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Huang M, Li P, Chen F, Cai Z, Yang S, Zheng X, Li W. Is extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields applicable to gliomas? A literature review of the underlying mechanisms and application of extremely low frequency pulsed electromagnetic fields. Cancer Med 2022; 12:2187-2198. [PMID: 35929424 PMCID: PMC9939155 DOI: 10.1002/cam4.5112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2022] [Revised: 07/07/2022] [Accepted: 07/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Gliomas refer to a group of complicated human brain tumors with a low 5-year survival rate and limited therapeutic options. Extremely low-frequency pulsed electromagnetic field (ELF-PEMF) is a specific magnetic field featuring almost no side effects. However, the application of ELF-PEMF in the treatment of gliomas is rare. This review summarizes five significant underlying mechanisms including calcium ions, autophagy, apoptosis, angiogenesis, and reactive oxygen species, and applications of ELF-PEMF in glioma treatment from a clinical practice perspective. In addition, the prospects of ELF-PEMF in combination with conventional therapy for the treatment of gliomas are reviewed. This review benefits any specialists, especially oncologists, interested in this new therapy because it can help treat patients with gliomas properly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Huang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Parker Li
- Clinical MedicineShanghai Jiao Tong University School of MedicineShanghaiChina
| | - Feng Chen
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Zehao Cai
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Shoubo Yang
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Xiaohong Zheng
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
| | - Wenbin Li
- Cancer Center, Beijing Tiantan HospitalCapital Medical UniversityBeijingChina
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Crosas-Molist E, Samain R, Kohlhammer L, Orgaz J, George S, Maiques O, Barcelo J, Sanz-Moreno V. RhoGTPase Signalling in Cancer Progression and Dissemination. Physiol Rev 2021; 102:455-510. [PMID: 34541899 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00045.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are a family of small G proteins that regulate a wide array of cellular processes related to their key roles controlling the cytoskeleton. On the other hand, cancer is a multi-step disease caused by the accumulation of genetic mutations and epigenetic alterations, from the initial stages of cancer development when cells in normal tissues undergo transformation, to the acquisition of invasive and metastatic traits, responsible for a large number of cancer related deaths. In this review, we discuss the role of Rho GTPase signalling in cancer in every step of disease progression. Rho GTPases contribute to tumour initiation and progression, by regulating proliferation and apoptosis, but also metabolism, senescence and cell stemness. Rho GTPases play a major role in cell migration, and in the metastatic process. They are also involved in interactions with the tumour microenvironment and regulate inflammation, contributing to cancer progression. After years of intensive research, we highlight the importance of relevant models in the Rho GTPase field, and we reflect on the therapeutic opportunities arising for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Crosas-Molist
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Remi Samain
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonie Kohlhammer
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jose Orgaz
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom.,Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas 'Alberto Sols', CSIC-UAM, 28029, Madrid, Spain
| | - Samantha George
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oscar Maiques
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jaume Barcelo
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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3
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Lee SJ, Lee JS, Lee E, Lim TG, Byun S. The ginsenoside metabolite compound K inhibits hormone-independent breast cancer through downregulation of cyclin D1. J Funct Foods 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2018.04.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
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Johar D. Cytoskeletal remodeling and regulation of cell fate in the hypertensive neonatal pulmonary artery in response to stress. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:2146-2161. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Dina Johar
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology; Rady College of Medicine; Max Rady Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Manitoba; Winnipeg Manitoba Canada
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5
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Role of small GTPase protein Rac1 in cardiovascular diseases: development of new selective pharmacological inhibitors. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2014; 62:425-35. [PMID: 23921306 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0b013e3182a18bcc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A pathway-based genome-wide association analysis has recently identified Rac1 as one of the biologically important gene in coronary heart diseases. The role of the small GTPase Rac1 in cardiac hypertrophy and atherosclerosis has also been documented in clinical studies with the HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors and in in vitro and in vivo settings using transgenic and knockout mice. Thus, Rac1 has emerged as a new pharmacological target for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. The activation state of Rac1 depends on the release of guanosine diphosphate and the binding of guanosine triphosphate. This cycling is regulated by the guanine nucleotide exchange factors, as activators, and by the GTPase-activating proteins. Three categories of selective Rac1 inhibitors have been developed affecting different steps of this pathway: antagonists of Rac1-guanine nucleotide exchange factor interaction, allosteric inhibitors of nucleotide binding to Rac1, and antagonists of Rac1-mediated NADPH oxidase activity. These chemical compounds have shown to selectively inhibit Rac1 activation in cultured cell lines without affecting the homologous proteins RhoA and Cdc42. Moreover, pioneer studies have been conducted with Rac1 inhibitors in in vivo experimental models of cardiovascular diseases with encouraging results. The present review summarizes the current knowledge of the role of Rac1 in cardiovascular diseases and the pharmacological approaches that have been developed to selectively inhibit its function.
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Bae YH, Mui KL, Hsu BY, Liu SL, Cretu A, Razinia Z, Xu T, Puré E, Assoian RK. A FAK-Cas-Rac-lamellipodin signaling module transduces extracellular matrix stiffness into mechanosensitive cell cycling. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra57. [PMID: 24939893 PMCID: PMC4345117 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2004838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Tissue and extracellular matrix (ECM) stiffness is transduced into intracellular stiffness, signaling, and changes in cellular behavior. Integrins and several of their associated focal adhesion proteins have been implicated in sensing ECM stiffness. We investigated how an initial sensing event is translated into intracellular stiffness and a biologically interpretable signal. We found that a pathway consisting of focal adhesion kinase (FAK), the adaptor protein p130Cas (Cas), and the guanosine triphosphatase Rac selectively transduced ECM stiffness into stable intracellular stiffness, increased the abundance of the cell cycle protein cyclin D1, and promoted S-phase entry. Rac-dependent intracellular stiffening involved its binding partner lamellipodin, a protein that transmits Rac signals to the cytoskeleton during cell migration. Our findings establish that mechanotransduction by a FAK-Cas-Rac-lamellipodin signaling module converts the external information encoded by ECM stiffness into stable intracellular stiffness and mechanosensitive cell cycling. Thus, lamellipodin is important not only in controlling cellular migration but also for regulating the cell cycle in response to mechanical signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Ho Bae
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | - Keeley L Mui
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Bernadette Y Hsu
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Shu-Lin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Alexandra Cretu
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ziba Razinia
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tina Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Ellen Puré
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Richard K Assoian
- Department of Pharmacology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Orgaz JL, Herraiz C, Sanz-Moreno V. Rho GTPases modulate malignant transformation of tumor cells. Small GTPases 2014; 5:e29019. [PMID: 25036871 DOI: 10.4161/sgtp.29019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are involved in the acquisition of all the hallmarks of cancer, which comprise 6 biological capabilities acquired during the development of human tumors. The hallmarks include proliferative signaling, evading growth suppressors, resisting cell death, enabling replicative immortality, inducing angiogenesis, and activating invasion and metastasis programs, as defined by Hanahan and Weinberg. (1) Controlling these hallmarks are genome instability and inflammation. Emerging hallmarks are reprogramming of energy metabolism and evading immune destruction. To give a different view to the readers, we will not be focusing on invasion, metastasis, or cytoskeletal remodeling, but we will review here how Rho GTPases contribute to other hallmarks of cancer with a special emphasis on malignant transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose L Orgaz
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; New Hunt's House; Guy's Campus; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Cecilia Herraiz
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; New Hunt's House; Guy's Campus; King's College London; London, UK
| | - Victoria Sanz-Moreno
- Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics; New Hunt's House; Guy's Campus; King's College London; London, UK
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Katz E, Sims AH, Sproul D, Caldwell H, Dixon MJ, Meehan RR, Harrison DJ. Targeting of Rac GTPases blocks the spread of intact human breast cancer. Oncotarget 2013; 3:608-19. [PMID: 22689141 PMCID: PMC3442288 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
High expression of Rac small GTPases in invasive breast ductal carcinoma is associated with poor prognosis, but its therapeutic value in human cancers is not clear. The aim of the current study was to determine the response of human primary breast cancers to Rac-based drug treatments ex vivo. Three-dimensional organotypic cultures were used to assess candidate therapeutic avenues in invasive breast cancers. Uniquely, in these primary cultures, the tumour is not disaggregated, with both epithelial and mesenchymal components maintained within a three-dimensional matrix of type I collagen. EHT 1864, a small molecule inhibitor of Rac GTPases, prevents spread of breast cancers in this setting, and also reduces proliferation at the invading edge. Rac1+ epithelial cells in breast tumours also contain high levels of the phosphorylated form of the transcription factor STAT3. The small molecule Stattic inhibits activation of STAT3 and induces effects similar to those seen with EHT 1864. Pan-Rac inhibition of proliferation precedes down-regulation of STAT3 activity, defining it as the last step in Rac activation during human breast cancer invasion. Our data highlights the potential use of Rac and STAT3 inhibition in treatment of invasive human breast cancer and the benefit of studying novel cancer treatments using three-dimensional primary tumour tissue explant cultures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elad Katz
- Breakthrough Breast Cancer Research Unit, University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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Li A, Ma Y, Yu X, Mort RL, Lindsay CR, Stevenson D, Strathdee D, Insall RH, Chernoff J, Snapper SB, Jackson IJ, Larue L, Sansom OJ, Machesky LM. Rac1 drives melanoblast organization during mouse development by orchestrating pseudopod- driven motility and cell-cycle progression. Dev Cell 2011; 21:722-34. [PMID: 21924960 PMCID: PMC3464460 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2011.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2011] [Revised: 06/03/2011] [Accepted: 07/17/2011] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During embryogenesis, melanoblasts proliferate and migrate ventrally through the developing dermis and epidermis as single cells. Targeted deletion of Rac1 in melanoblasts during embryogenesis causes defects in migration, cell-cycle progression, and cytokinesis. Rac1 null cells migrate markedly less efficiently, but surprisingly, global steering, crossing the dermal/epidermal junction, and homing to hair follicles occur normally. Melanoblasts navigate in the epidermis using two classes of protrusion: short stubs and long pseudopods. Short stubs are distinct from blebs and are driven by actin assembly but are independent of Rac1, Arp2/3 complex, myosin, or microtubules. Rac1 positively regulates the frequency of initiation of long pseudopods, which promote migration speed and directional plasticity. Scar/WAVE and Arp2/3 complex drive actin assembly for long pseudopod extension, which also depends on microtubule dynamics. Myosin contractility balances the extension of long pseudopods by effecting retraction and allowing force generation for movement through the complex 3D epidermal environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ang Li
- The Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Garscube Estate, Switchback Road, Bearsden, Glasgow G61 1BD, UK
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Chen SC, Guh JY, Lin TD, Chiou SJ, Hwang CC, Ko YM, Chuang LY. Gefitinib attenuates transforming growth factor-β1-activated mitogen-activated protein kinases and mitogenesis in NRK-49F cells. Transl Res 2011; 158:214-24. [PMID: 21925118 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2011] [Revised: 05/15/2011] [Accepted: 06/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), TGF-β receptor (TGF-βR), and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) are important in the pathogenesis of kidney fibrosis, a result of renal fibroblast activation. The EGFR kinase inhibitor gefitinib attenuates glomerular fibrosis in hypertensive rats whereas dominant-negative EGFR attenuates interstitial fibrosis in mouse with acute renal ischemia. Thus, we studied the effects and molecular mechanisms of gefitinib in TGF-β1-induced mitogenesis and collagen production in normal rat kidney interstitial fibroblast (NRK-49F) cells. We found that TGF-β1 increased cell mitogenesis. TGF-β1 also time-dependently increased cyclin D1 protein expression. TGF-β1 rapidly transactivated EGFR. SB431542 (a type I TGF-βR kinase inhibitor) and SB203580 (a p38 kinase inhibitor) attenuated TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of Smad2/3 protein. SB431542 and gefitinib attenuated TGF-β1-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 kinase. SB431542 and gefitinib also attenuated TGF-β1-induced cyclin D1 protein expression. Moreover, SB431542, gefitinib, PD98059 (an ERK1/2 inhibitor), and SB203580 attenuated TGF-β1-induced cell mitogenesis. Finally, SB431542 and gefitinib attenuated TGF-β1-induced collagen production. We concluded that gefitinib attenuates TGF-β1-induced cell mitogenesis via the EGFR-ERK1/2/p38 kinase pathway in NRK-49F cells. Moreover, gefitinib attenuates TGF-β1-induced cyclin D1 protein expression and collagen production. Thus, gefitinib attenuates TGF-β1-induced mitogenesis and collagen production in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- San-Cher Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, National Sun Yat-Sen University, Taiwan, Republic of China
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11
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Morgan K, Stavrou E, Leighton SP, Miller N, Sellar R, Millar RP. Elevated GnRH receptor expression plus GnRH agonist treatment inhibits the growth of a subset of papillomavirus 18-immortalized human prostate cells. Prostate 2011; 71:915-28. [PMID: 21541969 DOI: 10.1002/pros.21308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2010] [Accepted: 10/18/2010] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Human metastatic prostate cancer cell growth can be inhibited by GnRH analogs but effects on virus-immortalized prostate cells have not been investigated. METHODS Virus-immortalized prostate cells were stably transfected with rat GnRH receptor cDNA and levels of GnRH binding were correlated with GnRH effects on signaling, cell cycle, growth, exosome production, and apoptosis. RESULTS High levels of cell surface GnRH receptor occurred in transfected papillomavirus-immortalized WPE-1-NB26 epithelial cells but not in non-tumourigenic RWPE-1, myoepithelial WPMY-1 cells, or SV40-immortalized PNT1A. Endogenous cell surface GnRH receptor was undetectable in non-transfected cells or cancer cell lines LNCaP, PC3, and DU145. GnRH receptor levels correlated with induction of inositol phosphates, elevation of intracellular Ca(2+) , cytoskeletal actin reorganization, modulation of ERK activation and cell growth-inhibition with GnRH agonists. Hoechst 33342 DNA staining-cell sorting indicated accumulation of cells in G2 following agonist treatment. Release of exosomes from transfected WPE-1-NB26 was unaffected by agonists, unlike induction observed in HEK293([SCL60]) cells. Increased PARP cleavage and apoptotic body production were undetectable during growth-inhibition in WPE-1-NB26 cells, contrasting with HEK293([SCL60]) . EGF receptor activation inhibited GnRH-induced ERK activation in WPE-1-NB26 but growth-inhibition was not rescued by EGF or PKC inhibitor Ro320432. Growth of cells expressing low levels of GnRH receptor was not affected by agonists. CONCLUSIONS Engineered high-level GnRH receptor activation inhibits growth of a subset of papillomavirus-immortalized prostate cells. Elucidating mechanisms leading to clone-specific differences in cell surface GnRH receptor levels is a valuable next step in developing strategies to exploit prostate cell anti-proliferation using GnRH agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Morgan
- Medical Research Council Human Reproductive Sciences Unit, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Little France Crescent, Edinburgh, UK.
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Mack NA, Whalley HJ, Castillo-Lluva S, Malliri A. The diverse roles of Rac signaling in tumorigenesis. Cell Cycle 2011; 10:1571-81. [PMID: 21478669 PMCID: PMC3127158 DOI: 10.4161/cc.10.10.15612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Rac is a member of the Rho family of small GTPases, which act as molecular switches to control a wide array of cellular functions. In particular, Rac signaling has been implicated in the control of cell-cell adhesions, cell-matrix adhesions, cell migration, cell cycle progression and cellular transformation. As a result of its functional diversity, Rac signaling can influence several aspects of tumorigenesis. Consistent with this, in vivo evidence that Rac signaling contributes to tumorigenesis is continuously emerging. Additionally, our understanding of the mechanisms by which Rac signaling is regulated is rapidly expanding and consequently adds to the complexity of how Rac signaling could be modulated during tumorigenesis. Here we review the numerous biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of Rac signaling and discuss how they could influence the different stages of tumorigenesis.
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Schrader J, Gordon-Walker TT, Aucott RL, van Deemter M, Quaas A, Walsh S, Benten D, Forbes SJ, Wells RG, Iredale JP. Matrix stiffness modulates proliferation, chemotherapeutic response, and dormancy in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Hepatology 2011; 53:1192-205. [PMID: 21442631 PMCID: PMC3076070 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 474] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED There is increasing evidence that the physical environment is a critical mediator of tumor behavior. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops within an altered biomechanical environment, and increasing matrix stiffness is a strong predictor of HCC development. The aim of this study was to establish whether changes in matrix stiffness, which are characteristic of inflammation and fibrosis, regulate HCC cell proliferation and chemotherapeutic response. Using an in vitro system of "mechanically tunable" matrix-coated polyacrylamide gels, matrix stiffness was modeled across a pathophysiologically relevant range, corresponding to values encountered in normal and fibrotic livers. Increasing matrix stiffness was found to promote HCC cell proliferation. The proliferative index (assessed by Ki67 staining) of Huh7 and HepG2 cells was 2.7-fold and 12.2-fold higher, respectively, when the cells were cultured on stiff (12 kPa) versus soft (1 kPa) supports. This was associated with stiffness-dependent regulation of basal and hepatocyte growth factor-stimulated mitogenic signaling through extracellular signal-regulated kinase, protein kinase B (PKB/Akt), and signal transducer and activator of transcription 3. β1-Integrin and focal adhesion kinase were found to modulate stiffness-dependent HCC cell proliferation. Following treatment with cisplatin, we observed reduced apoptosis in HCC cells cultured on stiff versus soft (physiological) supports. Interestingly, however, surviving cells from soft supports had significantly higher clonogenic capacity than surviving cells from a stiff microenvironment. This was associated with enhanced expression of cancer stem cell markers, including clusters of differentiation 44 (CD44), CD133, c-kit, cysteine-X-cysteine receptor 4, octamer-4 (CXCR4), and NANOG. CONCLUSION Increasing matrix stiffness promotes proliferation and chemotherapeutic resistance, whereas a soft environment induces reversible cellular dormancy and stem cell characteristics in HCC. This has implications for both the treatment of primary HCC and the prevention of tumor outgrowth from disseminated tumor cells. (HEPATOLOGY 2011;).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jörg Schrader
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | | | - Rebecca L Aucott
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mariëlle van Deemter
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Shaun Walsh
- Department of Pathology, Ninewells Hospital, Dundee, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel Benten
- Department of Medicine I, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stuart J Forbes
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca G Wells
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John P Iredale
- MRC Centre for Inflammation Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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Hyaluronan suppresses prostate tumor cell proliferation through diminished expression of N-cadherin and aberrant growth factor receptor signaling. Exp Cell Res 2011; 317:1214-25. [PMID: 21315068 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.01.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2010] [Revised: 01/19/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Hyaluronan (HA) production has been functionally implicated in prostate tumorigenesis and metastasis. We previously used prostate tumor cells overexpressing the HA synthesizing enzyme HAS3 or the clinically relevant hyaluronidase Hyal1 to show that excess HA production suppresses tumor growth, while HA turnover accelerates spontaneous metastasis from the prostate. Here, we examined pathways responsible for effects of HAS3 and Hyal1 on tumor cell phenotype. Detailed characterization of cell cycle progression revealed that expression of Hyal1 accelerated cell cycle re-entry following synchronization, whereas HAS3 alone delayed entry. Hyal1 expressing cells exhibited a significant reduction in their ability to sustain ERK phosphorylation upon stimulation by growth factors, and in their expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21. In contrast, HAS3 expressing cells showed prolonged ERK phosphorylation and increased expression of both p21 and p27, in asynchronous and synchronized cultures. Changes in cell cycle regulatory proteins were accompanied by HA-induced suppression of N-cadherin, while E-cadherin expression and β-catenin expression and distribution remained unchanged. Our results are consistent with a model in which excess HA synthesis suppresses cell proliferation by promoting homotypic E-cadherin mediated cell-cell adhesion, consequently signaling to elevate cell cycle inhibitor expression and suppress G1- to S-phase transition.
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15
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Lee JG, Kay EP. PI 3-kinase/Rac1 and ERK1/2 regulate FGF-2-mediated cell proliferation through phosphorylation of p27 at Ser10 by KIS and at Thr187 by Cdc25A/Cdk2. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2011; 52:417-26. [PMID: 20811053 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.10-6140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanism of p27 phosphorylation through common and differential pathways triggered by FGF-2 in corneal endothelial cells (CECs). METHODS A GTP pull-down assay was performed to identify Rac1-GTP. Expression and activation of protein were analyzed by immunoblotting. Cell proliferation was measured by an MTT assay. Transfection of CECs with kinase-interacting stathmin (KIS) siRNA was performed. RESULTS FGF-2 activated Rac1 through Akt, and Rac1 inhibitor greatly inhibited the FGF-2-stimulated cell proliferation. Rac1 inhibitor reduced p27 phosphorylation at both serine 10 (Ser10) and threonine 187 (Thr187). ERK1/2 was also involved in FGF-2-stimulated CEC proliferation and phosphorylation of p27 at Ser10 and Thr187 in parallel to phosphatidylinositol (PI) 3-kinase. In both PI 3-kinase/Rac1 and ERK1/2 pathways, Ser10 of p27 is phosphorylated by KIS, confirmed by siRNA to KIS, which subsequently hampered the FGF-2-stimulated cell proliferation, while Thr187 of p27 was phosphorylated through Cdk2 activated by Cdc25A. Cdc25A inhibitor blocked activation of Cdk2, phosphorylation of p27 at Thr187, and cell proliferation. FGF-2 induced both KIS and Cdc25A during the G1 phase; the maximum KIS expression was observed 4 hours after FGF-2 stimulation, while the maximum Cdc25A expression was observed at 12 hours. Blockade of ERK1/2 and Rac1 greatly reduced KIS and Cdc25A expression. CONCLUSIONS Results suggest that FGF-2 uses both PI 3-kinase/Rac1 and ERK pathways for cell proliferation; two signals employ common pathways for phosphorylating p27 according to the sites (KIS for Ser10 and Cdc25A/Cdk2 for Thr187) with their characteristic kinetics (early G1 for Ser10 and late G1 for Thr187).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Goo Lee
- Doheny Eye Institute, Department of Ophthalmology, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA 90033, USA
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DaSilva M, Deming MO, Fligiel SE, Dame MK, Johnson KJ, Swartz RD, Varani J. Responses of human skin in organ culture and human skin fibroblasts to a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent: comparison of skin from patients with end-stage renal disease and skin from healthy subjects. Invest Radiol 2010; 45:733-9. [PMID: 20661146 PMCID: PMC3164303 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181e9436b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a clinical syndrome occurring in a small subset of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD). Exposure to certain of the gadolinium-based contrast agents during magnetic resonance imaging appears to be a trigger. The pathogenesis of the disease is largely unknown. The present study addresses potential pathophysiologic mechanisms. MATERIALS AND METHODS We have compared responses in organ-cultured skin and skin fibroblasts from individuals with ESRD to responses of healthy control subjects to Omniscan treatment. RESULTS Treatment of skin from ESRD patients with Omniscan stimulated production of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, but not type I procollagen. The same treatment also stimulated an increase in hyaluronan production. Similar results were seen with skin from normal controls but basal levels were higher in ESRD patients. Fibroblasts in monolayer culture gave the same responses, but there were no differences based on whether the cells were isolated from the skin of healthy subjects or those with ESRD. CONCLUSION These data indicate that Omniscan exposure alters an enzyme/inhibitor system responsible for regulating collagen turnover in the skin and directly stimulates hyaluronan production. The higher basal levels of type I procollagen, matrix metalloproteinase-1, tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1, and hyaluronan in the skin from ESRD patients could contribute to the sensitivity of this patient population to fibrotic changes, which might be induced by exposure to some of the gadolinium-based contrast agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marissa DaSilva
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Monica O’Brien Deming
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Suzanne E.G. Fligiel
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Michael K. Dame
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Kent J. Johnson
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - Richard D. Swartz
- The Department of Internal Medicine, The University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
| | - James Varani
- The Department of Pathology, The University of Michigan Medical School Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109
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Abstract
IMPORTANCE OF THE FIELD Accumulating evidence suggests that mast cells are involved in a wide variety of immune responses including chronic inflammation, immune tolerance and tumor immunity. Mast cells originate from hematopoietic stem cells and undergo terminal differentiation in the tissues, in which they are ultimately resident. Heterogeneity of tissue mast cells is, therefore, one of the key concepts for a better understanding of various immune responses. AREAS COVERED IN THIS REVIEW This review describes the candidate genes involved in regulation of cutaneous mast cell differentiation, with a particular attention to CD44, which is the primary receptor for hyaluronan. WHAT THE READER WILL GAIN CD44 is involved in various aspects of cutaneous inflammation. Regarding mast cells, CD44 is upregulated upon differentiation and maturation of mast cells, and plays a critical role in regulation of cutaneous mast cell number. Since both degradation and decrease of hyaluronan are often observed upon chronic inflammation, CD44 might be involved in modulation of local immune responses through regulation of cutaneous mast cell functions. TAKE HOME MESSAGE Understanding of cutaneous immune responses should require clarification of local mast cell functions, a part of which is regulated by extracellular matrix components and their membrane receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Tanaka
- Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Division of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Immunochemistry, Okayama 700-8530, Japan.
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18
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Cytoskeletal control of growth and cell fate switching. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2009; 21:864-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2009.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2009] [Accepted: 08/10/2009] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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19
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Abstract
Cells are mechanical as well as chemical machines, and much of the energy they consume is used to apply forces to each other and to the extracellular matrix around them. The cytoskeleton, the cell membrane, and the macromolecules composing the extracellular matrix form networks that in concert with the forces generated by the cell create dynamic materials with viscoelastic properties unique to each tissue. Numerous recent studies suggest that the forces that cells create and are subjected to, as well as the mechanical properties of the materials to which they adhere, can have large effects on cell structure and function that can act in concert with or override signals from soluble stimuli. This brief review summarizes recent studies of the effects of substrate mechanics on cell motility, differentiation, and proliferation, and discusses possible mechanisms by which a cell can probe the stiffness of its surroundings. Cell Motil. Cytoskeleton, 2009. (c) 2009 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A Janmey
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, University of Pennsylvania, 1010 Vagelos Laboratories, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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20
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Regulation of collagen turnover in human skin fibroblasts exposed to a gadolinium-based contrast agent. Invest Radiol 2009; 44:433-9. [PMID: 19561517 DOI: 10.1097/rli.0b013e3181a4d7e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Nephrogenic systemic fibrosis is a clinical syndrome linked with exposure in renal failure patients to gadolinium-based contrast agents (GBCAs) during magnetic resonance imaging. Recently, we demonstrated that GBCA exposure led to increased matrix metalloproteinase-1 (MMP-1) and tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) levels in human skin fibroblasts. The goals of the present work were to assess the relationship between altered MMP-1/TIMP-1 expression and collagen production/deposition, and the intracellular signaling events that lead from GBCA stimulation to altered MMP-1 and TIMP-1 production. MATERIALS AND METHODS Human dermal fibroblasts were treated with one of the currently used GBCAs (Omniscan). Proliferation was quantified as were levels of MMP-1, TIMP-1, procollagen type I, and collagen type I. Signaling events were concomitantly assessed, and signaling inhibitors were used. RESULTS Fibroblasts exposed to Omniscan had increases in both MMP-1 and TIMP-1 levels. Omniscan treatment interfered with collagen turnover, leading to increased type I collagen deposition without an increase in type I procollagen production. U0126, an inhibitor of mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and LY294002, a phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase inhibitor, reduced MMP-1 levels. U0126 also reduced TIMP-1 levels, but LY294002 increased TIMP-1. CONCLUSION These data provide evidence for complex regulation of collagen deposition in Omniscan-treated skin. They suggest that the major effect of Omniscan exposure is on an enzyme/inhibitor system that regulates collagen breakdown rather than on collagen production, per se.
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21
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ERK activation and cell growth require CaM kinases in MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009; 335:155-71. [DOI: 10.1007/s11010-009-0252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 09/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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22
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Klein EA, Yin L, Kothapalli D, Castagnino P, Byfield FJ, Xu T, Levental I, Hawthorne E, Janmey PA, Assoian RK. Cell-cycle control by physiological matrix elasticity and in vivo tissue stiffening. Curr Biol 2009; 19:1511-8. [PMID: 19765988 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.07.069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2009] [Revised: 07/22/2009] [Accepted: 07/31/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND A number of adhesion-mediated signaling pathways and cell-cycle events have been identified that regulate cell proliferation, yet studies to date have been unable to determine which of these pathways control mitogenesis in response to physiologically relevant changes in tissue elasticity. In this report, we use hydrogel-based substrata matched to biological tissue stiffness to investigate the effects of matrix elasticity on the cell cycle. RESULTS We find that physiological tissue stiffness acts as a cell-cycle inhibitor in mammary epithelial cells and vascular smooth muscle cells; subcellular analysis in these cells, mouse embryonic fibroblasts, and osteoblasts shows that cell-cycle control by matrix stiffness is widely conserved. Remarkably, most mitogenic events previously documented as extracellular matrix (ECM)/integrin-dependent proceed normally when matrix stiffness is altered in the range that controls mitogenesis. These include ERK activity, immediate-early gene expression, and cdk inhibitor expression. In contrast, FAK-dependent Rac activation, Rac-dependent cyclin D1 gene induction, and cyclin D1-dependent Rb phosphorylation are strongly inhibited at physiological tissue stiffness and rescued when the matrix is stiffened in vitro. Importantly, the combined use of atomic force microscopy and fluorescence imaging in mice shows that comparable increases in tissue stiffness occur at sites of cell proliferation in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Matrix remodeling associated with pathogenesis is in itself a positive regulator of the cell cycle through a highly selective effect on integrin-dependent signaling to FAK, Rac, and cyclin D1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Klein
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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23
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Liu H, Huang X, Wang H, Shen A, Cheng C. Dexamethasone inhibits proliferation and stimulates SSeCKS expression in C6 rat glioma cell line. Brain Res 2009; 1265:1-12. [PMID: 19368818 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.01.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2008] [Revised: 01/13/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although there is ample evidence that dexamethasone (DEX) has an antiproliferative effect on C6 glioma cells, the molecular mechanism remains elusive. Src suppressed C kinase substrates (SSeCKS), as a member of PKC substrates, have been implicated to be a negative regulator of cell proliferation. In this study, we provided novel evidence that DEX induced the expression of SSeCKS mRNA and protein in a time- and dose-dependent manner, and translocation of SSeCKS from the cytosol to the membrane. The glucocorticoid receptor antagonist, RU486, significantly decreased DEX-induced SSeCKS expression, inhibited SSeCKS translocation and actin cytoskeleton reorganization after DEX challenge. Knock-down of SSeCKS expression by RNA interference inhibited DEX-induced actin cytoskeleton reorganization and reversed DEX-induced growth arrest. We also presented the novel observation that knock-down of SSeCKS expression elevated the expression of cyclin D1 and the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated Kinase 1/2, indicating that SSeCKS is involved in the regulation of cell cycle related proteins and is essential for DEX induced growth arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiou Liu
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory of Neuroregeneration, Nantong University, Nantong, China
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24
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Puré E, Assoian RK. Rheostatic signaling by CD44 and hyaluronan. Cell Signal 2009; 21:651-5. [PMID: 19174187 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2009.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2008] [Accepted: 01/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Cellular function and adaptive behavior is often driven by signals generated in response to the local tissue microenvironment. Cell surface receptors that detect changes in extracellular matrix composition and modifications to extracellular matrix components, are ideally positioned to provide highly responsive sensors of changes in the microenvironment and mediate changes in cellular function required to maintain tissue integrity. Receptors can act as "on/off" switches, but ligand/receptor complexes that provide "rheostatic" control may be more sensitive, provide a more rapid mechanism of control and allow for fine-tuning of cellular responses to the microenvironment. Herein, we review evidence that transitions in the physiochemical properties of the extracellular glycosaminoglycan hyaluronan and in the function of its major receptor, CD44, differentially regulate ERK and Rac signal transduction pathways to provide critical rheostatic control of mesenchymal cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen Puré
- Wistar Institute and Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania, School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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