 which leads to BAK multimerization and pore formation in the mitochondrial outer membrane. We previously reported that BAK activation is dependent upon dephosphorylation of both tyrosine and serine residues. Further, recent reports demonstrated that PP2A activity is required for BAK multimerization. Since Chk1, a checkpoint kinase involved in the activation of G2 checkpoint, is regulated by PP2A, we therefore hypothesized that Chk1 is involved in BAK multimerization during cell cycle arrest upon severe DNA damage. Findings We now show that treatment of HCT116-WT BAK cells with a Chk1 inhibitor impaired BAK dimerization and mutimerization when treated with the DNA damaging agents UV or etoposide. As a result there is a concomitant decrease of cytochrome c release from isolated mitochondria challenged with tBid protein and failure in the activation of caspase3. Interestingly, co-immunoprecipitation studies suggest that Chk1 is required for recruitment of BH3- only protein PUMA to BAK. We also showed that Chk1 is associated with BAK upon DNA damage. Conclusion These findings novelly demonstrate the involvement of a checkpoint kinase Chk1 is required for BAK activation and underscores the importance of involvement of Chk1 in mitochondrial apoptosis upon severe DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abul Azad
- Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
| | - Alan Storey
- Department of Oncology, The Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX3 9DS, UK.
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Havelek R, Seifrtova M, Kralovec K, Bruckova L, Cahlikova L, Dalecka M, Vavrova J, Rezacova M, Opletal L, Bilkova Z. The effect of Amaryllidaceae alkaloids haemanthamine and haemanthidine on cell cycle progression and apoptosis in p53-negative human leukemic Jurkat cells. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2014; 21:479-90. [PMID: 24182986 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2013.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Revised: 07/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/19/2013] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Plants from the Amaryllidaceae family have been shown to be a promising source of biologically active natural compounds of which some selected are currently in pre-clinical development. Regardless of interesting pioneer works, little is known about Amaryllidaceae alkaloids that have shown promising anti-cancer activities. The crinane group of the Amaryllidaceae, including haemanthamine and haemanthidine, was amongst the first of these compounds to exhibit an interesting cytotoxic potential against cancer cell lines. However, the mechanism of cytotoxic and anti-proliferative activity is not yet entirely clear. The primary objectives of the current study were to investigate the effects of haemanthamine and haemanthidine on the induction of apoptosis and the cell cycle regulatory pathway in p53-null Jurkat cells. Results indicate that haemanthamine and haemanthidine treatment decreases cell viability and mitochondrial membrane potential, leads to a decline in the percentage of cells in the S phase of the cell cycle, induces apoptosis detected by Annexin V staining and increases caspase activity. Dose dependent apoptosis was cross verified by fluorescence and bright field microscopy through Annexin V/propidium iodine staining and morphological changes which characteristically attend programmed cell death. The apoptotic effect of haemanthamine and haemanthidine on leukemia cells is more pronounced than that of gamma radiation. Contrary to gamma radiation, Jurkat cells do not completely halt the cell cycle 24h upon haemanthamine and haemanthidine exposure. Both Amaryllidaceae alkaloids accumulate cells preferentially at G1 and G2 stages of the cell cycle with increased p16 expression and Chk1 Ser345 phosphorylation. Concerning the pro-apoptotic effect, haemanthidine was more active than haemanthamine in the Jurkat leukemia cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radim Havelek
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic.
| | - Martina Seifrtova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Karel Kralovec
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lenka Bruckova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Lucie Cahlikova
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Marketa Dalecka
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
| | - Jirina Vavrova
- Department of Radiobiology, Faculty of Military Health Sciences, University of Defense Brno, Trebesska 1575, Hradec Kralove 500 01, Czech Republic
| | - Martina Rezacova
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Simkova 870, Hradec Kralove 500 38, Czech Republic
| | - Lubomir Opletal
- ADINACO Research Group, Department of Pharmaceutical Botany and Ecology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Prague, Heyrovskeho 1203, Hradec Kralove 500 05, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Bilkova
- Department of Biological and Biochemical Sciences, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, Studentska 573, Pardubice 532 10, Czech Republic
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Jiang L, Rong R, Sheikh MS, Huang Y. Mitotic Arrest by Tumor Suppressor RASSF1A Is Regulated via CHK1 Phosphorylation. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:119-29. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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17
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Zhang Y, Hunter T. Roles of Chk1 in cell biology and cancer therapy. Int J Cancer 2013; 134:1013-23. [PMID: 23613359 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The evolutionally conserved DNA damage response (DDR) and cell cycle checkpoints preserve genome integrity. Central to these genome surveillance pathways is a protein kinase, Chk1. DNA damage induces activation of Chk1, which then transduces the checkpoint signal and facilitates cell cycle arrest and DNA damage repair. Significant progress has been made recently toward our understanding of Chk1 regulation and its implications in cancer etiology and therapy. Specifically, a model that involves both spatiotemporal and conformational changes of proteins has been proposed for Chk1 activation. Further, emerging evidence suggests that Chk1 does not appear to be a tumor suppressor; instead, it promotes tumor growth and may contribute to anticancer therapy resistance. Recent data from our laboratory suggest that activating, but not inhibiting, Chk1 in the absence of chemotherapy might represent an innovative approach to suppress tumor growth. These findings suggest unique regulation of Chk1 in cell biology and cancer etiology, pointing to novel strategies for targeting Chk1 in cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youwei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Comprehensive Cancer Center, School of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH
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18
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Tuul M, Kitao H, Iimori M, Matsuoka K, Kiyonari S, Saeki H, Oki E, Morita M, Maehara Y. Rad9, Rad17, TopBP1 and claspin play essential roles in heat-induced activation of ATR kinase and heat tolerance. PLoS One 2013; 8:e55361. [PMID: 23383325 PMCID: PMC3562228 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0055361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2012] [Accepted: 12/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hyperthermia is widely used to treat patients with cancer, especially in combination with other treatments such as radiation therapy. Heat treatment per se activates DNA damage responses mediated by the ATR-Chk1 and ATM-Chk2 pathways but it is not fully understood how these DNA damage responses are activated and affect heat tolerance. By performing a genetic analysis of human HeLa cells and chicken B lymphoma DT40 cells, we found that heat-induced Chk1 Ser345 phosphorylation by ATR was largely dependent on Rad9, Rad17, TopBP1 and Claspin. Activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway by heat, however, was not associated with FancD2 monoubiquitination or RPA32 phosphorylation, which are known as downstream events of ATR kinase activation when replication forks are stalled. Downregulation of ATR, Rad9, Rad17, TopBP1 or Claspin drastically reduced clonogenic cell viability upon hyperthermia, while gene knockout or inhibition of ATM kinase reduced clonogenic viability only modestly. Suppression of the ATR-Chk1 pathway activation enhanced heat-induced phosphorylation of Chk2 Thr68 and simultaneous inhibition of ATR and ATM kinases rendered severe heat cytotoxicity. These data indicate that essential factors for activation of the ATR-Chk1 pathway at stalled replication forks are also required for heat-induced activation of ATR kinase, which predominantly contributes to heat tolerance in a non-overlapping manner with ATM kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Munkhbold Tuul
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kitao
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Makoto Iimori
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Matsuoka
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Tokushima Research Center, Taiho Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Tokushima, Japan
| | - Shinichi Kiyonari
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Saeki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Eiji Oki
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaru Morita
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Maehara
- Department of Surgery and Science, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
- Innovative anticancer strategy for therapeutics and diagnosis group, Innovation Center for Medical Redox Navigation, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Desmarais JA, Hoffmann MJ, Bingham G, Gagou ME, Meuth M, Andrews PW. Human embryonic stem cells fail to activate CHK1 and commit to apoptosis in response to DNA replication stress. Stem Cells 2012; 30:1385-93. [PMID: 22553144 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Pluripotent cells of the early embryo, to which embryonic stem cells (ESCs) correspond, give rise to all the somatic cells of the developing fetus. Any defects that occur in their genome or epigenome would have devastating consequences. Genetic and epigenetic change in human ESCs appear to be an inevitable consequence of long-term culture, driven by selection of variant cells that have a higher propensity for self-renewal rather than either differentiation or death. Mechanisms underlying the potentially separate events of mutation and subsequent selection of variants are poorly understood. Here, we show that human ESCs and their malignant counterpart, embryonal carcinoma (EC) cells, both fail to activate critical S-phase checkpoints when exposed to DNA replication inhibitors and commit to apoptosis instead. Human ESCs and EC cells also fail to form replication protein A, γH2AX, or RAD51 foci or load topoisomerase (DNA) II binding protein 1 onto chromatin in response to replication inhibitors. Furthermore, direct measurements of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) show that these cells fail to generate the ssDNA regions in response to replication stress that are necessary for the activation of checkpoints and the initiation of homologous recombination repair to protect replication fork integrity and restart DNA replication. Taken together, our data suggest that pluripotent cells control genome integrity by the elimination of damaged cells through apoptosis rather than DNA repair, and therefore, mutations or epigenetic modifications resulting in an imbalance in cell death control could lead to genetic instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joëlle A Desmarais
- Centre for Stem Cell Biology, Department of Biomedical Science, The University of Sheffield, Western Bank, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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20
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Cruet-Hennequart S, Prendergast ÁM, Shaw G, Barry FP, Carty MP. Doxorubicin induces the DNA damage response in cultured human mesenchymal stem cells. Int J Hematol 2012; 96:649-56. [PMID: 23076878 DOI: 10.1007/s12185-012-1196-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2012] [Revised: 09/22/2012] [Accepted: 09/24/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Anthracyclines, including doxorubicin, are widely used in the treatment of leukemia. While the effects of doxorubicin on hematopoietic cells have been characterized, less is known about the response of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) in the bone marrow stroma to anthracyclines. We characterized the effect of doxorubicin on key DNA damage responses in hMSCs, and compared doxorubicin sensitivity and DNA damage response activation between isolated hMSCs and the chronic myelogenous leukemia cell line, K562. Phosphorylation of H2AX, Chk1, and RPA2 was more strongly activated in K562 cells than in hMSCs, at equivalent doses of doxorubicin. hMSCs were relatively resistant to doxorubicin such that, following exposure to 15 μM doxorubicin, the level of cleaved caspase-3 detected by western blotting was lower in hMSCs compared to K562 cells. Flow cytometric analysis of cell cycle progression demonstrated that exposure to doxorubicin induced G2/M phase arrest in hMSCs, while 48 h after exposure, 15.6 % of cells were apoptotic, as determined from the percentage of cells having sub-G1 DNA content. We also show that the doxorubicin sensitivity of hMSCs isolated from a healthy donor was comparable to that of hMSCs isolated from a chronic lymphocytic leukemia patient. Overall, our results demonstrate that high doses of doxorubicin induce the DNA damage response in hMSCs, and that cultured hMSCs are relatively resistant to doxorubicin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Cruet-Hennequart
- DNA Damage Response Laboratory, Centre for Chromosome Biology and School of Natural Sciences, National University of Ireland Galway, Galway, Ireland.
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21
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Okita N, Yoshimura M, Watanabe K, Minato S, Kudo Y, Higami Y, Tanuma SI. CHK1 cleavage in programmed cell death is intricately regulated by both caspase and non-caspase family proteases. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2012; 1830:2204-13. [PMID: 23085068 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2012.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2012] [Revised: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 10/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND CHK1 is an important effector kinase that regulates the cell cycle checkpoint. Previously, we showed that CHK1 is cleaved in a caspase (CASP)-dependent manner during DNA damage-induced programmed cell death (PCD) and have examined its physiological roles. METHODS AND RESULTS In this study, we investigated the behavior of CHK1 in PCD. Firstly, we found that CHK1 is cleaved at three sites in PCD, and all cleavages were inhibited by the co-treatment of a pan-CASP inhibitor or serine protease inhibitors. We also showed that CHK1 is cleaved by CASP3 and/or CASP7 recognizing at (296)SNLD(299) and (348)TCPD(351), and that the cleavage results in the enhancement of CHK1 kinase activity. Furthermore, as a result of the characterization of cleavage sites by site-directed mutagenesis and an analysis performed using deletion mutants, we identified (320)EPRT(323) as an additional cleavage recognition sequence. Considering the consensus sequence cleaved by CASP, it is likely that CHK1 is cleaved by non-CASP family protease(s) recognizing at (320)EPRT(323). Additionally, the cleavage catalyzed by the (320)EPRT(323) protease(s) markedly and specifically increased when U2OS cells synchronized into G1 phase were induced to PCD by cisplatin treatment. CONCLUSION CHK1 cleavage is directly and indirectly regulated by CASP and non-CASP family proteases including serine protease(s) and the "(320)EPRT(323) protease(s)." Furthermore, (320)EPRT(323) cleavage of CHK1 occurs efficiently in PCD which is induced at the G1 phase by DNA damage. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE CASP and non-CASP family proteases intricately regulate cleavage for up-regulation of CHK1 kinase activity during PCD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoyuki Okita
- Department of Molecular Pathology and Metabolic Disease, Tokyo University of Science, Chiba, Japan.
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22
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Landau HJ, McNeely SC, Nair JS, Comenzo RL, Asai T, Friedman H, Jhanwar SC, Nimer SD, Schwartz GK. The checkpoint kinase inhibitor AZD7762 potentiates chemotherapy-induced apoptosis of p53-mutated multiple myeloma cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:1781-8. [PMID: 22653969 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
DNA cross-linking agents are frequently used in the treatment of multiple myeloma-generating lesions, which activate checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), a critical transducer of the DNA damage response. Chk1 activation promotes cell survival by regulating cell-cycle arrest and DNA repair following genotoxic stress. The ability of AZD7762, an ATP-competitive Chk1/2 inhibitor to increase the efficacy of the DNA-damaging agents bendamustine, melphalan, and doxorubicin was examined using four human myeloma cell lines, KMS-12-BM, KMS-12-PE, RPMI-8226, and U266B1. The in vitro activity of AZD7762 as monotherapy and combined with alkylating agents and the "novel" drug bortezomib was evaluated by studying its effects on cytotoxicity, signaling, and apoptotic pathways. The Chk1/2 inhibitor AZD7762 potentiated the antiproliferative effects of bendamustine, melphalan, and doxorubicin but not bortezomib in multiple myeloma cell lines that were p53-deficient. Increased γH2AX staining in cells treated with bendamustine or melphalan plus AZD7762 indicates a greater degree of DNA damage with combined therapy. Abrogation of the G(2)-M checkpoint by AZD7762 resulted in mitotic catastrophe with ensuing apoptosis evidenced by PARP and caspase-3 cleavage. In summary, the cytotoxic effects of bendamustine, melphalan and doxorubicin on p53-deficient multiple myeloma cell lines were enhanced by the coadministration of AZD7762. These data provide a rationale for testing these combinations in patients with relapsed and/or refractory multiple myeloma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather J Landau
- Department of Medicine, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Siddiqui-Jain A, Bliesath J, Macalino D, Omori M, Huser N, Streiner N, Ho CB, Anderes K, Proffitt C, O'Brien SE, Lim JKC, Von Hoff DD, Ryckman DM, Rice WG, Drygin D. CK2 inhibitor CX-4945 suppresses DNA repair response triggered by DNA-targeted anticancer drugs and augments efficacy: mechanistic rationale for drug combination therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2012; 11:994-1005. [PMID: 22267551 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-11-0613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Drug combination therapies are commonly used for the treatment of cancers to increase therapeutic efficacy, reduce toxicity, and decrease the incidence of drug resistance. Although drug combination therapies were originally devised primarily by empirical methods, the increased understanding of drug mechanisms and the pathways they modulate provides a unique opportunity to design combinations that are based on mechanistic rationale. We have identified protein kinase CK2 as a promising therapeutic target for combination therapy, because CK2 regulates not just one but many oncogenic pathways and processes that play important roles in drug resistance, including DNA repair, epidermal growth factor receptor signaling, PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling, Hsp90 machinery activity, hypoxia, and interleukin-6 expression. In this article, we show that CX-4945, a clinical stage selective small molecule inhibitor of CK2, blocks the DNA repair response induced by gemcitabine and cisplatin and synergizes with these agents in models of ovarian cancer. Mechanistic studies show that the enhanced activity is a result of inactivation of XRCC1 and MDC1, two mediator/adaptor proteins that are essential for DNA repair and that require phosphorylation by CK2 for their function. These data position CK2 as a valid pharmacologic target for intelligent drug combinations and support the evaluation of CX-4945 in combination with gemcitabine and platinum-based chemotherapeutics in the clinical setting.
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Fujinaka Y, Matsuoka K, Iimori M, Tuul M, Sakasai R, Yoshinaga K, Saeki H, Morita M, Kakeji Y, Gillespie DA, Yamamoto KI, Takata M, Kitao H, Maehara Y. ATR-Chk1 signaling pathway and homologous recombinational repair protect cells from 5-fluorouracil cytotoxicity. DNA Repair (Amst) 2011; 11:247-58. [PMID: 22188649 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Revised: 11/20/2011] [Accepted: 11/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
5-Fluorouracil (5-FU) has long been a mainstay antimetabolite chemotherapeutic drug for the treatment of major solid tumors, particularly colorectal cancer. 5-FU is processed intracellularly to yield active metabolites that compromise RNA and DNA metabolism. However, the mechanisms responsible for its cytotoxicity are not fully understood. From the phenotypic analysis of mutant chicken B lymphoma DT40 cells, we found that homologous recombinational repair (HRR), involving Rad54 and BRCA2, and the ATR-Chk1 signaling pathway, involving Rad9 and Rad17, significantly contribute to 5-FU tolerance. 5-FU induced γH2AX nuclear foci, which were colocalized with the key HRR factor Rad51, but not with DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), in a dose-dependent manner as cells accumulated in the S phase. Inhibition of Chk1 kinase by UCN-01 increased 5-FU-induced γH2AX and enhanced 5-FU cytotoxicity not only in wild-type cells but also in Rad54- or BRCA2-deficient cells, suggesting that HRR and Chk1 kinase have non-overlapping roles in 5-FU tolerance. 5-FU-induced Chk1 phosphorylation was significantly impaired in Rad9- or Rad17-deficient cells, and severe γH2AX nuclear foci and DSBs were formed, which was followed by apoptosis. Finally, inhibition of Chk1 kinase by UCN-01 increased 5-FU-induced γH2AX nuclear foci and enhanced 5-FU cytotoxicity in Rad9- or Rad17-deficient cells. These results suggest that Rad9- and Rad17-independent activation of the ATR-Chk1 signaling pathway also significantly contributes to 5-FU tolerance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshihiko Fujinaka
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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25
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Involvement of Chk1-Cdc25A-cyclin A/CDK2 pathway in simvastatin induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011; 670:356-64. [PMID: 21958871 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2011.09.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2011] [Accepted: 09/11/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Statins have been demonstrated to effectively inhibit proliferation and induce apoptosis in cancer cells by inhibition of geranylgeranylation, however its novel molecular mechanism remains to be determined. Recently simvastatin has been found to result in the synergistic induction of apoptosis with 7-hydroxystaurosporine (UCN-01) (a Chk1 inhibitor) in myeloma cells. Therefore we hypothesized that Chk1 plays a role in the anti-myeloma effect of simvastatin. Interestingly, we found that simvastatin caused a dose-dependent increase in S phase cell cycle and induced significant apoptosis. The results of western blot showed that simvastatin-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest was associated with activation of Chk1, downregulation of Cdc25A, cyclin A and CDK2 expression. Additionally, simvastatin-induced apoptosis was accompanied by diminished Bcl-2 protein expression, increased cytosolic cytochrome c level, and activation of caspase 9 and caspase 3. Further investigation revealed that silence of Chk1 expression by Chk1 specific siRNA inhibited simvastatin-induced activation of Chk1, downregulation of Cdc25A, cyclin A and CDK2 expression, and diminished S phase cell cycle arrest. Additionally, inhibition of Chk1 expression enhanced simvastatin-induced downregulation of Bcl-2, caspase 9 cleavage and subsequent apoptosis. These results suggested that the Chk1-Cdc25A-cyclin A/CDk2 pathway was involved in simvastatin-induced S-phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in multiple myeloma cell lines.
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26
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Abstract
Cell cycle checkpoints operating through a network of multiple signaling pathways provide a key mechanism for self-defense of cells against DNA damage caused by various endogenous or environmental stresses. In cancer treatment, checkpoints are activated in response to diverse DNA-damaging agents and radiation, thus representing a critical barrier limiting therapeutic efficacy. To date, despite efforts to target other components of checkpoint signaling pathways (e.g., ATM, Chk2, Wee1), checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1) remains the most important target for cancer treatment because of its functional association with essentially all cell cycle checkpoints. The primary goal in the development of therapeutic agents targeting cell cycle checkpoints continues to be improving the anti-cancer activity of chemo- and radiotherapy by abrogating checkpoints necessary for DNA repair, thereby killing cancer cells through engagement of the apoptotic machinery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Hematology/Oncology, Virginia Commonwealth University, 23298, Richmond, VA, USA.
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Brazelle W, Kreahling JM, Gemmer J, Ma Y, Cress WD, Haura E, Altiok S. Histone deacetylase inhibitors downregulate checkpoint kinase 1 expression to induce cell death in non-small cell lung cancer cells. PLoS One 2010; 5:e14335. [PMID: 21179472 PMCID: PMC3001870 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0014335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2010] [Accepted: 11/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACis) are promising anticancer drugs; however, the molecular mechanisms leading to HDACi-induced cell death have not been well understood and no clear mechanism of resistance has been elucidated to explain limited efficacy of HDACis in clinical trials. METHODS AND FINDINGS Here, we show that protein levels of checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), which has a major role in G(2) cell cycle checkpoint regulation, was markedly reduced at the protein and transcriptional levels in lung cancer cells treated with pan-and selective HDACis LBH589, scriptaid, valproic acid, apicidin, and MS-275. In HDACi treated cells Chk1 function was impaired as determined by decreased inhibitory phosphorylation of cdc25c and its downstream target cdc2 and increased expression of cdc25A and phosphorylated histone H3, a marker of mitotic entry. In time course experiments, Chk1 downregulation occurred after HDACi treatment, preceding apoptosis. Ectopic expression of Chk1 overcame HDACi-induced cell death, and pretreating cells with the cdc2 inhibitor purvalanol A blocked entry into mitosis and prevented cell death by HDACis. Finally, pharmacological inhibition of Chk1 showed strong synergistic effect with LBH589 in lung cancer cells. CONCLUSIONS These results define a pathway through which Chk1 inhibition can mediate HDACi-induced mitotic entry and cell death and suggest that Chk1 could be an early pharmacodynamic marker to assess HDACi efficacy in clinical samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Brazelle
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jenny M. Kreahling
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Gemmer
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Yihong Ma
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - W. Douglas Cress
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Eric Haura
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
| | - Soner Altiok
- Thoracic Oncology and Experimental Therapeutics Programs, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, Florida, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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28
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Harnessing the complexity of DNA-damage response pathways to improve cancer treatment outcomes. Oncogene 2010; 29:6085-98. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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29
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Abstract
Kinases and proteases are responsible for two fundamental regulatory mechanisms--phosphorylation and proteolysis--that orchestrate the rhythms of life and death in all organisms. Recent studies have highlighted the elaborate interplay between both post-translational regulatory systems. Many intracellular or pericellular proteases are regulated by phosphorylation, whereas multiple kinases are activated or inactivated by proteolytic cleavage. The functional consequences of this regulatory crosstalk are especially relevant in the different stages of cancer progression. What are the clinical implications derived from the fertile dialogue between kinases and proteases in cancer?
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-Otín
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Facultad de Medicina, Instituto Universitario de Oncología, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain.
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30
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Dai Y, Grant S. New insights into checkpoint kinase 1 in the DNA damage response signaling network. Clin Cancer Res 2010; 16:376-83. [PMID: 20068082 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-09-1029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 339] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR) represents a complex network of multiple signaling pathways involving cell cycle checkpoints, DNA repair, transcriptional programs, and apoptosis, through which cells maintain genomic integrity following various endogenous (metabolic) or environmental stresses. In cancer treatment, the DDR occurs in response to various genotoxic insults by diverse cytotoxic agents and radiation, representing an important mechanism limiting chemotherapeutic and radiotherapeutic efficacy. This has prompted the development of agents targeting DDR signaling pathways, particularly checkpoint kinase 1 (Chk1), which contributes to all currently defined cell cycle checkpoints, including G1/S, intra-S-phase, G2/M, and the mitotic spindle checkpoint. Although numerous agents have been developed with the primary goal of enhancing the activity of DNA-damaging agents or radiation, the therapeutic outcome of this strategy remains to be determined. Recently, new insights into DDR signaling pathways support the notion that Chk1 represents a core component central to the entire DDR, including direct involvement in DNA repair and apoptotic events in addition to checkpoint regulation. Together, these new insights into the role of Chk1 in the DDR machinery could provide an opportunity for novel approaches to the development of Chk1 inhibitor strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Dai
- Department of Medicine, Institute for Molecular Medicine, and Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University Massey Cancer Center, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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Boles NC, Peddibhotla S, Chen AJ, Goodell MA, Rosen JM. Chk1 haploinsufficiency results in anemia and defective erythropoiesis. PLoS One 2010; 5:e8581. [PMID: 20052416 PMCID: PMC2798715 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0008581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Erythropoiesis is a highly regulated and well-characterized developmental process responsible for providing the oxygen transport system of the body. However, few of the mechanisms involved in this process have been elucidated. Checkpoint Kinase 1 (Chk1) is best known for its role in the cell cycle and DNA damage pathways, and it has been shown to play a part in several pathways which when disrupted can lead to anemia. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Here, we show that haploinsufficiency of Chk1 results in 30% of mice developing anemia within the first year of life. The anemic Chk1+/- mice exhibit distorted spleen and bone marrow architecture, and abnormal erythroid progenitors. Furthermore, Chk1+/- erythroid progenitors exhibit an increase in spontaneous DNA damage foci and improper contractile actin ring formation resulting in aberrant enucleation during erythropoiesis. A decrease in Chk1 RNA has also been observed in patients with refractory anemia with excess blasts, further supporting a role for Chk1 in clinical anemia. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE Clinical trials of Chk1 inhibitors are currently underway to treat cancer, and thus it will be important to track the effects of these drugs on red blood cell development over an extended period. Our results support a role for Chk1 in maintaining the balance between erythroid progenitors and enucleated erythroid cells during differentiation. We show disruptions in Chk1 levels can lead to anemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C. Boles
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Sirisha Peddibhotla
- Interdepartmental Program in Cell and Molecular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Alice J. Chen
- Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Margaret A. Goodell
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Rosen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
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Abstract
The complex process of apoptosis is orchestrated by caspases, a family of cysteine proteases with unique substrate specificities. Accumulating evidence suggests that cell death pathways are finely tuned by multiple signaling events, including direct phosphorylation of caspases, whereas kinases are often substrates of active caspases. Importantly, caspase-mediated cleavage of kinases can terminate prosurvival signaling or generate proapoptotic peptide fragments that help to execute the death program and facilitate packaging of the dying cells. Here, we review caspases as kinase substrates and kinases as caspase substrates and discuss how the balance between cell survival and cell death can be shifted through crosstalk between these two enzyme families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Kurokawa
- Department of Pharmacology and Cancer Biology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC 27710, USA
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33
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Yoshizawa-Sugata N, Masai H. Roles of human AND-1 in chromosome transactions in S phase. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:20718-28. [PMID: 19439411 PMCID: PMC2742837 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m806711200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2008] [Revised: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Coordinated execution of DNA replication, checkpoint activation, and postreplicative chromatid cohesion is intimately related to the replication fork machinery. Human AND-1/chromosome transmission fidelity 4 is localized adjacent to replication foci and is required for efficient DNA synthesis. In S phase, AND-1 is phosphorylated in response to replication arrest in a manner dependent on checkpoint kinase, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated, ataxia telangiectasia-mutated and Rad3-related protein, and Cdc7 kinase but not on Chk1. Depletion of AND-1 increases DNA damage, delays progression of S phase, leads to accumulation of late S and/or G2 phase cells, and induces cell death in cancer cells. It also elevated UV-radioresistant DNA synthesis and caused premature recovery of replication after hydroxyurea arrest, indicating that lack of AND-1 compromises checkpoint activation. This may be partly due to the decreased levels of Chk1 protein in AND-1-depleted cells. Furthermore, AND-1 interacts with cohesin proteins Smc1, Smc3, and Rad21/Scc1, consistent with proposed roles of yeast counterparts of AND-1 in sister chromatid cohesion. Depletion of AND-1 leads to significant inhibition of homologous recombination repair of an I-SceI-driven double strand break. Based on these data, we propose that AND-1 coordinates multiple cellular events in S phase and G2 phase, such as DNA replication, checkpoint activation, sister chromatid cohesion, and DNA damage repair, thus playing a pivotal role in maintenance of genome integrity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Yoshizawa-Sugata
- From the Genome Dynamics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
| | - Hisao Masai
- From the Genome Dynamics Project, Tokyo Metropolitan Institute of Medical Science, 2-1-6 Kamikitazawa, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8506, Japan
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34
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Death receptor-induced activation of the Chk2- and histone H2AX-associated DNA damage response pathways. Mol Cell Biol 2008; 29:68-82. [PMID: 18955500 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00581-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
TRAIL is an endogenous death receptor ligand also used therapeutically because of its selective proapoptotic activity in cancer cells. In the present study, we examined chromatin alterations induced by TRAIL and show that TRAIL induces a rapid activation of DNA damage response (DDR) pathways with histone H2AX, Chk2, ATM, and DNA-PK phosphorylations. Within 1 h of TRAIL exposure, immunofluorescence confocal microscopy revealed gamma-H2AX peripheral nuclear staining (gamma-H2AX ring) colocalizing with phosphorylated/activated Chk2, ATM, and DNA-PK inside heterochromatin regions. The marginal distribution of DDR proteins in early apoptotic cells is remarkably different from the focal staining seen after DNA damage. TRAIL-induced DDR was suppressed upon caspase inhibition or Bax inactivation, demonstrating that the DDR activated by TRAIL is downstream from the mitochondrial death pathway. H2AX phosphorylation was dependent on DNA-PK, while Chk2 phosphorylation was dependent on both ATM and DNA-PK. Downregulation of Chk2 decreased TRAIL-induced cell detachment; delayed the activation of caspases 2, 3, 8, and 9; and reduced TRAIL-induced cell killing. Together, our findings suggest that nuclear activation of Chk2 by TRAIL acts as a positive feedback loop involving the mitochondrion-dependent activation of caspases, independently of p53.
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