1
|
Fueyo-González F, Vilanova G, Ningoo M, Marjanovic N, González-Vera JA, Orte Á, Fribourg M. Small-molecule TIP60 inhibitors enhance regulatory T cell induction through TIP60-P300 acetylation crosstalk. iScience 2023; 26:108491. [PMID: 38094248 PMCID: PMC10716589 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.108491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2023] [Revised: 08/12/2023] [Accepted: 11/14/2023] [Indexed: 12/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3 acetylation is essential to regulatory T (Treg) cell stability and function, but pharmacologically increasing it remains an unmet challenge. Here, we report that small-molecule compounds that inhibit TIP60, an acetyltransferase known to acetylate Foxp3, unexpectedly increase Foxp3 acetylation and Treg induction. Utilizing a dual experimental/computational approach combined with a newly developed FRET-based methodology compatible with flow cytometry to measure Foxp3 acetylation, we unraveled the mechanism of action of these small-molecule compounds in murine and human Treg induction cell cultures. We demonstrate that at low-mid concentrations they activate TIP60 to acetylate P300, a different acetyltransferase, which in turn increases Foxp3 acetylation, thereby enhancing Treg cell induction. These results reveal a potential therapeutic target relevant to autoimmunity and transplant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fueyo-González
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Guillermo Vilanova
- LaCàN, Universitat Politècnica de Catalunya-BarcelonaTech, 08034 Barcelona Spain
| | - Mehek Ningoo
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Nada Marjanovic
- Deparment of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Juan A. González-Vera
- Deparment of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ángel Orte
- Deparment of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Nanoscopy-UGR Laboratory, Departamento de Fisicoquímica, Unidad de Excelencia de Química Aplicada a Biomedicina y Medioambiente, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad de Granada, Campus Cartuja, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Translational Transplant Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Röth S, Kocaturk NM, Sathyamurthi PS, Carton B, Watt M, Macartney TJ, Chan KH, Isidro-Llobet A, Konopacka A, Queisser MA, Sapkota GP. Identification of KLHDC2 as an efficient proximity-induced degrader of K-RAS, STK33, β-catenin, and FoxP3. Cell Chem Biol 2023; 30:1261-1276.e7. [PMID: 37591251 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2023.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 05/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/19/2023]
Abstract
Targeted protein degradation (TPD), induced by enforcing target proximity to an E3 ubiquitin ligase using small molecules has become an important drug discovery approach for targeting previously undruggable disease-causing proteins. However, out of over 600 E3 ligases encoded by the human genome, just over 10 E3 ligases are currently utilized for TPD. Here, using the affinity-directed protein missile (AdPROM) system, in which an anti-GFP nanobody was linked to an E3 ligase, we screened over 30 E3 ligases for their ability to degrade 4 target proteins, K-RAS, STK33, β-catenin, and FoxP3, which were endogenously GFP-tagged. Several new E3 ligases, including CUL2 diGly receptor KLHDC2, emerged as effective degraders, suggesting that these E3 ligases can be taken forward for the development of small-molecule degraders, such as proteolysis targeting chimeras (PROTACs). As a proof of concept, we demonstrate that a KLHDC2-recruiting peptide-based PROTAC connected to chloroalkane is capable of degrading HALO-GFP protein in cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sascha Röth
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Nur Mehpare Kocaturk
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Preethi S Sathyamurthi
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Bill Carton
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Matthew Watt
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Thomas J Macartney
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Kwok-Ho Chan
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Albert Isidro-Llobet
- Chemical Biology, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Agnieszka Konopacka
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Markus A Queisser
- Protein Degradation Group, Medicines Research Centre, GSK, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, UK
| | - Gopal P Sapkota
- Medical Research Council Protein Phosphorylation and Ubiquitylation Unit, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Proprotein convertases regulate trafficking and maturation of key proteins within the secretory pathway. ADVANCES IN PROTEIN CHEMISTRY AND STRUCTURAL BIOLOGY 2023; 133:1-54. [PMID: 36707198 DOI: 10.1016/bs.apcsb.2022.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Proprotein Convertases (PCs) are serine endoproteases that regulate the homeostasis of protein substrates in the cell. The PCs family counts 9 members-PC1/3, PC2, PC4, PACE4, PC5/6, PC7, Furin, SKI-1/S1P, and PCSK9. The first seven PCs are known as Basic Proprotein Convertases due to their propensity to cleave after polybasic clusters. SKI-1/S1P requires the additional presence of hydrophobic residues for processing, whereas PCSK9 is catalytically dead after autoactivation and exerts its functions using mechanisms alternative to direct cleavage. All PCs traffic through the canonical secretory pathway, reaching different compartments where the various substrates reside. Despite PCs members do not share the same subcellular localization, most of the cellular organelles count one or more Proprotein Convertases, including ER, Golgi stack, endosomes, secretory granules, and plasma membranes. The widespread expression of these enzymes at the systemic level speaks for their importance in the homeostasis of a large number of biological functions. Among others, PCs cleave precursors of hormones and growth factors and activate receptors and transcription factors. Notably, dysregulation of the enzymatic activity of Proprotein Convertases is associated to major human pathologies, such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, infections, inflammation, autoimmunity diseases, and Parkinson. In the current COVID-19 pandemic, Furin has further attracted the attention as a key player for conferring high pathogenicity to SARS-CoV-2. Here, we review the Proprotein Convertases family and their most important substrates along the secretory pathway. Knowledge about the complex functions of PCs is important to identify potential drug strategies targeting this class of enzymes.
Collapse
|
4
|
Mehranzadeh E, Crende O, Badiola I, Garcia-Gallastegi P. What Are the Roles of Proprotein Convertases in the Immune Escape of Tumors? Biomedicines 2022; 10:biomedicines10123292. [PMID: 36552048 PMCID: PMC9776400 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10123292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Protein convertases (PCs) play a significant role in post-translational procedures by transforming inactive precursor proteins into their active forms. The role of PCs is crucial for cellular homeostasis because they are involved in cell signaling. They have also been described in many diseases such as Alzheimer's and cancer. Cancer cells are secretory cells that send signals to the tumor microenvironment (TME), remodeling the surrounding space for their own benefits. One of the most important components of the TME is the immune system of the tumor. In this review, we describe recent discoveries that link PCs to the immune escape of tumors. Among PCs, many findings have determined the role of Furin (PC3) as a paramount enzyme causing the TME to induce tumor immune evasion. The overexpression of various cytokines and proteins, for instance, IL10 and TGF-B, moves the TME towards the presence of Tregs and, consequently, immune tolerance. Furthermore, Furin is implicated in the regulation of macrophage activity that contributes to the increased impairment of DCs (dendritic cells) and T effector cells. Moreover, Furin interferes in the MHC Class_1 proteolytic cleavage in the trans-Golgi network. In tumors, the T cytotoxic lymphocytes (CTLs) response is impeded by the PD1 receptor (PD1-R) located on CTLs and its ligand, PDL1, located on cancer cells. The inhibition of Furin is a subtle means of enhancing the antitumor response by repressing PD-1 expression in tumors or macrophage cells. The impacts of other PCs in tumor immune escape have not yet been clarified to the extent that Furin has. Accordingly, the influence of other types of PCs in tumor immune escape is a promising topic for further consideration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Elham Mehranzadeh
- Cell Biology and Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Olatz Crende
- Cell Biology and Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Iker Badiola
- Cell Biology and Histology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Nanokide Therapeutics SL, Ed. ZITEK, Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain
| | - Patricia Garcia-Gallastegi
- Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine and Nursery, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Barrio Sarriena, sn., 48940 Leioa, Spain
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Suwittayarak R, Klincumhom N, Ngaokrajang U, Namangkalakul W, Ferreira JN, Pavasant P, Osathanon T. Shear Stress Enhances the Paracrine-Mediated Immunoregulatory Function of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells via the ERK Signalling Pathway. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137119. [PMID: 35806124 PMCID: PMC9266779 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Relevant immunomodulatory effects have been proposed following allogeneic cell-based therapy with human periodontal ligament stem cells (hPDLSCs). This study aimed to examine the influence of shear stress on the immunosuppressive capacity of hPDLSCs. Cells were subjected to shear stress at different magnitudes (0.5, 5 and 10 dyn/cm2). The expression of immunosuppressive markers was evaluated in shear stress-induced hPDLSCs using qRT-PCR, western blot, enzyme activity and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. The effects of a shear stress-derived condition medium (SS-CM) on T cell proliferation were examined using a resazurin assay. Treg differentiation was investigated using qRT-PCR and flow cytometry analysis. Our results revealed that shear stress increased mRNA expression of IDO and COX2 but not TGF-β1 and IFN-γ. IDO activity, kynurenine and active TGF-β1 increased in SS-CM when compared to the non-shear stress-derived conditioned medium (CTL-CM). The amount of kynurenine in SS-CM was reduced in the presence of cycloheximide and ERK inhibitor. Subsequently, T cell proliferation decreased in SS-CM compared to CTL-CM. Treg differentiation was promoted in SS-CM, indicated by FOXP3, IL-10 expression and CD4+CD25hiCD127lo/− subpopulation. In conclusion, shear stress promotes kynurenine production through ERK signalling in hPDLSC, leading to the inhibition of T cell proliferation and the promotion of Treg cell differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ravipha Suwittayarak
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Nuttha Klincumhom
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Utapin Ngaokrajang
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Worachat Namangkalakul
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (W.N.); (T.O.)
| | - João N. Ferreira
- Avatar Biotechnologies for Oral Health and Healthy Longevity Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand;
| | - Prasit Pavasant
- Center of Excellence for Regenerative Dentistry, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (R.S.); (U.N.); (P.P.)
| | - Thanaphum Osathanon
- Dental Stem Cell Biology Research Unit, Department of Anatomy, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok 10330, Thailand; (W.N.); (T.O.)
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Fueyo-González F, McGinty M, Ningoo M, Anderson L, Cantarelli C, Andrea Angeletti, Demir M, Llaudó I, Purroy C, Marjanovic N, Heja D, Sealfon SC, Heeger PS, Cravedi P, Fribourg M. Interferon-β acts directly on T cells to prolong allograft survival by enhancing regulatory T cell induction through Foxp3 acetylation. Immunity 2022; 55:459-474.e7. [PMID: 35148827 PMCID: PMC8917088 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2022.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2021] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Type I interferons (IFNs) are pleiotropic cytokines with potent antiviral properties that also promote protective T cell and humoral immunity. Paradoxically, type I IFNs, including the widely expressed IFNβ, also have immunosuppressive properties, including promoting persistent viral infections and treating T-cell-driven, remitting-relapsing multiple sclerosis. Although associative evidence suggests that IFNβ mediates these immunosuppressive effects by impacting regulatory T (Treg) cells, mechanistic links remain elusive. Here, we found that IFNβ enhanced graft survival in a Treg-cell-dependent murine transplant model. Genetic conditional deletion models revealed that the extended allograft survival was Treg cell-mediated and required IFNβ signaling on T cells. Using an in silico computational model and analysis of human immune cells, we found that IFNβ directly promoted Treg cell induction via STAT1- and P300-dependent Foxp3 acetylation. These findings identify a mechanistic connection between the immunosuppressive effects of IFNβ and Treg cells, with therapeutic implications for transplantation, autoimmunity, and malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fueyo-González
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Mitchell McGinty
- Carter Immunology Center, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA 22903, USA
| | - Mehek Ningoo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Lisa Anderson
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Chiara Cantarelli
- UO Nefrologia, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria Parma, Parma, Italy
| | - Andrea Angeletti
- Division of Nephrology, Dialysis, Transplantation, IRCCS Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy
| | - Markus Demir
- Department of Anesthesiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Inés Llaudó
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Carolina Purroy
- Department of Nephrology, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Navarra, Spain
| | - Nada Marjanovic
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - David Heja
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Stuart C Sealfon
- Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Department of Neurology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Peter S Heeger
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Paolo Cravedi
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA
| | - Miguel Fribourg
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Translational Transplant Research Center, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA; Immunology Institute Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York City, NY, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Zhang W, Liu X, Zhu Y, Liu X, Gu Y, Dai X, Li B. Transcriptional and posttranslational regulation of Th17/Treg balance in health and disease. Eur J Immunol 2021; 51:2137-2150. [PMID: 34322865 DOI: 10.1002/eji.202048794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Revised: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells and T helper type 17 (Th17) cells play important roles in adaptive immune responses, antagonizing each other in immune disorders. Th17/Treg balance is critical to maintaining the immune homeostasis of human bodies and is tightly regulated under healthy conditions. The transcription factors that are required for driving Th17 and Treg cell lineages differentiation respectively, RORγt and FOXP3 are tightly regulated under different tissue microenvironment, especially the transcriptional induction, posttranslational modifications, and dynamic enzymatic cofactors binding. The imbalance caused by alteration of the quantity or properties of RORγt+ Th17 or FOXP3+ Treg can contribute to inflammatory disorders in humans. Restoring Th17/Treg balance by modifying the enzymatic activities of RORγt and FOXP3 binding partners may be therapeutically applied to treat severe immune disorders. In this review, we focus on the transcriptional and posttranslational regulations of Th17/Treg balance, immune disorders caused by Th17/Treg imbalance, and new therapeutic strategies for restoring immune homeostasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Weiqi Zhang
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yicheng Zhu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xinnan Liu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yunting Gu
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xueyu Dai
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Shanghai Institute of Immunology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rose M, Duhamel M, Rodet F, Salzet M. The Role of Proprotein Convertases in the Regulation of the Function of Immune Cells in the Oncoimmune Response. Front Immunol 2021; 12:667850. [PMID: 33995401 PMCID: PMC8117212 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.667850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Proprotein convertases (PC) are a family of 9 serine proteases involved in the processing of cellular pro-proteins. They trigger the activation, inactivation or functional changes of many hormones, neuropeptides, growth factors and receptors. Therefore, these enzymes are essential for cellular homeostasis in health and disease. Nine PC subtilisin/kexin genes (PCSK1 to PCSK9) encoding for PC1/3, PC2, furin, PC4, PC5/6, PACE4, PC7, SKI-1/S1P and PCSK9 are known. The expression of PC1/3, PC2, PC5/6, Furin and PC7 in lymphoid organs such as lymph nodes, thymus and spleen has suggested a role for these enzymes in immunity. In fact, knock-out of Furin in T cells was associated with high secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and autoantibody production in mice. This suggested a key role for this enzyme in immune tolerance. Moreover, Furin through its proteolytic activity, regulates the suppressive functions of Treg and thus prevents chronic inflammation and autoimmune diseases. In macrophages, Furin is also involved in the regulation of their inflammatory phenotype. Similarly, PC1/3 inhibition combined with TLR4 stimulation triggers the activation of the NF-κB signaling pathway with an increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Factors secreted by PC1/3 KD macrophages stimulated with LPS exert a chemoattractive effect on naive auxiliary T lymphocytes (Th0) and anti-tumoral activities. The link between TLR and PCs is thus very important in inflammatory response regulation. Furin regulates TL7 and TLR8 processing and trafficking whereas PC1/3 controls TLR4 and TLR9 trafficking. Since PC1/3 and Furin are key regulators of both the innate and adaptive immune responses their inhibition may play a major role in oncoimmune therapy. The role of PCs in the oncoimmune response and therapeutic strategies based on PCs inhibition are proposed in the present review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Rose
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Marie Duhamel
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Franck Rodet
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| | - Michel Salzet
- Université Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1192, Laboratoire Protéomique, Réponse Inflammatoire et Spectrométrie de Masse (PRISM), Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Wu D, Wong CK, Han JM, Orban PC, Huang Q, Gillies J, Mojibian M, Gibson WT, Levings MK. T reg-specific insulin receptor deletion prevents diet-induced and age-associated metabolic syndrome. J Exp Med 2021; 217:151826. [PMID: 32478834 PMCID: PMC7398165 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2019] [Revised: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) regulatory T cells (T regs) control inflammation and metabolism. Diet-induced obesity causes hyperinsulinemia and diminishes visceral AT (VAT) T reg number and function, but whether these two phenomena were mechanistically linked was unknown. Using a T reg–specific insulin receptor (Insr) deletion model, we found that diet-induced T reg dysfunction is driven by T reg–intrinsic insulin signaling. Compared with Foxp3cre mice, after 13 wk of high-fat diet, Foxp3creInsrfl/fl mice exhibited improved glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity, effects associated with lower AT inflammation and increased numbers of ST2+ T regs in brown AT, but not VAT. Similarly, Foxp3creInsrfl/fl mice were protected from the metabolic effects of aging, but surprisingly had reduced VAT T regs and increased VAT inflammation compared with Foxp3cre mice. Thus, in both diet- and aging-associated hyperinsulinemia, excessive Insr signaling in T regs leads to undesirable metabolic outcomes. Ablation of Insr signaling in T regs represents a novel approach to mitigate the detrimental effects of hyperinsulinemia on immunoregulation of metabolic syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wu
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Chi Kin Wong
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jonathan M Han
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Paul C Orban
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Qing Huang
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jana Gillies
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Majid Mojibian
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada
| | - William T Gibson
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Megan K Levings
- Department of Surgery, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, Canada.,School of Biomedical Engineering, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Amarnath S, Brown ML. Harnessing proteases for T regulatory cell immunotherapy. Eur J Immunol 2020; 50:770-778. [PMID: 32383480 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201948270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 05/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is tightly regulated by a subset of T cells defined as regulatory T cells (Tregs). Tregs maintain immune homeostasis by restraining unwarranted immune cell activation and effector function. Here, we discuss an important but underappreciated role of proteases in controlling Treg function. Proteases regulate a number of vital processes that determine T cell immune responses and some of them such as furin, ADAM (through regulating LAG receptor), MALT, and asparaginyl endopeptidase are implicated in Treg immunobiology. Targeted protease inhibition, using either small molecule inhibitors or gene deficient mice has demonstrated their specificity in modulating Treg function in experimental murine models. These data further highlight the ability of proteases to specifically regulate Tregs but no other T effector lineages. Taken together, it is apparent that incorporating proteases as targets within Treg cell engineering protocols may enable generation of robust Treg cellular therapeutics. These engineered Tregs may possess enhanced regulatory function along with resistance to lineage deviation in inflammatory disease such as colitis and graft versus host disease. Within this review, we summarize research on the role of proteases in regulating Treg function and discuss the translational potential of harnessing Treg function by targeting protease driven regulatory pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoba Amarnath
- NUTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| | - Marnie L Brown
- NUTranslational and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne, UK
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Qiu Q, Yu X, Yao C, Hao Y, Fan L, Li C, Xu P, An G, Li Z, He Z. FOXP3 pathogenic variants cause male infertility through affecting the proliferation and apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12581-12599. [PMID: 31855573 PMCID: PMC6949051 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genetic causes of male infertility that is associated with aging are largely unknown. This study was designed to identify novel pathogenic variants of FOXP3 gene causing azoospermia. One homozygous (c.155 G > T) pathogenic variant of FOXP3 was identified in nine non-obstructive azoospermia patients, and one heterozygous (c.691 C > A) of FOXP3 was found in one non-obstructive azoospermia patient. Pedigrees studies indicated that the homozygous (c.155 G > T) FOXP3 pathogenic variant was inherited, while heterozygous (c.691 C > A) FOXP3 pathogenic variant was acquired. Human testis carrying pathogenic variant exhibited abnormal spermatogenesis. FOXP3 protein was expressed at a lower level or undetected in spermatocytes of mutant testis of non-obstructive azoospermia patients compared to obstructive azoospermia patients. FOXP3 stimulated the proliferation and inhibited the apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells, and we further analyzed the targets of FOXP3. We have identified two new pathogenic variants of FOXP3 in non-obstructive azoospermia patients with high incidence, and FOXP3 silencing inhibits the proliferation and enhances the apoptosis of human spermatogonial stem cells. This study provides new insights into the etiology of azoospermia and offers novel pathogenic variants for gene targeting of male infertility.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Qiu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xing Yu
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Chencheng Yao
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yujun Hao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncogenes and Related Genes, Shanghai Cancer Institute, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liqing Fan
- Institute of Reproductive and Stem Cell Engineering, School of Basic Medical Science, Central South University, Changsha, China.,Reproductive and Genetic Hospital of CITIC-Xiangya, Changsha, China
| | - Chunyi Li
- Fertility Center, Shenyang Dongfang Jinghua Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Peng Xu
- Fertility Center, Shenyang Dongfang Jinghua Hospital, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Geng An
- Department of Reproductive Medicine, Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zheng Li
- Department of Andrology, The Center for Men's Health, Urologic Medical Center, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai General Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zuping He
- Hunan Normal University School of Medicine, Changsha, Hunan, China.,Renji-Med X Clinical Stem Cell Research Center, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Deng G, Song X, Fujimoto S, Piccirillo CA, Nagai Y, Greene MI. Foxp3 Post-translational Modifications and Treg Suppressive Activity. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2486. [PMID: 31681337 PMCID: PMC6813729 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Regulatory T cells (Tregs) are engaged in maintaining immune homeostasis and preventing autoimmunity. Treg cells include thymic Treg cells and peripheral Treg cells, both of which can suppress the immune response via multiple distinct mechanisms. The differentiation, proliferation, suppressive function and survival of Treg cells are affected by distinct energy metabolic programs. Tissue-resident Treg cells hold unique features in comparison with the lymphoid organ Treg cells. Foxp3 transcription factor is a lineage master regulator for Treg cell development and suppressive activity. Accumulating evidence indicates that the activity of Foxp3 protein is modulated by various post-translational modifications (PTMs), including phosphorylation, O-GlcNAcylation, acetylation, ubiquitylation and methylation. These modifications affect multiple aspects of Foxp3 function. In this review, we define features of Treg cells and roles of Foxp3 in Treg biology, and summarize current research in PTMs of Foxp3 protein involved in modulating Treg function. This review also attempts to define Foxp3 dimer modifications relevant to mediating Foxp3 activity and Treg suppression. Understanding Foxp3 protein features and modulation mechanisms may help in the design of rational therapies for immune diseases and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Deng
- Department of Immunology, Peking University Health Science Center, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaomin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology, CAS Center for Excellence in Molecular Cell Science, Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | | | - Ciriaco A Piccirillo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Centre of Excellence in Translational Immunology (CETI), Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yasuhiro Nagai
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| | - Mark I Greene
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cox TC, Lidral AC, McCoy JC, Liu H, Cox LL, Zhu Y, Anderson RD, Moreno Uribe LM, Anand D, Deng M, Richter CT, Nidey NL, Standley JM, Blue EE, Chong JX, Smith JD, Kirk EP, Venselaar H, Krahn KN, van Bokhoven H, Zhou H, Cornell RA, Glass IA, Bamshad MJ, Nickerson DA, Murray JC, Lachke SA, Thompson TB, Buckley MF, Roscioli T. Mutations in GDF11 and the extracellular antagonist, Follistatin, as a likely cause of Mendelian forms of orofacial clefting in humans. Hum Mutat 2019; 40:1813-1825. [PMID: 31215115 DOI: 10.1002/humu.23793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2018] [Revised: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Cleft lip with or without cleft palate (CL/P) is generally viewed as a complex trait with multiple genetic and environmental contributions. In 70% of cases, CL/P presents as an isolated feature and/or deemed nonsyndromic. In the remaining 30%, CL/P is associated with multisystem phenotypes or clinically recognizable syndromes, many with a monogenic basis. Here we report the identification, via exome sequencing, of likely pathogenic variants in two genes that encode interacting proteins previously only linked to orofacial clefting in mouse models. A variant in GDF11 (encoding growth differentiation factor 11), predicting a p.(Arg298Gln) substitution at the Furin protease cleavage site, was identified in one family that segregated with CL/P and both rib and vertebral hypersegmentation, mirroring that seen in Gdf11 knockout mice. In the second family in which CL/P was the only phenotype, a mutation in FST (encoding the GDF11 antagonist, Follistatin) was identified that is predicted to result in a p.(Cys56Tyr) substitution in the region that binds GDF11. Functional assays demonstrated a significant impact of the specific mutated amino acids on FST and GDF11 function and, together with embryonic expression data, provide strong evidence for the importance of GDF11 and Follistatin in the regulation of human orofacial development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Timothy C Cox
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | | | - Jason C McCoy
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Huan Liu
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Liza L Cox
- Division of Craniofacial Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Center for Developmental Biology & Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Research Institute, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri.,Division of Basic Sciences, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Ying Zhu
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Genetics of Learning Disability Service, Hunter Genetics, Waratah, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Ryan D Anderson
- Department of Oral & Craniofacial Science, School of Dentistry, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri
| | - Lina M Moreno Uribe
- Department of Orthodontics & the Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Deepti Anand
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Mei Deng
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Chika T Richter
- Department of Orthodontics & the Iowa Institute for Oral Health Research, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Nichole L Nidey
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | | | - Elizabeth E Blue
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Jessica X Chong
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joshua D Smith
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Edwin P Kirk
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Hanka Venselaar
- Centre for Molecular and Biomolecular Informatics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Katy N Krahn
- UVA Center for Advanced Medical Analytics, School of Medicine, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Hans van Bokhoven
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Cognitive Neurosciences, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University Medical Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.,Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Robert A Cornell
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa
| | - Ian A Glass
- Birth Defects Research Laboratory, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael J Bamshad
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Deborah A Nickerson
- Department of Genome Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | | | - Salil A Lachke
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware
| | - Thomas B Thompson
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Biochemistry, and Microbiology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Michael F Buckley
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Tony Roscioli
- New South Wales Health Pathology, Prince of Wales Hospital, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Centre for Clinical Genetics, Sydney Children's Hospital, New South Wales, Australia.,Prince of Wales Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Randwick, New South Wales, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia (NeuRA), University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Arshad Z, Rezapour-Firouzi S, Mohammadian M, Ebrahimifar. The Sources of Essential Fatty Acids for Allergic and Cancer Patients; a Connection with Insight into Mammalian Target of Rapamycin: A Narrative Review. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:2391-2401. [PMID: 30255691 PMCID: PMC6249470 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.9.2391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Disturbance in essential fatty acids (EFA) metabolism plays a key role in autoimmune diseases, but EFA supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils was not effective in atopic and cancer diseases, as that seen in the case of multiple sclerosis. It seems that two complexes of the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling, mTORC1 and mTORC2, are congruent with the two bases of the Traditional Iranian Medicine (TIM) therapy, Cold and Hot nature, which are essential for the efficacy of functional oils for controlling immune responses in autoimmune diseases. Methods: We searched PubMed database, Web of Science (WOS), Google Scholar, Scopus and selected studies by predefined eligibility criteria. We then assessed their quality and extracted data. Results: The oils controlled by Cold or Hot nature may be helpful in maintaining homeostasis and preventing autoimmune diseases. In summary, studies of randomized controlled trials for allergy and cancer patients found no improvement in the signs or response to tests, despite a remarkable change in EFA fractions in the blood by supplementation with sources of borage, evening primrose, hemp seed and fish oils. In contrast, portulaca oleracea oil exhibited protective effects by anti-inflammatory properties via the PI3K/Akt/mTORC2 pathway with a deviation immune response to Th1 to treat atopic diseases and cancer. Conclusions: According to the concept of Traditional Iranian Medicine therapy, in contrast to Cold-nature oils, EFA supplementation with the sources of Hot-nature oilsis not suitable for the treatment of atopic and cancerous diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhila Arshad
- Department of Pathology of Anatomy, School of Medicine, Baku University of Medical Sciences, Baku, Azerbaijan. ,
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Choppara S, Ganga S, Manne R, Dutta P, Singh S, Santra MK. The SCF FBXO46 ubiquitin ligase complex mediates degradation of the tumor suppressor FBXO31 and thereby prevents premature cellular senescence. J Biol Chem 2018; 293:16291-16306. [PMID: 30171069 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra118.005354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor F-box protein 31 (FBXO31) is indispensable for maintaining genomic stability. Its levels drastically increase following DNA damage, leading to cyclin D1 and MDM2 degradation and G1 and G2/M arrest. Prolonged arrest in these phases leads to cellular senescence. Accordingly, FBXO31 needs to be kept at low basal levels in unstressed conditions for normal cell cycle progression during growth and development. However, the molecular mechanism maintaining these basal FBXO31 levels has remained unclear. Here, we identified the F-box family SCF-E3 ubiquitin ligase FBXO46 (SCFFBXO46) as an important proteasomal regulator of FBXO31 and found that FBXO46 helps maintain basal FBXO31 levels under unstressed conditions and thereby prevents premature senescence. Using molecular docking and mutational studies, we showed that FBXO46 recognizes an RXXR motif located at the FBXO31 C terminus to direct its polyubiquitination and thereby proteasomal degradation. Furthermore, FBXO46 depletion enhanced the basal levels of FBXO31, resulting in senescence induction. In response to genotoxic stress, ATM (ataxia telangiectasia-mutated) Ser/Thr kinase-mediated phosphorylation of FBXO31 at Ser-278 maintained FBXO31 levels. In contrast, activated ATM phosphorylated FBXO46 at Ser-21/Ser-67, leading to its degradation via FBXO31. Thus, ATM-catalyzed phosphorylation after DNA damage governs FBXO31 levels and FBXO46 degradation via a negative feedback loop. Collectively, our findings reveal that FBXO46 is a crucial proteasomal regulator of FBXO31 and thereby prevents senescence in normal growth conditions. They further indicate that FBXO46-mediated regulation of FBXO31 is abrogated following genotoxic stress to promote increased FBXO31 levels for maintenance of genomic stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Srinadh Choppara
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex and.,the Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Sankaran Ganga
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex and
| | - Rajeshkumar Manne
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex and.,the Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Parul Dutta
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex and.,the Department of Biotechnology, Savitribai Phule Pune University, Ganeshkhind Road, Pune, Maharashtra 411007, India
| | - Shailza Singh
- From the National Centre for Cell Science, NCCS Complex and
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Wilson AD, Hicks C. Both tumour cells and infiltrating T-cells in equine sarcoids express FOXP3 associated with an immune-supressed cytokine microenvironment. Vet Res 2016; 47:55. [PMID: 27160146 PMCID: PMC4862206 DOI: 10.1186/s13567-016-0339-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine papillomavirus (BPV) infections of equine species have a central role in the aetiology of equine sarcoids; a common benign skin tumour of horses, zebras and donkeys. Within the lesions, all of the early papillomavirus genes are expressed and promote the excessive replication of fibroblasts which characterise these tumours. Equine sarcoids differ from BPV induced fibro-papillomas of cattle (the natural host of BPV), in that they do not produce high amounts of virus particles, do not usually regress spontaneously and do not sero-convert to BPV; features which suggest that affected horses lack an effective anti-viral immune response to BPV. Equine sarcoids contain large numbers of CD4+ CD8+ dual positive T-cells which uniformly express FOXP3, the key transcription factor of regulatory T-cells, and FOXP3 is also expressed within the BPV infected fibroblasts. Compared to healthy skin, sarcoids showed increased mRNA transcription for FOXP3 and the regulatory cytokine TGFβ. Transcription of IL17, which has been shown to have a regulatory function in human papillomavirus-associated tumours, was also elevated in equine sarcoids compared to spleen. In contrast, the levels of mRNA transcripts for effector T cell cytokines IL2, IL4 and interferon-gamma (IFNγ) were not elevated in sarcoids compared to healthy skin or spleen. Similarly neither interferon-alpha (IFNα), interferon-beta (IFNβ) nor IL12 family members were elevated in sarcoids compared to normal skin. We suggest that the regulatory cytokine micro-environment within sarcoids enables the persistence of the lesions by preventing an effective anti-viral immune response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Douglas Wilson
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK.
| | - Chelsea Hicks
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Bristol, Langford, Bristol, BS40 5DU, UK
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Joly AL, Liu S, Dahlberg CIM, Mailer RKW, Westerberg LS, Andersson J. Foxp3 lacking exons 2 and 7 is unable to confer suppressive ability to regulatory T cells in vivo. J Autoimmun 2015; 63:23-30. [PMID: 26149776 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaut.2015.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2015] [Revised: 06/14/2015] [Accepted: 06/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The forkhead/winged-helix transcription factor FOXP3 confers suppressive ability to CD4(+)FOXP3(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells. Human Treg cells express several different isoforms of FOXP3 that differ in function. However, the regulation and functional consequences of FOXP3 isoform expression remains poorly understood. In order to study the function of the FOXP3Δ2Δ7 isoform in vivo we generated mice that exclusively expressed a Foxp3 isoform lacking exon 2 and 7. These mice exhibited multi-organ inflammation, increased cytokine production, global T cell activation, activation of antigen-presenting cells and B cell developmental defects, all features that are shared with mice completely deficient in FOXP3. Our results demonstrate that the mouse counterpart of human FOXP3Δ2Δ7 is unable to confer suppressive ability to Treg cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne-Laure Joly
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Sang Liu
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Carin I M Dahlberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Reiner K W Mailer
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lisa S Westerberg
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - John Andersson
- Translational Immunology Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Ortutay Z, Oksanen A, Aittomäki S, Ortutay C, Pesu M. Proprotein convertase FURIN regulates T cell receptor-induced transactivation. J Leukoc Biol 2015; 98:73-83. [PMID: 25926688 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2a0514-257rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen emergence rapidly stimulates T cells, which leads to changes in cytokine production, cell proliferation, and differentiation. Some of the key molecules involved in these events, such as TGF-β1 and NOTCH1, are synthesized initially as inactive precursors and are proteolytically activated during T cell activation. PCSKs regulate proprotein maturation by catalyzing the proteolytic cleavage of their substrates. The prototype PCSK FURIN is induced upon TCR activation, and its expression in T cells is critical for the maintenance of peripheral immune tolerance. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that FURIN regulates T cell activation. Our data demonstrate that IL-2 is increased initially in FURIN-deficient mouse CD4(+) T cells, but the TCR-induced IL-2 mRNA expression is not sustained in the absence of FURIN. Accordingly, the inhibition of FURIN in human Jurkat T cell lines also results in a decrease in IL-2 production, whereas the overexpression of WT FURIN is associated with elevated IL-2 levels. In Jurkat cells, FURIN is dispensable for immediate TCR signaling steps, such as ERK, ZAP70, or LAT phosphorylation. However, with the use of gene reporter assays, we demonstrate that FURIN regulates the AP-1, NFAT, and NF-κB transcription factors. Finally, by performing a transcription factor-binding site enrichment analysis on FURIN-dependent transcriptomes, we identify the FURIN-regulated transcription factors in mouse CD4(+) T cell subsets. Collectively, our work confirms the hypothesis that the TCR-regulated protease FURIN plays an important role in T cell activation and that it can specifically modulate TCR-activated transactivation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsuzsanna Ortutay
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Anna Oksanen
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Saara Aittomäki
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Csaba Ortutay
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| | - Marko Pesu
- *Immunoregulation, BioMediTech, University of Tampere, Finland; HiDucator Oy, Kangasala, Finland; and Department of Dermatology and Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere University Hospital, Pirkanmaa Hospital District, Tampere, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mendoza E, Tokarev K, Düring DN, Retamosa EC, Weiss M, Arpenik N, Scharff C. Differential coexpression of FoxP1, FoxP2, and FoxP4 in the Zebra Finch (Taeniopygia guttata) song system. J Comp Neurol 2015; 523:1318-40. [PMID: 25556631 DOI: 10.1002/cne.23731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Heterozygous disruptions of the Forkhead transcription factor FoxP2 impair acquisition of speech and language. Experimental downregulation in brain region Area X of the avian ortholog FoxP2 disrupts song learning in juvenile male zebra finches. In vitro, transcriptional activity of FoxP2 requires dimerization with itself or with paralogs FoxP1 and FoxP4. Whether this is the case in vivo is unknown. To provide the means for future functional studies we cloned FoxP4 from zebra finches and compared regional and cellular coexpression of FoxP1, FoxP2, and FoxP4 mRNA and protein in brains of juvenile and adult male zebra finches. In the telencephalic song nuclei HVC, RA, and Area X, the three investigated FoxPs were either expressed alone or occurred in specific combinations with each other, as shown by double in situ hybridization and triple immunohistochemistry. FoxP1 and FoxP4 but not FoxP2 were expressed in RA and in the HVCRA and HVCX projection neurons. In Area X and the surrounding striatum the density of neurons expressing all three FoxPs together or FoxP1 and FoxP4 together was significantly higher than the density of neurons expressing other combinations. Interestingly, the proportions of Area X neurons expressing particular combinations of FoxPs remained constant at all ages. In addition, FoxP-expressing neurons in adult Area X express dopamine receptors 1A, 1B, and 2. Together, these data provide the first evidence that Area X neurons can coexpress all avian FoxP subfamily members, thus allowing for a variety of regulatory possibilities via heterodimerization that could impact song behavior in zebra finches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ezequiel Mendoza
- Institut für Verhaltensbiologie, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195, Berlin, Germany
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Elhage R, Cheraï M, Levacher B, Darrasse-Jeze G, Baillou C, Zhao X, Khatib AM, Piaggio E, Klatzmann D. C-Terminal Cleavage of Human Foxp3 at a Proprotein Convertase Motif Abrogates its Suppressive Function. Scand J Immunol 2015; 81:229-39. [DOI: 10.1111/sji.12275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- R. Elhage
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7211; UMRS 959; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); CNRS; UMR 7211 and FRE 3632; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); INSERM; UMRS 959; Paris France
| | - M. Cheraï
- Biotherapy Department; AP-HP; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy (CIC-BTi); AP-HP; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
| | - B. Levacher
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7211; UMRS 959; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); CNRS; UMR 7211 and FRE 3632; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); INSERM; UMRS 959; Paris France
| | - G. Darrasse-Jeze
- Immunology-Infectiology and Hematology Department (I2H); Sorbonne Paris Cité; Université Paris Descartes Paris 05; Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM); UMRS 1151; Paris France
- Immunology-Infectiology and Hematology Department; INSERM; UMRS 1151; Paris France
| | - C. Baillou
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Center (CIMI); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMRS CR7; UMRS 1135; Paris France
- Immunology and Infectious Diseases Center (CIMI); INSERM; UMRS 1135; Paris France
| | - X. Zhao
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7211; UMRS 959; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); CNRS; UMR 7211 and FRE 3632; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); INSERM; UMRS 959; Paris France
| | - A.-M. Khatib
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Microenvironment Laboratory (LAMC); Université Bordeaux 1; Talence France
- Angiogenesis and Cancer Microenvironment Laboratory (LAMC); INSERM; UMRS 1029; Talence France
| | - E. Piaggio
- Institut Curie; Section Recherche; INSERM UMRS 932; Immunity and Cancer; Paris France
- INSERM Center of Clinical Investigation (CBT507 IGR-Curie); Paris France
| | - D. Klatzmann
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); Sorbonne Universités; UPMC Univ Paris 06; UMR 7211; UMRS 959; Paris France
- Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); CNRS; UMR 7211 and FRE 3632; Paris France
- Biotherapy Department; AP-HP; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- Clinical Investigation Center in Biotherapy (CIC-BTi); AP-HP; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France
- Inflammation-Immunopathology-Biotherapy Department (i2B); AP-HP; Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière; Paris France. Immunology-Immunopathology-Immunotherapy (I3); INSERM; UMRS 959; Paris France
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Jaskula E, Lange A, Dlubek D, Kyrcz-Krzemień S, Markiewicz M, Dzierzak-Mietla M, Jedrzejczak WW, Gronkowska A, Nowak J, Warzocha K, Hellmann A, Kowalczyk J, Drabko K, Goździk J, Mizia S. IL-10 promoter polymorphisms influence susceptibility to aGvHD and are associated with proportions of CD4+FoxP3+ lymphocytes in blood after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 82:387-96. [PMID: 24498995 DOI: 10.1111/tan.12255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2013] [Revised: 09/13/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Four hundred and ninety-five patients (390 and 105 grafted from unrelated and sibling (SIB) donors, respectively) and their donors were analyzed for the impact of interleukin-10 (IL-10) promoter genotype [rs18000896 (-1082 G/A), rs18000871 (-819 C/T) and rs18000872 (-592 C/A)] on the outcome of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). Patients having ACC haplotype were at a lower risk of acute graft versus host disease (aGvHD, grade > I) if transplanted from human leukocyte antigen (HLA) well-matched (10/10) unrelated donors (20/135 vs 39/117, P < 0.001, Pcorr = 0.002), which was not seen if patients were transplanted from either sibling (SIB) or poorly matched (<10/10) unrelated donors (MUD). In addition, GCC haplotype positive recipients of unrelated donor transplants tended to be more susceptible to aGvHD (68/199 vs 39/169, P = 0.019, Pcorr = 0.057). Multivariate logistic regression analysis in the MUD transplanted group showed that donor-recipient human leukocyte antigen (HLA) mismatch [odds ratio (OR) = 3.937, P = 0.001] and a lack of ACC haplotype in recipients (OR = 0.417, P = 0.013) played a significant role as independent risk factors of aGvHD grade > I. ACC carriers had higher proportions of FoxP3+ lymphocytes gated in CD4+ lymphocytes as compared with patients with other IL-10 haplotypes. It was seen at the time of hematological recovery (mean ± SEM: 3.80 ± 0.91% vs 2.06 ± 0.98%, P = 0.012) and 2 weeks later (5.32 ± 0.87% vs 2.50 ± 0.83%, P = 0.013); -592 C/A polymorphism was separately analyzed and it was found that AA homozygotes tended to have a higher incidence of aGvHD (8/15 vs 116/456, P = 0.034) and low proportions of FoxP3 CD4+ lymphocytes in blood (0.43 ± 0.22% vs 4.32 ± 0.71%, P = 0.051) measured 2 weeks after hematological recovery. Functional IL-10 polymorphism associated features influenced the risk of aGvHD with a positive effect of ACC on the pool of Treg in blood.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jaskula
- L. Hirszfeld Institute of Immunology and Experimental Therapy, Polish Academy of Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Li Z, Lin F, Zhuo C, Deng G, Chen Z, Yin S, Gao Z, Piccioni M, Tsun A, Cai S, Zheng SG, Zhang Y, Li B. PIM1 kinase phosphorylates the human transcription factor FOXP3 at serine 422 to negatively regulate its activity under inflammation. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:26872-26881. [PMID: 25096571 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m114.586651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous reports have suggested that human CD4(+) CD25(hi)FOXP3(+) T regulatory cells (Tregs) have functional plasticity and may differentiate into effector T cells under inflammation. The molecular mechanisms underlying these findings remain unclear. Here we identified the residue serine 422 of human FOXP3 as a phosphorylation site that regulates its function, which is not present in murine Foxp3. PIM1 kinase, which is highly expressed in human Tregs, was found to be able to interact with and to phosphorylate human FOXP3 at serine 422. T cell receptor (TCR) signaling inhibits PIM1 induction, whereas IL-6 promotes PIM1 expression in in vitro expanded human Tregs. PIM1 negatively regulates FOXP3 chromatin binding activity by specifically phosphorylating FOXP3 at Ser(422). Our data also suggest that phosphorylation of FOXP3 at the Ser(418) site could prevent FOXP3 phosphorylation at Ser(422) mediated by PIM1. Knockdown of PIM1 in in vitro expanded human Tregs promoted FOXP3-induced target gene expression, including CD25, CTLA4, and glucocorticoid-induced tumor necrosis factor receptor (GITR), or weakened FOXP3-suppressed IL-2 gene expression and enhanced the immunosuppressive activity of Tregs. Furthermore, PIM1-specific inhibitor boosted FOXP3 DNA binding activity in in vitro expanded primary Tregs and also enhanced their suppressive activity toward the proliferation of T effector cells. Taken together, our findings suggest that PIM1 could be a new potential therapeutic target in the prevention and treatment of human-specific autoimmune diseases because of its ability to modulate the immunosuppressive activity of human Tregs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyuan Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Fang Lin
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Changhua Zhuo
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China,; Department of Surgical Oncology, Fujian Provincial Cancer Hospital, Teaching Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou 350014, China
| | - Guoping Deng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 19104
| | - Zuojia Chen
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Shuying Yin
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Zhimei Gao
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Miranda Piccioni
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Andy Tsun
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Sanjun Cai
- Department of Colorectal Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, and Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China
| | - Song Guo Zheng
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Penn State University Hershey College of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 17013 and
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Ren Ji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200127, China.
| | - Bin Li
- Unit of Molecular Immunology, Key Laboratory of Molecular Virology and Immunology, Institut Pasteur of Shanghai, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China,.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Moftah NH, El-Barbary RAH, Ismail MA, Ali NAM. Effect of narrow band-ultraviolet B on CD4+CD25highFoxP3+T-lymphocytes in the peripheral blood of vitiligo patients. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2014; 30:254-61. [DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nayera H. Moftah
- Dermatology and Venereology Department; Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Rasha A. H. El-Barbary
- Dermatology and Venereology Department; Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al Azhar University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Mona A. Ismail
- Clinical Pathology Department; Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University; Cairo Egypt
| | - Nancy A. M. Ali
- Dermatology Department; Dekernis Central Hospital; Dakahlia Egypt
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Soliman GA. The role of mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) complexes signaling in the immune responses. Nutrients 2013; 5:2231-57. [PMID: 23783557 PMCID: PMC3725503 DOI: 10.3390/nu5062231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic Target of Rapamycin (mTOR) is an evolutionarily conserved serine/threonine kinase which is a member of the PI3K related kinase (PIKK) family. mTOR emerged as a central node in cellular metabolism, cell growth, and differentiation, as well as cancer metabolism. mTOR senses the nutrients, energy, insulin, growth factors, and environmental cues and transmits signals to downstream targets to effectuate the cellular and metabolic response. Recently, mTOR was also implicated in the regulation of both the innate and adaptive immune responses. This paper will summarize the current knowledge of mTOR, as related to the immune microenvironment and immune responses.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ghada A Soliman
- Department of Health Promotion, Social and Behavioral Health Sciences, College of Public Health, University of Nebraska Medical Center, 984365 Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Nie H, Zheng Y, Li R, Guo TB, He D, Fang L, Liu X, Xiao L, Chen X, Wan B, Chin YE, Zhang JZ. Phosphorylation of FOXP3 controls regulatory T cell function and is inhibited by TNF-α in rheumatoid arthritis. Nat Med 2013; 19:322-8. [DOI: 10.1038/nm.3085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 366] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
|
26
|
Deng G, Xiao Y, Zhou Z, Nagai Y, Zhang H, Li B, Greene MI. Molecular and biological role of the FOXP3 N-terminal domain in immune regulation by T regulatory/suppressor cells. Exp Mol Pathol 2012; 93:334-8. [PMID: 23041265 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexmp.2012.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Regulatory T (Treg) cells are essential in preventing the host from developing certain autoimmune diseases and limiting excessive immune responses against pathogens. The normal function of most Treg cells requires sustained expression of functional FOXP3, a member of the FOXP family transcription factors. FOXP3 is distinct from other subfamily members because of its unique proline rich amino (N)-terminal domain. Mutations in this region are occasionally identified in certain patients with X-linked autoimmunity-allergic dysregulation syndrome (XLAAD) and similar mutations also increase susceptibility of autoimmune diseases in rodent models. Previous analyses of the FOXP3 N-terminal domain revealed a role in nuclear import, interaction with other transcription factors, and as sites of specific post-translational modifications of FOXP3 that contribute to FOXP3 stability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Deng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, 19104-6082, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation and functional plasticity of FOXP3(+) regulatory T cells. Genes Immun 2011; 13:1-13. [PMID: 22048454 DOI: 10.1038/gene.2011.77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) CD25(+) regulatory T (Treg) cells engage in the maintenance of immunological self-tolerance and homeostasis by limiting aberrant or excessive inflammation. The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is critical for the development and function of Treg cells. The differentiation of the Treg cell lineage is not terminal, as developmental and functional plasticity occur through the sensing of inflammatory signals in the periphery. Here, we review the recent progress in our understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation and functional plasticity of CD4(+) CD25(+) FOXP3(+) Treg cells, through the perturbation of FOXP3 and its complex at a transcriptional, translational and post-translational level.
Collapse
|
28
|
Beier UH, Akimova T, Liu Y, Wang L, Hancock WW. Histone/protein deacetylases control Foxp3 expression and the heat shock response of T-regulatory cells. Curr Opin Immunol 2011; 23:670-8. [PMID: 21798734 PMCID: PMC3190028 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2011.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 07/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Lysine ɛ-acetylation is a post-translational modification that alters the biochemical properties of many proteins. The reaction is catalyzed by histone/protein acetyltransferases (HATs), and is reversed by histone/protein deacetylases (HDACs). As a result, HATs and HDACs constitute an important, though little recognized, set of proteins that control the functions of T-regulatory (Treg) cells. Targeting certain HDACs, especially HDAC6, HDAC9, and Sirtuin-1 (Sirt1), can augment Treg suppressive potency by several distinct and potentially additive mechanisms. These involve promoting Forkhead box p3 (Foxp3) gene expression and preserving Foxp3 lysine ɛ-acetylation, which infers resistance to ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, and increases DNA binding. Moreover, depleting certain HDAC can enhance the heat shock response, which increases the tenacity of Treg to survive under stress, and helps preserve a suppressive phenotype. As a result, HDAC inhibitor therapy can be used to enhance Treg functions in vivo and have beneficial effects on allograft survival and autoimmune diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ulf H. Beier
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Tatiana Akimova
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Yujie Liu
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Liqing Wang
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| | - Wayne W. Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, The Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia, and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Mellor AL, Munn DH. Physiologic control of the functional status of Foxp3+ regulatory T cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2011; 186:4535-40. [PMID: 21464094 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1002937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Foxp3-lineage CD4 regulatory T cells (Tregs) were named for their ability to maintain self tolerance and suppress T cell immunity. However, resting Tregs from noninflamed tissues exhibit little suppressor activity, and must be stimulated to acquire such function. Conversely, under certain inflammatory conditions, Tregs may undergo rapid reprogramming to acquire helper/effector functions. In this Brief Review, we describe recent progress in elucidating physiologic processes that control the functional status of Foxp3-lineage Tregs. Emerging evidence suggests the surprising possibility that reprogrammed Tregs can be an indispensable source of helper activity in some physiologic settings, such as priming CD8(+) T cell responses. This suggests a novel paradigm in which Foxp3(+) Tregs intrinsically possess bifunctional potential, acting as a preformed pool of first-responder cells at sites of local inflammation that can either provide classical regulatory/suppressor activity, or rapidly reprogram to supply helper/effector activity, contingent on signals that manifest in local physiologic settings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrew L Mellor
- Department of Medicine, Immunotherapy and Cancer Centers, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta, GA 30912, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Presicce P, Moreno-Fernandez ME, Lages CS, Orsborn KI, Chougnet CA. Association of two clones allows for optimal detection of human FOXP3. Cytometry A 2010; 77:571-9. [PMID: 20162533 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.20875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
FOXP3 is a key transcription factor expressed by regulatory T cells (Treg cells). However, differences in staining and analysis protocols have led to conflicting results. Moreover, the transient upregulation of FOXP3 that follows activation in non-Treg cells renders the interpretation of FOXP3 data more difficult in humans than in mice. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), isolated CD25(-) or CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells were stained with three different anti-FOXP3 clones (PCH101, 206D, and 259D) alone or in combination, and using different permeabilization methods. FOXP3 expression was evaluated following T cell activation by several pathways. Gating based on a population that did not express FOXP3 (such as CD3(-)CD4(-) T cells) allowed for the optimal characterization of Treg cells. The 206D clone detected a lower percentage of cells than PCH101 or 259D. In contrast, 259D stained a population of activated T cells that PCH101 did not. Staining with two clones together consistently increased the proportion of FOXP3(+) cells. However, it is likely that only the double positive cells are Treg cells, as they expressed the highest CD25 and lowest CD127 levels. Our results emphasize that the choice of staining protocol leads to very different results concerning the frequency of Treg cells in humans. A more consistent identification of these cells will improve the knowledge of their biology, particularly during disease processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Pietro Presicce
- Division of Molecular Immunology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Research Foundation and Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH45229, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Moes N, Rieux-Laucat F, Begue B, Verdier J, Neven B, Patey N, Torgerson TT, Picard C, Stolzenberg MC, Ruemmele C, Rings EH, Casanova JL, Piloquet H, Biver A, Breton A, Ochs HD, Hermine O, Fischer A, Goulet O, Cerf-Bensussan N, Ruemmele FM. Reduced expression of FOXP3 and regulatory T-cell function in severe forms of early-onset autoimmune enteropathy. Gastroenterology 2010; 139:770-8. [PMID: 20537998 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2010.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2010] [Revised: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/10/2010] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Little is known about the pathophysiology of early onset forms of autoimmune enteropathy (AIE). AIE has been associated with mutations in FOXP3-a transcription factor that controls regulatory T-cell development and function. We analyzed the molecular basis of neonatal or early postnatal AIE using clinical, genetic, and functional immunological studies. METHODS Gastroenterological and immunological features were analyzed in 9 boys and 2 girls with AIE that began within the first 5 months of life. FOXP3 and IL2RA were genotyped in peripheral blood monocytes. FOXP3 messenger RNA and protein expression were analyzed using reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and confocal immunofluorescence of CD4(+) T cells. Regulatory T-cell function (CD4(+)CD25(+)) was assayed in coculture systems. RESULTS AIE associated with extraintestinal autoimmunity was severe and life-threatening; all patients required total parenteral nutrition. Regulatory T cells from 7 patients had altered function and FOXP3 mutations that resulted in lost or reduced FOXP3 protein expression; 2 infants had reduced regulatory T-cell activity and reduced levels of FOXP3 protein, although we did not detect mutations in FOXP3 coding region, poly-A site, or promoter region (called FOXP3-dependent AIE). Two patients had a normal number of regulatory T cells that expressed normal levels of FOXP3 protein and normal regulatory activity in in vitro coculture assays (called FOXP3-independent AIE). No mutations in IL2RA were found. CONCLUSIONS Most cases of AIE are associated with alterations in regulatory T-cell function; some, but not all, cases have mutations that affect FOXP3 expression levels. Further studies are needed to identify mechanisms of AIE pathogenesis.
Collapse
|
32
|
Induction of immune tolerance to a therapeutic protein by intrathymic gene delivery. Mol Ther 2010; 18:2146-54. [PMID: 20664526 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2010.164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of recombinant enzyme therapy for genetic diseases is limited in some patients by the generation of a humoral immune response to the therapeutic protein. Inducing immune tolerance to the protein prior to treatment has the potential to increase therapeutic efficacy. Using an AAV8 vector encoding human acid α-glucosidase (hGAA), we have evaluated direct intrathymic injection for inducing tolerance. We have also compared the final tolerogenic states achieved by intrathymic and intravenous injection. Intrathymic vector delivery induced tolerance equivalent to that generated by intravenous delivery, but at a 25-fold lower dose, the thymic hGAA expression level was 10,000-fold lower than the liver expression necessary for systemic tolerance induction. Splenic regulatory T cells (Tregs) were apparent after delivery by both routes, but with different phenotypes. Intrathymic delivery resulted in Tregs with higher FoxP3, TGFβ, and IL-10 mRNA levels. These differences may account for the differences noted in splenic T cells, where only intravenous delivery appeared to inhibit their activation. Our results imply that different mechanisms may be operating to generate immune tolerance by intrathymic and intravenous delivery of an AAV vector, and suggest that the intrathymic route may hold promise for decreasing the humoral immune response to therapeutic proteins in genetic disease indications.
Collapse
|
33
|
Histone/protein deacetylase inhibitors increase suppressive functions of human FOXP3+ Tregs. Clin Immunol 2010; 136:348-63. [PMID: 20478744 DOI: 10.1016/j.clim.2010.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2009] [Revised: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Histone/protein deacetylases (HDACs) decrease histone and protein acetylation, typically leading to suppression of gene transcription and modulation of various protein functions. We found significant differences in expression of HDAC before and after stimulation of human T regulatory (Treg) and T effector cells, suggesting the potential for future selective targeting of Tregs with HDAC inhibitors (HDACi). Use of various HDACi small molecules enhanced, by up to 4.5-fold (average 2-fold), the suppressive functions of both freshly isolated and expanded human Tregs, consistent with our previous murine data. HDACi use increased Treg expression of CTLA-4, a key negative regulator of immune response, and we found a direct and significant correlation between CTLA-4 expression and Treg suppression. Hence, HDACi compounds are promising pharmacologic tools to increase Treg suppressive functions, and this action may potentially be of use in patients with autoimmunity or post-transplantation.
Collapse
|
34
|
Hancock WW, Özkaynak E. Three distinct domains contribute to nuclear transport of murine Foxp3. PLoS One 2009; 4:e7890. [PMID: 19924293 PMCID: PMC2774276 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0007890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2009] [Accepted: 10/23/2009] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Foxp3, a 47-kDa transcription factor, is necessary for the function of CD4+CD25+ regulatory T cells (Tregs), with an essential role in the control of self-reactive T cells and in preventing autoimmunity. Activation of Tregs by TCR engagement results in upregulation of Foxp3 expression, followed by its rapid nuclear transport and binding to chromatin. Here, we identify three distinct Foxp3 domains that contribute to nuclear transport. The first domain (Domain 1) comprises the C-terminal 12 amino acids. The second domain (Domain 2) is located immediately N-terminal to the forkhead domain (FHD), recently reported to be a binding site for the runt-related transcription factor 1/acute myeloid leukemia 1 (Runx1/AML1). The third domain (Domain 3) is located within the N-terminal first 51 amino acids. Unlike the known nuclear localization signals (NLSs), none of these three regions are rich in basic residues and do not bear any similarity to known monopartite or bipartite NLSs that have one or more clusters of basic amino acids. The basic arginine-lysine-lysine-arginine (RKKR) sequence, located 12-aa from the C-terminal end of Foxp3 was previously reported to be a nuclear localization signal (NLS) for several proteins, including for a GFP-Foxp3 hybrid. Evidence is provided here that in the full-length native Foxp3 RKKR does not function as an NLS. The data reported in this study indicates that Foxp3 achieves nuclear transport by binding to other nuclear factors and co-transporting with them to the nucleus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wayne W. Hancock
- Division of Transplant Immunology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Engin Özkaynak
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|