1
|
Tian P, Du D, Yang L, Zhou N, Tao L. SP3-induced Timeless transcription contributes to cell growth of lung adenocarcinoma cells. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0298295. [PMID: 38354174 PMCID: PMC10866488 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0298295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/16/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Timeless is well-known for its key role in replication checkpoints. Recent studies reveal the involvement of Timeless and specificity protein (SP) 1 in human malignancies. However, no evidence proved the interaction between SP3 and Timeless in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD). METHODS The expression and clinical significance of Timeless were analyzed using the LUAD dataset downloaded from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Lentivirus-mediated Timeless knockdown in A549 cells was used to examine the role of Timeless in cell proliferation and pemetrexed (PEM) resistance. Transcription factors (TFs) bound to the Timeless promoter were identified by DNA pull-down technology with HPLC-MS/MS analysis and analyzed by the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway. Dual-luciferase reporter assay was used to determine the activity of SP3 in Timeless transcription. RESULTS Timeless was overexpressed in LUAD samples, and it could serve as a potential diagnostic or prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients. shTimeless-mediated knockdown of Timeless reduced cell viability and proliferation and sensitized PEM-resistant A549 cells to PEM. Four fragments (F1: 1-373 bp), (F2: 374-962 bp), (F4: 1274-1645 bp), and (F5: 1646-2000bp) were confirmed as the TF binding profiles of the Timeless promoter. KEGG analysis showed that the TFs bound to the Timeless promoter had relevance to spliceosome, RNA transport, and mRNA surveillance pathways. SP3 promoted the transcription of Timeless via the F2 fragment (374-962 bp) binding motif. CONCLUSION Upregulation of Timeless mediated by SP3 promotes LUAD cell proliferation, providing evidence to support that targeting the SP3/Timeless axis may be a potential therapeutic strategy against LUAD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ping Tian
- Medical School, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Dajun Du
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Li Yang
- Inspection School, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Medical Oncology, Xinyang Central Hospital, Xinyang, Henan, China
| | - Ling Tao
- Inspection School, Xinyang Vocational and Technical College, Xinyang, Henan, China
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Vipat S, Moiseeva TN. The TIMELESS Roles in Genome Stability and Beyond. J Mol Biol 2024; 436:168206. [PMID: 37481157 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2023.168206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/12/2023] [Indexed: 07/24/2023]
Abstract
TIMELESS protein (TIM) protects replication forks from stalling at difficult-to-replicate regions and plays an important role in DNA damage response, including checkpoint signaling, protection of stalled replication forks and DNA repair. Loss of TIM causes severe replication stress, while its overexpression is common in various types of cancer, providing protection from DNA damage and resistance to chemotherapy. Although TIM has mostly been studied for its part in replication stress response, its additional roles in supporting genome stability and a wide variety of other cellular pathways are gradually coming to light. This review discusses the diverse functions of TIM and its orthologs in healthy and cancer cells, open questions, and potential future directions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sameera Vipat
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia
| | - Tatiana N Moiseeva
- Department of Chemistry and Biotechnology, Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn 12618, Estonia.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Patel JA, Kim H. The TIMELESS effort for timely DNA replication and protection. Cell Mol Life Sci 2023; 80:84. [PMID: 36892674 PMCID: PMC9998586 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-023-04738-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2023] [Accepted: 02/24/2023] [Indexed: 03/10/2023]
Abstract
Accurate replication of the genome is fundamental to cellular survival and tumor prevention. The DNA replication fork is vulnerable to DNA lesions and damages that impair replisome progression, and improper control over DNA replication stress inevitably causes fork stalling and collapse, a major source of genome instability that fuels tumorigenesis. The integrity of the DNA replication fork is maintained by the fork protection complex (FPC), in which TIMELESS (TIM) constitutes a key scaffold that couples the CMG helicase and replicative polymerase activities, in conjunction with its interaction with other proteins associated with the replication machinery. Loss of TIM or the FPC in general results in impaired fork progression, elevated fork stalling and breakage, and a defect in replication checkpoint activation, thus underscoring its pivotal role in protecting the integrity of both active and stalled replication forks. TIM is upregulated in multiple cancers, which may represent a replication vulnerability of cancer cells that could be exploited for new therapies. Here, we discuss recent advances on our understanding of the multifaceted roles of TIM in DNA replication and stalled fork protection, and how its complex functions are engaged in collaboration with other genome surveillance and maintenance factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jinal A Patel
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Basic Sciences Tower 8-125, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Basic Sciences Tower 8-125, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
- Stony Brook Cancer Center and Renaissance School of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Basic Sciences Tower 8-125, 101 Nicolls Rd, Stony Brook, NY, 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Clyne CD, Kusnadi KP, Cowcher A, Morgan J, Yang J, Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Regulation of mineralocorticoid receptor activation by circadian protein TIMELESS. J Mol Endocrinol 2023; 70:JME-21-0279. [PMID: 36099062 DOI: 10.1530/jme-21-0279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The mineralocorticoid receptor (MR) is a ligand-activated transcription factor that regulates cardiorenal physiology and disease. Ligand-dependent MR transactivation involves a conformational change in the MR and recruitment of coregulatory proteins to form a unique DNA-binding complex at the hormone response element in target gene promoters. Differences in the recruitment of coregulatory proteins can promote tissue-, ligand- or gene-specific transcriptional outputs. The goal of this study was to evaluate the circadian protein TIMELESS as a selective regulator of MR transactivation. TIMELESS has an established role in cell cycle regulation and DNA repair. TIMELESS may not be central to mammalian clock function and does not bind DNA; however, RNA and protein levels oscillate over 24 h. Co-expression of TIMELESS down-regulated MR transactivation of an MR-responsive reporter in HEK293 cells, yet enhanced transactivation mediated by other steroid receptors. TIMELESS markedly inhibited MR transactivation of synthetic and native gene promoters and expression of MR target genes in H9c2 cardiac myoblasts. Immunofluorescence showed aldosterone induces colocalisation of TIMELESS and MR, although a direct interaction was not confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation. Potential regulation of circadian clock targets cryptochrome 1 and 2 by TIMELESS was not detected. However, our data suggest that these effects may involve TIMELESS coactivation of oestrogen receptor alpha (ERα). Taken together, these data suggest that TIMELESS may contribute to MR transcriptional outputs via enhancing ERα inhibitory actions on MR transactivation. Given the variable expression of TIMELESS in different cell types, these data offer new opportunities for the development of MR modulators with selective actions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin D Clyne
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kevin P Kusnadi
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Alexander Cowcher
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - James Morgan
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jun Yang
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter J Fuller
- Centre for Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Australia
| | - Morag J Young
- Cardiovascular Endocrinology Laboratory, Baker Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
- University of Melbourne and Baker HDI Department of Cardiometabolic Health and Disease, Melbourne, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Zhang H, Liu R, Zhang B, Huo H, Song Z. Advances in the Study of Circadian Genes in Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer. Integr Cancer Ther 2022; 21:15347354221096080. [PMID: 35575281 PMCID: PMC9121494 DOI: 10.1177/15347354221096080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian genes regulate several physiological functions such as circadian rhythm
and metabolism and participate in the cytogenesis and progression of various
malignancies. The abnormal expression of these genes in non-small cell lung
cancer (NSCLC) is closely related to the clinicopathological features of NSCLC
and may promote or inhibit NSCLC progression. Circadian rhythm disorders and
clock gene abnormalities may increase the risk of lung cancer in some
populations. We collected 15 circadian genes in NSCLC, namely PER1,
PER2, PER3, TIMELESS, Cry1, Cry2, CLOCK, BMAL1/ARNTL-1, ARNTL2, NPAS2,
NR1D1(REV-ERB), DEC1, DEC2, RORα, and RORγ, and
determined their relationships with the clinicopathological features of patients
and the potential mechanisms promoting or inhibiting NSCLC progression. We also
summarized the studies on circadian rhythm disorders and circadian genes
associated with lung cancer risk. The present study aimed to provide theoretical
support for the future exploration of new therapeutic targets and for the
primary prevention of NSCLC from the perspective of circadian genes.
Interpretation of circadian rhythms in lung cancer could guide further lung
cancer mechanism research and drug development that could lead to more effective
treatments and improve patient outcomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hao Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Renwang Liu
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Bo Zhang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Huandong Huo
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zuoqing Song
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Grabarczyk DB. The Fork Protection Complex: A Regulatory Hub at the Head of the Replisome. Subcell Biochem 2022; 99:83-107. [PMID: 36151374 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-00793-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
As well as accurately duplicating DNA, the eukaryotic replisome performs a variety of other crucial tasks to maintain genomic stability. For example, organizational elements, like cohesin, must be transferred from the front of the fork to the new strands, and when there is replication stress, forks need to be protected and checkpoint signalling activated. The Tof1-Csm3 (or Timeless-Tipin in humans) Fork Protection Complex (FPC) ensures efficient replisome progression and is required for a range of replication-associated activities. Recent studies have begun to reveal the structure of this complex, and how it functions within the replisome to perform its diverse roles. The core of the FPC acts as a DNA grip on the front of the replisome to regulate fork progression. Other flexibly linked domains and motifs mediate interactions with proteins and specific DNA structures, enabling the FPC to act as a hub at the head of the replication fork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniel B Grabarczyk
- Rudolf Virchow Center for Integrative and Translational Bioimaging, Institute for Structural Biology, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany.
- Research Institute of Molecular Pathology, Vienna BioCenter, Vienna, Austria.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cai YD, Chiu JC. Timeless in animal circadian clocks and beyond. FEBS J 2021; 289:6559-6575. [PMID: 34699674 PMCID: PMC9038958 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2021] [Revised: 10/09/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
TIMELESS (TIM) was first identified as a molecular cog in the Drosophila circadian clock. Almost three decades of investigations have resulted in an insightful model describing the critical role of Drosophila TIM (dTIM) in circadian timekeeping in insects, including its function in mediating light entrainment and temperature compensation of the molecular clock. Furthermore, exciting discoveries on its sequence polymorphism and thermosensitive alternative RNA splicing have also established its role in regulating seasonal biology. Although mammalian TIM (mTIM), its mammalian paralog, was first identified as a potential circadian clock component in 1990s due to sequence similarity to dTIM, its role in clock regulation has been more controversial. Mammalian TIM has now been characterized as a DNA replication fork component and has been shown to promote fork progression and participate in cell cycle checkpoint signaling in response to DNA damage. Despite defective circadian rhythms displayed by mtim mutants, it remains controversial whether the regulation of circadian clocks by mTIM is direct, especially given the interconnection between the cell cycle and circadian clocks. In this review, we provide a historical perspective on the identification of animal tim genes, summarize the roles of TIM proteins in biological timing and genomic stability, and draw parallels between dTIM and mTIM despite apparent functional divergence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yao D Cai
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| | - Joanna C Chiu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of California Davis, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rageul J, Park JJ, Zeng PP, Lee EA, Yang J, Hwang S, Lo N, Weinheimer AS, Schärer OD, Yeo JE, Kim H. SDE2 integrates into the TIMELESS-TIPIN complex to protect stalled replication forks. Nat Commun 2020; 11:5495. [PMID: 33127907 PMCID: PMC7603486 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-19162-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protecting replication fork integrity during DNA replication is essential for maintaining genome stability. Here, we report that SDE2, a PCNA-associated protein, plays a key role in maintaining active replication and counteracting replication stress by regulating the replication fork protection complex (FPC). SDE2 directly interacts with the FPC component TIMELESS (TIM) and enhances its stability, thereby aiding TIM localization to replication forks and the coordination of replisome progression. Like TIM deficiency, knockdown of SDE2 leads to impaired fork progression and stalled fork recovery, along with a failure to activate CHK1 phosphorylation. Moreover, loss of SDE2 or TIM results in an excessive MRE11-dependent degradation of reversed forks. Together, our study uncovers an essential role for SDE2 in maintaining genomic integrity by stabilizing the FPC and describes a new role for TIM in protecting stalled replication forks. We propose that TIM-mediated fork protection may represent a way to cooperate with BRCA-dependent fork stabilization. The fork protection complex (FPC), including the proteins TIMELESS and TIPIN, stabilizes the replisome to ensure unperturbed fork progression during DNA replication. Here the authors reveal that that SDE2, a PCNA-associated protein, plays an important role in maintaining active replication and protecting stalled forks by regulating the replication fork protection complex (FPC).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Julie Rageul
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Jennifer J Park
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Ping Ping Zeng
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Eun-A Lee
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jihyeon Yang
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunyoung Hwang
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Natalie Lo
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Alexandra S Weinheimer
- Department of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA
| | - Orlando D Schärer
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung-Eun Yeo
- Center for Genomic Integrity, Institute for Basic Science, Ulsan, 44919, Republic of Korea.
| | - Hyungjin Kim
- Department of Pharmacological Sciences, State University of New York at Stony Brook, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA. .,Stony Brook Cancer Center, Renaissance School of Medicine at Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, 11794, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
A Genome-Wide Screen for Genes Affecting Spontaneous Direct-Repeat Recombination in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. G3-GENES GENOMES GENETICS 2020; 10:1853-1867. [PMID: 32265288 PMCID: PMC7263696 DOI: 10.1534/g3.120.401137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Homologous recombination is an important mechanism for genome integrity maintenance, and several homologous recombination genes are mutated in various cancers and cancer-prone syndromes. However, since in some cases homologous recombination can lead to mutagenic outcomes, this pathway must be tightly regulated, and mitotic hyper-recombination is a hallmark of genomic instability. We performed two screens in Saccharomyces cerevisiae for genes that, when deleted, cause hyper-recombination between direct repeats. One was performed with the classical patch and replica-plating method. The other was performed with a high-throughput replica-pinning technique that was designed to detect low-frequency events. This approach allowed us to validate the high-throughput replica-pinning methodology independently of the replicative aging context in which it was developed. Furthermore, by combining the two approaches, we were able to identify and validate 35 genes whose deletion causes elevated spontaneous direct-repeat recombination. Among these are mismatch repair genes, the Sgs1-Top3-Rmi1 complex, the RNase H2 complex, genes involved in the oxidative stress response, and a number of other DNA replication, repair and recombination genes. Since several of our hits are evolutionarily conserved, and repeated elements constitute a significant fraction of mammalian genomes, our work might be relevant for understanding genome integrity maintenance in humans.
Collapse
|
10
|
Chakraborty A, Aziz F, Roh E, Le LTM, Dey R, Zhang T, Rathore MG, Biswas AS, Bode AM, Dong Z. Knock-down of the TIM/TIPIN complex promotes apoptosis in melanoma cells. Oncotarget 2020; 11:1846-1861. [PMID: 32499870 PMCID: PMC7244016 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The Timeless (TIM) and it's interacting partner TIPIN protein complex is well known for its role in replication checkpoints and normal DNA replication processes. Recent studies revealed the involvement of TIM and TIPIN in human malignancies; however, no evidence is available regarding the expression of the TIM/TIPIN protein complex or its potential role in melanoma. Therefore, we investigated the role of this complex in melanoma. To assess the role of the TIM/TIPIN complex in melanoma, we analyzed TIM/TIPIN expression data from the publicly accessible TCGA online database, Western blot analysis, and RT-qPCR in a panel of melanoma cell lines. Lentivirus-mediated TIM/TIPIN knockdown in A375 melanoma cells was used to examine proliferation, colony formation, and apoptosis. A xenograft tumor formation assay was also performed. The TIM/TIPIN complex is frequently overexpressed in melanoma cells compared to normal melanocytes. We also discovered that the overexpression of TIM and TIPIN was significantly associated with poorer prognosis of melanoma patients. Furthermore, we observed that shRNA-mediated knockdown of TIM and TIPIN reduced cell viability and proliferation due to the induction of apoptosis and increased levels of γH2AX, a marker of DNA damage. In a xenograft tumor nude mouse model, shRNA-knockdown of TIM/TIPIN significantly reduced tumor growth. Our results suggest that the TIM/TIPIN complex plays an important role in tumorigenesis of melanoma, which might reveal novel approaches for the development of new melanoma therapies. Our studies also provide a beginning structural basis for understanding the assembly of the TIM/TIPIN complex. Further mechanistic investigations are needed to determine the complex’s potential as a biomarker of melanoma susceptibility. Targeting TIM/TIPIN might be a potential therapeutic strategy against melanoma.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Abhijit Chakraborty
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.,Immunology, Allergy and Rheumatology Section, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Faisal Aziz
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Eunmiri Roh
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Le Thi My Le
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Raja Dey
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Tianshun Zhang
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Moeez G Rathore
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Aalekhya Sharma Biswas
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.,Pediatric Gastroenterology and Liver Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Ann M Bode
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA
| | - Zigang Dong
- The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, MN 55912, USA.,College of Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province 450052, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Neilsen BK, Frodyma DE, McCall JL, Fisher KW, Lewis RE. ERK-mediated TIMELESS expression suppresses G2/M arrest in colon cancer cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0209224. [PMID: 30629587 PMCID: PMC6328106 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0209224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The cell cycle is under circadian regulation. Oncogenes can dysregulate circadian-regulated genes to disrupt the cell cycle, promoting tumor cell proliferation. As a regulator of G2/M arrest in response to DNA damage, the circadian gene Timeless Circadian Clock (TIMELESS) coordinates this connection and is a potential locus for oncogenic manipulation. TIMELESS expression was evaluated using RNASeq data from TCGA and by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis in a panel of colon cancer cell lines. TIMELESS expression following ERK inhibition was examined via western blot. Cell metabolic capacity, propidium iodide, and CFSE staining were used to evaluate the effect of TIMELESS depletion on colon cancer cell survival and proliferation. Cell metabolic capacity following TIMELESS depletion in combination with Wee1 or CHK1 inhibition was assessed. TIMELESS is overexpressed in cancer and required for increased cancer cell proliferation. ERK activation promotes TIMELESS expression. TIMELESS depletion increases γH2AX, a marker of DNA damage, and triggers G2/M arrest via increased CHK1 and CDK1 phosphorylation. TIMELESS depletion in combination with Wee1 or CHK1 inhibition causes an additive decrease in cancer cell metabolic capacity with limited effects in non-transformed human colon epithelial cells. The data show that ERK activation contributes to the overexpression of TIMELESS in cancer. Depletion of TIMELESS increases γH2AX and causes G2/M arrest, limiting cell proliferation. These results demonstrate a role for TIMELESS in cancer and encourage further examination of the link between circadian rhythm dysregulation and cancer cell proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth K. Neilsen
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Danielle E. Frodyma
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Jamie L. McCall
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Kurt W. Fisher
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
| | - Robert E. Lewis
- Eppley Institute, Fred & Pamela Buffett Cancer Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, Nebraska, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Timeless Is a Novel Estrogen Receptor Co-activator Involved in Multiple Signaling Pathways in MCF-7 Cells. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:1531-1543. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
Gadaleta MC, Noguchi E. Regulation of DNA Replication through Natural Impediments in the Eukaryotic Genome. Genes (Basel) 2017; 8:genes8030098. [PMID: 28272375 PMCID: PMC5368702 DOI: 10.3390/genes8030098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All living organisms need to duplicate their genetic information while protecting it from unwanted mutations, which can lead to genetic disorders and cancer development. Inaccuracies during DNA replication are the major cause of genomic instability, as replication forks are prone to stalling and collapse, resulting in DNA damage. The presence of exogenous DNA damaging agents as well as endogenous difficult-to-replicate DNA regions containing DNA–protein complexes, repetitive DNA, secondary DNA structures, or transcribing RNA polymerases, increases the risk of genomic instability and thus threatens cell survival. Therefore, understanding the cellular mechanisms required to preserve the genetic information during S phase is of paramount importance. In this review, we will discuss our current understanding of how cells cope with these natural impediments in order to prevent DNA damage and genomic instability during DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Gadaleta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Zhang W, He W, Shi Y, Zhao J, Liu S, Zhang F, Yang J, Xie C, Zhang Y. Aberrant TIMELESS expression is associated with poor clinical survival and lymph node metastasis in early-stage cervical carcinoma. Int J Oncol 2016; 50:173-184. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 11/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
15
|
Gadaleta MC, González-Medina A, Noguchi E. Timeless protection of telomeres. Curr Genet 2016; 62:725-730. [PMID: 27068713 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-016-0599-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The DNA replication machinery encounters problems at numerous genomic regions that are inherently difficult to replicate. These genomic regions include telomeres, which contain repetitive DNA and telomere-binding proteins. If not properly regulated, replication of such genomic regions can result in DNA damage, leading to genomic instability. Studies implicated a role of Timeless-related proteins at difficult-to-replicate genomic regions, including telomeres. However, how these proteins maintain telomeres was elusive. In a recent report, we described the role of Swi1, a Timeless-related protein, in telomere maintenance in fission yeast. We demonstrated that Swi1 is required for proper replication of repeat DNA sequences at telomeres. We also showed that Swi1-deficient cells utilize recombination-based ALT (alternative lengthening of telomeres)-like mechanisms to maintain telomeres in the absence of telomerase. Here, we highlight these findings and present additional data to discuss the role of Swi1Timeless in telomere protection and ALT prevention.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Gadaleta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, 92037, USA
| | - Alberto González-Medina
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.,Universitat Pompeu Fabra, 08003, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N. 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Young LM, Marzio A, Perez-Duran P, Reid DA, Meredith DN, Roberti D, Star A, Rothenberg E, Ueberheide B, Pagano M. TIMELESS Forms a Complex with PARP1 Distinct from Its Complex with TIPIN and Plays a Role in the DNA Damage Response. Cell Rep 2015; 13:451-459. [PMID: 26456830 PMCID: PMC4618055 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Revised: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 02/09/2023] Open
Abstract
PARP1 is the main sensor of single- and double-strand breaks in DNA and, in building chains of poly(ADP-ribose), promotes the recruitment of many downstream signaling and effector proteins involved in the DNA damage response (DDR). We show a robust physical interaction between PARP1 and the replication fork protein TIMELESS, distinct from the known TIMELESS-TIPIN complex, which activates the intra-S phase checkpoint. TIMELESS recruitment to laser-induced sites of DNA damage is dependent on its binding to PARP1, but not PARP1 activity. We also find that the PARP1-TIMELESS complex contains a number of established PARP1 substrates, and TIMELESS mutants unable to bind PARP1 are impaired in their ability to bind PARP1 substrates. Further, PARP1 binding to certain substrates and their recruitment to DNA damage lesions is impaired by TIMELESS knockdown, and TIMELESS silencing significantly impairs DNA double-strand break repair. We hypothesize that TIMELESS cooperates in the PARP1-mediated DDR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lauren M Young
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Antonio Marzio
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Pablo Perez-Duran
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Dylan A Reid
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Daniel N Meredith
- Google, Inc., 1600 Amphitheatre Parkway, Mountain View, CA 94114 USA
| | - Domenico Roberti
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Ayelet Star
- Sackler School of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
| | - Eli Rothenberg
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Beatrix Ueberheide
- Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Pharmacology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Proteomics Resource Center, Office of Collaborative Science, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Michele Pagano
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Perlmutter NYU Cancer Center, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Xie S, Mortusewicz O, Ma HT, Herr P, Poon RYC, Poon RRY, Helleday T, Qian C. Timeless Interacts with PARP-1 to Promote Homologous Recombination Repair. Mol Cell 2015; 60:163-76. [PMID: 26344098 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2015.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 07/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Human Timeless helps stabilize replication forks during normal DNA replication and plays a critical role in activation of the S phase checkpoint and proper establishment of sister chromatid cohesion. However, it remains elusive whether Timeless is involved in the repair of damaged DNA. Here, we identify that Timeless physically interacts with PARP-1 independent of poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation. We present high-resolution crystal structures of Timeless PAB (PARP-1-binding domain) in free form and in complex with PARP-1 catalytic domain. Interestingly, Timeless PAB domain specifically recognizes PARP-1, but not PARP-2 or PARP-3. Timeless-PARP-1 interaction does not interfere with PARP-1 enzymatic activity. We demonstrate that rapid and transient accumulation of Timeless at laser-induced DNA damage sites requires PARP-1, but not poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation and that Timeless is co-trapped with PARP-1 at DNA lesions upon PARP inhibition. Furthermore, we show that Timeless and PARP-1 interaction is required for efficient homologous recombination repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Si Xie
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong
| | - Oliver Mortusewicz
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hoi Tang Ma
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Patrick Herr
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Randy Y C Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Randy R Y Poon
- Division of Life Science, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Hong Kong
| | - Thomas Helleday
- Science for Life Laboratory, Division of Translational Medicine and Chemical Biology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, 171 21 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Chengmin Qian
- School of Biomedical Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Baldeyron C, Brisson A, Tesson B, Némati F, Koundrioukoff S, Saliba E, De Koning L, Martel E, Ye M, Rigaill G, Meseure D, Nicolas A, Gentien D, Decaudin D, Debatisse M, Depil S, Cruzalegui F, Pierré A, Roman-Roman S, Tucker GC, Dubois T. TIPIN depletion leads to apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Mol Oncol 2015; 9:1580-98. [PMID: 26004086 DOI: 10.1016/j.molonc.2015.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2014] [Revised: 03/10/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the breast cancer subgroup with the most aggressive clinical behavior. Alternatives to conventional chemotherapy are required to improve the survival of TNBC patients. Gene-expression analyses for different breast cancer subtypes revealed significant overexpression of the Timeless-interacting protein (TIPIN), which is involved in the stability of DNA replication forks, in the highly proliferative associated TNBC samples. Immunohistochemistry analysis showed higher expression of TIPIN in the most proliferative and aggressive breast cancer subtypes including TNBC, and no TIPIN expression in healthy breast tissues. The depletion of TIPIN by RNA interference impairs the proliferation of both human breast cancer and non-tumorigenic cell lines. However, this effect may be specifically associated with apoptosis in breast cancer cells. TIPIN silencing results in higher levels of single-stranded DNA (ssDNA), indicative of replicative stress (RS), in TNBC compared to non-tumorigenic cells. Upon TIPIN depletion, the speed of DNA replication fork was significantly decreased in all BC cells. However, TIPIN-depleted TNBC cells are unable to fire additional replication origins in response to RS and therefore undergo apoptosis. TIPIN knockdown in TNBC cells decreases tumorigenicity in vitro and delays tumor growth in vivo. Our findings suggest that TIPIN is important for the maintenance of DNA replication and represents a potential treatment target for the worst prognosis associated breast cancers, such as TNBC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Baldeyron
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Amélie Brisson
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Bruno Tesson
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France; INSERM, U900, Bioinformatics, Biostatistics, Epidemiology and Computational Systems Biology of Cancer, Paris, F-75248, France; Mines ParisTech, Fontainebleau, F-77300, France
| | - Fariba Némati
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Stéphane Koundrioukoff
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; CNRS, UMR 3244, Paris, F-75248, France; Université Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Elie Saliba
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Leanne De Koning
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; RPPA Platform, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Elise Martel
- Institut Curie, Investigative Pathology Platform, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Mengliang Ye
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Guillem Rigaill
- Unité de Recherche en Génomique Végétale, INRA-CNRS-Université d'Evry Val d'Essonne, Evry, F-91057, France
| | - Didier Meseure
- Institut Curie, Investigative Pathology Platform, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - André Nicolas
- Institut Curie, Investigative Pathology Platform, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - David Gentien
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Platform of Molecular Biology Facilities, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Didier Decaudin
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Laboratory of Preclinical Investigation, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Michelle Debatisse
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; CNRS, UMR 3244, Paris, F-75248, France; Université Pierre and Marie Curie Paris VI, Paris, F-75005, France
| | - Stéphane Depil
- Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Pôle Innovation Thérapeutique Oncologie, Croissy-sur-Seine, F-78290, France
| | - Francisco Cruzalegui
- Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Pôle Innovation Thérapeutique Oncologie, Croissy-sur-Seine, F-78290, France
| | - Alain Pierré
- Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Pôle Innovation Thérapeutique Oncologie, Croissy-sur-Seine, F-78290, France
| | - Sergio Roman-Roman
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France
| | - Gordon C Tucker
- Institut de Recherches SERVIER, Pôle Innovation Thérapeutique Oncologie, Croissy-sur-Seine, F-78290, France
| | - Thierry Dubois
- Institut Curie, Centre de Recherche, Paris, F-75248, France; Breast Cancer Biology Group, Department of Translational Research, Paris, F-75248, France.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Gadaleta MC, Iwasaki O, Noguchi C, Noma KI, Noguchi E. Chromatin immunoprecipitation to detect DNA replication and repair factors. Methods Mol Biol 2015; 1300:169-86. [PMID: 25916713 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-2596-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
DNA replication is tightly coupled with DNA repair processes in order to preserve genomic integrity. During DNA replication, the replication fork encounters a variety of obstacles including DNA damage/adducts, secondary structures, and programmed fork-blocking sites, which are all difficult to replicate. The replication fork also collides with the transcription machinery, which shares the template DNA with the replisome complex. Under these conditions, replication forks stall, causing replication stress and/or fork collapse, ultimately leading to genomic instability. The mechanisms to overcome these replication problems remain elusive. Therefore, it is important to investigate how DNA repair and replication factors are recruited and coordinated at chromosomal regions that are difficult to replicate. In this chapter, we describe a chromatin immunoprecipitation method to locate proteins required for DNA repair during DNA replication in the fission yeast Schizosaccharomyces pombe. This method can also easily be adapted to study replisome components or chromatin-associated factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana C Gadaleta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, 245 N 15th Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19102, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Witosch J, Wolf E, Mizuno N. Architecture and ssDNA interaction of the Timeless-Tipin-RPA complex. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:12912-27. [PMID: 25348395 PMCID: PMC4227788 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The Timeless-Tipin (Tim-Tipin) complex, also referred to as the fork protection complex, is involved in coordination of DNA replication. Tim-Tipin is suggested to be recruited to replication forks via Replication Protein A (RPA) but details of the interaction are unknown. Here, using cryo-EM and biochemical methods, we characterized complex formation of Tim-Tipin, RPA and single-stranded DNA (ssDNA). Tim-Tipin and RPA form a 258 kDa complex with a 1:1:1 stoichiometry. The cryo-EM 3D reconstruction revealed a globular architecture of the Tim-Tipin-RPA complex with a ring-like and a U-shaped domain covered by a RPA lid. Interestingly, RPA in the complex adopts a horse shoe-like shape resembling its conformation in the presence of long ssDNA (>30 nucleotides). Furthermore, the recruitment of the Tim-Tipin-RPA complex to ssDNA is modulated by the RPA conformation and requires RPA to be in the more compact 30 nt ssDNA binding mode. The dynamic formation and disruption of the Tim-Tipin-RPA-ssDNA complex implicates the RPA-based recruitment of Tim-Tipin to the replication fork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Justine Witosch
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| | - Eva Wolf
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany Department of Physiological Chemistry and Center For Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Butenandt Institute, Ludwig Maximilians University of Munich, Butenandtstrasse 5, 81377 Munich, Germany Institut für allgemeine Botanik, Johannes Gutenberg-University, Johannes-von-Müller-Weg 6, 55128 Mainz, Germany and Institute of Molecular Biology (IMB), Mainz, Germany
| | - Naoko Mizuno
- Department of Structural Cell Biology, Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry, Am Klopferspitz 18, 82152 Martinsried, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Bhatia V, Barroso SI, García-Rubio ML, Tumini E, Herrera-Moyano E, Aguilera A. BRCA2 prevents R-loop accumulation and associates with TREX-2 mRNA export factor PCID2. Nature 2014; 511:362-5. [DOI: 10.1038/nature13374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 359] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
|
22
|
Maginn EN, de Sousa CH, Wasan HS, Stronach EA. Opportunities for translation: targeting DNA repair pathways in pancreatic cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2014; 1846:45-54. [PMID: 24727386 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/01/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) remains one of the poorest prognosis neoplasms. It is typified by high levels of genomic aberrations and copy-number variation, intra-tumoural heterogeneity and resistance to conventional chemotherapy. Improved therapeutic options, ideally targeted against cancer-specific biological mechanisms, are urgently needed. Although induction of DNA damage and/or modulation of DNA damage response pathways are associated with the activity of a number of conventional PDAC chemotherapies, the effectiveness of this approach in the treatment of PDAC has not been comprehensively reviewed. Here, we review chemotherapeutic agents that have shown anti-cancer activity in PDAC and whose mechanisms of action involve modulation of DNA repair pathways. In addition, we highlight novel potential targets within these pathways based on the emerging understanding of PDAC biology and their exploitation as targets in other cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elaina N Maginn
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom.
| | - Camila H de Sousa
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Harpreet S Wasan
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | - Euan A Stronach
- Molecular Therapy Laboratory, Department of Cancer and Surgery, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital, Du Cane Road, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Ragland RL, Patel S, Rivard RS, Smith K, Peters AA, Bielinsky AK, Brown EJ. RNF4 and PLK1 are required for replication fork collapse in ATR-deficient cells. Genes Dev 2013; 27:2259-73. [PMID: 24142876 PMCID: PMC3814646 DOI: 10.1101/gad.223180.113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The ATR-CHK1 axis stabilizes stalled replication forks and prevents their collapse into DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Here, we show that fork collapse in Atr-deleted cells is mediated through the combined effects the sumo targeted E3-ubiquitin ligase RNF4 and activation of the AURKA-PLK1 pathway. As indicated previously, Atr-deleted cells exhibited a decreased ability to restart DNA replication following fork stalling in comparison with control cells. However, suppression of RNF4, AURKA, or PLK1 returned the reinitiation of replication in Atr-deleted cells to near wild-type levels. In RNF4-depleted cells, this rescue directly correlated with the persistence of sumoylation of chromatin-bound factors. Notably, RNF4 repression substantially suppressed the accumulation of DSBs in ATR-deficient cells, and this decrease in breaks was enhanced by concomitant inhibition of PLK1. DSBs resulting from ATR inhibition were also observed to be dependent on the endonuclease scaffold protein SLX4, suggesting that RNF4 and PLK1 either help activate the SLX4 complex or make DNA replication fork structures accessible for subsequent SLX4-dependent cleavage. Thus, replication fork collapse following ATR inhibition is a multistep process that disrupts replisome function and permits cleavage of the replication fork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ryan L. Ragland
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Sima Patel
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Rebecca S. Rivard
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Kevin Smith
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Ashley A. Peters
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, USA
| | - Eric J. Brown
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, Department of Cancer Biology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
The eukaryotic cell replicates its chromosomal DNA with almost absolute fidelity in the course of every cell cycle. This accomplishment is remarkable considering that the conditions for DNA replication are rarely ideal. The replication machinery encounters a variety of obstacles on the chromosome, including damaged template DNA. In addition, a number of chromosome regions are considered to be difficult to replicate owing to DNA secondary structures and DNA binding proteins required for various transactions on the chromosome. Under these conditions, replication forks stall or break, posing grave threats to genomic integrity. How does the cell combat such stressful conditions during DNA replication? The replication fork protection complex (FPC) may help answer this question. Recent studies have demonstrated that the FPC is required for the smooth passage of replication forks at difficult-to-replicate genomic regions and plays a critical role in coordinating multiple genome maintenance processes at the replication fork.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Leman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Leman AR, Dheekollu J, Deng Z, Lee SW, Das MM, Lieberman PM, Noguchi E. Timeless preserves telomere length by promoting efficient DNA replication through human telomeres. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:2337-47. [PMID: 22672906 PMCID: PMC3383593 DOI: 10.4161/cc.20810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A variety of telomere protection programs are utilized to preserve telomere structure. However, the complex nature of telomere maintenance remains elusive. The Timeless protein associates with the replication fork and is thought to support efficient progression of the replication fork through natural impediments, including replication fork block sites. However, the mechanism by which Timeless regulates such genomic regions is not understood. Here, we report the role of Timeless in telomere length maintenance. We demonstrate that Timeless depletion leads to telomere shortening in human cells. This length maintenance is independent of telomerase, and Timeless depletion causes increased levels of DNA damage, leading to telomere aberrations. We also show that Timeless is associated with Shelterin components TRF1 and TRF2. Timeless depletion slows telomere replication in vitro, and Timeless-depleted cells fail to maintain TRF1-mediated accumulation of replisome components at telomeric regions. Furthermore, telomere replication undergoes a dramatic delay in Timeless-depleted cells. These results suggest that Timeless functions together with TRF1 to prevent fork collapse at telomere repeat DNA and ensure stable maintenance of telomere length and integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Leman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Zhong Deng
- The Wistar Institute; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Seung Woo Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | - Mukund M. Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Drexel University College of Medicine; Philadelphia, PA USA
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Errico A, Costanzo V. Mechanisms of replication fork protection: a safeguard for genome stability. Crit Rev Biochem Mol Biol 2012; 47:222-35. [DOI: 10.3109/10409238.2012.655374] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
27
|
Smith-Roe SL, Patel SS, Zhou Y, Simpson DA, Rao S, Ibrahim JG, Cordeiro-Stone M, Kaufmann WK. Separation of intra-S checkpoint protein contributions to DNA replication fork protection and genomic stability in normal human fibroblasts. Cell Cycle 2012; 12:332-45. [PMID: 23255133 DOI: 10.4161/cc.23177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The ATR-dependent intra-S checkpoint protects DNA replication forks undergoing replication stress. The checkpoint is enforced by ATR-dependent phosphorylation of CHK1, which are mediated by the TIMELESS-TIPIN complex and CLASPIN. Although loss of checkpoint proteins is associated with spontaneous chromosomal instability, few studies have examined the contribution of these proteins to unchallenged DNA metabolism in human cells that have not undergone carcinogenesis or crisis. Furthermore, the TIMELESS-TIPIN complex and CLASPIN may promote replication fork protection independently of CHK1 activation. Normal human fibroblasts (NHF) were depleted of ATR, CHK1, TIMELESS, TIPIN or CLASPIN and chromosomal aberrations, DNA synthesis, activation of the DNA damage response (DDR) and clonogenic survival were evaluated. This work demonstrates in NHF lines from two individuals that ATR and CHK1 promote chromosomal stability by different mechanisms that depletion of CHK1 produces phenotypes that resemble more closely the depletion of TIPIN or CLASPIN than the depletion of ATR, and that TIMELESS has a distinct contribution to suppression of chromosomal instability that is independent of its heterodimeric partner, TIPIN. Therefore, ATR, CHK1, TIMELESS-TIPIN and CLASPIN have functions for preservation of intrinsic chromosomal stability that is separate from their cooperation for activation of the intra-S checkpoint response to experimentally induced replication stress. These data reveal a complex and coordinated program of genome maintenance enforced by proteins known for their intra-S checkpoint function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie L Smith-Roe
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Dheekollu J, Wiedmer A, Hayden J, Speicher D, Gotter AL, Yen T, Lieberman PM. Timeless links replication termination to mitotic kinase activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19596. [PMID: 21573113 PMCID: PMC3089618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that coordinate the termination of DNA replication with progression through mitosis are not completely understood. The human Timeless protein (Tim) associates with S phase replication checkpoint proteins Claspin and Tipin, and plays an important role in maintaining replication fork stability at physical barriers, like centromeres, telomeres and ribosomal DNA repeats, as well as at termination sites. We show here that human Tim can be isolated in a complex with mitotic entry kinases CDK1, Auroras A and B, and Polo-like kinase (Plk1). Plk1 bound Tim directly and colocalized with Tim at a subset of mitotic structures in M phase. Tim depletion caused multiple mitotic defects, including the loss of sister-chromatid cohesion, loss of mitotic spindle architecture, and a failure to exit mitosis. Tim depletion caused a delay in mitotic kinase activity in vivo and in vitro, as well as a reduction in global histone H3 S10 phosphorylation during G2/M phase. Tim was also required for the recruitment of Plk1 to centromeric DNA and formation of catenated DNA structures at human centromere alpha satellite repeats. Taken together, these findings suggest that Tim coordinates mitotic kinase activation with termination of DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraju Dheekollu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andreas Wiedmer
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Hayden
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Speicher
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. Gotter
- Merk Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tim Yen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Leman AR, Noguchi C, Lee CY, Noguchi E. Human Timeless and Tipin stabilize replication forks and facilitate sister-chromatid cohesion. J Cell Sci 2010; 123:660-70. [PMID: 20124417 PMCID: PMC2823575 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.057984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The Timeless-Tipin protein complex has been reported to be important for replication checkpoint and normal DNA replication processes. However, the precise mechanisms by which Timeless-Tipin preserves genomic integrity are largely unclear. Here, we describe the roles of Timeless-Tipin in replication fork stabilization and sister chromatid cohesion. We show in human cells that Timeless is recruited to replication origin regions and dissociate from them as replication proceeds. Cdc45, which is known to be required for replication fork progression, shows similar patterns of origin association to those of Timeless. Depletion of Timeless-Tipin causes chromosome fragmentation and defects in damage repair in response to fork collapse, suggesting that it is required for replication fork maintenance under stress. We also demonstrate that depletion of Timeless-Tipin impairs sister chromatid cohesion and causes a defect in mitotic progression. Consistently, Timeless-Tipin co-purifies with cohesin subunits and is required for their stable association with chromatin during S phase. Timeless associates with the cohesion-promoting DNA helicase ChlR1, which, when overexpressed, partially alleviates the cohesion defect of cells depleted of Timeless-Tipin. These results suggest that Timeless-Tipin functions as a replication fork stabilizer that couples DNA replication with sister chromatid cohesion established at replication forks.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adam R. Leman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Chiaki Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Candice Y. Lee
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| | - Eishi Noguchi
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19102, USA
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Unfried C, Burbach G, Korf HW, von Gall C. Melatonin receptor 1-dependent gene expression in the mouse pars tuberalis as revealed by cDNA microarray analysis and in situ hybridization. J Pineal Res 2010; 48:148-56. [PMID: 20070488 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-079x.2009.00738.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Melatonin is an important rhythmic endocrine signal within the circadian system of mammals. The hypophyseal pars tuberalis (PT) is a major target for melatonin and shows a high density of melatonin type 1 receptors (MT1). Melatonin affects expression of clock genes in PT cells which encode for transcriptional regulators of rhythmic gene expression. In this study, microarray analysis was performed to screen for genes coding for transcriptional regulators under the control of MT1 receptors in the mouse PT. Gene expression levels were compared between melatonin-proficient mice deficient for MT1 (MT1-/-) and the corresponding wild-type (WT) during mid-subjective day (CT06, low endogenous melatonin levels) and mid-subjective night (CT18, high endogenous melatonin levels). In situ hybridization was used to validate the data obtained by microarray analysis to analyze the acute effect of daytime melatonin application on gene expression in the wild-type PT. In the wild-type PT, expression of Tim was higher during day as compared to night. These day/night differences in gene expression were not observed in the PT of MT1-/- mice, demonstrating the impact of MT1-mediated signal transduction pathway. Day-time application of melatonin acutely affected Tim and Cry1 expression but not Neurod1 and Npas4 expression. We conclude that melatonin regulates expression of genes coding for transcriptional regulators in the PT through MT1 receptors by either acute or long-term mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Unfried
- Dr Senckenbergische Anatomie, Institut für Anatomie II, Goethe-Universität, Frankfurt/M, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Drosophila timeless2 is required for chromosome stability and circadian photoreception. Curr Biol 2010; 20:346-52. [PMID: 20153199 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2009.12.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
In Drosophila, there are two timeless paralogs, timeless1 (tim1) and timeless2 (tim2, or timeout). Phylogenetic analyses suggest that tim1 originated as a duplication of tim2 around the time of the Cambrian explosion. The function of tim1 as a canonical circadian component is well established, but the role of tim2 in the fly is poorly understood. Many organisms possess a single tim2-like gene that has been implicated in DNA synthesis and, in the case of mammals, somewhat controversially, in circadian rhythmicity. Here we analyze the structure and the functional role of fly tim2. tim2 is a large locus (approximately 75 kb) that harbors several transcribed intronic sequences. Using insertional mutations and tissue-specific RNA interference-mediated downregulation, we find that tim2 is an essential gene required for normal DNA metabolism and chromosome integrity. Moreover, tim2 is involved in light entrainment of the adult circadian clock, via its expression in the T1 basket cells of the optic lobes. tim2's residual role in light entrainment thus provides an evolutionary link that may explain why its derived paralog, tim1, came to play such a major role in both circadian photosensitivity and core clock function.
Collapse
|
32
|
Smith KD, Fu MA, Brown EJ. Tim-Tipin dysfunction creates an indispensible reliance on the ATR-Chk1 pathway for continued DNA synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 187:15-23. [PMID: 19805627 PMCID: PMC2762102 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.200905006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Increased amounts of single-stranded DNA accumulate at replication forks when Tim–Tipin isn't around, activating an ATR-mediated DNA damage response necessary for DNA replication to proceed. The Tim (Timeless)–Tipin complex has been proposed to maintain genome stability by facilitating ATR-mediated Chk1 activation. However, as a replisome component, Tim–Tipin has also been suggested to couple DNA unwinding to synthesis, an activity expected to suppress single-stranded DNA (ssDNA) accumulation and limit ATR–Chk1 pathway engagement. We now demonstrate that Tim–Tipin depletion is sufficient to increase ssDNA accumulation at replication forks and stimulate ATR activity during otherwise unperturbed DNA replication. Notably, suppression of the ATR–Chk1 pathway in Tim–Tipin-deficient cells completely abrogates nucleotide incorporation in S phase, indicating that the ATR-dependent response to Tim–Tipin depletion is indispensible for continued DNA synthesis. Replication failure in ATR/Tim-deficient cells is strongly associated with synergistic increases in H2AX phosphorylation and DNA double-strand breaks, suggesting that ATR pathway activation preserves fork stability in instances of Tim–Tipin dysfunction. Together, these experiments indicate that the Tim–Tipin complex stabilizes replication forks both by preventing the accumulation of ssDNA upstream of ATR–Chk1 function and by facilitating phosphorylation of Chk1 by ATR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin D Smith
- Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Kaufmann WK. The human intra-S checkpoint response to UVC-induced DNA damage. Carcinogenesis 2009; 31:751-65. [PMID: 19793801 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgp230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The intra-S checkpoint response to 254 nm light (UVC)-induced DNA damage appears to have dual functions to slow the rate of DNA synthesis and stabilize replication forks that become stalled at sites of UVC-induced photoproducts in DNA. These functions should provide more time for repair of damaged DNA before its replication and thereby reduce the frequencies of mutations and chromosomal aberrations in surviving cells. This review tries to summarize the history of discovery of the checkpoint, the current state of understanding of the biological features of intra-S checkpoint signaling and its mechanisms of action with a focus primarily on intra-S checkpoint responses in human cells. The differences in the intra-S checkpoint responses to UVC and ionizing radiation-induced DNA damage are emphasized. Evidence that [6-4]pyrimidine-pyrimidone photoproducts in DNA trigger the response is discussed and the relationships between cellular responses to UVC and the molecular dose of UVC-induced DNA damage are briefly summarized. The role of the intra-S checkpoint response in protecting against solar radiation carcinogenesis remains to be determined.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William K Kaufmann
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Environmental Health and Susceptibility, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Larrieu D, Ythier D, Binet R, Brambilla C, Brambilla E, Sengupta S, Pedeux R. ING2 controls the progression of DNA replication forks to maintain genome stability. EMBO Rep 2009; 10:1168-74. [PMID: 19730436 DOI: 10.1038/embor.2009.180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2009] [Revised: 07/01/2009] [Accepted: 07/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Inhibitor of growth 2 (ING2) is a candidate tumour suppressor gene the expression of which is frequently lost in tumours. Here, we identified a new function for ING2 in the control of DNA replication and in the maintenance of genome stability. Global replication rate was markedly reduced during normal S-phase in small interfering RNA (siRNA) ING2 cells, as seen in a DNA fibre spreading experiment. Accordingly, we found that ING2 interacts with proliferating cell nuclear antigen and regulates its amount to the chromatin fraction, allowing normal replication progression and normal cell proliferation. Deregulation of DNA replication has been previously associated with genome instability. Hence, a high proportion of siRNA ING2 cells presented endoreduplication of their genome as well as an increased frequency of sister chromatid exchange. Thus, we propose for the first time that ING2 might function as a tumour suppressor gene by directly maintaining DNA integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Delphine Larrieu
- Molecular Bases of Lung Cancer Progression, INSERM U823, Institut Albert Bonniot, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|