1
|
Perkins JJ, McQuade P, Bungard CJ, Diamond TL, Gantert LT, Gotter AL, Hanney B, Hills ID, Hurzy DM, Joshi A, Kern JT, Schlegel KAS, Manikowski JJ, Meng Z, O’Brien JA, Roecker AJ, Smith SM, Uslaner JM, Hostetler E, Meissner RS. Discovery of [ 11C]MK-8056: A Selective PET Imaging Agent for the Study of mGluR 2 Negative Allosteric Modulators. ACS Med Chem Lett 2023; 14:986-992. [PMID: 37465306 PMCID: PMC10351059 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.3c00175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Modification of potent, selective metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 negative allosteric modulator (mGluR2 NAM) led to a series of analogues with excellent binding affinity, lipophilicity, and suitable physicochemical properties for a PET tracer with convenient chemical handles for incorporation of a 11C or 18F radiolabel. [11C]MK-8056 was synthesized and evaluated in vivo and demonstrated appropriate affinity, selectivity, and physicochemical properties to be used as a positron emission tomography tracer for mGluR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- James J. Perkins
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Paul McQuade
- Translational
Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Christopher J. Bungard
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Tracy L. Diamond
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Liza T. Gantert
- Translational
Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Anthony L. Gotter
- Neuroscience
Biology Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Barbara Hanney
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Ivory D. Hills
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Danielle M. Hurzy
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Aniket Joshi
- Translational
Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Jonathan T. Kern
- Neuroscience
Biology Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Kelly-Ann S. Schlegel
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Jesse J. Manikowski
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Zhaoyang Meng
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Julie A. O’Brien
- Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Anthony J. Roecker
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Neuroscience
Biology Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Jason M. Uslaner
- Neuroscience
Biology Discovery, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Eric Hostetler
- Translational
Imaging, Merck & Co., Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | - Robert S. Meissner
- Departments
of Discovery Chemistry, Merck & Co.,
Inc., 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Eacret D, Grafe LA, Dobkin J, Gotter AL, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Bhatnagar S. Orexin signaling during social defeat stress influences subsequent social interaction behaviour and recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:444-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
3
|
Abstract
Historically, pharmacological therapies have used mechanisms such as γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor potentiation to drive sleep through broad suppression of central nervous system activity. With the discovery of orexin signaling loss as the etiology underlying narcolepsy, a disorder associated with hypersomnolence, orexin antagonism emerged as an alternative approach to attenuate orexin-induced wakefulness more selectively. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the activity of orexin 1 and 2 receptors to both reduce the threshold to transition into sleep and attenuate orexin-mediated arousal. Among DORAs evaluated clinically, suvorexant has pharmacokinetic properties engineered for a plasma half-life appropriate for rapid sleep onset and maintenance at low to moderate doses. Unlike GABAA receptor modulators, DORAs promote both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, do not disrupt sleep stage-specific quantitative electroencephalogram spectral profiles, and allow somnolence indistinct from normal sleep. The preservation of cognitive performance and the ability to arouse to salient stimuli after DORA administration suggest further advantages over historical therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486;
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - W Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yao L, Ramirez AD, Roecker AJ, Fox SV, Uslaner JM, Smith SM, Hodgson R, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL. The dual orexin receptor antagonist, DORA-22, lowers histamine levels in the lateral hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex without lowering hippocampal acetylcholine. J Neurochem 2017; 142:204-214. [PMID: 28444767 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic insomnia is defined as a persistent difficulty with sleep initiation maintenance or non-restorative sleep. The therapeutic standard of care for this condition is treatment with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor modulators, which promote sleep but are associated with a panoply of side effects, including cognitive and memory impairment. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) have recently emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach that acts via a distinct and more selective wake-attenuating mechanism with the potential to be associated with milder side effects. Given their distinct mechanism of action, the current work tested the hypothesis that DORAs and GABAA receptor modulators differentially regulate neurochemical pathways associated with differences in sleep architecture and cognitive performance induced by these pharmacological mechanisms. Our findings showed that DORA-22 suppresses the release of the wake neurotransmitter histamine in the lateral hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus with no significant alterations in acetylcholine levels. In contrast, eszopiclone, commonly used as a GABAA modulator, inhibited acetylcholine secretion across brain regions with variable effects on histamine release depending on the extent of wakefulness induction. In normal waking rats, eszopiclone only transiently suppressed histamine secretion, whereas this suppression was more obvious under caffeine-induced wakefulness. Compared with the GABAA modulator eszopiclone, DORA-22 elicits a neurotransmitter profile consistent with wake reduction that does not impinge on neurotransmitter levels associated with cognition and rapid eye movement sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andres D Ramirez
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Kalinina J, Brunner J, Yao L, Hatcher NG, Gehrman PR, Kling MA, Shaw LM, Gooneratne NS, Chahine LM, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL. 0280 A RECIPROCAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN SLEEP AND ALZHEIMER’S DISEASE? Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
6
|
Gotter AL, Stevens J, Garson SL, Fox SV, Svetnik V, Tannenbaum PL, Forman MS, Coleman PJ, Herring WJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. 0103 REM SLEEP IS INDUCED BY DUAL AND OREXIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS VIA MECHANISMS BEYOND ALPHA1-NORADRENERGIC SIGNALING. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
|
7
|
Skudlarek JW, DiMarco CN, Babaoglu K, Roecker AJ, Bruno JG, Pausch MA, O'Brien JA, Cabalu TD, Stevens J, Brunner J, Tannenbaum PL, Wuelfing WP, Garson SL, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Harrell CM, Gotter AL, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ. Investigation of orexin-2 selective receptor antagonists: Structural modifications resulting in dual orexin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1364-1370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
|
8
|
Stump CA, Cooke AJ, Bruno J, Cabalu TD, Gotter AL, Harell CM, Kuduk SD, McDonald TP, O’Brien J, Renger JJ, Williams PD, Winrow CJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of highly potent and selective orexin 1 receptor antagonists (1-SORAs) suitable for in vivo interrogation of orexin 1 receptor pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5809-5814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
|
9
|
McDonald T, Liang HA, Sanoja R, Gotter AL, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Smith KM, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Pharmacological evaluation of orexin receptor antagonists in preclinical animal models of pain. J Neurogenet 2016; 30:32-41. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2016.1171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
|
10
|
Gotter AL, Forman MS, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Svetnik V, Yee KL, Li X, Roecker AJ, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Garson SL, Lepeleire ID, Calder N, Rosen L, Struyk A, Coleman PJ, Herring WJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonism is Sufficient to Promote NREM and REM Sleep from Mouse to Man. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27147. [PMID: 27256922 PMCID: PMC4891657 DOI: 10.1038/srep27147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin receptors (OX1R, OX2R); OX2R is the predominant mediator of arousal promotion. The potential for single OX2R antagonism to effectively promote sleep has yet to be demonstrated in humans. MK-1064 is an OX2R-single antagonist. Preclinically, MK-1064 promotes sleep and increases both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep in rats at OX2R occupancies higher than the range observed for dual orexin receptor antagonists. Similar to dual antagonists, MK-1064 increases NREM and REM sleep in dogs without inducing cataplexy. Two Phase I studies in healthy human subjects evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and sleep-promoting effects of MK-1064, and demonstrated dose-dependent increases in subjective somnolence (via Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Visual Analogue Scale measures) and sleep (via polysomnography), including increased REM and NREM sleep. Thus, selective OX2R antagonism is sufficient to promote REM and NREM sleep across species, similarly to that seen with dual orexin receptor antagonism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mark S Forman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of in vivo Pharmacology, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Svetnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ka Lai Yee
- Department of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of in vivo Pharmacology, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Inge De Lepeleire
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Calder
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Rosen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Arie Struyk
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - W Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Yin J, Babaoglu K, Brautigam CA, Clark L, Shao Z, Scheuermann TH, Harrell CM, Gotter AL, Roecker AJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ, Rosenbaum DM. Structure and ligand-binding mechanism of the human OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:293-9. [PMID: 26950369 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orexin (also known as hypocretin) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate sleep and other behavioral functions in mammals, and are therapeutic targets for sleep and wake disorders. The human receptors hOX1R and hOX2R, which are 64% identical in sequence, have overlapping but distinct physiological functions and potential therapeutic profiles. We determined structures of hOX1R bound to the OX1R-selective antagonist SB-674042 and the dual antagonist suvorexant at 2.8-Å and 2.75-Å resolution, respectively, and used molecular modeling to illuminate mechanisms of antagonist subtype selectivity between hOX1R and hOX2R. The hOX1R structures also reveal a conserved amphipathic α-helix, in the extracellular N-terminal region, that interacts with orexin-A and is essential for high-potency neuropeptide activation at both receptors. The orexin-receptor crystal structures are valuable tools for the design and development of selective orexin-receptor antagonists and agonists.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kerim Babaoglu
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay Clark
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas H Scheuermann
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles M Harrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Tannenbaum PL, Tye SJ, Stevens J, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Coleman PJ, Uslaner JM, Kuduk SD, Hargreaves R, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Inhibition of Orexin Signaling Promotes Sleep Yet Preserves Salient Arousability in Monkeys. Sleep 2016; 39:603-12. [PMID: 26943466 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES In addition to enhancing sleep onset and maintenance, a desirable insomnia therapeutic agent would preserve healthy sleep's ability to wake and respond to salient situations while maintaining sleep during irrelevant noise. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) promote sleep by selectively inhibiting wake-promoting neuropeptide signaling, unlike global inhibition of central nervous system excitation by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor (GABAaR) modulators. We evaluated the effect of DORA versus GABAaR modulators on underlying sleep architecture, ability to waken to emotionally relevant stimuli versus neutral auditory cues, and performance on a sleepiness-sensitive cognitive task upon awakening. METHODS DORA-22 and GABAaR modulators (eszopiclone, diazepam) were evaluated in adult male rhesus monkeys (n = 34) with continuous polysomnography recordings in crossover studies of sleep architecture, arousability to a classically conditioned salient versus neutral acoustical stimulus, and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance if awakened. RESULTS All compounds decreased wakefulness, but only DORA-22 sleep resembled unmedicated sleep in terms of underlying sleep architecture, preserved ability to awaken to salient-conditioned acoustic stimuli while maintaining sleep during neutral acoustic stimuli, and no congnitive impairment in PVT performance. Although GABAaR modulators induced lighter sleep, monkeys rarely woke to salient stimuli and PVT performance was impaired if monkeys were awakened. CONCLUSIONS In nonhuman primates, DORAs' targeted mechanism for promoting sleep protects the ability to selectively arouse to salient stimuli and perform attentional tasks unimpaired, suggesting meaningful differentiation between a hypnotic agent that works through antagonizing orexin wake signaling versus the sedative hypnotic effects of the GABAaR modulator mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Bergman JM, Gilbert KF, Kuduk SD, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Fox SV, Gotter AL, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Lemaire W, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of diazepane amide DORAs and 2-SORAs enabled by exploration of isosteric quinazoline replacements. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4992-4999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
|
14
|
Gotter AL, Garson SL, Stevens J, Munden RL, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Yao L, Kuduk SD, McDonald T, Uslaner JM, Tye SJ, Coleman PJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Differential sleep-promoting effects of dual orexin receptor antagonists and GABAA receptor modulators. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:109. [PMID: 25242351 PMCID: PMC4261741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current standard of care for insomnia includes gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA) activators, which promote sleep as well as general central nervous system depression. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent an alternative mechanism for insomnia treatment that induces somnolence by blocking the wake-promoting effects of orexin neuropeptides. The current study compares the role and interdependence of these two mechanisms on their ability to influence sleep architecture and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) spectral profiles across preclinical species. RESULTS Active-phase dosing of DORA-22 induced consistent effects on sleep architecture in mice, rats, dogs, and rhesus monkeys; attenuation of active wake was accompanied by increases in both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Eszopiclone, a representative GABAA receptor modulator, promoted sleep in rats and rhesus monkeys that was marked by REM sleep suppression, but had inconsistent effects in mice and paradoxically promoted wakefulness in dogs. Active-phase treatment of rats with DORA-12 similarly promoted NREM and REM sleep to magnitudes nearly identical to those seen during normal resting-phase sleep following vehicle treatment, whereas eszopiclone suppressed REM even to levels below those seen during the active phase. The qEEG changes induced by DORA-12 in rats also resembled normal resting-phase patterns, whereas eszopiclone induced changes distinct from normal active- or inactive-phase spectra. Co-dosing experiments, as well as studies in transgenic rats lacking orexin neurons, indicated partial overlap in the mechanism of sleep promotion by orexin and GABA modulation with the exception of the REM suppression exclusive to GABAA receptor modulation. Following REM deprivation in mice, eszopiclone further suppressed REM sleep while DORA-22 facilitated recovery including increased REM sleep. CONCLUSION DORAs promote NREM and importantly REM sleep that is similar in proportion and magnitude to that seen during the normal resting phase across mammalian animal models. While limited overlap exists between therapeutic mechanisms, orexin signaling does not appear involved in the REM suppression exhibited by GABAA receptor modulators. The ability of DORAs to promote proportional NREM and REM sleep following sleep deprivation suggests that this mechanism may be effective in alleviating recovery from sleep disturbance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Roecker AJ, Reger TS, Mattern MC, Mercer SP, Bergman JM, Schreier JD, Cube RV, Cox CD, Li D, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of MK-3697: a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4884-90. [PMID: 25248679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orexin receptor antagonists have demonstrated clinical utility for the treatment of insomnia. The majority of clinical efforts to date have focused on the development of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), small molecules that antagonize both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors. Our group has recently disclosed medicinal chemistry efforts to identify highly potent, orally bioavailable selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) that possess acceptable profiles for clinical development. Herein we report additional SAR studies within the 'triaryl' amide 2-SORA series focused on improvements in compound stability in acidic media and time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4. These studies resulted in the discovery of 2,5-disubstituted isonicotinamide 2-SORAs such as compound 24 that demonstrated improved stability and TDI profiles as well as excellent sleep efficacy across species.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States.
| | - Thomas S Reger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States.
| | - M Christa Mattern
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Swati P Mercer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Rowena V Cube
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Dansu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Wei Lemaire
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joseph G Bruno
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - C Meacham Harrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Tamara D Cabalu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Donghui Cui
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joyce Stellabott
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - George D Hartman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Steven D Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Tannenbaum PL, Stevens J, Binns J, Savitz AT, Garson SL, Fox SV, Coleman P, Kuduk SD, Gotter AL, Marino M, Tye SJ, Uslaner JM, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Orexin receptor antagonist-induced sleep does not impair the ability to wake in response to emotionally salient acoustic stimuli in dogs. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:182. [PMID: 24904334 PMCID: PMC4032881 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to awaken from sleep in response to important stimuli is a critical feature of normal sleep, as is maintaining sleep continuity in the presence of irrelevant background noise. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) effectively promote sleep across species by targeting the evolutionarily conserved wake-promoting orexin signaling pathway. This study in dogs investigated whether DORA-induced sleep preserved the ability to awaken appropriately to salient acoustic stimuli but remain asleep when exposed to irrelevant stimuli. Sleep and wake in response to DORAs, vehicle, GABA-A receptor modulators (diazepam, eszopiclone and zolpidem) and antihistamine (diphenhydramine) administration were evaluated in telemetry-implanted adult dogs with continuous electrocorticogram, electromyogram (EMG), electrooculogram (EOG), and activity recordings. DORAs induced sleep, but GABA-A modulators and antihistamine induced paradoxical hyperarousal. Thus, salience gating studies were conducted during DORA-22 (0.3, 1, and 5 mg/kg; day and night) and vehicle nighttime sleep. The acoustic stimuli were either classically conditioned using food reward and positive attention (salient stimulus) or presented randomly (neutral stimulus). Once conditioned, the tones were presented at sleep times corresponding to maximal DORA-22 exposure. In response to the salient stimuli, dogs woke completely from vehicle and orexin-antagonized sleep across all sleep stages but rarely awoke to neutral stimuli. Notably, acute pharmacological antagonism of orexin receptors paired with emotionally salient anticipation produced wake, not cataplexy, in a species where genetic (chronic) loss of orexin receptor signaling leads to narcolepsy/cataplexy. DORA-induced sleep in the dog thereby retains the desired capacity to awaken to emotionally salient acoustic stimuli while preserving uninterrupted sleep in response to irrelevant stimuli.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Binns
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael Marino
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Fox SV, Gotter AL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Lemaire W, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of dual orexin receptor antagonists with rat sleep efficacy enabled by expansion of the acetonitrile-assisted/diphosgene-mediated 2,4-dichloropyrimidine synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2079-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
|
18
|
Uslaner JM, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Roecker AJ, Coleman PJ, Hutson PH, Le AD, Renger JJ. Selective orexin 2 receptor antagonism blocks cue-induced reinstatement, but not nicotine self-administration or nicotine-induced reinstatement. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:61-5. [PMID: 24746488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The orexinergic system has been implicated in a number of behaviors, including reward and incentive motivation. Orexin 1 receptor antagonism has been reported to reduce drug self-administration, conditioned place preference, and reinstatement in rodents, but the role of the orexin 2 receptor is unclear. Here we evaluated the impact of the novel and selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist, 2-SORA 18, on motivation for nicotine as measured by responding on a progressive ratio schedule, as well as cue-induced reinstatement of a response previously associated with nicotine reward, and nicotine-induced reinstatement. 2-SORA 18 demonstrated selective effects on these behaviors. Specifically, doses up to 60 mg/kg 2-SORA 18 were without significant effect on nicotine self-administration or nicotine-induced reinstatement, but doses as low as 15 mg/kg 2-SORA 18 completely blocked cue-induced reinstatement. These findings indicate that orexin 2 receptor antagonism might have utility for attenuating relapse, particularly for patients sensitive to environmental stimuli associated with drug taking.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Uslaner
- Departments of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | - Anthony L Gotter
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Pete H Hutson
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anh D Le
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John J Renger
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Fraley ME, Steen JT, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Cover Picture: Discovery of 5′′-Chloro- N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2′:5′,3′′-terpyridine-3′-carboxamide (MK-1064): A Selective Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonist (2-SORA) for the Treatment of Insomnia (ChemMedChem 2/2014). ChemMedChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201490000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
20
|
Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Fraley ME, Steen JT, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064): a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:311-22. [PMID: 24376006 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of small-molecule orexin antagonist research has evolved rapidly in the last 15 years from the discovery of the orexin peptides to clinical proof-of-concept for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical programs have focused on the development of antagonists that reversibly block the action of endogenous peptides at both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors (OX1 R and OX2 R), termed dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), affording late-stage development candidates including Merck's suvorexant (new drug application filed 2012). Full characterization of the pharmacology associated with antagonism of either OX1 R or OX2 R alone has been hampered by the dearth of suitable subtype-selective, orally bioavailable ligands. Herein, we report the development of a selective orexin 2 antagonist (2-SORA) series to afford a potent, orally bioavailable 2-SORA ligand. Several challenging medicinal chemistry issues were identified and overcome during the development of these 2,5-disubstituted nicotinamides, including reversible CYP inhibition, physiochemical properties, P-glycoprotein efflux and bioactivation. This article highlights structural modifications the team utilized to drive compound design, as well as in vivo characterization of our 2-SORA clinical candidate, 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064), in mouse, rat, dog, and rhesus sleep models.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 (USA).
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Ramirez AD, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Yao L, Tye SJ, McDonald T, Brunner J, Garson SL, Reiss DR, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Uslaner JM, Hodgson R, Browne SE, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Dual orexin receptor antagonists show distinct effects on locomotor performance, ethanol interaction and sleep architecture relative to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor modulators. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:254. [PMID: 24399926 PMCID: PMC3871832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are a potential treatment for insomnia that function by blocking both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors. The objective of the current study was to further confirm the impact of therapeutic mechanisms targeting insomnia on locomotor coordination and ethanol interaction using DORAs and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators of distinct chemical structure and pharmacological properties in the context of sleep-promoting potential. The current study compared rat motor co-ordination after administration of DORAs, DORA-12 and almorexant, and GABA-A receptor modulators, zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam, alone or each in combination with ethanol. Motor performance was assessed by measuring time spent walking on a rotarod apparatus. Zolpidem, eszopiclone and diazepam [0.3–30 mg/kg administered orally (PO)] impaired rotarod performance in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all three GABA-A receptor modulators potentiated ethanol- (0.25–1.5 g/kg) induced impairment on the rotarod. By contrast, neither DORA-12 (10–100 mg/kg, PO) nor almorexant (30–300 mg/kg, PO) impaired motor performance alone or in combination with ethanol. In addition, distinct differences in sleep architecture were observed between ethanol, GABA-A receptor modulators (zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam) and DORA-12 in electroencephalogram studies in rats. These findings provide further evidence that orexin receptor antagonists have an improved motor side-effect profile compared with currently available sleep-promoting agents based on preclinical data and strengthen the rationale for further evaluation of these agents in clinical development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andres D Ramirez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Terrence McDonald
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Brunner
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Duane R Reiss
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan E Browne
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Fox SV, Gotter AL, Tye SJ, Garson SL, Savitz AT, Uslaner JM, Brunner JI, Tannenbaum PL, McDonald TP, Hodgson R, Yao L, Bowlby MR, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Hargreaves R, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Quantitative electroencephalography within sleep/wake states differentiates GABAA modulators eszopiclone and zolpidem from dual orexin receptor antagonists in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2401-8. [PMID: 23722242 PMCID: PMC3799059 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) induce sleep by blocking orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptor-mediated activities responsible for regulating wakefulness. DORAs represent a potential alternative mechanism to the current standard of care that includes the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor-positive allosteric modulators, eszopiclone and zolpidem. This work uses an innovative method to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral frequencies within sleep/wake states to differentiate the effects of GABAA modulators from DORA-22, an analog of the DORA MK-6096, in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of low, intermediate, and high doses of eszopiclone, zolpidem, and DORA-22 were examined after first defining each compound's ability to promote sleep during active-phase dosing. The EEG spectral frequency power within specific sleep stages was calculated in 1-Hz intervals from 1 to 100 Hz within each sleep/wake state for the first 4 h after the dose. Eszopiclone and zolpidem produced marked, dose-responsive disruptions in sleep stage-specific EEG spectral profiles compared with vehicle treatment. In marked contrast, DORA-22 exhibited marginal changes in the spectral profile, observed only during rapid eye movement sleep, and only at the highest dose tested. Moreover, while eszopiclone- and zolpidem-induced changes were evident in the inactive period, the EEG spectral responses to DORA-22 were absent during this phase. These results suggest that DORA-22 differs from eszopiclone and zolpidem whereby DORA-22 promotes somnolence without altering the neuronal network EEG activity observed during normal sleep.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Fox
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP46-300, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA, Tel: +1 215 652 2740, Fax: +1 215 652 3811, E-mail:
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph I Brunner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Terrence P McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Mark R Bowlby
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Uslaner JM, Tye SJ, Eddins DM, Wang X, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Binns J, Cannon CE, Garson SL, Yao L, Hodgson R, Stevens J, Bowlby MR, Tannenbaum PL, Brunner J, Mcdonald TP, Gotter AL, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Orexin receptor antagonists differ from standard sleep drugs by promoting sleep at doses that do not disrupt cognition. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ra44. [PMID: 23552372 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for insomnia, such as zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta), are γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-positive allosteric modulators that carry a number of side effects including the potential to disrupt cognition. In an effort to develop better tolerated medicines, we have identified dual orexin 1 and 2 receptor antagonists (DORAs), which promote sleep in preclinical animal models and humans. We compare the effects of orally administered eszopiclone, zolpidem, and diazepam to the dual orexin receptor antagonist DORA-22 on sleep and the novel object recognition test in rat, and on sleep and two cognition tests (delayed match to sample and serial choice reaction time) in the rhesus monkey. Each compound's minimal dose that promoted sleep versus the minimal dose that exerted deficits in these cognitive tests was determined, and a therapeutic margin was established. We found that DORA-22 has a wider therapeutic margin for sleep versus cognitive impairment in rat and rhesus monkey compared to the other compounds tested. These data were further supported with the demonstration of a wider therapeutic margin for DORA-22 compared to the other compounds on sleep versus the expression of hippocampal activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc), an immediate-early gene product involved in synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest that DORAs might provide an effective treatment for insomnia with a greater therapeutic margin for sleep versus cognitive disturbances compared to the GABAA-positive allosteric modulators currently in use.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Uslaner
- Merck & Co. Inc., WP46-100, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Gotter AL, Winrow CJ, Brunner J, Garson SL, Fox SV, Binns J, Harrell CM, Cui D, Yee KL, Stiteler M, Stevens J, Savitz A, Tannenbaum PL, Tye SJ, McDonald T, Yao L, Kuduk SD, Uslaner J, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. The duration of sleep promoting efficacy by dual orexin receptor antagonists is dependent upon receptor occupancy threshold. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:90. [PMID: 23981345 PMCID: PMC3765993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drugs targeting insomnia ideally promote sleep throughout the night, maintain normal sleep architecture, and are devoid of residual effects associated with morning sedation. These features of an ideal compound are not only dependent upon pharmacokinetics, receptor binding kinetics, potency and pharmacodynamic activity, but also upon a compound’s mechanism of action. Results Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the arousal-promoting activity of orexin peptides and, as demonstrated in the current work, exhibit an efficacy signal window dependent upon oscillating levels of endogenous orexin neuropeptide. Sleep efficacy of structurally diverse DORAs in rat and dog was achieved at plasma exposures corresponding to orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) occupancies in the range of 65 to 80%. In rats, the time course of OX2R occupancy was dependent upon receptor binding kinetics and was tightly correlated with the timing of active wake reduction. In rhesus monkeys, direct comparison of DORA-22 with GABA-A modulators at similar sleep-inducing doses revealed that diazepam produced next-day residual sleep and both diazepam and eszopiclone induced next-day cognitive deficits. In stark contrast, DORA-22 did not produce residual effects. Furthermore, DORA-22 evoked only minimal changes in quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) activity during the normal resting phase in contrast to GABA-A modulators which induced substantial qEEG changes. Conclusion The higher levels of receptor occupancy necessary for DORA efficacy require a plasma concentration profile sufficient to maintain sleep for the duration of the resting period. DORAs, with a half-life exceeding 8 h in humans, are expected to fulfill this requirement as exposures drop to sub-threshold receptor occupancy levels prior to the wake period, potentially avoiding next-day residual effects at therapeutic doses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Brunner JI, Gotter AL, Millstein J, Garson S, Binns J, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Yang HS, Fitzpatrick K, Zhou L, Owens JR, Webber AL, Vitaterna MH, Kasarskis A, Uebele VN, Turek F, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Pharmacological validation of candidate causal sleep genes identified in an N2 cross. J Neurogenet 2012; 25:167-81. [PMID: 22091728 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.628426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial impact of sleep disturbances on human health and the many years of study dedicated to understanding sleep pathologies, the underlying genetic mechanisms that govern sleep and wake largely remain unknown. Recently, the authors completed large-scale genetic and gene expression analyses in a segregating inbred mouse cross and identified candidate causal genes that regulate the mammalian sleep-wake cycle, across multiple traits including total sleep time, amounts of rapid eye movement (REM), non-REM, sleep bout duration, and sleep fragmentation. Here the authors describe a novel approach toward validating candidate causal genes, while also identifying potential targets for sleep-related indications. Select small-molecule antagonists and agonists were used to interrogate candidate causal gene function in rodent sleep polysomnography assays to determine impact on overall sleep architecture and to evaluate alignment with associated sleep-wake traits. Significant effects on sleep architecture were observed in validation studies using compounds targeting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 subunit (Chrm3) (wake promotion), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 subunit (Chrna4) (wake promotion), dopamine receptor D5 subunit (Drd5) (sleep induction), serotonin 1D receptor (Htr1d) (altered REM fragmentation), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (Glp1r) (light sleep promotion and reduction of deep sleep), and calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1I subunit (Cacna1i) (increased bout duration of slow wave sleep). Taken together, these results show the complexity of genetic components that regulate sleep-wake traits and highlight the importance of evaluating this complex behavior at a systems level. Pharmacological validation of genetically identified putative targets provides a rapid alternative to generating knock out or transgenic animal models, and may ultimately lead towards new therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Brunner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gotter AL, Webber AL, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. LXXXVI. Orexin Receptor Function, Nomenclature and Pharmacology. Pharmacol Rev 2012; 64:389-420. [DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
|
27
|
Fitzpatrick K, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Millstein J, Arbuzova J, Brunner J, Kasarskis A, Vitaterna MH, Renger JJ, Turek FW. Altered sleep and affect in the neurotensin receptor 1 knockout mouse. Sleep 2012; 35:949-56. [PMID: 22754041 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.1958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVE Sleep and mood disorders have long been understood to have strong genetic components, and there is considerable comorbidity of sleep abnormalities and mood disorders, suggesting the involvement of common genetic pathways. Here, we examine a candidate gene implicated in the regulation of both sleep and affective behavior using a knockout mouse model. DESIGN Previously, we identified a quantitative trait locus (QTL) for REM sleep amount, REM sleep bout number, and wake amount in a genetically segregating population of mice. Here, we show that traits mapping to this QTL correlated with an expression QTL for neurotensin receptor 1 (Ntsr1), a receptor for neurotensin, a ligand known to be involved in several psychiatric disorders. We examined sleep as well as behaviors indicative of anxiety and depression in the NTSR1 knockout mouse. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS NTSR1 knockouts had a lower percentage of sleep time spent in REM sleep in the dark phase and a larger diurnal variation in REM sleep duration than wild types under baseline conditions. Following sleep deprivation, NTSR1 knockouts exhibited more wake and less NREM rebound sleep. NTSR1 knockouts also showed increased anxious and despair behaviors. CONCLUSIONS Here we illustrate a link between expression of the Ntsr1 gene and sleep traits previously associated with a particular QTL. We also demonstrate a relationship between Ntsr1 and anxiety and despair behaviors. Given the considerable evidence that anxiety and depression are closely linked with abnormalities in sleep, the data presented here provide further evidence that neurotensin and Ntsr1 may be a component of a pathway involved in both sleep and mood disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Karrie Fitzpatrick
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Coleman PJ, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Whitman DB, Bogusky MJ, McGaughey GB, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Prueksaritanont T, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Ball RG, Stellabott J, Young SD, Hartman GD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Cover Picture: Discovery of [(2R,5R)-5-{[(5-Fluoropyridin-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]methanone (MK-6096): A Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Potent Sleep-Promoting Properties (ChemMedChem 3/2012). ChemMedChem 2012. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201290006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
29
|
Coleman PJ, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Breslin MJ, Whitman DB, Bogusky MJ, McGaughey GB, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Harrell CM, Reiss DR, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Prueksaritanont T, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Ball RG, Stellabott J, Young SD, Hartman GD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Discovery of [(2R,5R)-5-{[(5-Fluoropyridin-2-yl)oxy]methyl}-2-methylpiperidin-1-yl][5-methyl-2-(pyrimidin-2-yl)phenyl]methanone (MK-6096): A Dual Orexin Receptor Antagonist with Potent Sleep-Promoting Properties. ChemMedChem 2012; 7:415-24, 337. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201200025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
|
30
|
Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, Tannenbaum PL, Garson SL, Doran SM, Breslin MJ, Schreier JD, Fox SV, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Reiss DR, Cui D, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. Pharmacological characterization of MK-6096 – A dual orexin receptor antagonist for insomnia. Neuropharmacology 2012; 62:978-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 08/26/2011] [Accepted: 10/04/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
|
31
|
Abstract
Orexin (hypocretin) receptor antagonists stand as a model for the development of targeted CNS small-molecule therapeutics. The identification of mutations in the gene for the orexin 2 receptor responsible for canine narcolepsy, the demonstration of a hypersomnolence phenotype in hypocretin knockout mice and the disruption in orexin signaling in narcoleptic patients provides clear genetic proof of concept for targeting orexin-induced arousal for the treatment of insomnia. The full characterization of the genes encoding orexin and its two cognate receptors enabled the rapid development of in vitro and ex vivo assays with which to identify lead compound structures and to optimize potency and pharmacokinetic properties. Polysomnographic measures with cross-species translatability capable of measuring the sleep-promoting effects of orexin receptor antagonists from mice to man, and the existence of knockout models not only allow efficacy assessment but also the demonstration of mechanism of action. Focused efforts by a number of groups have identified potent compounds of diverse chemical structure with differential orexin receptor selectivity for either the orexin 1 receptor (OX₁R) or the orexin 2 receptor (OX₂R), or both. This work has yielded tool compounds that, along with genetic models, have been used to specifically define the role these receptors in mediating orexin-induced arousal and vigilance state control. Optimized dual receptor antagonists with favorable pharmacokinetic and safety profiles have now demonstrated efficacy in clinical development and represent a distinct mechanism of action for the treatment of insomnia relative to current standard of care.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Coburn CA, Luo Y, Cui M, Wang J, Soll R, Dong J, Hu B, Lyon MA, Santarelli VP, Kraus RL, Gregan Y, Wang Y, Fox SV, Binns J, Doran SM, Reiss DR, Tannenbaum PL, Gotter AL, Meinke PT, Renger JJ. Discovery of a Pharmacologically Active Antagonist of the Two-Pore-Domain Potassium Channel K2P9.1 (TASK-3). ChemMedChem 2011; 7:123-33. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201100351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
|
33
|
Gotter AL, Santarelli VP, Doran SM, Tannenbaum PL, Kraus RL, Rosahl TW, Meziane H, Montial M, Reiss DR, Wessner K, McCampbell A, Stevens J, Brunner JI, Fox SV, Uebele VN, Bayliss DA, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. TASK-3 as a potential antidepressant target. Brain Res 2011; 1416:69-79. [PMID: 21885038 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2011.08.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2011] [Accepted: 08/09/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Modulation of TASK-3 (Kcnk9) potassium channels affect neurotransmitter release in thalamocortical centers and other sleep-related nuclei having the capacity to regulate arousal cycles and REM sleep changes associated with mood disorders and antidepressant action. Circumstantial evidence from this and previous studies suggest the potential for TASK-3 to be a novel antidepressant therapeutic target; TASK-3 knock-out mice display augmented circadian amplitude and exhibit sleep architecture characterized by suppressed REM activity. Detailed analysis of locomotor activity indicates that the amplitudes of activity bout duration and bout number are augmented in TASK-3 mutants well beyond that seen in wildtypes, findings substantiated by amplitude increases in body temperature and EEG recordings of sleep stage bouts. Polysomnographic analysis of TASK-3 mutants reveals increases in nocturnal active wake and suppressed REM sleep time while increased slow wave sleep typifies the inactive phase, findings that have implications for the cognitive impact of reduced TASK-3 activity. In direct measures of their resistance to despair behavior, TASK-3 knock-outs displayed significant decreases in immobility relative to wildtype controls in both tail suspension and forced swim tests. Treatment of wildtype animals with the antidepressant Fluoxetine markedly reduced REM sleep, while leaving active wake and slow wave sleep relatively intact. Remarkably, these effects were absent in TASK-3 mutants indicating that TASK-3 is either directly involved in the mechanism of this drug's action, or participates in parallel pathways that achieve the same effect. Together, these results support the TASK-3 channel to act as a therapeutic target for antidepressant action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Dheekollu J, Wiedmer A, Hayden J, Speicher D, Gotter AL, Yen T, Lieberman PM. Timeless links replication termination to mitotic kinase activation. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19596. [PMID: 21573113 PMCID: PMC3089618 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 04/01/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanisms that coordinate the termination of DNA replication with progression through mitosis are not completely understood. The human Timeless protein (Tim) associates with S phase replication checkpoint proteins Claspin and Tipin, and plays an important role in maintaining replication fork stability at physical barriers, like centromeres, telomeres and ribosomal DNA repeats, as well as at termination sites. We show here that human Tim can be isolated in a complex with mitotic entry kinases CDK1, Auroras A and B, and Polo-like kinase (Plk1). Plk1 bound Tim directly and colocalized with Tim at a subset of mitotic structures in M phase. Tim depletion caused multiple mitotic defects, including the loss of sister-chromatid cohesion, loss of mitotic spindle architecture, and a failure to exit mitosis. Tim depletion caused a delay in mitotic kinase activity in vivo and in vitro, as well as a reduction in global histone H3 S10 phosphorylation during G2/M phase. Tim was also required for the recruitment of Plk1 to centromeric DNA and formation of catenated DNA structures at human centromere alpha satellite repeats. Taken together, these findings suggest that Tim coordinates mitotic kinase activation with termination of DNA replication.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jayaraju Dheekollu
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Andreas Wiedmer
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - James Hayden
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - David Speicher
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony L. Gotter
- Merk Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Tim Yen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Paul M. Lieberman
- The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Cox CD, Doran SM, Tannenbaum PL, Breslin MJ, Garson SL, Fox SV, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Reiss DR, Cui D, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. Promotion of sleep by suvorexant-a novel dual orexin receptor antagonist. J Neurogenet 2011; 25:52-61. [PMID: 21473737 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.566953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Orexins/hypocretins are key neuropeptides responsible for regulating central arousal and reward circuits. Two receptors respond to orexin signaling, orexin 1 receptor (OX(1)R) and orexin 2 receptor (OX(2)R) with partially overlapping nervous system distributions. Genetic studies suggest orexin receptor antagonists could be therapeutic for insomnia and other disorders with disruptions of sleep and wake. Suvorexant (MK-4305) is a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable antagonist of OX(1)R and OX(2)R currently under clinical investigation as a novel therapy for insomnia. Examination of Suvorexant in radioligand binding assays using tissue from transgenic rats expressing the human OX(2)R found nearly full receptor occupancy (>90%) at plasma exposures of 1.1 μM. Dosed orally Suvorexant significantly and dose-dependently reduced locomotor activity and promoted sleep in rats (10, 30, and 100 mg/kg), dogs (1 and 3 mg/kg), and rhesus monkeys (10 mg/kg). Consistent cross-species sleep/wake architecture changes produced by Suvorexant highlight a unique opportunity to develop dual orexin antagonists as a novel therapy for insomnia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Kraus RL, Li Y, Gregan Y, Gotter AL, Uebele VN, Fox SV, Doran SM, Barrow JC, Yang ZQ, Reger TS, Koblan KS, Renger JJ. In vitro characterization of T-type calcium channel antagonist TTA-A2 and in vivo effects on arousal in mice. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2010; 335:409-17. [PMID: 20682849 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.110.171058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
T-type calcium channels have been implicated in many behaviorally important neurophysiological processes, and altered channel activity has been linked to the pathophysiology of neurological disorders such as insomnia, epilepsy, Parkinson's disease, depression, schizophrenia, and pain. We have previously identified a number of potent and selective T-type channel antagonists (Barrow et al., 2007; Shipe et al., 2008; Yang et al., 2008). Here we describe the properties of the antagonist TTA-A2 [2-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-N-((1R)-1-{5-[(2,2,2-trifluoroethyl)oxo]-pyridin-2-yl}ethyl)acetamide], assessed in patch-clamp experiments. TTA-A2 blocks T-type channels (Ca(v)3.1, 3.2, 3.3) voltage dependently and with high potency (IC(50) ∼100 nM). Stimulation at 3 Hz revealed additional use dependence of inhibition. A hyperpolarized shift of the channel availability curve and delayed channel recovery from inactivation suggest that the compound preferentially interacts with and stabilizes inactivated channels. The compound showed a ∼300-fold selectivity for Ca(v)3 channels over high-voltage activated calcium channels. Inhibitory effects on native T-type currents were confirmed in brain slice recordings from the dorsal lateral geniculate nucleus and the subthalamic nucleus. Furthermore, we demonstrate that in vivo T-type channel inhibition by TTA-A2 suppresses active wake and promotes slow-wave sleep in wild-type mice but not in mice lacking both Ca(v)3.1 and Ca(v)3.3, suggesting the selective effect of TTA-A2 on recurrent thalamocortical network activity. The discovery of the potent and selective T-type channel antagonist TTA-A2 has enabled us to study the in vivo effects of pharmacological T-channel inhibition on arousal in mice, and it will help to explore the validity of these channels as potential drug targets for sleep-related and other neurological diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard L Kraus
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Melamed JY, Zartman AE, Kett NR, Gotter AL, Uebele VN, Reiss DR, Condra CL, Fandozzi C, Lubbers LS, Rowe BA, McGaughey GB, Henault M, Stocco R, Renger JJ, Hartman GD, Bilodeau MT, Trotter BW. Synthesis and evaluation of a new series of Neuropeptide S receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2010; 20:4700-3. [PMID: 20510609 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2010.04.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2010] [Revised: 04/28/2010] [Accepted: 04/30/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Administration of Neuropeptide S (NPS) has been shown to produce arousal, that is, independent of novelty and to induce wakefulness by suppressing all stages of sleep, as demonstrated by EEG recordings in rat. Medicinal chemistry efforts have identified a quinolinone class of potent NPSR antagonists that readily cross the blood-brain barrier. We detail here optimization efforts resulting in the identification of a potent NPSR antagonist which dose-dependently and specifically inhibited (125)I-NPS binding in the CNS when administered to rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey Y Melamed
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Winrow CJ, Tanis KQ, Reiss DR, Rigby AM, Uslaner JM, Uebele VN, Doran SM, Fox SV, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Levine DM, Roecker AJ, Coleman PJ, Koblan KS, Renger JJ. Orexin receptor antagonism prevents transcriptional and behavioral plasticity resulting from stimulant exposure. Neuropharmacology 2010; 58:185-94. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2009.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2009] [Revised: 07/02/2009] [Accepted: 07/03/2009] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
|
39
|
Uebele VN, Gotter AL, Nuss CE, Kraus RL, Doran SM, Garson SL, Reiss DR, Li Y, Barrow JC, Reger TS, Yang ZQ, Ballard JE, Tang C, Metzger JM, Wang SP, Koblan KS, Renger JJ. Antagonism of T-type calcium channels inhibits high-fat diet-induced weight gain in mice. J Clin Invest 2009; 119:1659-67. [PMID: 19451696 DOI: 10.1172/jci36954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2008] [Accepted: 04/01/2009] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The epidemics of obesity and metabolic disorders have well-recognized health and economic burdens. Pharmacologic treatments for these diseases remain unsatisfactory with respect to both efficacy and side-effect profiles. Here, we have identified a potential central role for T-type calcium channels in regulating body weight maintenance and sleep. Previously, it was shown that mice lacking CaV3.1 T-type calcium channels have altered sleep/wake activity. We found that these mice were also resistant to high-fat diet-induced weight gain, without changes in food intake or sensitivity to high-fat diet-induced disruptions of diurnal rhythm. Administration of a potent and selective antagonist of T-type calcium channels, TTA-A2, to normal-weight animals prior to the inactive phase acutely increased sleep, decreased body core temperature, and prevented high-fat diet-induced weight gain. Administration of TTA-A2 to obese rodents reduced body weight and fat mass while concurrently increasing lean muscle mass. These effects likely result from better alignment of diurnal feeding patterns with daily changes in circadian physiology and potentially an increased metabolic rate during the active phase. Together, these studies reveal what we believe to be a previously unknown role for T-type calcium channels in the regulation of sleep and weight maintenance and suggest the potential for a novel therapeutic approach to treating obesity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Victor N Uebele
- Department of Sleep Research, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486-0004, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Gotter AL, Nimmakayalu MA, Jalali GR, Hacker AM, Vorstman J, Conforto Duffy D, Medne L, Emanuel BS. A palindrome-driven complex rearrangement of 22q11.2 and 8q24.1 elucidated using novel technologies. Genome Res 2007; 17:470-81. [PMID: 17351131 PMCID: PMC1832094 DOI: 10.1101/gr.6130907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Constitutional translocations at the same 22q11.21 low copy repeat B (LCR-B) breakpoint involved in the recurrent t(11;22) are relatively abundant. A novel 46,XY,t(8;22)(q24.13;q11.21) rearrangement was investigated to determine whether the recurrent LCR-B breakpoint is involved. Investigations demonstrated an inversion of the 3Mb region typically deleted in patients with the 22q11.2 deletion syndrome. The 22q11.21 inversion appears to be mediated by low copy repeats, and is presumed to have taken place prior to translocation with 8q24.13. Despite predictions based on inversions observed in other chromosomes harboring low copy repeats, this 22q11.2 inversion has not been observed previously. The current studies utilize novel laser microdissection and MLPA (multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification) approaches, as adjuncts to FISH, to map the breakpoints of the complex rearrangements of 22q11.21 and 8q24.21. The t(8;22) occurs between the recurrent site on 22q11.21 and an AT-rich site at 8q24.13, making it the fifth different chromosomal locus characterized at the nucleotide level engaged in a translocation with the unstable recurrent breakpoint at 22q11.21. Like the others, this breakpoint occurs at the center of a palindromic sequence. This sequence appears capable of forming a perfect 145 bp stem-loop. Remarkably, this site appears to have been involved in a previously reported t(3;8) occurring between 8q24.13 and FRA3B on 3p14.2. Further, the fragile site-like nature of all of the breakpoint sites involved in translocations with the recurrent site on 22q11.21, suggests a mechanism based on delay of DNA replication in the initiation of these chromosomal rearrangements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Gotter
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Manjunath A. Nimmakayalu
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - G. Reza Jalali
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - April M. Hacker
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Jacob Vorstman
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Danielle Conforto Duffy
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Livija Medne
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- The Division of Human Genetics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia and the Joseph Stokes Jr. Research Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
- Corresponding author.E-mail ; fax (215) 590-3764
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
Gotter AL, Suppa C, Emanuel BS. Mammalian TIMELESS and Tipin are evolutionarily conserved replication fork-associated factors. J Mol Biol 2006; 366:36-52. [PMID: 17141802 PMCID: PMC4151250 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2006.10.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2006] [Revised: 10/26/2006] [Accepted: 10/30/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The function of the mammalian TIMELESS protein (TIM) has been enigmatic. TIM is essential for early embryonic development, but little is known regarding its biochemical and cellular function. Although identified based on similarity to a Drosophila circadian clock factor, it also shares similarity with a second family of proteins that is more widely conserved throughout eukaryotes. Members of this second protein family in yeast (S.c. Tof1p, S.p. Swi1p) have been implicated in DNA synthesis, S-phase-dependent checkpoint activation and chromosome cohesion, three processes coordinated at the level of the replication fork complex. The present work demonstrates that mammalian TIM and its constitutive binding partner, Tipin (ortholog of S.c. Csm3p, S.p. Swi3p), are replisome-associated proteins. Both proteins associate with components of the endogenous replication fork complex, and are present at BrdU-positive DNA replication sites. Knock-down of TIM also compromises DNA replication efficiency. Further, the direct binding of the TIM-Tipin complex to the 34 kDa subunit of replication protein A provides a biochemical explanation for the potential coupling role of these proteins. Like TIM, Tipin is also involved in the molecular mechanism of UV-dependent checkpoint activation and cell growth arrest. Tipin additionally associates with peroxiredoxin2 and appears to be involved in checkpoint responses to H(2)O(2), a role recently described for yeast versions of TIM and Tipin. Together, this work establishes TIM and Tipin as functional orthologs of their replisome-associated yeast counterparts capable of coordinating replication with genotoxic stress responses, and distinguishes mammalian TIM from the circadian-specific paralogs from which it was originally identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
Mammalian TIMELESS (TIM) was identified due to its sequence similarity to Drosophila TIM, an essential circadian clock protein in flies. Published literature is inconsistent regarding the rhythmic expression of mammalian Tim, the interaction of the TIM protein with other clock proteins and its role in regulating clock gene transcription. Comprehensive sequence analysis not only demonstrates that mammalian TIM is more similar to a second, TIM-like sequence in Drosophila (TIMEOUT), but is also a member of an evolutionarily conserved family of TIM orthologs that is distinct from the circadian-specific TIM proteins found in insects. The vital cellular function of these widely conserved TIM orthologs makes it difficult to determine the specific role of mammalian TIM in the circadian clock mechanism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Gotter AL, Shaikh TH, Budarf ML, Rhodes CH, Emanuel BS. A palindrome-mediated mechanism distinguishes translocations involving LCR-B of chromosome 22q11.2. Hum Mol Genet 2003; 13:103-15. [PMID: 14613967 PMCID: PMC2818528 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddh004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Two known recurrent constitutional translocations, t(11;22) and t(17;22), as well as a non-recurrent t(4;22), display derivative chromosomes that have joined to a common site within the low copy repeat B (LCR-B) region of 22q11.2. This breakpoint is located between two AT-rich inverted repeats that form a nearly perfect palindrome. Breakpoints within the 11q23, 17q11 and 4q35 partner chromosomes also fall near the center of palindromic sequences. In the present work the breakpoints of a fourth translocation involving LCR-B, a balanced ependymoma-associated t(1;22), were characterized not only to localize this junction relative to known genes, but also to further understand the mechanism underlying these rearrangements. FISH mapping was used to localize the 22q11.2 breakpoint to LCR-B and the 1p21 breakpoint to single BAC clones. STS mapping narrowed the 1p21.2 breakpoint to a 1990 bp AT-rich region, and junction fragments were amplified by nested PCR. Junction fragment-derived sequence indicates that the 1p21.2 breakpoint splits a 278 nt palindrome capable of forming stem-loop secondary structure. In contrast, the 1p21.2 reference genomic sequence from clones in the database does not exhibit this configuration, suggesting a predisposition for regional genomic instability perhaps etiologic for this rearrangement. Given its similarity to known chromosomal fragile site (FRA) sequences, this polymorphic 1p21.2 sequence may represent one of the FRA1 loci. Comparative analysis of the secondary structure of sequences surrounding translocation breakpoints that involve LCR-B with those not involving this region indicate a unique ability of the former to form stem-loop structures. The relative likelihood of forming these configurations appears to be related to the rate of translocation occurrence. Further analysis suggests that constitutional translocations in general occur between sequences of similar melting temperature and propensity for secondary structure.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L. Gotter
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Tamim H. Shaikh
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Marcia L. Budarf
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - C. Harker Rhodes
- Department of Pathology, Dartmouth-Hitchcock Medical Center, Lebanon, NH 03756, USA
| | - Beverly S. Emanuel
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, 3615 Civic Center Boulevard, ARC 1002, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
- To whom correspondence should be addressed. Tel: +1 2155903856; Fax: +1 2155903764;
| |
Collapse
|
44
|
Nimmakayalu MA, Gotter AL, Shaikh TH, Emanuel BS. A novel sequence-based approach to localize translocation breakpoints identifies the molecular basis of a t(4;22). Hum Mol Genet 2003; 12:2817-25. [PMID: 12952865 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddg301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low copy repeats (LCRs) located in 22q11.2, especially LCR-B, are susceptible to rearrangements associated with several relatively common constitutional disorders. These include DiGeorge syndrome, Velocardiofacial syndrome, Cat-eye syndrome and recurrent translocations of 22q11 including the constitutional t(11;22) and t(17;22). The presence of palindromic AT-rich repeats (PATRRs) within LCR-B of 22q11.2, as well as within the 11q23 and 17q11 regions, has suggested a palindrome-mediated, stem-loop mechanism for the generation of such recurring constitutional 22q11.2 translocations. The mechanism responsible for non-recurrent 22q11.2 rearrangements is presently unknown due to the extensive effort required for breakpoint cloning. Thus, we have developed a novel fluorescence in-situ hybridization and primed in-situ hybridization (PRINS) approach and rapidly localized the breakpoint of a non-recurrent 22q11.2 translocation, a t(4;22). Multiple primer pairs were designed from the sequence of a 200 kb, chromosome 4, breakpoint-spanning BAC to generate PRINS probes. Amplification of adjacent primer pairs, labeled in two colors, allowed us to narrow the 4q35.1 breakpoint to a 6.7 kb clonable region. Application of our improved PRINS protocol facilitated fine-mapping the translocation breakpoints within 4q35.1 and 22q11.2, and permitted rapid cloning and analysis of translocation junction fragments. To confirm the PRINS localization results, PCR mapping of t(4;22) somatic cell hybrid DNA was employed. Analysis of the breakpoints demonstrates the presence of a 554 bp palindromic sequence at the chromosome 4 breakpoint and a 22q11.2 location within the same PATRR as the recurrent t(11;22) and t(17;22). The sequence of this breakpoint further suggests that a stem-loop secondary structure mechanism is responsible for the formation of other, non-recurrent translocations involving LCR-B of 22q11.2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Manjunath A Nimmakayalu
- Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chang DC, McWatters HG, Williams JA, Gotter AL, Levine JD, Reppert SM. Constructing a feedback loop with circadian clock molecules from the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi. J Biol Chem 2003; 278:38149-58. [PMID: 12869551 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m306937200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Circadian clocks are important regulators of behavior and physiology. The circadian clock of Drosophila depends on an autoinhibitory feedback loop involving dCLOCK, CYCLE (also called dBMAL, for Drosophila brain and muscle ARNT-like protein), dPERIOD, and dTIMELESS. Recent studies suggest that the clock mechanism in other insect species may differ strikingly from that of Drosophila. We cloned Clock, Bmal, and Timeless homologs (apClock, apBmal, and apTimeless) from the silkmoth Antheraea pernyi, from which a Period homolog (apPeriod) has already been cloned. In Schneider 2 (S2) cell culture assays, apCLOCK:apBMAL activates transcription through an E-box enhancer element found in the 5' region of the apPeriod gene. Furthermore, apPERIOD can robustly inhibit apCLOCK: apBMAL-mediated transactivation, and apTIMELESS can augment this inhibition. Thus, a complete feedback loop, resembling that found in Drosophila, can be constructed from silkmoth CLOCK, BMAL, PERIOD, and TIMELESS. Our results suggest that the circadian autoinhibitory feedback loop discovered in Drosophila is likely to be widespread among insects. However, whereas the transactivation domain in Drosophila lies in the C terminus of dCLOCK, in A. pernyi, it lies in the C terminus of apBMAL, which is highly conserved with the C termini of BMALs in other insects (except Drosophila) and in vertebrates. Our analysis sheds light on the molecular function and evolution of clock genes in the animal kingdom.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dennis C Chang
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Abstract
The mouse Timeless gene (mTim) was identified originally on the basis of its similarity to a Drosophila circadian gene, but has no substantiated role in the circadian clock mechanism. The importance of mTim in cellular processes involved in development, however, is undeniable, since targeted mutagenesis of this gene arrests embryonic development. To connect mTim to known pathways controlling cellular processes important for early development, a yeast two-hybrid approach was used to identify embryonic mTIM-interacting proteins. One positive interactor, a previously uncharacterized protein that is here termed TIPIN (TIMELESS interacting protein), was shown to interact with mTIM in vitro and in cultured cells. mTim and Tipin transcripts are co-expressed in similar tissues during embryonic development and in the adult brain. In transiently transfected cultures, mTIM promotes the nuclear localization of TIPIN. Immunoprecipitation experiments suggest that TIPIN is capable of regulating mTIM activity by disrupting the ability of mTIM to form homo-multimeric complexes. Together, these results indicate that mTIM forms a functional complex with TIPIN, and provide a starting point from which to link mTim to biochemical pathways controlling vital cellular functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Abstract
Migratory monarch butterflies use a time-compensated Sun compass to navigate to their overwintering grounds in Mexico. Here, we report that constant light, which disrupts circadian clock function at both the behavioral and molecular levels in monarchs, also disrupts the time-compensated component of flight navigation. We further show that ultraviolet light is important for flight navigation but is not required for photic entrainment of circadian rhythms. Tracing these distinct light-input pathways into the brain should aid our understanding of the clock-compass mechanisms necessary for successful migration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oren Froy
- Department of Neurobiology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, LRB-728, 364 Plantation Street, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Abstract
The molecular mechanism of the circadian pacemaker depends on the oscillatory expression of clock gene constituents. The Drosophila period gene is central to the clock mechanism in these animals. Three homologs of this gene identified in mice (mPer1-3) and humans (hPer1-3) display rhythmic expression and are important for normal clock function. Recently, analysis of the draft sequence of the human genome has revealed the presence of a fourth Per gene family member. Surprisingly, the deduced hPer4 cDNA has no open reading frame encoding a full-length PER-like protein. This sequence is characterized by numerous deletions, insertions, frame shifts and base pair changes, and its genomic structure is devoid of introns. The presence of an MER-2 mobile element fossil within the Per4 locus predicted that this gene would also be present in non-human primates. Rhesus monkey Per4 displays similar sequence anomalies and is 92.8% identical to hPer4. Sequence comparisons indicate that Per4 originated from a Per3 predecessor and that it is relatively new to the Period gene family. We conclude that hPer4 and RmPer4 are pseudogenes and descended from the retrotransposition of an ancestral Per3 gene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Gotter
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, MassGeneral Hospital for Children, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Abstract
The timeless (tim) gene is essential for circadian clock function in Drosophila melanogaster. A putative mouse homolog, mTimeless (mTim), has been difficult to place in the circadian clock of mammals. Here we show that mTim is essential for embryonic development, but does not have substantiated circadian function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Gotter
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02114, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Gotter AL, Levine JD, Reppert SM. Sex-linked period genes in the silkmoth, Antheraea pernyi: implications for circadian clock regulation and the evolution of sex chromosomes. Neuron 1999; 24:953-65. [PMID: 10624958 DOI: 10.1016/s0896-6273(00)81042-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulation of the period (per) gene is a critical feature of circadian clock function in insects. Here, we show that per is sex-linked in the silkmoth, Antheraea per-nyi. The previously described silkmoth per gene is found on the Z chromosome. Silkmoth per is not dosage compensated at either the RNA or the protein level. Although earlier studies showed the presence of an oscillating endogenous antisense per transcript, we show that this transcript comes from a locus on the female-specific W chromosome. We further demonstrate the presence of a homolog of per on W that encodes a truncated protein. Rhythmicity of male (ZZ) moths demonstrates that neither of the W-linked per-like genes is essential for clock function. The presence of a per allele with duplications on W provides insight into the evolution of the sex chromosomes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A L Gotter
- Laboratory of Developmental Chronobiology, Pediatric Service, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston 02114, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|