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Belov V, Guehl NJ, Duvvuri S, Iredale P, Moon SH, Dhaynaut M, Chakilam S, MacDonagh AC, Rice PA, Yokell DL, Renger JJ, El Fakhri G, Normandin MD. PET imaging of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors in rhesus macaques using [ 11C]MK-6884: Quantification with kinetic modeling and receptor occupancy by CVL-231 (emraclidine), a novel positive allosteric modulator. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2024:271678X241238820. [PMID: 38477292 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x241238820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Stimulation of the M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor reduces striatal hyperdopaminergia, suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for schizophrenia. Emraclidine (CVL-231) is a novel, highly selective, positive allosteric modulator (PAM) of M4 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors i.e. acts as a modulator that increases the response of these receptors. First, we aimed to further characterize the positron emission tomography (PET) imaging and quantification performance of a recently developed M4 PAM radiotracer, [11C]MK-6884, in non-human primates (NHPs). Second, we applied these results to determine the receptor occupancy of CVL-231 as a function of dose. Using paired baseline-blocking PET scans, we quantified total volume of distribution, binding potential, and receptor occupancy. Both blood-based and reference region-based methods quantified M4 receptor levels across brain regions. The 2-tissue 4-parameter kinetic model best fitted regional [11C]MK-6884-time activity curves. Only the caudate nucleus and putamen displayed statistically significant [11C]MK-6884 uptake and dose-dependent blocking by CVL-231. For binding potential and receptor occupancy quantification, the simplified reference tissue model using the grey cerebellum as a reference region was employed. CVL-231 demonstrated dose-dependent M4 receptor occupancy in the striatum of the NHP brain and shows promise for further development in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vasily Belov
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Nicolas J Guehl
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | | | - Sung-Hyun Moon
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Maeva Dhaynaut
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Alexander C MacDonagh
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Peter A Rice
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Daniel L Yokell
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Georges El Fakhri
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Marc D Normandin
- Gordon Center for Medical Imaging, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
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Bazzone A, Barthmes M, George C, Brinkwirth N, Zerlotti R, Prinz V, Cole K, Friis S, Dickson A, Rice S, Lim J, Fern Toh M, Mohammadi M, Pau D, Stone DJ, Renger JJ, Fertig N. A Comparative Study on the Lysosomal Cation Channel TMEM175 Using Automated Whole-Cell Patch-Clamp, Lysosomal Patch-Clamp, and Solid Supported Membrane-Based Electrophysiology: Functional Characterization and High-Throughput Screening Assay Development. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:12788. [PMID: 37628970 PMCID: PMC10454728 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241612788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Revised: 08/09/2023] [Accepted: 08/12/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The lysosomal cation channel TMEM175 is a Parkinson's disease-related protein and a promising drug target. Unlike whole-cell automated patch-clamp (APC), lysosomal patch-clamp (LPC) facilitates physiological conditions, but is not yet suitable for high-throughput screening (HTS) applications. Here, we apply solid supported membrane-based electrophysiology (SSME), which enables both direct access to lysosomes and high-throughput electrophysiological recordings. In SSME, ion translocation mediated by TMEM175 is stimulated using a concentration gradient at a resting potential of 0 mV. The concentration-dependent K+ response exhibited an I/c curve with two distinct slopes, indicating the existence of two conducting states. We measured H+ fluxes with a permeability ratio of PH/PK = 48,500, which matches literature findings from patch-clamp studies, validating the SSME approach. Additionally, TMEM175 displayed a high pH dependence. Decreasing cytosolic pH inhibited both K+ and H+ conductivity of TMEM175. Conversely, lysosomal pH and pH gradients did not have major effects on TMEM175. Finally, we developed HTS assays for drug screening and evaluated tool compounds (4-AP, Zn as inhibitors; DCPIB, arachidonic acid, SC-79 as enhancers) using SSME and APC. Additionally, we recorded EC50 data for eight blinded TMEM175 enhancers and compared the results across all three assay technologies, including LPC, discussing their advantages and disadvantages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andre Bazzone
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Maria Barthmes
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Cecilia George
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Nina Brinkwirth
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Rocco Zerlotti
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
- RIGeL-Regensburg International Graduate School of Life Sciences, University of Regensburg, 93053 Regensburg, Germany
| | - Valentin Prinz
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Kim Cole
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Søren Friis
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
| | - Alexander Dickson
- SB Drug Discovery, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK; (A.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Simon Rice
- SB Drug Discovery, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK; (A.D.); (S.R.)
| | - Jongwon Lim
- Cerevel Therapeutics, 222 Jacobs St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.T.); (D.J.S.); (J.J.R.)
| | - May Fern Toh
- Cerevel Therapeutics, 222 Jacobs St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.T.); (D.J.S.); (J.J.R.)
| | | | - Davide Pau
- SB Drug Discovery, West of Scotland Science Park, Glasgow G20 0XA, UK; (A.D.); (S.R.)
| | - David J. Stone
- Cerevel Therapeutics, 222 Jacobs St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.T.); (D.J.S.); (J.J.R.)
| | - John J. Renger
- Cerevel Therapeutics, 222 Jacobs St, Cambridge, MA 02141, USA; (J.L.); (M.F.T.); (D.J.S.); (J.J.R.)
| | - Niels Fertig
- Nanion Technologies, Ganghoferstr. 70a, 80339 Munich, Germany (V.P.); (S.F.)
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Sasane R, Bartels A, Field M, Sierra MI, Duvvuri S, Gray DL, Pin SS, Renger JJ, Stone DJ. Parkinson disease among patients treated for benign prostatic hyperplasia with α1 adrenergic receptor antagonists. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:145112. [PMID: 33822767 DOI: 10.1172/jci145112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUNDRecently the α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist terazosin was shown to activate PGK1, a possible target for the mitochondrial deficits in Parkinson disease related to its function as the initial enzyme in ATP synthesis during glycolysis. An epidemiological study of terazosin users showed a lower incidence of Parkinson disease when compared with users of tamsulosin, an α1 adrenergic receptor antagonist of a different class that does not activate PGK1. However, prior research on tamsulosin has suggested that it may in fact potentiate neurodegeneration, raising the question of whether it is an appropriate control group.METHODSTo address this question, we undertook an epidemiological study on Parkinson disease occurrence rate in 113,450 individuals from the United States with 5 or more years of follow-up. Patients were classified as tamsulosin users (n = 45,380), terazosin/alfuzosin/doxazosin users (n = 22,690), or controls matched for age, sex, and Charlson comorbidity index score (n = 45,380).RESULTSIncidence of Parkinson disease in tamsulosin users was 1.53%, which was significantly higher than that in both terazosin/alfuzosin/doxazosin users (1.10%, P < 0.0001) and matched controls (1.01%, P < 0.0001). Terazosin/alfuzosin/doxazosin users did not differ in Parkinson disease risk from matched controls (P = 0.29).CONCLUSIONThese results suggest that zosins may not confer a protective effect against Parkinson disease, but rather that tamsulosin may in some way potentiate Parkinson disease progression.FUNDINGThis work was supported by Cerevel Therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul Sasane
- Cerevel Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Amy Bartels
- Optum Life Sciences, Eden Prairie, Minnesota, USA
| | | | | | | | - David L Gray
- Cerevel Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Sokhom S Pin
- Cerevel Therapeutics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
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Eacret D, Grafe LA, Dobkin J, Gotter AL, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Bhatnagar S. Orexin signaling during social defeat stress influences subsequent social interaction behaviour and recognition memory. Behav Brain Res 2019; 356:444-452. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2018.05.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2018] [Revised: 05/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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Scarpa JR, Jiang P, Gao VD, Fitzpatrick K, Millstein J, Olker C, Gotter A, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Kasarskis A, Turek FW, Vitaterna MH. Cross-species systems analysis identifies gene networks differentially altered by sleep loss and depression. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaat1294. [PMID: 30050989 PMCID: PMC6059761 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aat1294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 06/18/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
To understand the transcriptomic organization underlying sleep and affective function, we studied a population of (C57BL/6J × 129S1/SvImJ) F2 mice by measuring 283 affective and sleep phenotypes and profiling gene expression across four brain regions. We identified converging molecular bases for sleep and affective phenotypes at both the single-gene and gene-network levels. Using publicly available transcriptomic datasets collected from sleep-deprived mice and patients with major depressive disorder (MDD), we identified three cortical gene networks altered by the sleep/wake state and depression. The network-level actions of sleep loss and depression were opposite to each other, providing a mechanistic basis for the sleep disruptions commonly observed in depression, as well as the reported acute antidepressant effects of sleep deprivation. We highlight one particular network composed of circadian rhythm regulators and neuronal activity-dependent immediate-early genes. The key upstream driver of this network, Arc, may act as a nexus linking sleep and depression. Our data provide mechanistic insights into the role of sleep in affective function and MDD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph R. Scarpa
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Peng Jiang
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Vance D. Gao
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Karrie Fitzpatrick
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | | | - Christopher Olker
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Anthony Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - John J. Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Andrew Kasarskis
- Icahn Institute for Genomics and Multiscale Biology, Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fred W. Turek
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Martha H. Vitaterna
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Biology, Department of Neurobiology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
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Cramer PE, Gentzel RC, Tanis KQ, Vardigan J, Wang Y, Connolly B, Manfre P, Lodge K, Renger JJ, Zerbinatti C, Uslaner JM. Aging African green monkeys manifest transcriptional, pathological, and cognitive hallmarks of human Alzheimer's disease. Neurobiol Aging 2018; 64:92-106. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2017.12.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2017] [Revised: 12/12/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Abstract
Historically, pharmacological therapies have used mechanisms such as γ-aminobutyric acid A (GABAA) receptor potentiation to drive sleep through broad suppression of central nervous system activity. With the discovery of orexin signaling loss as the etiology underlying narcolepsy, a disorder associated with hypersomnolence, orexin antagonism emerged as an alternative approach to attenuate orexin-induced wakefulness more selectively. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the activity of orexin 1 and 2 receptors to both reduce the threshold to transition into sleep and attenuate orexin-mediated arousal. Among DORAs evaluated clinically, suvorexant has pharmacokinetic properties engineered for a plasma half-life appropriate for rapid sleep onset and maintenance at low to moderate doses. Unlike GABAA receptor modulators, DORAs promote both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and REM sleep, do not disrupt sleep stage-specific quantitative electroencephalogram spectral profiles, and allow somnolence indistinct from normal sleep. The preservation of cognitive performance and the ability to arouse to salient stimuli after DORA administration suggest further advantages over historical therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486;
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - W Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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Nikonova EV, Gilliland JDA, Tanis KQ, Podtelezhnikov AA, Rigby AM, Galante RJ, Finney EM, Stone DJ, Renger JJ, Pack AI, Winrow CJ. Transcriptional Profiling of Cholinergic Neurons From Basal Forebrain Identifies Changes in Expression of Genes Between Sleep and Wake. Sleep 2017; 40:3608773. [PMID: 28419375 PMCID: PMC6075396 DOI: 10.1093/sleep/zsx059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Study objective To assess differences in gene expression in cholinergic basal forebrain cells between sleeping and sleep-deprived mice sacrificed at the same time of day. Methods Tg(ChAT-eGFP)86Gsat mice expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP) under control of the choline acetyltransferase (Chat) promoter were utilized to guide laser capture of cholinergic cells in basal forebrain. Messenger RNA expression levels in these cells were profiled using microarrays. Gene expression in eGFP(+) neurons was compared (1) to that in eGFP(-) neurons and to adjacent white matter, (2) between 7:00 am (lights on) and 7:00 pm (lights off), (3) between sleep-deprived and sleeping animals at 0, 3, 6, and 9 hours from lights on. Results There was a marked enrichment of ChAT and other markers of cholinergic neurons in eGFP(+) cells. Comparison of gene expression in these eGFP(+) neurons between 7:00 am and 7:00 pm revealed expected differences in the expression of clock genes (Arntl2, Per1, Per2, Dbp, Nr1d1) as well as mGluR3. Comparison of expression between spontaneous sleep and sleep-deprived groups sacrificed at the same time of day revealed a number of transcripts (n = 55) that had higher expression in sleep deprivation compared to sleep. Genes upregulated in sleep deprivation predominantly were from the protein folding pathway (25 transcripts, including chaperones). Among 42 transcripts upregulated in sleep was the cold-inducible RNA-binding protein. Conclusions Cholinergic cell signatures were characterized. Whether the identified genes are changing as a consequence of differences in behavioral state or as part of the molecular regulatory mechanism remains to be determined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena V Nikonova
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Jason DA Gilliland
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Keith Q Tanis
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Alexei A Podtelezhnikov
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Alison M Rigby
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Raymond J Galante
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Eva M Finney
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - David J Stone
- Genetics and Pharmacogenomics, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Allan I Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA
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Yao L, Ramirez AD, Roecker AJ, Fox SV, Uslaner JM, Smith SM, Hodgson R, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL. The dual orexin receptor antagonist, DORA-22, lowers histamine levels in the lateral hypothalamus and prefrontal cortex without lowering hippocampal acetylcholine. J Neurochem 2017; 142:204-214. [PMID: 28444767 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 04/18/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Chronic insomnia is defined as a persistent difficulty with sleep initiation maintenance or non-restorative sleep. The therapeutic standard of care for this condition is treatment with gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor modulators, which promote sleep but are associated with a panoply of side effects, including cognitive and memory impairment. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) have recently emerged as an alternative therapeutic approach that acts via a distinct and more selective wake-attenuating mechanism with the potential to be associated with milder side effects. Given their distinct mechanism of action, the current work tested the hypothesis that DORAs and GABAA receptor modulators differentially regulate neurochemical pathways associated with differences in sleep architecture and cognitive performance induced by these pharmacological mechanisms. Our findings showed that DORA-22 suppresses the release of the wake neurotransmitter histamine in the lateral hypothalamus, prefrontal cortex, and hippocampus with no significant alterations in acetylcholine levels. In contrast, eszopiclone, commonly used as a GABAA modulator, inhibited acetylcholine secretion across brain regions with variable effects on histamine release depending on the extent of wakefulness induction. In normal waking rats, eszopiclone only transiently suppressed histamine secretion, whereas this suppression was more obvious under caffeine-induced wakefulness. Compared with the GABAA modulator eszopiclone, DORA-22 elicits a neurotransmitter profile consistent with wake reduction that does not impinge on neurotransmitter levels associated with cognition and rapid eye movement sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lihang Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Andres D Ramirez
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
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Gotter AL, Stevens J, Garson SL, Fox SV, Svetnik V, Tannenbaum PL, Forman MS, Coleman PJ, Herring WJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. 0103 REM SLEEP IS INDUCED BY DUAL AND OREXIN 2 RECEPTOR ANTAGONISTS VIA MECHANISMS BEYOND ALPHA1-NORADRENERGIC SIGNALING. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Jiang P, Scarpa JR, Gao VD, Fitzpatrick K, Gotter A, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Vitaterna MH, Kasarskis A, Turek FW. 0018 DATA MINING OF MULTIPLE GENOMICS DATASETS UNCOVERS CONVERGENT GENE NETWORKS INTEGRATING CIRCADIAN TIMING AND HOMEOSTATIC DRIVE FOR SLEEP REGULATION. Sleep 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/sleepj/zsx050.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Scott JD, DeMong DE, Greshock TJ, Basu K, Dai X, Harris J, Hruza A, Li SW, Lin SI, Liu H, Macala MK, Hu Z, Mei H, Zhang H, Walsh P, Poirier M, Shi ZC, Xiao L, Agnihotri G, Baptista MAS, Columbus J, Fell MJ, Hyde LA, Kuvelkar R, Lin Y, Mirescu C, Morrow JA, Yin Z, Zhang X, Zhou X, Chang RK, Embrey MW, Sanders JM, Tiscia HE, Drolet RE, Kern JT, Sur SM, Renger JJ, Bilodeau MT, Kennedy ME, Parker EM, Stamford AW, Nargund R, McCauley JA, Miller MW. Discovery of a 3-(4-Pyrimidinyl) Indazole (MLi-2), an Orally Available and Selective Leucine-Rich Repeat Kinase 2 (LRRK2) Inhibitor that Reduces Brain Kinase Activity. J Med Chem 2017; 60:2983-2992. [PMID: 28245354 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) is a large, multidomain protein which contains a kinase domain and GTPase domain among other regions. Individuals possessing gain of function mutations in the kinase domain such as the most prevalent G2019S mutation have been associated with an increased risk for the development of Parkinson's disease (PD). Given this genetic validation for inhibition of LRRK2 kinase activity as a potential means of affecting disease progression, our team set out to develop LRRK2 inhibitors to test this hypothesis. A high throughput screen of our compound collection afforded a number of promising indazole leads which were truncated in order to identify a minimum pharmacophore. Further optimization of these indazoles led to the development of MLi-2 (1): a potent, highly selective, orally available, brain-penetrant inhibitor of LRRK2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack D Scott
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Duane E DeMong
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Thomas J Greshock
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Kallol Basu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Xing Dai
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Joel Harris
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Alan Hruza
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Sarah W Li
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sue-Ing Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Liu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Megan K Macala
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhiyong Hu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Hong Mei
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Honglu Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Paul Walsh
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 126 East Lincoln Avenue, Rahway, New Jersey 07065, United States
| | - Marc Poirier
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhi-Cai Shi
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Li Xiao
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Gautam Agnihotri
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Marco A S Baptista
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John Columbus
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Matthew J Fell
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Lynn A Hyde
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Reshma Kuvelkar
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Yinghui Lin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Christian Mirescu
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - John A Morrow
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Zhizhang Yin
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Xiaoping Zhou
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ronald K Chang
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark W Embrey
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John M Sanders
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Heather E Tiscia
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Robert E Drolet
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jonathan T Kern
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sylvie M Sur
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Mark T Bilodeau
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Matthew E Kennedy
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 33 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, United States
| | - Eric M Parker
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Andrew W Stamford
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - Ravi Nargund
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
| | - John A McCauley
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Michael W Miller
- Merck & Co., Inc. , 2015 Galloping Hill Road, Kenilworth, New Jersey 07033, United States
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13
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Skudlarek JW, DiMarco CN, Babaoglu K, Roecker AJ, Bruno JG, Pausch MA, O'Brien JA, Cabalu TD, Stevens J, Brunner J, Tannenbaum PL, Wuelfing WP, Garson SL, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Harrell CM, Gotter AL, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ. Investigation of orexin-2 selective receptor antagonists: Structural modifications resulting in dual orexin receptor antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:1364-1370. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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14
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Stump CA, Cooke AJ, Bruno J, Cabalu TD, Gotter AL, Harell CM, Kuduk SD, McDonald TP, O’Brien J, Renger JJ, Williams PD, Winrow CJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of highly potent and selective orexin 1 receptor antagonists (1-SORAs) suitable for in vivo interrogation of orexin 1 receptor pharmacology. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:5809-5814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Revised: 10/07/2016] [Accepted: 10/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Smith SM, Struyk A, Jonathan D, Declercq R, Marcus J, Toolan D, Wang X, Schachter JB, Cosden M, Pearson M, Hess F, Selnick H, Salinas C, Li W, Duffy J, McEachern E, Vocadlo D, Renger JJ, Eric HD, Forman M, Schoepp D. O2‐13‐04: Early Clinical Results and Preclinical Validation of the O‐Glcnacase (OGA) Inhibitor Mk‐8719 as a Novel Therapeutic for the Treatment of Tauopathies. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Arie Struyk
- Merck Research Laboratories West PointPA USA
| | | | | | | | - Dawn Toolan
- Merck Research Laboratories West PointPA USA
| | | | | | - Mali Cosden
- Merck Research Laboratories West PointPA USA
| | | | - Fred Hess
- Merck Research Laboratories West PointPA USA
| | | | | | - Wenping Li
- Merck Research Laboratories West PointPA USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Mark Forman
- Merck Research Laboratories West PointPA USA
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16
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Schachter JB, Cosden M, Meteer J, Majercak J, Hess F, Niroomand S, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. P3‐066: A Cellular Expression Model of TAU Hyperphosphorylation and Aggregation That does not Utilize Frontotemporal Dementia Mutations. Alzheimers Dement 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2016.06.1724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Fred Hess
- Merck Research LaboratoriesWest PointPA USA
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17
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Tanaka Y, Aoki I, Ishine T, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Hisada S. [Preclinical and clinical results of dual orexin receptor antagonist, suvorexant (BELSOMRA(®)), a novel therapeutic agent for insomnia]. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:46-56. [PMID: 27430679 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
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18
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McDonald T, Liang HA, Sanoja R, Gotter AL, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Smith KM, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Pharmacological evaluation of orexin receptor antagonists in preclinical animal models of pain. J Neurogenet 2016; 30:32-41. [DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2016.1171862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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19
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Gotter AL, Forman MS, Harrell CM, Stevens J, Svetnik V, Yee KL, Li X, Roecker AJ, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Garson SL, Lepeleire ID, Calder N, Rosen L, Struyk A, Coleman PJ, Herring WJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonism is Sufficient to Promote NREM and REM Sleep from Mouse to Man. Sci Rep 2016; 6:27147. [PMID: 27256922 PMCID: PMC4891657 DOI: 10.1038/srep27147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 05/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Orexin neuropeptides regulate sleep/wake through orexin receptors (OX1R, OX2R); OX2R is the predominant mediator of arousal promotion. The potential for single OX2R antagonism to effectively promote sleep has yet to be demonstrated in humans. MK-1064 is an OX2R-single antagonist. Preclinically, MK-1064 promotes sleep and increases both rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM (NREM) sleep in rats at OX2R occupancies higher than the range observed for dual orexin receptor antagonists. Similar to dual antagonists, MK-1064 increases NREM and REM sleep in dogs without inducing cataplexy. Two Phase I studies in healthy human subjects evaluated safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and sleep-promoting effects of MK-1064, and demonstrated dose-dependent increases in subjective somnolence (via Karolinska Sleepiness Scale and Visual Analogue Scale measures) and sleep (via polysomnography), including increased REM and NREM sleep. Thus, selective OX2R antagonism is sufficient to promote REM and NREM sleep across species, similarly to that seen with dual orexin receptor antagonism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Mark S Forman
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of in vivo Pharmacology, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Vladimir Svetnik
- Department of Biostatistics and Research Decision Sciences, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Ka Lai Yee
- Department of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Xiaodong Li
- Department of Pharmacokinetics Pharmacodynamics and Drug Metabolism, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of in vivo Pharmacology, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | | | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Inge De Lepeleire
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Nicole Calder
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Laura Rosen
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Arie Struyk
- Department of Translational Medicine, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - W Joseph Herring
- Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck &Co. Inc., Kenilworth, NJ, USA
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20
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Greshock TJ, Sanders JM, Drolet RE, Rajapakse HA, Chang RK, Kim B, Rada VL, Tiscia HE, Su H, Lai MT, Sur SM, Sanchez RI, Bilodeau MT, Renger JJ, Kern JT, McCauley JA. Potent, selective and orally bioavailable leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2016; 26:2631-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2016.04.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 04/07/2016] [Accepted: 04/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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21
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Yin J, Babaoglu K, Brautigam CA, Clark L, Shao Z, Scheuermann TH, Harrell CM, Gotter AL, Roecker AJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ, Rosenbaum DM. Structure and ligand-binding mechanism of the human OX1 and OX2 orexin receptors. Nat Struct Mol Biol 2016; 23:293-9. [PMID: 26950369 DOI: 10.1038/nsmb.3183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The orexin (also known as hypocretin) G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) regulate sleep and other behavioral functions in mammals, and are therapeutic targets for sleep and wake disorders. The human receptors hOX1R and hOX2R, which are 64% identical in sequence, have overlapping but distinct physiological functions and potential therapeutic profiles. We determined structures of hOX1R bound to the OX1R-selective antagonist SB-674042 and the dual antagonist suvorexant at 2.8-Å and 2.75-Å resolution, respectively, and used molecular modeling to illuminate mechanisms of antagonist subtype selectivity between hOX1R and hOX2R. The hOX1R structures also reveal a conserved amphipathic α-helix, in the extracellular N-terminal region, that interacts with orexin-A and is essential for high-potency neuropeptide activation at both receptors. The orexin-receptor crystal structures are valuable tools for the design and development of selective orexin-receptor antagonists and agonists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Yin
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Kerim Babaoglu
- Department of Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Chad A Brautigam
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Lindsay Clark
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Zhenhua Shao
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Thomas H Scheuermann
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Charles M Harrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Daniel M Rosenbaum
- Department of Biophysics, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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22
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Tannenbaum PL, Tye SJ, Stevens J, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Coleman PJ, Uslaner JM, Kuduk SD, Hargreaves R, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Inhibition of Orexin Signaling Promotes Sleep Yet Preserves Salient Arousability in Monkeys. Sleep 2016; 39:603-12. [PMID: 26943466 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.5536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES In addition to enhancing sleep onset and maintenance, a desirable insomnia therapeutic agent would preserve healthy sleep's ability to wake and respond to salient situations while maintaining sleep during irrelevant noise. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) promote sleep by selectively inhibiting wake-promoting neuropeptide signaling, unlike global inhibition of central nervous system excitation by gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor (GABAaR) modulators. We evaluated the effect of DORA versus GABAaR modulators on underlying sleep architecture, ability to waken to emotionally relevant stimuli versus neutral auditory cues, and performance on a sleepiness-sensitive cognitive task upon awakening. METHODS DORA-22 and GABAaR modulators (eszopiclone, diazepam) were evaluated in adult male rhesus monkeys (n = 34) with continuous polysomnography recordings in crossover studies of sleep architecture, arousability to a classically conditioned salient versus neutral acoustical stimulus, and psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) performance if awakened. RESULTS All compounds decreased wakefulness, but only DORA-22 sleep resembled unmedicated sleep in terms of underlying sleep architecture, preserved ability to awaken to salient-conditioned acoustic stimuli while maintaining sleep during neutral acoustic stimuli, and no congnitive impairment in PVT performance. Although GABAaR modulators induced lighter sleep, monkeys rarely woke to salient stimuli and PVT performance was impaired if monkeys were awakened. CONCLUSIONS In nonhuman primates, DORAs' targeted mechanism for promoting sleep protects the ability to selectively arouse to salient stimuli and perform attentional tasks unimpaired, suggesting meaningful differentiation between a hypnotic agent that works through antagonizing orexin wake signaling versus the sedative hypnotic effects of the GABAaR modulator mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA
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23
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Raheem IT, Schreier JD, Fuerst J, Gantert L, Hostetler ED, Huszar S, Joshi A, Kandebo M, Kim SH, Li J, Ma B, McGaughey G, Sharma S, Shipe WD, Uslaner J, Vandeveer GH, Yan Y, Renger JJ, Smith SM, Coleman PJ, Cox CD. Discovery of pyrazolopyrimidine phosphodiesterase 10A inhibitors for the treatment of schizophrenia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 26:126-32. [PMID: 26602277 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.11.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Herein, we present the identification of a novel class of pyrazolopyrimidine phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors. Beginning with a lead molecule (1) identified through a fragment-based drug discovery (FBDD) effort, lead optimization was enabled by rational design, X-ray crystallography, metabolic and off-target profiling, and fragment scaffold-hopping. We highlight the discovery of PyP-1, a potent, highly selective, and orally bioavailable pyrazolopyrimidine inhibitor of PDE10A. PyP-1 exhibits sub-nanomolar potency (PDE10A Ki=0.23nM), excellent pharmacokinetic (PK) and physicochemical properties, and a clean off-target profile. It displays dose-dependent efficacy in numerous pharmacodynamic (PD) assays that measure potential for anti-psychotic activity and cognitive improvement. PyP-1 also has a clean preclinical profile with respect to cataleptic potential in rats, prolactin secretion, and weight gain, common adverse events associated with currently marketed therapeutics. Further, PyP-1 displays in vivo preclinical target engagement as measured by PET enzyme occupancy in concert with [(11)C]MK-8193, a novel PDE10A PET tracer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izzat T Raheem
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joy Fuerst
- Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Liza Gantert
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Eric D Hostetler
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sarah Huszar
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Aniket Joshi
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Monika Kandebo
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Somang H Kim
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jing Li
- Discovery Process Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Bennett Ma
- Pharmacokinetics, Pharmacodynamics, and Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Georgia McGaughey
- Chemistry Modeling and Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sujata Sharma
- Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - William D Shipe
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jason Uslaner
- In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - George H Vandeveer
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Sean M Smith
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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24
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Bergman JM, Gilbert KF, Kuduk SD, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Fox SV, Gotter AL, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Lemaire W, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of diazepane amide DORAs and 2-SORAs enabled by exploration of isosteric quinazoline replacements. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4992-4999. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.12.081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 12/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
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25
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Shipe WD, Sharik SS, Barrow JC, McGaughey GB, Theberge CR, Uslaner JM, Yan Y, Renger JJ, Smith SM, Coleman PJ, Cox CD. Discovery and Optimization of a Series of Pyrimidine-Based Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) Inhibitors through Fragment Screening, Structure-Based Design, and Parallel Synthesis. J Med Chem 2015; 58:7888-94. [PMID: 26378882 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.5b00983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- William D. Shipe
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Steven S. Sharik
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - James C. Barrow
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Georgia B. McGaughey
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Cory R. Theberge
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Jason M. Uslaner
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Youwei Yan
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - John J. Renger
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Sean M. Smith
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Paul J. Coleman
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D. Cox
- Departments
of †Discovery Chemistry, ‡Chemistry Modeling
and Informatics, §Neuroscience, and ∥Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486, United States
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26
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Johnson PL, Federici LM, Fitz SD, Renger JJ, Shireman B, Winrow CJ, Bonaventure P, Shekhar A. OREXIN 1 AND 2 RECEPTOR INVOLVEMENT IN CO2 -INDUCED PANIC-ASSOCIATED BEHAVIOR AND AUTONOMIC RESPONSES. Depress Anxiety 2015; 32:671-83. [PMID: 26332431 PMCID: PMC4729192 DOI: 10.1002/da.22403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2015] [Accepted: 07/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The neuropeptides orexin A and B play a role in reward and feeding and are critical for arousal. However, it was not initially appreciated that most prepro-orexin synthesizing neurons are almost exclusively concentrated in the perifornical hypothalamus, which when stimulated elicits panic-associated behavior and cardiovascular responses in rodents and self-reported "panic attacks" and "fear of dying" in humans. More recent studies support a role for the orexin system in coordinating an integrative stress response. For instance, orexin neurons are highly reactive to anxiogenic stimuli, are hyperactive in anxiety pathology, and have strong projections to anxiety and panic-associated circuitry. Although the two cognate orexin receptors are colocalized in many brain regions, the orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) most robustly maps to the histaminergic wake-promoting region, while the orexin 1 receptor (OX1R) distribution is more exclusive and dense in anxiety and panic circuitry regions, such as the locus ceruleus. Overall, this suggests that OX1Rs play a critical role in mobilizing anxiety and panic responses. METHODS Here, we used a CO2 -panic provocation model to screen a dual OX1/2R antagonist (DORA-12) to globally inhibit orexin activity, then a highly selective OX1R antagonist (SORA1, Compound 56) or OX2R antagonist (SORA2, JnJ10397049) to assess OX1R and OX2R involvement. RESULTS All compounds except the SORA2 attenuated CO2 -induced anxiety-like behaviors, and all but the SORA2 and DORA attenuated CO2 -induced cardiovascular responses. CONCLUSIONS SORA1s may represent a novel method of treating anxiety disorders, with no apparent sedative effects that were present with a benzodiazepine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philip L Johnson
- Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Medical Neuroscience Program, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Lauren M Federici
- Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Medical Neuroscience Program, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Stephanie D Fitz
- Departments of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Brock Shireman
- Janssen Research and Development LLC, San Diego, California
| | | | | | - Anantha Shekhar
- Departments of Anatomy & Cell Biology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Departments of Medical Neuroscience Program, Paul and Carole Stark Neurosciences Research Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Indiana Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Usenovic M, Niroomand S, Schachter J, Zhou H, Renger JJ, Parmentier-Batteur S. P3‐006: Models of tau pathology in induced pluripotent stem cell‐derived human neurons. Alzheimers Dement 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2015.06.872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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28
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Cox CD, Hostetler ED, Flores BA, Evelhoch JL, Fan H, Gantert L, Holahan M, Eng W, Joshi A, McGaughey G, Meng X, Purcell M, Raheem IT, Riffel K, Yan Y, Renger JJ, Smith SM, Coleman PJ. Discovery of [¹¹C]MK-8193 as a PET tracer to measure target engagement of phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:4893-4898. [PMID: 26077491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.05.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) inhibition has recently been identified as a potential mechanism to treat multiple symptoms that manifest in schizophrenia. In order to facilitate preclinical development and support key proof-of-concept clinical trials of novel PDE10A inhibitors, it is critical to discover positron emission tomography (PET) tracers that enable plasma concentration/PDE10A occupancy relationships to be established across species with structurally diverse PDE10A inhibitors. In this Letter, we describe how a high-throughput screening hit was optimized to provide [(11)C]MK-8193 (8j), a PET tracer that supports the determination of plasma concentration/PDE10A occupancy relationships for structurally diverse series of PDE10A inhibitors in both rat and rhesus monkey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher D Cox
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | - Broc A Flores
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | | | - Hong Fan
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Liza Gantert
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Marie Holahan
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Waisi Eng
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Aniket Joshi
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Georgia McGaughey
- Chemical Modeling & Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Xiangjun Meng
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Mona Purcell
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Izzat T Raheem
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Kerry Riffel
- Imaging, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Youwei Yan
- Structural Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Sean M Smith
- Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Discovery Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Arnardottir ES, Nikonova EV, Shockley KR, Podtelezhnikov AA, Anafi RC, Tanis KQ, Maislin G, Stone DJ, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ, Pack AI. Blood-gene expression reveals reduced circadian rhythmicity in individuals resistant to sleep deprivation. Sleep 2014; 37:1589-600. [PMID: 25197809 DOI: 10.5665/sleep.4064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
STUDY OBJECTIVES To address whether changes in gene expression in blood cells with sleep loss are different in individuals resistant and sensitive to sleep deprivation. DESIGN Blood draws every 4 h during a 3-day study: 24-h normal baseline, 38 h of continuous wakefulness and subsequent recovery sleep, for a total of 19 time-points per subject, with every 2-h psychomotor vigilance task (PVT) assessment when awake. SETTING Sleep laboratory. PARTICIPANTS Fourteen subjects who were previously identified as behaviorally resistant (n = 7) or sensitive (n = 7) to sleep deprivation by PVT. INTERVENTION Thirty-eight hours of continuous wakefulness. MEASUREMENTS AND RESULTS We found 4,481 unique genes with a significant 24-h diurnal rhythm during a normal sleep-wake cycle in blood (false discovery rate [FDR] < 5%). Biological pathways were enriched for biosynthetic processes during sleep. After accounting for circadian effects, two genes (SREBF1 and CPT1A, both involved in lipid metabolism) exhibited small, but significant, linear changes in expression with the duration of sleep deprivation (FDR < 5%). The main change with sleep deprivation was a reduction in the amplitude of the diurnal rhythm of expression of normally cycling probe sets. This reduction was noticeably higher in behaviorally resistant subjects than sensitive subjects, at any given P value. Furthermore, blood cell type enrichment analysis showed that the expression pattern difference between sensitive and resistant subjects is mainly found in cells of myeloid origin, such as monocytes. CONCLUSION Individual differences in behavioral effects of sleep deprivation are associated with differences in diurnal amplitude of gene expression for genes that show circadian rhythmicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erna S Arnardottir
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Sleep, Landspitali - The National University Hospital, Iceland and Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Elena V Nikonova
- Department of Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
| | - Keith R Shockley
- Biostatistics Branch, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Alexei A Podtelezhnikov
- Department of Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
| | - Ron C Anafi
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Iceland, Iceland
| | - Keith Q Tanis
- Department of Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
| | - Greg Maislin
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA and
| | - David J Stone
- Department of Exploratory and Translational Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
| | - John J Renger
- Neuroscience Department, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA
| | | | - Allan I Pack
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology and Division of Sleep Medicine/Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA
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Gotter AL, Garson SL, Stevens J, Munden RL, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Yao L, Kuduk SD, McDonald T, Uslaner JM, Tye SJ, Coleman PJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Differential sleep-promoting effects of dual orexin receptor antagonists and GABAA receptor modulators. BMC Neurosci 2014; 15:109. [PMID: 25242351 PMCID: PMC4261741 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-15-109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The current standard of care for insomnia includes gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor A (GABAA) activators, which promote sleep as well as general central nervous system depression. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) represent an alternative mechanism for insomnia treatment that induces somnolence by blocking the wake-promoting effects of orexin neuropeptides. The current study compares the role and interdependence of these two mechanisms on their ability to influence sleep architecture and quantitative electroencephalography (qEEG) spectral profiles across preclinical species. RESULTS Active-phase dosing of DORA-22 induced consistent effects on sleep architecture in mice, rats, dogs, and rhesus monkeys; attenuation of active wake was accompanied by increases in both non-rapid eye movement (NREM) and rapid eye movement (REM) sleep. Eszopiclone, a representative GABAA receptor modulator, promoted sleep in rats and rhesus monkeys that was marked by REM sleep suppression, but had inconsistent effects in mice and paradoxically promoted wakefulness in dogs. Active-phase treatment of rats with DORA-12 similarly promoted NREM and REM sleep to magnitudes nearly identical to those seen during normal resting-phase sleep following vehicle treatment, whereas eszopiclone suppressed REM even to levels below those seen during the active phase. The qEEG changes induced by DORA-12 in rats also resembled normal resting-phase patterns, whereas eszopiclone induced changes distinct from normal active- or inactive-phase spectra. Co-dosing experiments, as well as studies in transgenic rats lacking orexin neurons, indicated partial overlap in the mechanism of sleep promotion by orexin and GABA modulation with the exception of the REM suppression exclusive to GABAA receptor modulation. Following REM deprivation in mice, eszopiclone further suppressed REM sleep while DORA-22 facilitated recovery including increased REM sleep. CONCLUSION DORAs promote NREM and importantly REM sleep that is similar in proportion and magnitude to that seen during the normal resting phase across mammalian animal models. While limited overlap exists between therapeutic mechanisms, orexin signaling does not appear involved in the REM suppression exhibited by GABAA receptor modulators. The ability of DORAs to promote proportional NREM and REM sleep following sleep deprivation suggests that this mechanism may be effective in alleviating recovery from sleep disturbance.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, 770 Sumneytown Pike, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA.
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Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Discovery and development of orexin receptor antagonists as therapeutics for insomnia. Br J Pharmacol 2014; 171:283-93. [PMID: 23731216 DOI: 10.1111/bph.12261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/16/2013] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Insomnia persistently affects the quality and quantity of sleep. Currently approved treatments for insomnia primarily target γ-aminobutyric acid-A (GABA-A) receptor signalling and include benzodiazepines and GABA-A receptor modulators. These drugs are used to address this sleep disorder, but have the potential for side effects such as tolerance and dependence, making them less attractive as maintenance therapy. Forward and reverse genetic approaches in animals have implicated orexin signalling (also referred to as hypocretin signalling) in the control of vigilance and sleep/wake states. Screening for orexin receptor antagonists using in vitro and in vivo methods in animals has identified compounds that block one or other of the orexin receptors (single or dual orexin receptor antagonists [SORAs and DORAs], respectively) in animals and humans. SORAs have primarily been used as probes to further elucidate the roles of the individual orexin receptors, while a number of DORAs have progressed to clinical development as pharmaceutical candidates for insomnia. The DORA almorexant demonstrated significant improvements in a number of clinically relevant sleep parameters in animal models and in patients with insomnia but its development was halted. SB-649868 and suvorexant have demonstrated efficacy and tolerability in Phase II and III trials respectively. Furthermore, suvorexant is currently under review by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of insomnia. Based on the publication of recent non-clinical and clinical data, orexin receptor antagonists potentially represent a targeted, effective and well-tolerated new class of medications for insomnia.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
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Roecker AJ, Reger TS, Mattern MC, Mercer SP, Bergman JM, Schreier JD, Cube RV, Cox CD, Li D, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of MK-3697: a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:4884-90. [PMID: 25248679 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.08.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 08/19/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Orexin receptor antagonists have demonstrated clinical utility for the treatment of insomnia. The majority of clinical efforts to date have focused on the development of dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), small molecules that antagonize both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors. Our group has recently disclosed medicinal chemistry efforts to identify highly potent, orally bioavailable selective orexin 2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) that possess acceptable profiles for clinical development. Herein we report additional SAR studies within the 'triaryl' amide 2-SORA series focused on improvements in compound stability in acidic media and time-dependent inhibition of CYP3A4. These studies resulted in the discovery of 2,5-disubstituted isonicotinamide 2-SORAs such as compound 24 that demonstrated improved stability and TDI profiles as well as excellent sleep efficacy across species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States.
| | - Thomas S Reger
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States.
| | - M Christa Mattern
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Swati P Mercer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Jeffrey M Bergman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John D Schreier
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Rowena V Cube
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher D Cox
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Dansu Li
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Wei Lemaire
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joseph G Bruno
- Department of In Vitro Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - C Meacham Harrell
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Thomayant Prueksaritanont
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Tamara D Cabalu
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Donghui Cui
- Department of Drug Metabolism, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Joyce Stellabott
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - George D Hartman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Steven D Young
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, PO Box 4, 770 Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486, United States
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Tannenbaum PL, Stevens J, Binns J, Savitz AT, Garson SL, Fox SV, Coleman P, Kuduk SD, Gotter AL, Marino M, Tye SJ, Uslaner JM, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Orexin receptor antagonist-induced sleep does not impair the ability to wake in response to emotionally salient acoustic stimuli in dogs. Front Behav Neurosci 2014; 8:182. [PMID: 24904334 PMCID: PMC4032881 DOI: 10.3389/fnbeh.2014.00182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 05/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to awaken from sleep in response to important stimuli is a critical feature of normal sleep, as is maintaining sleep continuity in the presence of irrelevant background noise. Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) effectively promote sleep across species by targeting the evolutionarily conserved wake-promoting orexin signaling pathway. This study in dogs investigated whether DORA-induced sleep preserved the ability to awaken appropriately to salient acoustic stimuli but remain asleep when exposed to irrelevant stimuli. Sleep and wake in response to DORAs, vehicle, GABA-A receptor modulators (diazepam, eszopiclone and zolpidem) and antihistamine (diphenhydramine) administration were evaluated in telemetry-implanted adult dogs with continuous electrocorticogram, electromyogram (EMG), electrooculogram (EOG), and activity recordings. DORAs induced sleep, but GABA-A modulators and antihistamine induced paradoxical hyperarousal. Thus, salience gating studies were conducted during DORA-22 (0.3, 1, and 5 mg/kg; day and night) and vehicle nighttime sleep. The acoustic stimuli were either classically conditioned using food reward and positive attention (salient stimulus) or presented randomly (neutral stimulus). Once conditioned, the tones were presented at sleep times corresponding to maximal DORA-22 exposure. In response to the salient stimuli, dogs woke completely from vehicle and orexin-antagonized sleep across all sleep stages but rarely awoke to neutral stimuli. Notably, acute pharmacological antagonism of orexin receptors paired with emotionally salient anticipation produced wake, not cataplexy, in a species where genetic (chronic) loss of orexin receptor signaling leads to narcolepsy/cataplexy. DORA-induced sleep in the dog thereby retains the desired capacity to awaken to emotionally salient acoustic stimuli while preserving uninterrupted sleep in response to irrelevant stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joanne Stevens
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jacquelyn Binns
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Michael Marino
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
| | | | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories West Point, PA, USA
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Fox SV, Gotter AL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Lemaire W, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of dual orexin receptor antagonists with rat sleep efficacy enabled by expansion of the acetonitrile-assisted/diphosgene-mediated 2,4-dichloropyrimidine synthesis. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2079-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2014] [Revised: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Uslaner JM, Winrow CJ, Gotter AL, Roecker AJ, Coleman PJ, Hutson PH, Le AD, Renger JJ. Selective orexin 2 receptor antagonism blocks cue-induced reinstatement, but not nicotine self-administration or nicotine-induced reinstatement. Behav Brain Res 2014; 269:61-5. [PMID: 24746488 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2014] [Revised: 03/31/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
The orexinergic system has been implicated in a number of behaviors, including reward and incentive motivation. Orexin 1 receptor antagonism has been reported to reduce drug self-administration, conditioned place preference, and reinstatement in rodents, but the role of the orexin 2 receptor is unclear. Here we evaluated the impact of the novel and selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist, 2-SORA 18, on motivation for nicotine as measured by responding on a progressive ratio schedule, as well as cue-induced reinstatement of a response previously associated with nicotine reward, and nicotine-induced reinstatement. 2-SORA 18 demonstrated selective effects on these behaviors. Specifically, doses up to 60 mg/kg 2-SORA 18 were without significant effect on nicotine self-administration or nicotine-induced reinstatement, but doses as low as 15 mg/kg 2-SORA 18 completely blocked cue-induced reinstatement. These findings indicate that orexin 2 receptor antagonism might have utility for attenuating relapse, particularly for patients sensitive to environmental stimuli associated with drug taking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Uslaner
- Departments of Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA.
| | | | - Anthony L Gotter
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anthony J Roecker
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Departments of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Pete H Hutson
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
| | - Anh D Le
- Department of Neuroscience, Neurobiology of Alcohol Laboratory, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - John J Renger
- Departments of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc., West Point, PA 19486, USA
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Miller RA, Winrow CJ, Spellman DS, Song Q, Reiss DR, Conway JP, Taylor RR, Coleman PJ, Hendrickson RC, Renger JJ. Quantitative proteomics in laser capture microdissected sleep nuclei from rat brain. J Neurogenet 2014; 28:136-45. [PMID: 24579665 PMCID: PMC4075250 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2014.883389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The combination of stable isotope labeling of amino acids in mammals (SILAM) and laser capture microdissection (LCM) for selective proteomic analysis of the targeted tissues holds tremendous potential for refined characterization of proteome changes within complex tissues such as the brain. The authors have applied this approach to measure changes in relative protein abundance in ventral tegmental area (VTA) of the rat brain that correlate to pharmacological perturbations. Enriched 13C615N2-lysine was introduced in vivo via diet. These animals were sacrificed during the middle of the 12-hour light period to extract isotopically “heavy” proteins, which were then used as a reference for extracts from dosed, unlabeled rats. Animals were administered an orexin peptide (Ox-B), an orexin receptor antagonist (ORA), or a mixture of both (Ox-B + ORA). All samples were obtained at same phase of the sleep cycle. Labeled-pair identification and differential quantitation provided protein identification and expression ratio data. Five proteins were found to exhibit decreased relative abundance after administration of an ORA, including α-synuclein and rat myelin basic protein. Conversely, six proteins showed increased relative abundance upon antagonist treatment, including 2’,3’-cyclic nucleotide 3’-phosphodiesterase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald A Miller
- Department of Proteomics, Molecular Profiling and Research Informatics, Merck Research Laboratories , West Point, Pennsylvania , USA
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Fraley ME, Steen JT, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Cover Picture: Discovery of 5′′-Chloro- N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2′:5′,3′′-terpyridine-3′-carboxamide (MK-1064): A Selective Orexin 2 Receptor Antagonist (2-SORA) for the Treatment of Insomnia (ChemMedChem 2/2014). ChemMedChem 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201490000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Nawrocki AR, Rodriguez CG, Toolan DM, Price O, Henry M, Forrest G, Szeto D, Keohane CA, Pan Y, Smith KM, Raheem IT, Cox CD, Hwa J, Renger JJ, Smith SM. Genetic deletion and pharmacological inhibition of phosphodiesterase 10A protects mice from diet-induced obesity and insulin resistance. Diabetes 2014; 63:300-11. [PMID: 24101672 DOI: 10.2337/db13-0247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphodiesterase 10A (PDE10A) is a novel therapeutic target for the treatment of schizophrenia. Here we report a novel role of PDE10A in the regulation of caloric intake and energy homeostasis. PDE10A-deficient mice are resistant to diet-induced obesity (DIO) and associated metabolic disturbances. Inhibition of weight gain is due to hypophagia after mice are fed a highly palatable diet rich in fats and sugar but not a standard diet. PDE10A deficiency produces a decrease in caloric intake without affecting meal frequency, daytime versus nighttime feeding behavior, or locomotor activity. We tested THPP-6, a small molecule PDE10A inhibitor, in DIO mice. THPP-6 treatment resulted in decreased food intake, body weight loss, and reduced adiposity at doses that produced antipsychotic efficacy in behavioral models. We show that PDE10A inhibition increased whole-body energy expenditure in DIO mice fed a Western-style diet, achieving weight loss and reducing adiposity beyond the extent seen with food restriction alone. Therefore, chronic THPP-6 treatment conferred improved insulin sensitivity and reversed hyperinsulinemia. These data demonstrate that PDE10A inhibition represents a novel antipsychotic target that may have additional metabolic benefits over current medications for schizophrenia by suppressing food intake, alleviating weight gain, and reducing the risk for the development of diabetes.
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Roecker AJ, Mercer SP, Schreier JD, Cox CD, Fraley ME, Steen JT, Lemaire W, Bruno JG, Harrell CM, Garson SL, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Stevens J, Tannenbaum PL, Prueksaritanont T, Cabalu TD, Cui D, Stellabott J, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064): a selective orexin 2 receptor antagonist (2-SORA) for the treatment of insomnia. ChemMedChem 2013; 9:311-22. [PMID: 24376006 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.201300447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The field of small-molecule orexin antagonist research has evolved rapidly in the last 15 years from the discovery of the orexin peptides to clinical proof-of-concept for the treatment of insomnia. Clinical programs have focused on the development of antagonists that reversibly block the action of endogenous peptides at both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors (OX1 R and OX2 R), termed dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs), affording late-stage development candidates including Merck's suvorexant (new drug application filed 2012). Full characterization of the pharmacology associated with antagonism of either OX1 R or OX2 R alone has been hampered by the dearth of suitable subtype-selective, orally bioavailable ligands. Herein, we report the development of a selective orexin 2 antagonist (2-SORA) series to afford a potent, orally bioavailable 2-SORA ligand. Several challenging medicinal chemistry issues were identified and overcome during the development of these 2,5-disubstituted nicotinamides, including reversible CYP inhibition, physiochemical properties, P-glycoprotein efflux and bioactivation. This article highlights structural modifications the team utilized to drive compound design, as well as in vivo characterization of our 2-SORA clinical candidate, 5''-chloro-N-[(5,6-dimethoxypyridin-2-yl)methyl]-2,2':5',3''-terpyridine-3'-carboxamide (MK-1064), in mouse, rat, dog, and rhesus sleep models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony J Roecker
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, P.O. Box 4, Sumneytown Pike, West Point, PA 19486 (USA).
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Ramirez AD, Gotter AL, Fox SV, Tannenbaum PL, Yao L, Tye SJ, McDonald T, Brunner J, Garson SL, Reiss DR, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Uslaner JM, Hodgson R, Browne SE, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Dual orexin receptor antagonists show distinct effects on locomotor performance, ethanol interaction and sleep architecture relative to gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptor modulators. Front Neurosci 2013; 7:254. [PMID: 24399926 PMCID: PMC3871832 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2013.00254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2013] [Accepted: 12/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) are a potential treatment for insomnia that function by blocking both the orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptors. The objective of the current study was to further confirm the impact of therapeutic mechanisms targeting insomnia on locomotor coordination and ethanol interaction using DORAs and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-A receptor modulators of distinct chemical structure and pharmacological properties in the context of sleep-promoting potential. The current study compared rat motor co-ordination after administration of DORAs, DORA-12 and almorexant, and GABA-A receptor modulators, zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam, alone or each in combination with ethanol. Motor performance was assessed by measuring time spent walking on a rotarod apparatus. Zolpidem, eszopiclone and diazepam [0.3–30 mg/kg administered orally (PO)] impaired rotarod performance in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, all three GABA-A receptor modulators potentiated ethanol- (0.25–1.5 g/kg) induced impairment on the rotarod. By contrast, neither DORA-12 (10–100 mg/kg, PO) nor almorexant (30–300 mg/kg, PO) impaired motor performance alone or in combination with ethanol. In addition, distinct differences in sleep architecture were observed between ethanol, GABA-A receptor modulators (zolpidem, eszopiclone, and diazepam) and DORA-12 in electroencephalogram studies in rats. These findings provide further evidence that orexin receptor antagonists have an improved motor side-effect profile compared with currently available sleep-promoting agents based on preclinical data and strengthen the rationale for further evaluation of these agents in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andres D Ramirez
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Steven V Fox
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Terrence McDonald
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph Brunner
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Duane R Reiss
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan E Browne
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of In Vivo Pharmacology, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Merck Research Laboratories, Department of Neuroscience, Merck & Co., Inc. West Point, PA, USA
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David F, Schmiedt JT, Taylor HL, Orban G, Di Giovanni G, Uebele VN, Renger JJ, Lambert RC, Leresche N, Crunelli V. Essential thalamic contribution to slow waves of natural sleep. J Neurosci 2013; 33:19599-610. [PMID: 24336724 PMCID: PMC3858629 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3169-13.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Slow waves represent one of the prominent EEG signatures of non-rapid eye movement (non-REM) sleep and are thought to play an important role in the cellular and network plasticity that occurs during this behavioral state. These slow waves of natural sleep are currently considered to be exclusively generated by intrinsic and synaptic mechanisms within neocortical territories, although a role for the thalamus in this key physiological rhythm has been suggested but never demonstrated. Combining neuronal ensemble recordings, microdialysis, and optogenetics, here we show that the block of the thalamic output to the neocortex markedly (up to 50%) decreases the frequency of slow waves recorded during non-REM sleep in freely moving, naturally sleeping-waking rats. A smaller volume of thalamic inactivation than during sleep is required for observing similar effects on EEG slow waves recorded during anesthesia, a condition in which both bursts and single action potentials of thalamocortical neurons are almost exclusively dependent on T-type calcium channels. Thalamic inactivation more strongly reduces spindles than slow waves during both anesthesia and natural sleep. Moreover, selective excitation of thalamocortical neurons strongly entrains EEG slow waves in a narrow frequency band (0.75-1.5 Hz) only when thalamic T-type calcium channels are functionally active. These results demonstrate that the thalamus finely tunes the frequency of slow waves during non-REM sleep and anesthesia, and thus provide the first conclusive evidence that a dynamic interplay of the neocortical and thalamic oscillators of slow waves is required for the full expression of this key physiological EEG rhythm.
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Affiliation(s)
- François David
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7102 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Joscha T. Schmiedt
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Ernst Strüngmann Institute for Neuroscience in Cooperation with Max Planck Society, 60528 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Hannah L. Taylor
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Gergely Orban
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
| | - Giuseppe Di Giovanni
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
- Physiology and Biochemistry Department, Malta University, 2080 Malta, and
| | | | | | - Régis C. Lambert
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7102 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Nathalie Leresche
- Unité Mixte de Recherche 7102 Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Université Paris 6, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Vincenzo Crunelli
- Neuroscience Division, School of Biosciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff CF10 3AX, United Kingdom
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Cazade M, Nuss CE, Bidaud I, Renger JJ, Uebele VN, Lory P, Chemin J. Cross-modulation and molecular interaction at the Cav3.3 protein between the endogenous lipids and the T-type calcium channel antagonist TTA-A2. Mol Pharmacol 2013; 85:218-25. [PMID: 24214826 DOI: 10.1124/mol.113.089581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
T-type calcium channels (T/Ca(v)3-channels) are implicated in various physiologic and pathophysiologic processes such as epilepsy, sleep disorders, hypertension, and cancer. T-channels are the target of endogenous signaling lipids including the endocannabinoid anandamide, the ω3-fatty acids, and the lipoamino-acids. However, the precise molecular mechanism by which these molecules inhibit T-current is unknown. In this study, we provided a detailed electrophysiologic and pharmacologic analysis indicating that the effects of the major N-acyl derivatives on the Ca(v)3.3 current share many similarities with those of TTA-A2 [(R)-2-(4-cyclopropylphenyl)-N-(1-(5-(2,2,2-trifluoroethoxy)pyridin-2-yl)ethyl)acetamide], a synthetic T-channel inhibitor. Using radioactive binding assays with the TTA-A2 derivative [(3)H]TTA-A1 [(R)-2-(4-(tert-butyl)phenyl)-N-(1-(5-methoxypyridin-2-yl)ethyl)acetamide], we demonstrated that polyunsaturated lipids, which inhibit the Ca(v)3.3 current, as NAGly (N-arachidonoyl glycine), NASer (N-arachidonoyl-l-serine), anandamide, NADA (N-arachidonoyl dopamine), NATau (N-arachidonoyl taurine), and NA-5HT (N-arachidonoyl serotonin), all displaced [(3)H]TTA-A1 binding to membranes prepared from cells expressing Ca(v)3.3, with Ki in a micromolar or submicromolar range. In contrast, lipids with a saturated alkyl chain, as N-arachidoyl glycine and N-arachidoyl ethanolamine, which did not inhibit the Ca(v)3.3 current, had no effect on [(3)H]TTA-A1 binding. Accordingly, bio-active lipids occluded TTA-A2 effect on Ca(v)3.3 current. In addition, TTA-Q4 [(S)-4-(6-chloro-4-cyclopropyl-3-(2,2-difluoroethyl)-2-oxo-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroquinazolin-4-yl)benzonitrile], a positive allosteric modulator of [(3)H]TTA-A1 binding and TTA-A2 functional inhibition, acted in a synergistic manner to increase lipid-induced inhibition of the Ca(v)3.3 current. Overall, our results demonstrate a common molecular mechanism for the synthetic T-channel inhibitors and the endogenous lipids, and indicate that TTA-A2 and TTA-Q4 could be important pharmacologic tools to dissect the involvement of T-current in the physiologic effects of endogenous lipids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magali Cazade
- Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, Universités Montpellier 1 and 2, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Unité Mixte de Recherche 5203, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U661, LabEx Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Montpellier, France (M.C., I.B., P.L., J.C.); and Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania (C.E.N., J.J.R., V.N.U.)
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Fox SV, Gotter AL, Tye SJ, Garson SL, Savitz AT, Uslaner JM, Brunner JI, Tannenbaum PL, McDonald TP, Hodgson R, Yao L, Bowlby MR, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Hargreaves R, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Quantitative electroencephalography within sleep/wake states differentiates GABAA modulators eszopiclone and zolpidem from dual orexin receptor antagonists in rats. Neuropsychopharmacology 2013; 38:2401-8. [PMID: 23722242 PMCID: PMC3799059 DOI: 10.1038/npp.2013.139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2013] [Revised: 05/20/2013] [Accepted: 05/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) induce sleep by blocking orexin 1 and orexin 2 receptor-mediated activities responsible for regulating wakefulness. DORAs represent a potential alternative mechanism to the current standard of care that includes the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)A receptor-positive allosteric modulators, eszopiclone and zolpidem. This work uses an innovative method to analyze electroencephalogram (EEG) spectral frequencies within sleep/wake states to differentiate the effects of GABAA modulators from DORA-22, an analog of the DORA MK-6096, in Sprague-Dawley rats. The effects of low, intermediate, and high doses of eszopiclone, zolpidem, and DORA-22 were examined after first defining each compound's ability to promote sleep during active-phase dosing. The EEG spectral frequency power within specific sleep stages was calculated in 1-Hz intervals from 1 to 100 Hz within each sleep/wake state for the first 4 h after the dose. Eszopiclone and zolpidem produced marked, dose-responsive disruptions in sleep stage-specific EEG spectral profiles compared with vehicle treatment. In marked contrast, DORA-22 exhibited marginal changes in the spectral profile, observed only during rapid eye movement sleep, and only at the highest dose tested. Moreover, while eszopiclone- and zolpidem-induced changes were evident in the inactive period, the EEG spectral responses to DORA-22 were absent during this phase. These results suggest that DORA-22 differs from eszopiclone and zolpidem whereby DORA-22 promotes somnolence without altering the neuronal network EEG activity observed during normal sleep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven V Fox
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA,Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, 770 Sumneytown Pike, WP46-300, PO Box 4, West Point, PA 19486-0004, USA, Tel: +1 215 652 2740, Fax: +1 215 652 3811, E-mail:
| | - Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Spencer J Tye
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Susan L Garson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Alan T Savitz
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Jason M Uslaner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Joseph I Brunner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Pamela L Tannenbaum
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Terrence P McDonald
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Robert Hodgson
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Lihang Yao
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Mark R Bowlby
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Scott D Kuduk
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Paul J Coleman
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Richard Hargreaves
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - Christopher J Winrow
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
| | - John J Renger
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, Merck Corporation, West Point, PA, USA
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Mercer SP, Roecker AJ, Garson S, Reiss DR, Meacham Harrell C, Murphy KL, Bruno JG, Bednar RA, Lemaire W, Cui D, Cabalu TD, Tang C, Prueksaritanont T, Hartman GD, Young SD, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ, Coleman PJ. Discovery of 2,5-diarylnicotinamides as selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs). Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:6620-4. [PMID: 24215892 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.10.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Revised: 10/22/2013] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The orexin (or hypocretin) system has been identified as a novel target for the treatment of insomnia due to the wealth of biological and genetic data discovered over the past decade. Recently, clinical proof-of-concept was achieved for the treatment of primary insomnia using dual (OX1R/OX2R) orexin receptor antagonists. However, elucidation of the pharmacology associated with selective orexin-2 receptor antagonists (2-SORAs) has been hampered by the lack of orally bioavailable, highly selective small molecule probes. Herein, the discovery and optimization of a novel series of 2,5-diarylnicotinamides as potent and orally bioavailable orexin-2 receptor selective antagonists is described. A compound from this series demonstrated potent sleep promotion when dosed orally to EEG telemetrized rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati P Mercer
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Sun H, MacLeod C, Mostoller K, Mahon C, Han L, Renger JJ, Ma J, Brown KR, Schulz V, Kay GG, Herring WJ, Lines C, Rosen LB, Murphy MG, Wagner JA. Early-stage comparative effectiveness: Randomized controlled trial with histamine inverse agonist MK-7288 in excessive daytime sleepiness patients. J Clin Pharmacol 2013; 53:1294-302. [DOI: 10.1002/jcph.182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Accepted: 09/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sun
- Merck & Co., Inc.; Whitehouse Station NJ USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Junshui Ma
- Merck & Co., Inc.; Whitehouse Station NJ USA
| | | | | | - Gary G. Kay
- Cognitive Research Corporation; St. Petersburg FL USA
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46
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Uslaner JM, Tye SJ, Eddins DM, Wang X, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Binns J, Cannon CE, Garson SL, Yao L, Hodgson R, Stevens J, Bowlby MR, Tannenbaum PL, Brunner J, Mcdonald TP, Gotter AL, Kuduk SD, Coleman PJ, Winrow CJ, Renger JJ. Orexin receptor antagonists differ from standard sleep drugs by promoting sleep at doses that do not disrupt cognition. Sci Transl Med 2013; 5:179ra44. [PMID: 23552372 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3005213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Current treatments for insomnia, such as zolpidem (Ambien) and eszopiclone (Lunesta), are γ-aminobutyric acid type A (GABAA)-positive allosteric modulators that carry a number of side effects including the potential to disrupt cognition. In an effort to develop better tolerated medicines, we have identified dual orexin 1 and 2 receptor antagonists (DORAs), which promote sleep in preclinical animal models and humans. We compare the effects of orally administered eszopiclone, zolpidem, and diazepam to the dual orexin receptor antagonist DORA-22 on sleep and the novel object recognition test in rat, and on sleep and two cognition tests (delayed match to sample and serial choice reaction time) in the rhesus monkey. Each compound's minimal dose that promoted sleep versus the minimal dose that exerted deficits in these cognitive tests was determined, and a therapeutic margin was established. We found that DORA-22 has a wider therapeutic margin for sleep versus cognitive impairment in rat and rhesus monkey compared to the other compounds tested. These data were further supported with the demonstration of a wider therapeutic margin for DORA-22 compared to the other compounds on sleep versus the expression of hippocampal activity-regulated cytoskeletal-associated protein (Arc), an immediate-early gene product involved in synaptic plasticity. These findings suggest that DORAs might provide an effective treatment for insomnia with a greater therapeutic margin for sleep versus cognitive disturbances compared to the GABAA-positive allosteric modulators currently in use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason M Uslaner
- Merck & Co. Inc., WP46-100, 770 Sumneytown Pike, P. O. Box 4, West Point, PA 19486, USA.
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Gotter AL, Winrow CJ, Brunner J, Garson SL, Fox SV, Binns J, Harrell CM, Cui D, Yee KL, Stiteler M, Stevens J, Savitz A, Tannenbaum PL, Tye SJ, McDonald T, Yao L, Kuduk SD, Uslaner J, Coleman PJ, Renger JJ. The duration of sleep promoting efficacy by dual orexin receptor antagonists is dependent upon receptor occupancy threshold. BMC Neurosci 2013; 14:90. [PMID: 23981345 PMCID: PMC3765993 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2202-14-90] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drugs targeting insomnia ideally promote sleep throughout the night, maintain normal sleep architecture, and are devoid of residual effects associated with morning sedation. These features of an ideal compound are not only dependent upon pharmacokinetics, receptor binding kinetics, potency and pharmacodynamic activity, but also upon a compound’s mechanism of action. Results Dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) block the arousal-promoting activity of orexin peptides and, as demonstrated in the current work, exhibit an efficacy signal window dependent upon oscillating levels of endogenous orexin neuropeptide. Sleep efficacy of structurally diverse DORAs in rat and dog was achieved at plasma exposures corresponding to orexin 2 receptor (OX2R) occupancies in the range of 65 to 80%. In rats, the time course of OX2R occupancy was dependent upon receptor binding kinetics and was tightly correlated with the timing of active wake reduction. In rhesus monkeys, direct comparison of DORA-22 with GABA-A modulators at similar sleep-inducing doses revealed that diazepam produced next-day residual sleep and both diazepam and eszopiclone induced next-day cognitive deficits. In stark contrast, DORA-22 did not produce residual effects. Furthermore, DORA-22 evoked only minimal changes in quantitative electroencephalogram (qEEG) activity during the normal resting phase in contrast to GABA-A modulators which induced substantial qEEG changes. Conclusion The higher levels of receptor occupancy necessary for DORA efficacy require a plasma concentration profile sufficient to maintain sleep for the duration of the resting period. DORAs, with a half-life exceeding 8 h in humans, are expected to fulfill this requirement as exposures drop to sub-threshold receptor occupancy levels prior to the wake period, potentially avoiding next-day residual effects at therapeutic doses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony L Gotter
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA.
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Duncan C, Mueller S, Simon E, Renger JJ, Uebele VN, Hogan QH, Wu HE. Painful nerve injury decreases sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca²⁺-ATPase activity in axotomized sensory neurons. Neuroscience 2012; 231:247-57. [PMID: 23219911 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2012.11.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2012] [Revised: 11/28/2012] [Accepted: 11/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The sarco-endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+)-ATPase (SERCA) is a critical pathway by which sensory neurons sequester cytosolic Ca(2+) and thereby maintain intracellular Ca(2+) homeostasis. We have previously demonstrated decreased intraluminal endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) concentration in traumatized sensory neurons. Here we examine SERCA function in dissociated sensory neurons using Fura-2 fluorometry. Blocking SERCA with thapsigargin (1 μM) increased resting [Ca(2+)](c) and prolonged recovery (τ) from transients induced by neuronal activation (elevated bath K(+)), demonstrating SERCA contributes to control of resting [Ca(2+)](c) and recovery from transient [Ca(2+)](c) elevation. To evaluate SERCA in isolation, plasma membrane Ca(2+) ATPase was blocked with pH 8.8 bath solution and mitochondrial buffering was avoided by keeping transients small (≤ 400 nM). Neurons axotomized by spinal nerve ligation (SNL) showed a slowed rate of transient recovery compared to control neurons, representing diminished SERCA function, whereas neighboring non-axotomized neurons from SNL animals were unaffected. Injury did not affect SERCA function in large neurons. Repeated depolarization prolonged transient recovery, showing that neuronal activation inhibits SERCA function. These findings suggest that injury-induced loss of SERCA function in small sensory neurons may contribute to the generation of pain following peripheral nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Duncan
- Medical College of Wisconsin, Department of Anesthesiology, 8701 Watertown Plank Road, Milwaukee, WI 53226, USA
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Francois A, Kerckhove N, Meleine M, Alloui A, Barrere C, Gelot A, Uebele VN, Renger JJ, Eschalier A, Ardid D, Bourinet E. State-dependent properties of a new T-type calcium channel blocker enhance Ca(V)3.2 selectivity and support analgesic effects. Pain 2012; 154:283-293. [PMID: 23257507 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2012.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2011] [Revised: 09/06/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
T-type calcium channels encoded by the Ca(V)3.2 isoform are expressed in nociceptive primary afferent neurons where they contribute to hyperalgesia and thus are considered as a potential therapeutic target to treat pathological pain. Here we report that the small organic state-dependent T-type channel antagonist TTA-A2 efficiently inhibits recombinant and native Ca(V)3.2 currents. Although TTA-A2 is a pan Ca(V)3 blocker, it demonstrates a higher potency for Ca(V)3.2 compared to Ca(V)3.1. TTA-A2 selectivity for T-type currents was demonstrated in sensory neurons where it lowered cell excitability uniquely on neurons expressing T-type channels. In vivo pharmacology in Ca(V)3.2 knockout and wild type mice reveal that TTA-A2-mediated antinociception critically depends on Ca(V)3.2 expression. The pathophysiology of irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) was recently demonstrated to involve Ca(V)3.2 in a rat model of this disease. Oral administration of TTA-A2 produced a dose-dependent reduction of hypersensitivity in an IBS model, demonstrating its therapeutic potential for the treatment of pathological pain. Overall, our results suggest that the high potency of TTA-A2 in the depolarized state strengthen its analgesic efficacy and selectivity toward pathological pain syndromes. This characteristic would be beneficial for the development of analgesics targeting T-type channels, in particular for the treatment of pain associated with IBS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amaury Francois
- Laboratories of Excellence, Ion Channel Science and Therapeutics, Institut de Génomique Fonctionnelle, 141 rue de la Cardonille, 34094 Montpellier, France CNRS UMR5203, Montpellier, France INSERM, U661, Montpellier, France IFR3 Universités Montpellier I & II, Montpellier, France Clermont Université, Université d'Auvergne, Pharmacologie fondamentale et clinique de la douleur, BP 10448, F-63000 Clermont-Ferrand, France Inserm, U 766, F-63001 Clermont-Ferrand, France Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA, USA CHU Clermont-Ferrand, Service de Pharmacologie, F-63003 Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Brunner JI, Gotter AL, Millstein J, Garson S, Binns J, Fox SV, Savitz AT, Yang HS, Fitzpatrick K, Zhou L, Owens JR, Webber AL, Vitaterna MH, Kasarskis A, Uebele VN, Turek F, Renger JJ, Winrow CJ. Pharmacological validation of candidate causal sleep genes identified in an N2 cross. J Neurogenet 2012; 25:167-81. [PMID: 22091728 DOI: 10.3109/01677063.2011.628426] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the substantial impact of sleep disturbances on human health and the many years of study dedicated to understanding sleep pathologies, the underlying genetic mechanisms that govern sleep and wake largely remain unknown. Recently, the authors completed large-scale genetic and gene expression analyses in a segregating inbred mouse cross and identified candidate causal genes that regulate the mammalian sleep-wake cycle, across multiple traits including total sleep time, amounts of rapid eye movement (REM), non-REM, sleep bout duration, and sleep fragmentation. Here the authors describe a novel approach toward validating candidate causal genes, while also identifying potential targets for sleep-related indications. Select small-molecule antagonists and agonists were used to interrogate candidate causal gene function in rodent sleep polysomnography assays to determine impact on overall sleep architecture and to evaluate alignment with associated sleep-wake traits. Significant effects on sleep architecture were observed in validation studies using compounds targeting the muscarinic acetylcholine receptor M3 subunit (Chrm3) (wake promotion), nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha4 subunit (Chrna4) (wake promotion), dopamine receptor D5 subunit (Drd5) (sleep induction), serotonin 1D receptor (Htr1d) (altered REM fragmentation), glucagon-like peptide-1 receptor (Glp1r) (light sleep promotion and reduction of deep sleep), and calcium channel, voltage-dependent, T type, alpha 1I subunit (Cacna1i) (increased bout duration of slow wave sleep). Taken together, these results show the complexity of genetic components that regulate sleep-wake traits and highlight the importance of evaluating this complex behavior at a systems level. Pharmacological validation of genetically identified putative targets provides a rapid alternative to generating knock out or transgenic animal models, and may ultimately lead towards new therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph I Brunner
- Department of Neuroscience, Merck Research Laboratories, West Point, PA 19486, USA
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