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Jeleń M, Otto-Ślusarczyk D, Morak-Młodawska B, Struga M. Novel Tetracyclic Azaphenothiazines with the Quinoline Ring as New Anticancer and Antibacterial Derivatives of Chlorpromazine. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4148. [PMID: 38673734 PMCID: PMC11050599 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2024] [Revised: 04/04/2024] [Accepted: 04/05/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Phenothiazine derivatives are widely studied in various fields such as biology, chemistry, and medicine research because of their pharmaceutical effects. The first compound used successfully in the treatment of psychosis was a phenthiazine derivative, chlorpromazine. Apart from its activity in neurons, chlorpromazine has also been reported to display anticancer and antibacterial properties. In this study, we present the synthesis and research on the activity of A549, MDA, MiaPaCa, PC3, and HCT116 cancer cell lines and of S. aureus, S. epidermidis, E. coli, and P. aeruginosa bacterial strains against a series of new tetracyclic chlorpromazine analogues containing a quinoline scaffold in their structure instead of the benzene ring and various substituents at the thiazine nitrogen. The structure of these novel molecules has been determined by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and HRMS spectral techniques. The seven most active of the twenty-four new chlorpromazine analogues tested were selected to study the mechanism of cytotoxic action. Their ability to induce apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cells was assessed by flow cytometry analysis. The results obtained confirmed the proapoptotic activity of selected compounds, especially in terms of inducing late apoptosis or necrosis in cancer cell lines A549, MiaPaCa-2, and HCT-116. Furthermore, studies on the induction of cell cycle arrest suggest that the new chlorpromazine analogues exert antiproliferative effects by inducing cell cycle arrest in the S phase and, consequently, apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Jeleń
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Dagmara Otto-Ślusarczyk
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
| | - Beata Morak-Młodawska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, The Medical University of Silesia, Jagiellońska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland;
| | - Marta Struga
- Chair and Department of Biochemistry, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-097 Warsaw, Poland; (D.O.-Ś.); (M.S.)
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2
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Bodhale N, Nair A, Saha B. Isoform-specific functions of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation. Eur J Immunol 2023; 53:e2350430. [PMID: 37173132 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202350430] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 05/02/2023] [Accepted: 05/11/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
Ras GTPases, well characterized for their role in oncogenesis, are the cells' molecular switches that signal to maintain immune homeostasis through cellular development, proliferation, differentiation, survival, and apoptosis. In the immune system, T cells are the central players that cause autoimmunity if dysregulated. Antigen-specific T-cell receptor (TCR) stimulation activates Ras-isoforms, which exhibit isoform-specific activator and effector requirements, functional specificities, and a selective role in T-cell development and differentiation. Recent studies show the role of Ras in T-cell-mediated autoimmune diseases; however, there is a scarcity of knowledge about the role of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation. To date, limited studies have demonstrated Ras activation in response to positive and negative selection signals and Ras isoform-specific signaling, including subcellular signaling, in immune cells. The knowledge of isoform-specific functions of Ras in T cells is essential, but still inadequate to develop the T-cell-targeted Ras isoform-specific treatment strategies for the diseases caused by altered Ras-isoform expression and activation in T cells. In this review, we discuss the role of Ras in T-cell development and differentiation, critically analyzing the isoform-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Arathi Nair
- National Centre for Cell Science, Pune, India
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3
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Brown JS. Treatment of cancer with antipsychotic medications: Pushing the boundaries of schizophrenia and cancer. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2022; 141:104809. [PMID: 35970416 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 07/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/31/2022] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
Abstract
Over a century ago, the phenothiazine dye, methylene blue, was discovered to have both antipsychotic and anti-cancer effects. In the 20th-century, the first phenothiazine antipsychotic, chlorpromazine, was found to inhibit cancer. During the years of elucidating the pharmacology of the phenothiazines, reserpine, an antipsychotic with a long historical background, was likewise discovered to have anti-cancer properties. Research on the effects of antipsychotics on cancer continued slowly until the 21st century when efforts to repurpose antipsychotics for cancer treatment accelerated. This review examines the history of these developments, and identifies which antipsychotics might treat cancer, and which cancers might be treated by antipsychotics. The review also describes the molecular mechanisms through which antipsychotics may inhibit cancer. Although the overlap of molecular pathways between schizophrenia and cancer have been known or suspected for many years, no comprehensive review of the subject has appeared in the psychiatric literature to assess the significance of these similarities. This review fills that gap and discusses what, if any, significance the similarities have regarding the etiology of schizophrenia.
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4
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Haidar M, Jacquemin P. Past and Future Strategies to Inhibit Membrane Localization of the KRAS Oncogene. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413193. [PMID: 34947990 PMCID: PMC8707736 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/02/2021] [Accepted: 12/04/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
KRAS is one of the most studied oncogenes. It is well known that KRAS undergoes post-translational modifications at its C-terminal end. These modifications are essential for its membrane location and activity. Despite significant efforts made in the past three decades to target the mechanisms involved in its membrane localization, no therapies have been approved and taken into the clinic. However, many studies have recently reintroduced interest in the development of KRAS inhibitors, either by directly targeting KRAS or indirectly through the inhibition of critical steps involved in post-translational KRAS modifications. In this review, we summarize the approaches that have been applied over the years to inhibit the membrane localization of KRAS in cancer and propose a new anti-KRAS strategy that could be used in clinic.
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5
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Repurposing Antipsychotics for Cancer Treatment. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9121785. [PMID: 34944601 PMCID: PMC8698939 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9121785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2021] [Revised: 11/21/2021] [Accepted: 11/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide, with approximately 19 million new cases each year. Lately, several novel chemotherapeutic drugs have been introduced, efficiently inhibiting tumor growth and proliferation. However, developing a new drug is a time- and money-consuming process, requiring around 1 billion dollars and nearly ten years, with only a minority of the initially effective anti-cancer drugs experimentally finally being efficient in human clinical trials. Drug repurposing for cancer treatment is an optimal alternative as the safety of these drugs has been previously tested, and thus, in case of successful preclinical studies, can be introduced faster and with a lower cost into phase 3 clinical trials. Antipsychotic drugs are associated with anti-cancer properties and, lately, there has been an increasing interest in their role in cancer treatment. In the present review, we discussed in detail the in-vitro and in-vivo properties of the most common typical and atypical antipsychotics, along with their mechanism of action.
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6
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Kamgar-Dayhoff P, Brelidze TI. Multifaceted effect of chlorpromazine in cancer: implications for cancer treatment. Oncotarget 2021; 12:1406-1426. [PMID: 34262651 PMCID: PMC8274723 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.28010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery in 1951, chlorpromazine (CPZ) has been one of the most widely used antipsychotic medications for treating schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. In addition to its antipsychotic effect, many studies in the last several decades have found that CPZ has a potent antitumorigenic effect. These studies have shown that CPZ affects a number of molecular oncogenic targets through multiple pathways, including the regulation of cell cycle, cancer growth and metastasis, chemo-resistance and stemness of cancer cells. Here we review studies on molecular mechanisms of CPZ’s action on key proteins involved in cancer, including p53, YAP, Ras protein, ion channels, and MAPKs. We discuss common and overlapping signaling pathways of CPZ’s action, its cancer-type specificity, antitumorigenic effects of CPZ reported in animal models and population studies on the rate of cancer in psychiatric patients. We also discuss the potential benefits and limitations of repurposing CPZ for cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pareesa Kamgar-Dayhoff
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
| | - Tinatin I Brelidze
- Department of Pharmacology and Physiology, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington, D.C., USA
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7
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Wang X, Gorfe AA, Putkey JA. Antipsychotic phenothiazine drugs bind to KRAS in vitro. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR NMR 2021; 75:233-244. [PMID: 34176062 DOI: 10.1007/s10858-021-00371-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
We used NMR to show that the antipsychotic phenothiazine drugs promazine and promethazine bind to GDP-KRAS. Promazine also binds to oncogenic GDP-KRAS(G12D), and to wild type GppNHp-KRAS. A panel of additional phenothiazines bind to GDP-KRAS but with lower affinity than promazine or promethazine. Binding is most dependent on substitutions at C-2 of the tricyclic phenothiazine ring. Promazine was used to generate an NMR-driven HADDOCK model of the drug/GDP-KRAS complex. The structural model shows the tricyclic phenothiazine ring of promazine associates with the hydrophobic pocket p1 that is bordered by the central β sheet and Switch II in KRAS. Binding appears to stabilize helix 2 in a conformation that is similar to that seen in KRAS bound to other small molecules. Association of phenothiazines with KRAS may affect normal KRAS signaling that could contribute to multiple biological activities of these antipsychotic drugs. Moreover, the phenothiazine ring represents a new core scaffold on which to design modulators of KRAS activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Wang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - Alemayehu A Gorfe
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA
| | - John A Putkey
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, 6431 Fannin St, Houston, TX, 77030, USA.
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8
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Kattan WE, Hancock JF. RAS Function in cancer cells: translating membrane biology and biochemistry into new therapeutics. Biochem J 2020; 477:2893-2919. [PMID: 32797215 PMCID: PMC7891675 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The three human RAS proteins are mutated and constitutively activated in ∼20% of cancers leading to cell growth and proliferation. For the past three decades, many attempts have been made to inhibit these proteins with little success. Recently; however, multiple methods have emerged to inhibit KRAS, the most prevalently mutated isoform. These methods and the underlying biology will be discussed in this review with a special focus on KRAS-plasma membrane interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walaa E. Kattan
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX 77030, USA
| | - John F. Hancock
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, TX 77030, USA
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center UTHealth Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, TX 77030, USA
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9
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Grimsey EM, Piddock LJV. Do phenothiazines possess antimicrobial and efflux inhibitory properties? FEMS Microbiol Rev 2020; 43:577-590. [PMID: 31216574 DOI: 10.1093/femsre/fuz017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic resistance is a global health concern; the rise of drug-resistant bacterial infections is compromising the medical advances that resulted from the introduction of antibiotics at the beginning of the 20th century. Considering that the presence of mutations within individuals in a bacterial population may allow a subsection to survive and propagate in response to selective pressure, as long as antibiotics are used in the treatment of bacterial infections, development of resistance is an inevitable evolutionary outcome. This, combined with the lack of novel antibiotics being released to the clinical market, means the need to develop alternative strategies to treat these resistant infections is critical. We discuss how the use of antibiotic adjuvants can minimise the appearance and impact of resistance. To this effect, several phenothiazine-derived drugs have been shown to potentiate the activities of antibiotics used to treat infections caused by Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. Outside of their role as antipsychotic medications, we review the evidence to suggest that phenothiazines possess inherent antibacterial and efflux inhibitory properties enabling them to potentially combat drug resistance. We also discuss that understanding their mode of action is essential to facilitate the design of new phenothiazine derivatives or novel agents for use as antibiotic adjuvants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth M Grimsey
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
| | - Laura J V Piddock
- Institute of Microbiology & Infection, College of Medical & Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, United Kingdom
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10
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Pleiotropic Roles of Calmodulin in the Regulation of KRas and Rac1 GTPases: Functional Diversity in Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103680. [PMID: 32456244 PMCID: PMC7279331 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2020] [Revised: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calmodulin is a ubiquitous signalling protein that controls many biological processes due to its capacity to interact and/or regulate a large number of cellular proteins and pathways, mostly in a Ca2+-dependent manner. This complex interactome of calmodulin can have pleiotropic molecular consequences, which over the years has made it often difficult to clearly define the contribution of calmodulin in the signal output of specific pathways and overall biological response. Most relevant for this review, the ability of calmodulin to influence the spatiotemporal signalling of several small GTPases, in particular KRas and Rac1, can modulate fundamental biological outcomes such as proliferation and migration. First, direct interaction of calmodulin with these GTPases can alter their subcellular localization and activation state, induce post-translational modifications as well as their ability to interact with effectors. Second, through interaction with a set of calmodulin binding proteins (CaMBPs), calmodulin can control the capacity of several guanine nucleotide exchange factors (GEFs) to promote the switch of inactive KRas and Rac1 to an active conformation. Moreover, Rac1 is also an effector of KRas and both proteins are interconnected as highlighted by the requirement for Rac1 activation in KRas-driven tumourigenesis. In this review, we attempt to summarize the multiple layers how calmodulin can regulate KRas and Rac1 GTPases in a variety of cellular events, with biological consequences and potential for therapeutic opportunities in disease settings, such as cancer.
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11
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Phase separation of TAZ compartmentalizes the transcription machinery to promote gene expression. Nat Cell Biol 2020; 22:453-464. [PMID: 32203417 DOI: 10.1038/s41556-020-0485-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
TAZ promotes growth, development and tumorigenesis by regulating the expression of target genes. However, the manner in which TAZ orchestrates the transcriptional responses is poorly defined. Here we demonstrate that TAZ forms nuclear condensates through liquid-liquid phase separation to compartmentalize its DNA-binding cofactor TEAD4, coactivators BRD4 and MED1, and the transcription elongation factor CDK9 for transcription. TAZ forms phase-separated droplets in vitro and liquid-like nuclear condensates in vivo, and this ability is negatively regulated by Hippo signalling through LATS-mediated phosphorylation and is mediated by the coiled-coil (CC) domain. Deletion of the TAZ CC domain or substitution with the YAP CC domain prevents the phase separation of TAZ and its ability to induce the expression of TAZ-specific target genes. Thus, we identify a mechanism of transcriptional activation by TAZ and demonstrate that pathway-specific transcription factors also engage the phase-separation mechanism for efficient and specific transcriptional activation.
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12
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In-vitro binding analysis of bovine serum albumin with sulindac/chlorpromazine: Spectroscopic, calorimetric and computational approaches. J Mol Liq 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molliq.2019.112124] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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13
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Sasso L, Purdie L, Grabowska A, Jones AT, Alexander C. Time and cell-dependent effects of endocytosis inhibitors on the internalization of biomolecule markers and nanomaterials. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/jin2.39] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luana Sasso
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Laura Purdie
- School of Pharmacy; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Anna Grabowska
- School of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham NG7 2RD UK
| | - Arwyn Tomos Jones
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Science; Cardiff University; Cardiff Wales CF10 3NB UK
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14
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Abstract
Cancer is a major health issue worldwide, and the global burden of cancer is expected to increase in the coming years. Whereas the limited success with current therapies has driven huge investments into drug development, the average number of FDA approvals per year has declined since the 1990s. This unmet need for more effective anti-cancer drugs has sparked a growing interest for drug repurposing, i.e. using drugs already approved for other indications to treat cancer. As such, data both from pre-clinical experiments, clinical trials and observational studies have demonstrated anti-tumor efficacy for compounds within a wide range of drug classes other than cancer. Whereas some of them induce cancer cell death or suppress various aspects of cancer cell behavior in established tumors, others may prevent cancer development. Here, we provide an overview of promising candidates for drug repurposing in cancer, as well as studies describing the biological mechanisms underlying their anti-neoplastic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linda Sleire
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Hilde Elise Førde
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Inger Anne Netland
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Lina Leiss
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway
| | - Bente Sandvei Skeie
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway
| | - Per Øyvind Enger
- Oncomatrix Research Group, Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91 5009 Bergen, Norway; Department of Neurosurgery, Haukeland University Hospital, Jonas Lies vei, 71, 5021 Bergen, Norway.
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15
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Jiang YW, Gao G, Chen Z, Wu FG. Fluorescence studies on the interaction between chlorpromazine and model cell membranes. NEW J CHEM 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7nj00037e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The fluorescence quenching of membrane fluorophores and the fluorescence enhancement of chlorpromazine were simultaneously observed during chlorpromazine–lipid membrane interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-Wen Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- P. R. China
| | - Ge Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- P. R. China
| | - Zhan Chen
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Michigan
- Ann Arbor
- USA
| | - Fu-Gen Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics
- School of Biological Science and Medical Engineering
- Southeast University
- Nanjing 210096
- P. R. China
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16
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Kazama I, Ejima Y, Endo Y, Toyama H, Matsubara M, Baba A, Tachi M. Chlorpromazine-induced changes in membrane micro-architecture inhibit thrombopoiesis in rat megakaryocytes. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2015; 1848:2805-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2015.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2015] [Revised: 08/16/2015] [Accepted: 08/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Protein expression of targets of the FMRP regulon is altered in brains of subjects with schizophrenia and mood disorders. Schizophr Res 2015; 165:201-11. [PMID: 25956630 PMCID: PMC5037955 DOI: 10.1016/j.schres.2015.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Fragile X mental retardation protein (FMRP) is an RNA binding protein with 842 target mRNAs in mammalian brain. Silencing of the fragile X mental retardation 1 (FMR1) gene leads to loss of expression of FMRP and upregulated metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGluR5) signaling resulting in the multiple physical and cognitive deficits associated with fragile X syndrome (FXS). Reduced FMRP expression has been identified in subjects with autism, schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression who do not carry the mutation for FMR1. Our laboratory has recently demonstrated altered expression of four downstream targets of FMRP-mGluR5 signaling in brains of subjects with autism: homer 1, amyloid beta A4 precursor protein (APP), ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (RAC1), and striatal-enriched protein tyrosine phosphatase (STEP). In the current study we investigated the expression of the same four proteins in lateral cerebella of subjects with schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and major depression and in frontal cortex of subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. In frontal cortex we observed: 1) reduced expression of 120 kDa form of APP in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder; 2) reduced expression of 61 kDa and 33k Da forms of STEP in subjects with schizophrenia; 3) reduced expression of 88 kDa form of APP in subjects with bipolar disorder; and 3) trends for reduced expression of 88 kDa form of APP and homer 1 in subjects with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, respectively. In lateral cerebella there was no group difference, however we observed increased expression of RAC1 in subjects with bipolar disorder, and trends for increased RAC1 in subjects with schizophrenia and major depression. Our results provide further evidence that proteins involved in the FMRP-mGluR5 signaling pathway are altered in schizophrenia and mood disorders.
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18
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Gelabert-Baldrich M, Soriano-Castell D, Calvo M, Lu A, Viña-Vilaseca A, Rentero C, Pol A, Grinstein S, Enrich C, Tebar F. Dynamics of KRas on endosomes: involvement of acidic phospholipids in its association. FASEB J 2014; 28:3023-37. [PMID: 24719356 DOI: 10.1096/fj.13-241158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The endocytic compartment is emerging as a functional platform for controlling important cellular processes. We have found that ∼10 to 15% of total KRas, a protein that is frequently mutated in cancer, is present on endosomes, independent of its activation state. The dynamics of GFP-KRas wild-type (WT) and constitutively active or inactive mutants on endosomes were analyzed by fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) microscopy. The measurements revealed an extraordinarily fast recovery of KRas WT [half-time (HT), ∼1.3 s] compared to HRas, Rab5, and EGFR, with the active KRasG12V mutant being significantly faster and more mobile (HT, ∼1 s, and ∼82% of exchangeable fraction) than the inactive KRasS17N (HT, ∼1.6 s, and ∼60% of exchangeable fraction). KRas rapidly switches from the cytoplasm to the endosomal membranes by an electrostatic interaction between its polybasic region and the endosomal acidic phospholipids, mainly phosphatidylserine.-Gelabert-Baldrich, M., Soriano-Castell, D., Calvo, M., Lu, A., Viña-Vilaseca, A., Rentero, C., Pol, A., Grinstein, S. Enrich, C., Tebar, F. Dynamics of KRas on endosomes: involvement of acidic phospholipids in its association.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariona Gelabert-Baldrich
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and
| | - David Soriano-Castell
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and
| | - Maria Calvo
- Unitat de Microscopia Òptica Avançada, Facultat de Medicina, Centres Científics i Tecnològics, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Lu
- Department of Biochemistry, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Arnau Viña-Vilaseca
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and
| | - Carles Rentero
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and
| | - Albert Pol
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), Barcelona, Spain; and
| | - Sergio Grinstein
- Division of Cell Biology, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carlos Enrich
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and
| | - Francesc Tebar
- Departament de Biologia Cel·lular, Immunologia i Neurociències, Facultat de Medicina, Institut d'Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), and
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19
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Zimmer B, Pallocca G, Dreser N, Foerster S, Waldmann T, Westerhout J, Julien S, Krause KH, van Thriel C, Hengstler JG, Sachinidis A, Bosgra S, Leist M. Profiling of drugs and environmental chemicals for functional impairment of neural crest migration in a novel stem cell-based test battery. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1109-26. [PMID: 24691702 PMCID: PMC3996367 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1231-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 03/18/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Developmental toxicity in vitro assays have hitherto been established as stand-alone systems, based on a limited number of toxicants. Within the embryonic stem cell-based novel alternative tests project, we developed a test battery framework that allows inclusion of any developmental toxicity assay and that explores the responses of such test systems to a wide range of drug-like compounds. We selected 28 compounds, including several biologics (e.g., erythropoietin), classical pharmaceuticals (e.g., roflumilast) and also six environmental toxicants. The chemical, toxicological and clinical data of this screen library were compiled. In order to determine a non-cytotoxic concentration range, cytotoxicity data were obtained for all compounds from HEK293 cells and from murine embryonic stem cells. Moreover, an estimate of relevant exposures was provided by literature data mining. To evaluate feasibility of the suggested test framework, we selected a well-characterized assay that evaluates ‘migration inhibition of neural crest cells.’ Screening at the highest non-cytotoxic concentration resulted in 11 hits (e.g., geldanamycin, abiraterone, gefitinib, chlorpromazine, cyproconazole, arsenite). These were confirmed in concentration–response studies. Subsequent pharmacokinetic modeling indicated that triadimefon exerted its effects at concentrations relevant to the in vivo situation, and also interferon-β and polybrominated diphenyl ether showed effects within the same order of magnitude of concentrations that may be reached in humans. In conclusion, the test battery framework can identify compounds that disturb processes relevant for human development and therefore may represent developmental toxicants. The open structure of the strategy allows rich information to be generated on both the underlying library, and on any contributing assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Zimmer
- Center for Stem Cell Biology, Sloan-Kettering Institute for Cancer Research, New York City, NY, USA
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20
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Iglesias DA, Yates MS, van der Hoeven D, Rodkey TL, Zhang Q, Co NN, Burzawa J, Chigurupati S, Celestino J, Bowser J, Broaddus R, Hancock JF, Schmandt R, Lu KH. Another surprise from Metformin: novel mechanism of action via K-Ras influences endometrial cancer response to therapy. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2847-56. [PMID: 24077915 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Metformin is an oral biguanide commonly used for the treatment of type II diabetes and has recently been demonstrated to possess antiproliferative properties that can be exploited for the prevention and treatment of a variety of cancers. The mechanisms underlying this effect have not been fully elucidated. Using both in vitro and in vivo models, we examined the effects of metformin on endometrial tumors with defined aberrations in the PI3K/PTEN/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways to understand metformin mechanism of action and identify clinically useful predictors of response to this agent. In vitro assays of proliferation, cytotoxicity, and apoptosis were used to quantify the effects of metformin on endometrial cancer cell lines with mutations in the PI3K/PTEN/mTOR and MAPK signaling pathways. The in vivo effects of oral metformin on tumor progression were further examined using xenograft mouse models of endometrial cancer. K-Ras localization was analyzed by confocal microscopy using GFP-labeled oncogenic K-Ras and by immunoblot following subcellular fractionation. Metformin inhibited cell proliferation, induced apoptosis, and decreased tumor growth in preclinical endometrial cancer models, with the greatest response observed in cells harboring activating mutations in K-Ras. Furthermore, metformin displaces constitutively active K-Ras from the cell membrane, causing uncoupling of the MAPK signaling pathway. These studies provide a rationale for clinical trials using metformin in combination with PI3K-targeted agents for tumors harboring activating K-Ras mutations, and reveal a novel mechanism of action for metformin.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A Iglesias
- Corresponding Author: Karen H. Lu, Department of Gynecologic Oncology and Reproductive Medicine, 1155 Hermann Pressler Dr., Unit 1362, Houston, TX 77030.
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21
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Shin SY, Lee KS, Choi YK, Lim HJ, Lee HG, Lim Y, Lee YH. The antipsychotic agent chlorpromazine induces autophagic cell death by inhibiting the Akt/mTOR pathway in human U-87MG glioma cells. Carcinogenesis 2013; 34:2080-9. [PMID: 23689352 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgt169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
2-Chloro-10-[3(-dimethylamino)propyl]phenothiazine mono hydrochloride (chlorpromazine; CPZ) is an antipsychotic agent that was originally developed to control psychotic disorders. The cytotoxic properties of the CPZ are well known, but its mechanism of action is poorly understood. In this study, we investigated the role of apoptosis and autophagy in CPZ-induced cytotoxicity in U-87MG glioma cells. CPZ treatment inhibited cell proliferation and long-term clonogenic survival. Additionally, CPZ triggered autophagy, as indicated by electron microscopy and accumulation of the membrane form of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3-II); however, CPZ did not induce apoptosis. Inhibition of autophagy by expression of Beclin 1 small interfering RNA (siRNA) in U-87MG cells attenuated CPZ-induced LC3-II formation. Furthermore, U-87MG cells expressing Beclin 1 siRNA attenuated CPZ-induced cell death. CPZ inhibited phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT/ mTOR pathway in U-87MG cells. Treatment with LY294002, a PI3K inhibitor, alone increased the accumulation of LC3-II and potentiated the effect of CPZ. In contrast, exogenous expression of AKT partially inhibited CPZ-induced LC3-II formation. When U-87MG cells were implanted into the brain of athymic nude mouse, CPZ triggered autophagy and inhibited xenograft tumor growth. These results provided the first evidence that CPZ-induced cytotoxicity is mediated through autophagic cell death in PTEN (phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10)-null U-87MG glioma cells by inhibiting PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Republic of Korea
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22
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Fendiline inhibits K-Ras plasma membrane localization and blocks K-Ras signal transmission. Mol Cell Biol 2012; 33:237-51. [PMID: 23129805 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00884-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras proteins regulate signaling pathways important for cell growth, differentiation, and survival. Oncogenic mutant Ras proteins are commonly expressed in human tumors, with mutations of the K-Ras isoform being most prevalent. To be active, K-Ras must undergo posttranslational processing and associate with the plasma membrane. We therefore devised a high-content screening assay to search for inhibitors of K-Ras plasma membrane association. Using this assay, we identified fendiline, an L-type calcium channel blocker, as a specific inhibitor of K-Ras plasma membrane targeting with no detectable effect on the localization of H- and N-Ras. Other classes of L-type calcium channel blockers did not mislocalize K-Ras, suggesting a mechanism that is unrelated to calcium channel blockade. Fendiline did not inhibit K-Ras posttranslational processing but significantly reduced nanoclustering of K-Ras and redistributed K-Ras from the plasma membrane to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and cytosol. Fendiline significantly inhibited signaling downstream of constitutively active K-Ras and endogenous K-Ras signaling in cells transformed by oncogenic H-Ras. Consistent with these effects, fendiline blocked the proliferation of pancreatic, colon, lung, and endometrial cancer cell lines expressing oncogenic mutant K-Ras. Taken together, these results suggest that inhibitors of K-Ras plasma membrane localization may have utility as novel K-Ras-specific anticancer therapeutics.
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Berkovich R, Wolfenson H, Eisenberg S, Ehrlich M, Weiss M, Klafter J, Henis YI, Urbakh M. Accurate quantification of diffusion and binding kinetics of non-integral membrane proteins by FRAP. Traffic 2011; 12:1648-57. [PMID: 21810156 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0854.2011.01264.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Non-integral membrane proteins frequently act as transduction hubs in vital signaling pathways initiated at the plasma membrane (PM). Their biological activity depends on dynamic interactions with the PM, which are governed by their lateral and cytoplasmic diffusion and membrane binding/unbinding kinetics. Accurate quantification of the multiple kinetic parameters characterizing their membrane interaction dynamics has been challenging. Despite a fair number of approximate fitting functions for analyzing fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP) data, no approach was able to cope with the full diffusion-exchange problem. Here, we present an exact solution and matlab fitting programs for FRAP with a stationary Gaussian laser beam, allowing simultaneous determination of the membrane (un)binding rates and the diffusion coefficients. To reduce the number of fitting parameters, the cytoplasmic diffusion coefficient is determined separately. Notably, our equations include the dependence of the exchange kinetics on the distribution of the measured protein between the PM and the cytoplasm, enabling the derivation of both k(on) and k(off) without prior assumptions. After validating the fitting function by computer simulations, we confirm the applicability of our approach to live-cell data by monitoring the dynamics of GFP-N-Ras mutants under conditions with different contributions of lateral diffusion and exchange to the FRAP kinetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronen Berkovich
- School of Chemistry, Raymond and Beverley Sackler Faculty of Exact Sciences, Tel-Aviv University, Tel-Aviv 69978, Israel
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24
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Raft protein clustering alters N-Ras membrane interactions and activation pattern. Mol Cell Biol 2011; 31:3938-52. [PMID: 21807892 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.05570-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The trafficking, membrane localization, and lipid raft association of Ras proteins, which are crucial oncogenic mediators, dictate their isoform-specific biological responses. Accordingly, their spatiotemporal dynamics are tightly regulated. While extensively studied for H- and K-Ras, such information on N-Ras, an etiological oncogenic factor, is limited. Here, we report a novel mechanism regulating the activation-dependent spatiotemporal organization of N-Ras, its modulation by biologically relevant stimuli, and isoform-specific effects on signaling. We combined patching/immobilization of another membrane protein with fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (patch-FRAP) and FRAP beam size analysis to investigate N-Ras membrane interactions. Clustering of raft-associated proteins, either glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA-GPI) or fibronectin receptors, selectively enhanced the plasma membrane-cytoplasm exchange of N-Ras-GTP (preferentially associated with raft domains) in a cholesterol-dependent manner. Electron microscopy (EM) analysis showed N-Ras-GTP localization in cholesterol-sensitive clusters, from which it preferentially detached upon HA-GPI cross-linking. HA-GPI clustering enhanced the Golgi compartment (GC) accumulation and signaling of epidermal growth factor (EGF)-stimulated N-Ras-GTP. Notably, the cross-linking-mediated enhancement of N-Ras-GTP exchange and GC accumulation depended strictly on depalmitoylation. We propose that the N-Ras activation pattern (e.g., by EGF) is altered by raft protein clustering, which enhances N-Ras-GTP raft localization and depalmitoylation, entailing its exchange and GC accumulation following repalmitoylation. This mechanism demonstrates a functional signaling role for the activation-dependent differential association of Ras isoforms with raft nanodomains.
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Sorek N, Gutman O, Bar E, Abu-Abied M, Feng X, Running MP, Lewinsohn E, Ori N, Sadot E, Henis YI, Yalovsky S. Differential effects of prenylation and s-acylation on type I and II ROPS membrane interaction and function. PLANT PHYSIOLOGY 2011; 155:706-20. [PMID: 21139084 PMCID: PMC3032461 DOI: 10.1104/pp.110.166850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/30/2010] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Prenylation primarily by geranylgeranylation is required for membrane attachment and function of type I Rho of Plants (ROPs) and Gγ proteins, while type II ROPs are attached to the plasma membrane by S-acylation. Yet, it is not known how prenylation affects ROP membrane interaction dynamics and what are the functional redundancy and specificity of type I and type II ROPs. Here, we have used the expression of ROPs in mammalian cells together with geranylgeranylation and CaaX prenylation-deficient mutants to answer these questions. Our results show that the mechanism of type II ROP S-acylation and membrane attachment is unique to plants and likely responsible for the viability of plants in the absence of CaaX prenylation activity. The prenylation of ROPs determines their steady-state distribution between the plasma membrane and the cytosol but has little effect on membrane interaction dynamics. In addition, the prenyl group type has only minor effects on ROP function. Phenotypic analysis of the CaaX prenylation-deficient pluripetala mutant epidermal cells revealed that type I ROPs affect cell structure primarily on the adaxial side, while type II ROPs are functional and induce a novel cell division phenotype in this genetic background. Taken together, our studies show how prenyl and S-acyl lipid modifications affect ROP subcellular distribution, membrane interaction dynamics, and function.
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26
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Sorek N, Segev O, Gutman O, Bar E, Richter S, Poraty L, Hirsch JA, Henis YI, Lewinsohn E, Jürgens G, Yalovsky S. An S-acylation switch of conserved G domain cysteines is required for polarity signaling by ROP GTPases. Curr Biol 2010; 20:914-20. [PMID: 20451389 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2010.03.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2009] [Revised: 03/11/2010] [Accepted: 03/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rho GTPases are master regulators of cell polarity. For their function, Rhos must associate with discrete plasma membrane domains. Rho of Plants (ROPs) or RACs comprise a single family. Prenylation and S-acylation of hypervariable domain cysteines of Ras and Rho GTPases are required for their function; however, lipid modifications in the G domain have never been reported. Reversible S-acylation involves the attachment of palmitate (C16:0) or other saturated lipids to cysteines through a thioester linkage and was implicated in the regulation of signaling. Here we show that transient S-acylation of Arabidopsis AtROP6 takes place on two conserved G domain cysteine residues, C21 and C156. C21 is relatively exposed and is accessible for modification, but C156 is not, implying that its S-acylation involves a conformational change. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching beam-size analysis shows that S-acylation of AtROP6 regulates its membrane-association dynamics, and detergent-solubilization studies indicate that it regulates AtROP6 association with lipid rafts. Site-specific acylation-deficient AtROP6 mutants can bind and hydrolyze GTP but display compromised effects on polar cell growth, endocytic uptake of the tracer dye FM4-64, and distribution of reactive oxygen species. These data reveal an S-acylation switch that regulates Rho signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadav Sorek
- Department of Molecular Biology and Ecology of Plants, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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27
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Shin SY, Kim CG, Kim SH, Kim YS, Lim Y, Lee YH. Chlorpromazine activates p21Waf1/Cip1gene transcription via early growth response-1 (Egr-1) in C6 glioma cells. Exp Mol Med 2010; 42:395-405. [DOI: 10.3858/emm.2010.42.5.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Soon Young Shin
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Chang Gun Kim
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Se Hyun Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Yong Sik Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-744, Korea
| | - Yoongho Lim
- Division of Bioscience and Biotechnology, BMIC, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
| | - Young Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Science and Technology, Konkuk University Hospital, Seoul 143-729, Korea
- Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Research Center for Transcription Control, Konkuk University, Seoul 143-701, Korea
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28
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Henis YI, Hancock JF, Prior IA. Ras acylation, compartmentalization and signaling nanoclusters (Review). Mol Membr Biol 2008; 26:80-92. [PMID: 19115142 DOI: 10.1080/09687680802649582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Ras proteins have become paradigms for isoform- and compartment-specific signaling. Recent work has shown that Ras isoforms are differentially distributed within cell surface signaling nanoclusters and on endomembranous compartments. The critical feature regulating Ras protein localization and isoform-specific functions is the C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR). In this review we discuss the differential post-translational modifications and reversible targeting functions of Ras isoform HVR motifs. We describe how compartmentalized Ras signaling has specific functional consequences and how cell surface signaling nanoclusters generate precise signaling outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoav I Henis
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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