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Lee JH. Oxidative stress and the multifaceted roles of ATM in maintaining cellular redox homeostasis. Redox Biol 2024; 75:103269. [PMID: 39018798 PMCID: PMC11301354 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2024.103269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/13/2024] [Indexed: 07/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is best known as a master regulator of the DNA damage response. However, accumulating evidence has unveiled an equally vital function for ATM in sensing oxidative stress and orchestrating cellular antioxidant defenses to maintain redox homeostasis. ATM can be activated through a non-canonical pathway involving intermolecular disulfide crosslinking of the kinase dimers, distinct from its canonical activation by DNA double-strand breaks. Structural studies have elucidated the conformational changes that allow ATM to switch into an active redox-sensing state upon oxidation. Notably, loss of ATM function results in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels, altered antioxidant profiles, and mitochondrial dysfunction across multiple cell types and tissues. This oxidative stress arising from ATM deficiency has been implicated as a central driver of the neurodegenerative phenotypes in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) patients, potentially through mechanisms involving oxidative DNA damage, PARP hyperactivation, and widespread protein aggregation. Moreover, defective ATM oxidation sensing disrupts transcriptional programs and RNA metabolism, with detrimental impacts on neuronal homeostasis. Significantly, antioxidant therapy can ameliorate cellular and organismal abnormalities in various ATM-deficient models. This review synthesizes recent advances illuminating the multifaceted roles of ATM in preserving redox balance and mitigating oxidative insults, providing a unifying paradigm for understanding the complex pathogenesis of A-T disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Research Center of Ecomimetics, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, 61186, Republic of Korea.
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Briguglio S, Cambria C, Albizzati E, Marcello E, Provenzano G, Frasca A, Antonucci F. New Views of the DNA Repair Protein Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated in Central Neurons: Contribution in Synaptic Dysfunctions of Neurodevelopmental and Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells 2023; 12:2181. [PMID: 37681912 PMCID: PMC10486624 DOI: 10.3390/cells12172181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/27/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM) is a serine/threonine protein kinase principally known to orchestrate DNA repair processes upon DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). Mutations in the Atm gene lead to Ataxia-Telangiectasia (AT), a recessive disorder characterized by ataxic movements consequent to cerebellar atrophy or dysfunction, along with immune alterations, genomic instability, and predisposition to cancer. AT patients show variable phenotypes ranging from neurologic abnormalities and cognitive impairments to more recently described neuropsychiatric features pointing to symptoms hardly ascribable to the canonical functions of ATM in DNA damage response (DDR). Indeed, evidence suggests that cognitive abilities rely on the proper functioning of DSB machinery and specific synaptic changes in central neurons of ATM-deficient mice unveiled unexpected roles of ATM at the synapse. Thus, in the present review, upon a brief recall of DNA damage responses, we focus our attention on the role of ATM in neuronal physiology and pathology and we discuss recent findings showing structural and functional changes in hippocampal and cortical synapses of AT mouse models. Collectively, a deeper knowledge of ATM-dependent mechanisms in neurons is necessary not only for a better comprehension of AT neurological phenotypes, but also for a higher understanding of the pathological mechanisms in neurodevelopmental and degenerative disorders involving ATM dysfunctions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Briguglio
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Clara Cambria
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Elena Albizzati
- Division of Developmental Biology, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA;
| | - Elena Marcello
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Via Giuseppe Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milan, MI, Italy;
| | - Giovanni Provenzano
- Department of Cellular, Computational and Integrative Biology—CIBIO, University of Trento, Via Sommarive 9, 38068 Trento, TN, Italy;
| | - Angelisa Frasca
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
| | - Flavia Antonucci
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine (BIOMETRA), University of Milan, Via F.lli Cervi 93, 20129 Segrate (MI) and via Vanvitelli 32, 20129 Milan, MI, Italy; (S.B.); (C.C.); (A.F.)
- Institute of Neuroscience, IN-CNR, Via Raoul Follereau 3, 20854 Vedano al Lambro, MB, Italy
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Yamamoto H, Shimomura N, Oura K, Hasegawa Y. Nacre Extract from Pearl Oyster Shell Prevents D-Galactose-Induced Brain and Skin Aging. MARINE BIOTECHNOLOGY (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2023; 25:503-518. [PMID: 36629944 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-022-10192-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Pearl oyster shells comprise two layers, a prismatic and nacreous layer, of calcium carbonate. The nacreous layer has been used in Chinese medicine since ancient times. In this study, we investigated the effects of the extract from the nacreous layer of pearl oysters (nacre extract) on D-galactose-induced brain and skin aging. Treatment with nacre extract led to the recovery of D-galactose-induced memory impairment, as examined using the Barnes maze, novel object recognition, and Y-maze tests. A histological study showed that nacre extract suppressed D-galactose-induced neuronal cell death and the expression of B cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2)-associated X protein (Bax), which causes apoptosis in the hippocampus. In addition, the expression levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, which counteracts age-related brain dysfunction, and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide-dependent deacetylase (sirtuin 1), which delays aging and extends lifespan, increased after nacre extract treatment. Moreover, the nacre extract showed anti-aging effects against D-galactose-induced skin aging; it suppressed D-galactose-induced wrinkle formation, decreased skin moisture, decreased epidermal thickness, and destroyed collagen arrangement associated with aging. Furthermore, the nacre extract suppressed oxidative stress associated with aging in the brain and skin by upregulating the expression of catalase and superoxide dismutase. The expression level of the cellular senescence marker p16, which is induced by oxidative stress, was elevated in the hippocampus and skin epidermal layer of D-galactose-treated mice, and it was suppressed by the administration of nacre extract. These results show that the nacre extract can suppress D-galactose-induced aging by enhancing anti-oxidant activity and suppressing p16 expression. Thus, the nacre extract may be an effective anti-aging agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hana Yamamoto
- College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Nanami Shimomura
- College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Kazuma Oura
- College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, 050-8585, Japan
| | - Yasushi Hasegawa
- College of Environmental Technology, Muroran Institute of Technology, 27-1 Mizumoto, Muroran, 050-8585, Japan.
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Antidepressant-like effect of endogenous SO 2 on depression caused by chronic unpredictable mild stress. NAUNYN-SCHMIEDEBERG'S ARCHIVES OF PHARMACOLOGY 2023; 396:1325-1336. [PMID: 36729188 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-023-02405-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Sulfur dioxide (SO2) is a toxic gas with harmful effects on various organs. However, recent studies have confirmed the protective effect of SO2 on ischemic heart disease, atherosclerosis, and lung infections. Therefore, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of endogenous SO2 on depression. The chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) model was performed to cause depression. Depression-like behaviors in animals were determined using an open-field test, forced swimming test, and sucrose consumption. Animal spatial learning and memory were also assessed using the Morris water maze. Besides, the oxidative status of the hippocampus and serum corticosterone level were evaluated. A reduction in the tendency to consume sucrose, mobility, and curiosity, as well as learning and memory disorders were observed in CUMS animals. Depressed animals treated with SO2 revealed a significant improvement in behavioral and cognitive functions. SO2 also reduced neuronal damage and lipid peroxidation of the hippocampus and serum corticosterone level in the CUMS group. Various shreds of evidence support a mutual relationship between inflammation and depression; also, growing studies show the role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of mood-related disorders such as depression. This study indicated that increased hippocampal malondialdehyde (MDA) and serum corticosterone levels can be due to the existence of oxidative stress and possible activation of inflammatory processes. SO2 donors diminished MDA and corticosterone levels in depressed animals. According to the study results, SO2 may be able to reduce tissue damage and eventually behavioral disorders caused by depression by lowering oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Safwan-Zaiter H, Wagner N, Wagner KD. P16INK4A-More Than a Senescence Marker. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:1332. [PMID: 36143369 PMCID: PMC9501954 DOI: 10.3390/life12091332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a biological feature that is characterized by gradual degeneration of function in cells, tissues, organs, or an intact organism due to the accumulation of environmental factors and stresses with time. Several factors have been attributed to aging such as oxidative stress and augmented production or exposure to reactive oxygen species, inflammatory cytokines production, telomere shortening, DNA damage, and, importantly, the deposit of senescent cells. These are irreversibly mitotically inactive, yet metabolically active cells. The reason underlying their senescence lies within the extrinsic and the intrinsic arms. The extrinsic arm is mainly characterized by the expression and the secretory profile known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). The intrinsic arm results from the impact of several genes meant to regulate the cell cycle, such as tumor suppressor genes. P16INK4A is a tumor suppressor and cell cycle regulator that has been linked to aging and senescence. Extensive research has revealed that p16 expression is significantly increased in senescent cells, as well as during natural aging or age-related pathologies. Based on this fact, p16 is considered as a specific biomarker for detecting senescent cells and aging. Other studies have found that p16 is not only a senescence marker, but also a protein with many functions outside of senescence and aging. In this paper, we discuss and shed light on several studies that show the different functions of p16 and provide insights in its role in several biological processes besides senescence and aging.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicole Wagner
- CNRS, INSERM, iBV, Université Côte d’Azur, 06107 Nice, France
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Aguado J, Gómez-Inclán C, Leeson HC, Lavin MF, Shiloh Y, Wolvetang EJ. The hallmarks of aging in Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Ageing Res Rev 2022; 79:101653. [PMID: 35644374 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2022.101653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/24/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is caused by absence of the catalytic activity of ATM, a protein kinase that plays a central role in the DNA damage response, many branches of cellular metabolism, redox and mitochondrial homeostasis, and cell cycle regulation. A-T is a complex disorder characterized mainly by progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, radiation sensitivity, genome instability, and predisposition to cancer. It is increasingly recognized that the premature aging component of A-T is an important driver of this disease, and A-T is therefore an attractive model to study the aging process. This review outlines the current state of knowledge pertaining to the molecular and cellular signatures of aging in A-T and proposes how these new insights can guide novel therapeutic approaches for A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julio Aguado
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Cecilia Gómez-Inclán
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Hannah C Leeson
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia
| | - Martin F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, The University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory of Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University School of Medicine, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, The University of Queensland, Queensland 4072, Australia.
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Ueno S, Sudo T, Hirasawa A. ATM: Functions of ATM Kinase and Its Relevance to Hereditary Tumors. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:523. [PMID: 35008949 PMCID: PMC8745051 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23010523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 12/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) functions as a key initiator and coordinator of DNA damage and cellular stress responses. ATM signaling pathways contain many downstream targets that regulate multiple important cellular processes, including DNA damage repair, apoptosis, cell cycle arrest, oxidative sensing, and proliferation. Over the past few decades, associations between germline ATM pathogenic variants and cancer risk have been reported, particularly for breast and pancreatic cancers. In addition, given that ATM plays a critical role in repairing double-strand breaks, inhibiting other DNA repair pathways could be a synthetic lethal approach. Based on this rationale, several DNA damage response inhibitors are currently being tested in ATM-deficient cancers. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge related to the structure of the ATM gene, function of ATM kinase, clinical significance of ATM germline pathogenic variants in patients with hereditary cancers, and ongoing efforts to target ATM for the benefit of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Ueno
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kita-Oji-cho, Akashi-shi 673-8558, Japan;
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
| | - Tamotsu Sudo
- Section of Translational Research, Hyogo Cancer Center, 13-70 Kita-Oji-cho, Akashi-shi 673-8558, Japan;
| | - Akira Hirasawa
- Department of Clinical Genomic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Dentistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Okayama University, 2-5-1 Shikata-cho, Kita-ku, Okayama 700-8558, Japan;
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Yeo AJ, Subramanian GN, Chong KL, Gatei M, Parton RG, Coman D, Lavin MF. An anaplerotic approach to correct the mitochondrial dysfunction in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T). Mol Metab 2021; 54:101354. [PMID: 34637921 PMCID: PMC8599162 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmet.2021.101354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 09/22/2021] [Accepted: 10/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND ATM, the protein defective in the human genetic disorder, ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) plays a central role in response to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and in protecting the cell against oxidative stress. We showed that A-T cells are hypersensitive to metabolic stress which can be accounted for by a failure to exhibit efficient endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-mitochondrial signalling and Ca2+ transfer in response to nutrient deprivation resulting in mitochondrial dysfunction. The objective of the current study is to use an anaplerotic approach using the fatty acid, heptanoate (C7), a metabolic product of the triglyceride, triheptanoin to correct the defect in ER-mitochondrial signalling and enhance cell survival of A-T cells in response to metabolic stress. METHODS We treated control cells and A-T cells with the anaplerotic agent, heptanoate to determine their sensitivity to metabolic stress induced by inhibition of glycolysis with 2- deoxyglucose (2DG) using live-cell imaging to monitor cell survival for 72 h using the Incucyte system. We examined ER-mitochondrial signalling in A-T cells exposed to metabolic stress using a suite of techniques including immunofluorescence staining of Grp75, ER-mitochondrial Ca2+ channel, the VAPB-PTPIP51 ER-mitochondrial tether complexes as well as proximity ligation assays between Grp75-IP3R1 and VAPB1-PTPIP51 to establish a functional interaction between ER and mitochondria. Finally, we also performed metabolomic analysis using LC-MS/MS assay to determine altered levels of TCA intermediates A-T cells compared to healthy control cells. RESULTS We demonstrate that heptanoate corrects all aspects of the defective ER-mitochondrial signalling observed in A-T cells. Heptanoate enhances ER-mitochondrial contacts; increases the flow of calcium from the ER to the mitochondrion; restores normal mitochondrial function and mitophagy and increases the resistance of ATM-deficient cells and cells from A-T patients to metabolic stress-induced killing. The defect in mitochondrial function in ATM-deficient cells was accompanied by more reliance on aerobic glycolysis as shown by increased lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA), accumulation of lactate, and reduced levels of both acetyl CoA and ATP which are all restored by heptanoate. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that heptanoate corrects metabolic stress in A-T cells by restoring ER-mitochondria signalling and mitochondrial function and suggest that the parent compound, triheptanoin, has immense potential as a novel therapeutic agent for patients with A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- A J Yeo
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
| | - G N Subramanian
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - K L Chong
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M Gatei
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - R G Parton
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience and Centre for Microscopy and Microanalysis, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Brisbane, Australia
| | - D Coman
- Queensland Children's Hospital, Brisbane, Australia; Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia
| | - M F Lavin
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Herston, Brisbane, Australia.
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Cellular functions of the protein kinase ATM and their relevance to human disease. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2021; 22:796-814. [PMID: 34429537 DOI: 10.1038/s41580-021-00394-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The protein kinase ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) is a master regulator of double-strand DNA break (DSB) signalling and stress responses. For three decades, ATM has been investigated extensively to elucidate its roles in the DNA damage response (DDR) and in the pathogenesis of ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a human neurodegenerative disease caused by loss of ATM. Although hundreds of proteins have been identified as ATM phosphorylation targets and many important roles for this kinase have been identified, it is still unclear how ATM deficiency leads to the early-onset cerebellar degeneration that is common in all individuals with A-T. Recent studies suggest the existence of links between ATM deficiency and other cerebellum-specific neurological disorders, as well as the existence of broader similarities with more common neurodegenerative disorders. In this Review, we discuss recent structural insights into ATM regulation, and possible aetiologies of A-T phenotypes, including reactive oxygen species, mitochondrial dysfunction, alterations in transcription, R-loop metabolism and alternative splicing, defects in cellular proteostasis and metabolism, and potential pathogenic roles for hyper-poly(ADP-ribosyl)ation.
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10
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Xie X, Zhang Y, Wang Z, Wang S, Jiang X, Cui H, Zhou T, He Z, Feng H, Guo Q, Song X, Cao L. ATM at the crossroads of reactive oxygen species and autophagy. Int J Biol Sci 2021; 17:3080-3090. [PMID: 34421351 PMCID: PMC8375236 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.63963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are generally small, short-lived and highly reactive molecules, initially thought to be a pathological role in the cell. A growing amount of evidence in recent years argues for ROS functioning as a signaling intermediate to facilitate cellular adaptation in response to pathophysiological stress through the regulation of autophagy. Autophagy is an essential cellular process that plays a crucial role in recycling cellular components and damaged organelles to eliminate sources of ROS in response to various stress conditions. A large number of studies have shown that DNA damage response (DDR) transducer ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein can also be activated by ROS, and its downstream signaling pathway is involved in autophagy regulation. This review aims at providing novel insight into the regulatory mechanism of ATM activated by ROS and its molecular basis for inducing autophagy, and revealing a new function that ATM can not only maintain genome homeostasis in the nucleus, but also as a ROS sensor trigger autophagy to maintain cellular homeostasis in the cytoplasm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaochen Xie
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Institute of Endocrinology, Liaoning Provincial Key Laboratory of Endocrine Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Ye Zhang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Zhuo Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Shanshan Wang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyou Jiang
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Hongyan Cui
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Zhou
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Zheng He
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Hao Feng
- Department of Ophthalmology, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110001, P. R. China
| | - Qiqiang Guo
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Song
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
| | - Liu Cao
- College of Basic Medical Science, Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, Key Laboratory of Liaoning Province, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning Province, 110122, P. R. China
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Shiloh Y. The cerebellar degeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: A case for genome instability. DNA Repair (Amst) 2020; 95:102950. [PMID: 32871349 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2020.102950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Research on the molecular pathology of genome instability disorders has advanced our understanding of the complex mechanisms that safeguard genome stability and cellular homeostasis at large. Once the culprit genes and their protein products are identified, an ongoing dialogue develops between the research lab and the clinic in an effort to link specific disease symptoms to the functions of the proteins that are missing in the patients. Ataxi A-T elangiectasia (A-T) is a prominent example of this process. A-T's hallmarks are progressive cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, chronic lung disease, cancer predisposition, endocrine abnormalities, segmental premature aging, chromosomal instability and radiation sensitivity. The disease is caused by absence of the powerful protein kinase, ATM, best known as the mobilizer of the broad signaling network induced by double-strand breaks (DSBs) in the DNA. In parallel, ATM also functions in the maintenance of the cellular redox balance, mitochondrial function and turnover and many other metabolic circuits. An ongoing discussion in the A-T field revolves around the question of which ATM function is the one whose absence is responsible for the most debilitating aspect of A-T - the cerebellar degeneration. This review suggests that it is the absence of a comprehensive role of ATM in responding to ongoing DNA damage induced mainly by endogenous agents. It is the ensuing deterioration and eventual loss of cerebellar Purkinje cells, which are very vulnerable to ATM absence due to a unique combination of physiological features, which kindles the cerebellar decay in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosef Shiloh
- The David and Inez Myers Laboratory for Cancer Genetics, Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Tel Aviv University Medical School, Tel Aviv, 69978, Israel.
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Lee JH, Paull TT. Mitochondria at the crossroads of ATM-mediated stress signaling and regulation of reactive oxygen species. Redox Biol 2020; 32:101511. [PMID: 32244177 PMCID: PMC7115119 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2020.101511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase responds to DNA double-strand breaks and other forms of cellular stress, including reactive oxygen species (ROS). Recent work in the field has uncovered links between mitochondrial ROS and ATM activation, suggesting that ATM acts as a sensor for mitochondrial derived ROS and regulates ROS accumulation in cells through this pathway. In addition, characterization of cells from Ataxia-telangiectasia patients as well as ATM-deficient mice and cell models suggest a role for ATM in modulating mitochondrial gene expression and function. Here we review ROS responses related to ATM function, recent evidence for ATM roles in mitochondrial maintenance and turnover, and the relationship between ATM and regulation of protein homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Hoon Lee
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- The Department of Molecular Biosciences, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX, 78712, USA.
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Cerebellar Astrocytes: Much More Than Passive Bystanders In Ataxia Pathophysiology. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9030757. [PMID: 32168822 PMCID: PMC7141261 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9030757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 03/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia is a neurodegenerative syndrome, which can emerge as a major element of a disease or represent a symptom of more complex multisystemic disorders. It comprises several forms with a highly variegated etiology, mainly united by motor, balance, and speech impairments and, at the tissue level, by cerebellar atrophy and Purkinje cells degeneration. For this reason, the contribution of astrocytes to this disease has been largely overlooked in the past. Nevertheless, in the last few decades, growing evidences are pointing to cerebellar astrocytes as crucial players not only in the progression but also in the onset of distinct forms of ataxia. Although the current knowledge on this topic is very fragmentary and ataxia type-specific, the present review will attempt to provide a comprehensive view of astrocytes’ involvement across the distinct forms of this pathology. Here, it will be highlighted how, through consecutive stage-specific mechanisms, astrocytes can lead to non-cell autonomous neurodegeneration and, consequently, to the behavioral impairments typical of this disease. In light of that, treating astrocytes to heal neurons will be discussed as a potential complementary therapeutic approach for ataxic patients, a crucial point provided the absence of conclusive treatments for this disease.
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14
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Chen H, Chen H, Liang J, Gu X, Zhou J, Xie C, Lv X, Wang R, Li Q, Mao Z, Sun H, Zuo G, Miao D, Jin J. TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis in a stress-induced premature senescence model of Bmi-1 deficiency. Exp Mol Med 2020; 52:130-151. [PMID: 31959867 PMCID: PMC7000795 DOI: 10.1038/s12276-019-0371-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2019] [Revised: 11/27/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To study whether TGF-β1/IL-11/MEK/ERK (TIME) signaling mediates senescence-associated pulmonary fibrosis (SAPF) in Bmi-1-deficient (Bmi-1-/-) mice and determines the major downstream mediator of Bmi-1 and crosstalk between p16INK4a and reactive oxygen species that regulates SAPF, phenotypes were compared among 7-week-old p16INK4a and Bmi-1 double-knockout, N-acetylcysteine (NAC)-treated Bmi-1-/-, Bmi-1-/-, and wild-type mice. Pulmonary fibroblasts and alveolar type II epithelial (AT2) cells were used for experiments. Human pulmonary tissues were tested for type Ι collagen, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), p16INK4a, p53, p21, and TIME signaling by using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Our results demonstrated that Bmi-1 deficiency resulted in a shortened lifespan, ventilatory resistance, poor ventilatory compliance, and SAPF, including cell senescence, DNA damage, a senescence-associated secretory phenotype and collagen overdeposition that was mediated by the upregulation of TIME signaling. The signaling stimulated cell senescence, senescence-related secretion of TGF-β1 and IL-11 and production of collagen 1 by pulmonary fibroblasts and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of AT2 cells. These processes were inhibited by anti-IL-11 or the MEK inhibitor PD98059. NAC treatment prolonged the lifespan and ameliorated pulmonary dysfunction and SAPF by downregulating TIME signaling more than p16INK4a deletion by inhibiting oxidative stress and DNA damage and promoting ubiquitin-proteasome degradation of p16INK4a and p53. Cytoplasmic p16INK4a accumulation upregulated MEK/ERK signaling by inhibiting the translocation of pERK1/2 (Thr202/Tyr204) from the cytoplasm to the nucleus in senescent fibroblasts. The accumulation of collagen 1 and α-SMA in human lungs accompanied by cell senescence may be mediated by TIME signaling. Thus, this signaling in aging fibroblasts or AT2 cells could be a therapeutic target for preventing SAPF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyun Chen
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- Anti-aging Research Laboratory, Friendship Plastic Surgery Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Hongjie Chen
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jialong Liang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xin Gu
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jiawen Zhou
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Chunfeng Xie
- Department of Nutrition and Food Safety, School of Public Health, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Xianhui Lv
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Rong Wang
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Qing Li
- Department of Science and Technology, Jiangsu Jiankang Vocational College, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 210029, China
| | - Zhiyuan Mao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Haijian Sun
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Guoping Zuo
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
- The Laboratory Center for Basic Medical Sciences, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Dengshun Miao
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China
| | - Jianliang Jin
- Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Human Anatomy; Key Laboratory for Aging & Disease; The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 211166, China.
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15
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Mohammad J, Singh RR, Riggle C, Haugrud B, Abdalla MY, Reindl KM. JNK inhibition blocks piperlongumine-induced cell death and transcriptional activation of heme oxygenase-1 in pancreatic cancer cells. Apoptosis 2019; 24:730-744. [PMID: 31243599 PMCID: PMC6713602 DOI: 10.1007/s10495-019-01553-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Piperlongumine (PL) is an alkaloid that inhibits glutathione S-transferase pi 1 (GSTP1) activity, resulting in elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and cancer-selective cell death. We aimed to identify stress-associated molecular responses to PL treatment in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) cells. GSTP1 directly interacts with JNK, which is activated by oxidative stress and can lead to decreased cancer cell proliferation and cell death. Therefore, we hypothesized that JNK pathways are activated in response to PL treatment. Our results show PL causes dissociation of GSTP1 from JNK; robust JNK, c-Jun, and early ERK activation followed by suppression; increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP; and nuclear translocation of Nrf2 and c-Myc in PDAC cells. Gene expression analysis revealed PL caused a > 20-fold induction of heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), which we hypothesized was a survival mechanism for PDAC cells under enhanced oxidative stress. HO-1 knockout resulted in enhanced PL-induced PDAC cell death under hypoxic conditions. Similarly, high concentrations of the HO-1 inhibitor, ZnPP (10 µM), sensitized PDAC cells to PL; however, lower concentrations ZnPP (10 nM) and high or low concentrations of SnPP both protected PDAC cells from PL-induced cell death. Interestingly, the JNK inhibitor significantly blocked PL-induced PDAC cell death, Nrf-2 nuclear translocation, and HMOX-1 mRNA expression. Collectively, the results demonstrate JNK signaling contributes to PL-induced PDAC cell death, and at the same time, activates Nrf-2 transcription of HMOX-1 as a compensatory survival mechanism. These results suggest that elevating oxidative stress (using PL) while at the same time impairing antioxidant capacity (inhibiting HO-1) may be an effective therapeutic approach for PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiyan Mohammad
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Rahul R Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Cody Riggle
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Brandon Haugrud
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA
| | - Maher Y Abdalla
- Department of Pathology and Microbiology, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, 68198, USA
| | - Katie M Reindl
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58108, USA.
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16
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Morroni F, Sita G, Graziosi A, Ravegnini G, Molteni R, Paladini MS, Dias KST, dos Santos AF, Viegas C, Camps I, Pruccoli L, Tarozzi A, Hrelia P. PQM130, a Novel Feruloyl-Donepezil Hybrid Compound, Effectively Ameliorates the Cognitive Impairments and Pathology in a Mouse Model of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:658. [PMID: 31244664 PMCID: PMC6581760 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the most frequent type of dementia in older people. The complex nature of AD calls for the development of multitarget agents addressing key pathogenic processes. Donepezil, an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, is a first-line acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for the treatment of AD. Although several studies have demonstrated the symptomatic efficacy of donepezil treatment in AD patients, the possible effects of donepezil on the AD process are not yet known. In this study, a novel feruloyl-donepezil hybrid compound (PQM130) was synthesized and evaluated as a multitarget drug candidate against the neurotoxicity induced by Aβ1-42 oligomer (AβO) injection in mice. Interestingly, PQM130 had already shown anti-inflammatory activity in different in vivo models and neuroprotective activity in human neuronal cells. The intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of AβO in mice caused the increase of memory impairment, oxidative stress, neurodegeneration, and neuroinflammation. Instead, PQM130 (0.5-1 mg/kg) treatment after the i.c.v. AβO injection reduced oxidative damage and neuroinflammation and induced cell survival and protein synthesis through the modulation of glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERK1/2). Moreover, PQM130 increased brain plasticity and protected mice against the decline in spatial cognition. Even more interesting is that PQM130 modulated different pathways compared to donepezil, and it is much more effective in counteracting AβO damage. Therefore, our findings highlighted that PQM130 is a potent multi-functional agent against AD and could act as a promising neuroprotective compound for anti-AD drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiana Morroni
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology–FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Giulia Sita
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology–FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Agnese Graziosi
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology–FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Gloria Ravegnini
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology–FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Raffaella Molteni
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria Serena Paladini
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Milan, Italy
| | | | | | - Claudio Viegas
- Institute of Chemistry, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Ihosvany Camps
- Institute of Exact Sciences, Federal University of Alfenas, Alfenas, MG, Brazil
| | - Letizia Pruccoli
- Department for Life Quality Studies-QuVi, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Andrea Tarozzi
- Department for Life Quality Studies-QuVi, Alma Mater Studiorum-University of Bologna, Rimini, Italy
| | - Patrizia Hrelia
- Department of Pharmacy and BioTechnology–FaBiT, Alma Mater Studiorum–University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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17
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Sun K, Tang S, Hou Y, Xi L, Chen Y, Yin J, Peng M, Zhao M, Cui X, Liu M. Oxidized ATM-mediated glycolysis enhancement in breast cancer-associated fibroblasts contributes to tumor invasion through lactate as metabolic coupling. EBioMedicine 2019; 41:370-383. [PMID: 30799198 PMCID: PMC6442874 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2019.02.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) are the predominant residents in the breast tumor microenvironment. In our work, we found activation of DNA damage-independent ATM (oxidized ATM), enhanced glycolysis and aberrant metabolism-associated gene expressions in breast CAFs. Nevertheless, whether and how oxidized ATM regulates the glycolytic activity of CAFs keep in unveil. Recently, a reverse Warburg effect was observed in tumor tissues, in which host cells (such as CAFs, PSCs) in the tumor microenvironment have been found to "fuel" the cancer cells via metabolites transfer. However, the molecular mechanisms of the metabolites from stromal cells playing a role to the progression of cancer cells remain to be determined. METHODS Oxidized ATM activation in stromal CAFs was assessed by western blotting and immunofluorescence. The increased glycolytic ability of CAFs was validated by measurements of OCR and ECAR and detections of glucose consumption and lactate production. Kinase assay and western blotting were performed to confirm the phosphorylation of GLUT1. The membrane location of phosphorylated GLUT1 was determined by biotin pull-down assay and immunofluorescence staining. The regulation of PKM2 through oxidized ATM was evaluated by western blots. In addition, the impact of lactate derived from hypoxic CAFs on cancer cell invasion was investigated both in vitro (transwell assays, western blots) and in vivo (orthotopic xenografts). FINDINGS Hypoxia-induced oxidized ATM promotes glycolytic activity of CAFs by phosphorylating GLUT1 at S490 and increasing PKM2 expression. Moreover, lactate derived from hypoxic CAFs, acting as a metabolic coupling between CAFs and breast cancer cells, promotes breast cancer cell invasion by activating the TGFβ1/p38 MAPK/MMP2/9 signaling axis and fueling the mitochondrial activity in cancer cells. INTERPRETATION Our work shows that oxidized ATM-mediated glycolysis enhancement in hypoxic stromal fibroblasts plays an essential role in cancer cell invasion and metastasis and may implicate oxidized ATM as a target for breast tumor treatment. FUND: This research was supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kexin Sun
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shifu Tang
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, Liuzhou Traditional Chinese Medical Hospital, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi, China; Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Liuzhou 545001, Guangxi, China
| | - Yixuan Hou
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; Experimental Teaching Center of Basic Medicine Science, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lei Xi
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yanlin Chen
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jiali Yin
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meixi Peng
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Maojia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 91006, USA
| | - Manran Liu
- Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics, Chinese Ministry of Education, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China.
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18
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Zhang Y, Lee JH, Paull TT, Gehrke S, D'Alessandro A, Dou Q, Gladyshev VN, Schroeder EA, Steyl SK, Christian BE, Shadel GS. Mitochondrial redox sensing by the kinase ATM maintains cellular antioxidant capacity. Sci Signal 2018; 11:eaaq0702. [PMID: 29991649 PMCID: PMC6042875 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq0702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondria are integral to cellular energy metabolism and ATP production and are involved in regulating many cellular processes. Mitochondria produce reactive oxygen species (ROS), which not only can damage cellular components but also participate in signal transduction. The kinase ATM, which is mutated in the neurodegenerative, autosomal recessive disease ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), is a key player in the nuclear DNA damage response. However, ATM also performs a redox-sensing function mediated through formation of ROS-dependent disulfide-linked dimers. We found that mitochondria-derived hydrogen peroxide promoted ATM dimerization. In HeLa cells, ATM dimers were localized to the nucleus and inhibited by the redox regulatory protein thioredoxin 1 (TRX1), suggesting the existence of a ROS-mediated, stress-signaling relay from mitochondria to the nucleus. ATM dimer formation did not affect its association with chromatin in the absence or presence of nuclear DNA damage, consistent with the separation of its redox and DNA damage signaling functions. Comparative analysis of U2OS cells expressing either wild-type ATM or the redox sensing-deficient C2991L mutant revealed that one function of ATM redox sensing is to promote glucose flux through the pentose phosphate pathway (PPP) by increasing the abundance and activity of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), thereby increasing cellular antioxidant capacity. The PPP produces the coenzyme NADPH needed for a robust antioxidant response, including the regeneration of TRX1, indicating the existence of a regulatory feedback loop involving ATM and TRX1. We propose that loss of the mitochondrial ROS-sensing function of ATM may cause cellular ROS accumulation and oxidative stress in A-T.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yichong Zhang
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Ji-Hoon Lee
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Texas at Austin, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Sarah Gehrke
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Angelo D'Alessandro
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Qianhui Dou
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | - Vadim N Gladyshev
- Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02155, USA
| | | | - Samantha K Steyl
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA
| | - Brooke E Christian
- Department of Chemistry, Appalachian State University, Boone, NC 28608, USA.
| | - Gerald S Shadel
- Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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19
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Pulliam N, Fang F, Ozes AR, Tang J, Adewuyi A, Keer H, Lyons J, Baylin SB, Matei D, Nakshatri H, Rassool FV, Miller KD, Nephew KP. An Effective Epigenetic-PARP Inhibitor Combination Therapy for Breast and Ovarian Cancers Independent of BRCA Mutations. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:3163-3175. [PMID: 29615458 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-18-0204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2018] [Revised: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: PARP inhibitors (PARPi) are primarily effective against BRCA1/2-mutated breast and ovarian cancers, but resistance due to reversion of mutated BRCA1/2 and other mechanisms is common. Based on previous reports demonstrating a functional role for DNMT1 in DNA repair and our previous studies demonstrating an ability of DNA methyltransferase inhibitor (DNMTi) to resensitize tumors to primary therapies, we hypothesized that combining a DNMTi with PARPi would sensitize PARPi-resistant breast and ovarian cancers to PARPi therapy, independent of BRCA status.Experimental Design: Breast and ovarian cancer cell lines (BRCA-wild-type/mutant) were treated with PARPi talazoparib and DNMTi guadecitabine. Effects on cell survival, ROS accumulation, and cAMP levels were examined. In vivo, mice bearing either BRCA-proficient breast or ovarian cancer cells were treated with talazoparib and guadecitabine, alone or in combination. Tumor progression, gene expression, and overall survival were analyzed.Results: Combination of guadecitabine and talazoparib synergized to enhance PARPi efficacy, irrespective of BRCA mutation status. Coadministration of guadecitabine with talazoparib increased accumulation of ROS, promoted PARP activation, and further sensitized, in a cAMP/PKA-dependent manner, breast and ovarian cancer cells to PARPi. In addition, DNMTi enhanced PARP "trapping" by talazoparib. Guadecitabine plus talazoparib decreased xenograft tumor growth and increased overall survival in BRCA-proficient high-grade serous ovarian and triple-negative breast cancer models.Conclusions: The novel combination of the next-generation DNMTi guadecitabine and the first-in-class PARPi talazoparib inhibited breast and ovarian cancers harboring either wild-type- or mutant-BRCA, supporting further clinical exploration of this drug combination in PARPi-resistant cancers. Clin Cancer Res; 24(13); 3163-75. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Pulliam
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Fang Fang
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Ali R Ozes
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana.,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Jessica Tang
- Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Adeoluwa Adewuyi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Harold Keer
- Astex Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Pleasanton, California
| | - John Lyons
- Astex Therapeutics Limited, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Baylin
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Daniela Matei
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | | | - Feyruz V Rassool
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, University of Maryland, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kathy D Miller
- Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth P Nephew
- Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry Department, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. .,Medical Sciences Program, Indiana University School of Medicine, Bloomington, Indiana.,Department of Cellular and Integrative Physiology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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20
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Zaki-Dizaji M, Akrami SM, Azizi G, Abolhassani H, Aghamohammadi A. Inflammation, a significant player of Ataxia-Telangiectasia pathogenesis? Inflamm Res 2018; 67:559-570. [PMID: 29582093 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-018-1142-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-Telangiectasia (A-T) syndrome is an autosomal recessive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by cerebellar ataxia, oculocutaneous telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, chromosome instability, radiosensitivity, and predisposition to malignancy. There is growing evidence that A-T patients suffer from pathologic inflammation that is responsible for many symptoms of this syndrome, including neurodegeneration, autoimmunity, cardiovascular disease, accelerated aging, and insulin resistance. In addition, epidemiological studies have shown A-T heterozygotes, somewhat like deficient patients, are susceptible to ionizing irradiation and have a higher risk of cancers and metabolic disorders. AREA COVERED This review summarizes clinical and molecular findings of inflammation in A-T syndrome. CONCLUSION Ataxia-Telangiectasia Mutated (ATM), a master regulator of the DNA damage response is the protein known to be associated with A-T and has a complex nuclear and cytoplasmic role. Loss of ATM function may induce immune deregulation and systemic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, 62 Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Akrami
- Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, 62 Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran.,Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Science, 62 Qarib St., Keshavarz Blvd., Tehran, 14194, Iran.
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21
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Yang G, Yu D, Li W, Zhao Y, Wen X, Liang X, Zhang X, Zhou L, Hu J, Niu C, Tian H, Han F, Chen X, Dong L, Cai L, Cui J. Distinct biological effects of low-dose radiation on normal and cancerous human lung cells are mediated by ATM signaling. Oncotarget 2018; 7:71856-71872. [PMID: 27708248 PMCID: PMC5342128 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-dose radiation (LDR) induces hormesis and adaptive response in normal cells but not in cancer cells, suggesting its potential protection of normal tissue against damage induced by conventional radiotherapy. However, the underlying mechanisms are not well established. We addressed this in the present study by examining the role of the ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) signaling pathway in response to LDR using A549 human lung adenocarcinoma cells and HBE135-E6E7 (HBE) normal lung epithelial cells. We found that LDR-activated ATM was the initiating event in hormesis and adaptive response to LDR in HBE cells. ATM activation increased the expression of CDK4/CDK6/cyclin D1 by activating the AKT/glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β signaling pathway, which stimulated HBE cell proliferation. Activation of ATM/AKT/GSK-3β signaling also increased nuclear accumulation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, leading to increased expression of antioxidants, which mitigated cellular damage from excessive reactive oxygen species production induced by high-dose radiation. However, these effects were not observed in A549 cells. Thus, the failure to activate these pathways in A549 cells likely explains the difference between normal and cancer cells in terms of hormesis and adaptive response to LDR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guozi Yang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Department of Radiation-Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Dehai Yu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Wei Li
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Yuguang Zhao
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xue Wen
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xinyue Liang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiaoying Zhang
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lei Zhou
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Jifan Hu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Chao Niu
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Huimin Tian
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Fujun Han
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Xiao Chen
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lihua Dong
- Department of Radiation-Oncology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
| | - Lu Cai
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China.,Kosair Children's Hospital Research Institute, Departments of Pediatrics, Radiation Oncology, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40292, USA
| | - Jiuwei Cui
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130021, China
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22
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Zaki-Dizaji M, Akrami SM, Abolhassani H, Rezaei N, Aghamohammadi A. Ataxia telangiectasia syndrome: moonlighting ATM. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2017; 13:1155-1172. [PMID: 29034753 DOI: 10.1080/1744666x.2017.1392856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) a multisystem disorder primarily characterized by cerebellar degeneration, telangiectasia, immunodeficiency, cancer susceptibility and radiation sensitivity. Identification of the gene defective in this syndrome, ataxia-telangiectasia mutated gene (ATM), and further characterization of the disorder together with a greater insight into the function of the ATM protein have expanded our knowledge about the molecular pathogenesis of this disease. Area covered: In this review, we have attempted to summarize the different roles of ATM signaling that have provided new insights into the diverse clinical phenotypes exhibited by A-T patients. Expert commentary: ATM, in addition to DNA repair response, is involved in many cytoplasmic roles that explain diverse phenotypes of A-T patients. It seems accumulation of DNA damage, persistent DNA damage response signaling, and chronic oxidative stress are the main players in the pathogenesis of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid Zaki-Dizaji
- a Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
| | - Seyed Mohammad Akrami
- a Department of Medical Genetics, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran
| | - Hassan Abolhassani
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,c Division of Clinical Immunology, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Karolinska Institute at Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge , Stockholm , Sweden.,d Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases Network (PIDNet ), Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Nima Rezaei
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran.,e Department of Immunology and Biology, School of Medicine , Tehran University of Medical Sciences , Tehran , Iran.,f Network of Immunity in Infection, Malignancy and Autoimmunity (NIIMA) , Universal Scientific Education and Research Network (USERN) , Tehran , Iran
| | - Asghar Aghamohammadi
- b Research Center for Immunodeficiencies, Children's Medical Center , Tehran University of Medical Science , Tehran , Iran
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23
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Nayler SP, Powell JE, Vanichkina DP, Korn O, Wells CA, Kanjhan R, Sun J, Taft RJ, Lavin MF, Wolvetang EJ. Human iPSC-Derived Cerebellar Neurons from a Patient with Ataxia-Telangiectasia Reveal Disrupted Gene Regulatory Networks. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:321. [PMID: 29081736 PMCID: PMC5645492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a rare genetic disorder caused by loss of function of the ataxia-telangiectasia-mutated kinase and is characterized by a predisposition to cancer, pulmonary disease, immune deficiency and progressive degeneration of the cerebellum. As animal models do not faithfully recapitulate the neurological aspects, it remains unclear whether cerebellar degeneration is a neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative phenotype. To address the necessity for a human model, we first assessed a previously published protocol for the ability to generate cerebellar neuronal cells, finding it gave rise to a population of precursors highly enriched for markers of the early hindbrain such as EN1 and GBX2, and later more mature cerebellar markers including PTF1α, MATH1, HOXB4, ZIC3, PAX6, and TUJ1. RNA sequencing was used to classify differentiated cerebellar neurons generated from integration-free A-T and control induced pluripotent stem cells. Comparison of RNA sequencing data with datasets from the Allen Brain Atlas reveals in vitro-derived cerebellar neurons are transcriptionally similar to discrete regions of the human cerebellum, and most closely resemble the cerebellum at 22 weeks post-conception. We show that patient-derived cerebellar neurons exhibit disrupted gene regulatory networks associated with synaptic vesicle dynamics and oxidative stress, offering the first molecular insights into early cerebellar pathogenesis of ataxia-telangiectasia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sam P Nayler
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Joseph E Powell
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Institute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Darya P Vanichkina
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Othmar Korn
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Christine A Wells
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Refik Kanjhan
- School of Biomedical Science, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Jian Sun
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
| | - Ryan J Taft
- Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia.,Department of Integrated Systems Biology and Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine and Health Services, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States.,Illumina, Inc.,, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Martin F Lavin
- UQ Centre for Clinical Research, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Ernst J Wolvetang
- Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology, University of Queensland, St. Lucia, QLD, Australia
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24
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ATM is required for SOD2 expression and homeostasis within the mammary gland. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:725-741. [PMID: 28849346 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4424-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE ATM activates the NF-κB transcriptional complex in response to genotoxic and oxidative stress. The purpose of this study was to examine if the NF-κB target gene and critical antioxidant SOD2 (MnSOD) in cultured mammary epithelium is also ATM-dependent, and what phenotypes arise from deletion of ATM and SOD2 within the mammary gland. METHODS SOD2 expression was studied in human mammary epithelial cells and MCF10A using RNAi to knockdown ATM or the NF-κB subunit RelA. To study ATM and SOD2 function in mammary glands, mouse lines containing Atm or Sod2 genes containing LoxP sites were mated with mice harboring Cre recombinase under the control of the whey acidic protein promoter. Quantitative PCR was used to measure gene expression, and mammary gland structure was studied using histology. RESULTS SOD2 expression is ATM- and RelA-dependent, ATM knockdown renders cells sensitive to pro-oxidant exposure, and SOD mimetics partially rescue this sensitivity. Mice with germline deletion of Atm fail to develop mature mammary glands, but using a conditional knockout approach, we determined that Atm deletion significantly diminished the expression of Sod2. We also observed that these mice (termed AtmΔ/Δ) displayed a progressive lactation defect as judged by reduced pup growth rate, aberrant lobulo-alveolar structure, diminished milk protein gene expression, and increased apoptosis within lactating glands. This phenotype appears to be linked to dysregulated Sod2 expression as mammary gland-specific deletion of Sod2 phenocopies defects observed in AtmΔ/Δ dams. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that ATM is required to promote expression of SOD2 within the mammary epithelium, and that both ATM and SOD2 play a crucial role in mammary gland homeostasis.
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25
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Choy KR, Watters DJ. Neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: Multiple roles of ATM kinase in cellular homeostasis. Dev Dyn 2017; 247:33-46. [PMID: 28543935 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.24522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is characterized by neuronal degeneration, cancer, diabetes, immune deficiency, and increased sensitivity to ionizing radiation. A-T is attributed to the deficiency of the protein kinase coded by the ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated) gene. ATM is a sensor of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs) and signals to cell cycle checkpoints and the DNA repair machinery. ATM phosphorylates numerous substrates and activates many cell-signaling pathways. There has been considerable debate about whether a defective DNA damage response is causative of the neurological aspects of the disease. In proliferating cells, ATM is localized mainly in the nucleus; however, in postmitotic cells such as neurons, ATM is mostly cytoplasmic. Recent studies reveal an increasing number of roles for ATM in the cytoplasm, including activation by oxidative stress. ATM associates with organelles including mitochondria and peroxisomes, both sources of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which have been implicated in neurodegenerative diseases and aging. ATM is also associated with synaptic vesicles and has a role in regulating cellular homeostasis and autophagy. The cytoplasmic roles of ATM provide a new perspective on the neurodegenerative process in A-T. This review will examine the expanding roles of ATM in cellular homeostasis and relate these functions to the complex A-T phenotype. Developmental Dynamics 247:33-46, 2018. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kay Rui Choy
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Dianne J Watters
- School of Natural Sciences, Griffith University, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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26
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Park H, Kim CH, Jeong JH, Park M, Kim KS. GDF15 contributes to radiation-induced senescence through the ROS-mediated p16 pathway in human endothelial cells. Oncotarget 2016; 7:9634-44. [PMID: 26909594 PMCID: PMC4891072 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7457] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth differentiation factor 15 (GDF15) is an emerging biomarker of cardiovascular risk and disease. Microarray analyses revealed that GDF15 levels were increased during cellular senescence induced by ionizing radiation (IR) in human aortic endothelial cells (HAECs). However, the role of GDF15 in HAEC cellular senescence remains unclear. This study demonstrated that downregulation of GDF15 in HAECs partially prevented cellular senescence triggered by IR, which was confirmed by recovery of cell proliferation and reverse senescence-associated β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining. Conversely, upregulation of GDF15-induced cellular senescence in HAECs, confirmed by G0/G1 cell cycle arrest, decreased during cell proliferation and increased SA-β-gal staining. GDF15-induced cellular senescence was observed in p16-knockdown cells but not in p53-knockdown cells. GDF15 expression in endothelial cells also generated reactive oxygen species (ROS), which led to activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases (ERKs) and induction of senescence by oxidative stress. These results suggested that GDF15 might play an important role in cellular senescence through a ROS-mediated p16 pathway and contribute to the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis via pro-senescent activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyejin Park
- Divisions of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chun-Ho Kim
- Divisions of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Myungjin Park
- Divisions of Radiation Cancer Science, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang Seok Kim
- Divisions of Radiation Effects, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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27
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Lavin MF, Yeo AJ, Kijas AW, Wolvetang E, Sly PD, Wainwright C, Sinclair K. Therapeutic targets and investigated treatments for Ataxia-Telangiectasia. Expert Opin Orphan Drugs 2016. [DOI: 10.1080/21678707.2016.1254618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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28
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Quincozes-Santos A, Bobermin LD, de Assis AM, Gonçalves CA, Souza DO. Fluctuations in glucose levels induce glial toxicity with glutamatergic, oxidative and inflammatory implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2016; 1863:1-14. [PMID: 27663722 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are dynamic cells that maintain brain homeostasis by regulating neurotransmitter systems, antioxidant defenses, inflammatory responses and energy metabolism. Astroglial cells are also primarily responsible for the uptake and metabolism of glucose in the brain. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a pathological condition characterized by hyperglycemia and is associated with several changes in the central nervous system (CNS), including alterations in glial function. Classically, excessive glucose concentrations are used to induce experimental models of astrocyte dysfunction; however, hypoglycemic episodes may also cause several brain injuries. The main focus of the present study was to evaluate how fluctuations in glucose levels induce cytotoxicity. The culture medium of astroglial cells was replaced twice as follows: (1) from 6mM (control) to 12mM (high glucose), and (2) from 12mM to 0mM (glucose deprivation). Cell viability, mitochondrial function, oxidative/nitrosative stress, glutamate metabolism, inflammatory responses, nuclear factor κB (NFκB) transcriptional activity and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38 MAPK) levels were assessed. Our in vitro experimental model showed that up and down fluctuations in glucose levels decreased cell proliferation, induced mitochondrial dysfunction, increased oxidative/nitrosative stress with consequent cellular biomolecular damage, impaired glutamate metabolism and increased pro-inflammatory cytokine release. Additionally, activation of the NFκB and p38 signaling pathways were putative mechanisms of the effects of glucose fluctuations on astroglial cells. In summary, for the first time, we show that changes in glucose concentrations, from high-glucose levels to glucose deprivation, exacerbate glial injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- André Quincozes-Santos
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.
| | - Larissa Daniele Bobermin
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Adriano M de Assis
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Carlos-Alberto Gonçalves
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Diogo Onofre Souza
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências Biológicas: Bioquímica, Instituto de Ciências Básicas da Saúde, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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29
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Zhou X, Dai X, Wu X, Ji J, Karaplis A, Goltzman D, Yang X, Miao D. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Lymphocytes Stimulates Skeletogenesis by Improving the Osteogenic Microenvironment. Sci Rep 2016; 6:29171. [PMID: 27373231 PMCID: PMC4931581 DOI: 10.1038/srep29171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate whether overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate skeletogenesis by improving the osteogenic microenvironment, we examined the skeletal phenotype of EμBmi1 transgenic mice with overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes. The size of the skeleton, trabecular bone volume and osteoblast number, indices of proliferation and differentiation of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) were increased significantly, ROS levels were reduced and antioxidative capacity was enhanced in EμBmi1 mice compared to WT mice. In PTHrP1-84 knockin (Pthrp(KI/KI)) mice, the expression levels of Bmi1 are reduced and potentially can mediate the premature osteoporosis observed. We therefore generated a Pthrp(KI/KI) mice overexpressing Bmi1 in lymphocytes and compared them with Pthrp(KI/KI) and WT littermates. Overexpression of Bmi1 in Pthrp(KI/KI) mice resulted in a longer lifespan, increased body weight and improvement in skeletal growth and parameters of osteoblastic bone formation with reduced ROS levels and DNA damage response parameters. Our results demonstrate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate osteogenesis in vivo and partially rescue defects in skeletal growth and osteogenesis in Pthrp(KI/KI) mice. These studies therefore indicate that overexpression of Bmi1 in lymphocytes can stimulate skeletogenesis by inhibiting oxidative stress and improving the osteogenic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xichao Zhou
- Department of Orthopedics, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiuliang Dai
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xuan Wu
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ji Ji
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Department of Fundamentals of Nursing, School of Nursing, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Andrew Karaplis
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - David Goltzman
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Xiangjiao Yang
- The Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Dengshun Miao
- The State Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, the Research Center for Bone and Stem Cells, Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
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30
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Tang S, Hou Y, Zhang H, Tu G, Yang L, Sun Y, Lang L, Tang X, Du YE, Zhou M, Yu T, Xu L, Wen S, Liu C, Liu M. Oxidized ATM promotes abnormal proliferation of breast CAFs through maintaining intracellular redox homeostasis and activating the PI3K-AKT, MEK-ERK, and Wnt-β-catenin signaling pathways. Cell Cycle 2016; 14:1908-24. [PMID: 25970706 PMCID: PMC4615140 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2015.1041685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal proliferation is one characteristic of cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which play a key role in tumorigenesis and tumor progression. Oxidative stress (OS) is the root cause of CAFs abnormal proliferation. ATM (ataxia-telangiectasia mutated protein kinase), an important redox sensor, is involved in DNA damage response and cellular homeostasis. Whether and how oxidized ATM regulating CAFs proliferation remains unclear. In this study, we show that there is a high level of oxidized ATM in breast CAFs in the absence of double-strand breaks (DSBs) and that oxidized ATM plays a critical role in CAFs proliferation. The effect of oxidized ATM on CAFs proliferation is mediated by its regulation of cellular redox balance and the activity of the ERK, PI3K-AKT, and Wnt signaling pathways. Treating cells with antioxidant N-acetyl-cysteine (NAC) partially rescues the proliferation defect of the breast CAFs caused by ATM deficiency. Administrating cells with individual or a combination of specific inhibitors of the ERK, PI3K-AKT, and Wnt signaling pathways mimics the effect of ATM deficiency on breast CAF proliferation. This is mainly ascribed to the β-catenin suppression and down-regulation of c-Myc, thus further leading to the decreased cyclinD1, cyclinE, and E2F1 expression and the enhanced p21(Cip1) level. Our results reveal an important role of oxidized ATM in the regulation of the abnormal proliferation of breast CAFs. Oxidized ATM could serve as a potential target for treating breast cancer.
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Key Words
- ATM, ataxia telangiectasia mutated
- CAFs, cancer associated fibroblasts
- CCNA2, cyclin A2
- CCNB2, cyclin B2
- CDK1, cyclin-dependent kinase 1
- CDKN2B, cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 2B
- DSBs, double strand breaks
- E2F1, E2F transcription factor 1
- NAC, N-acetyl-cysteine
- NFs, normal fibroblasts
- OS, oxidative stress
- ROS, reactive oxygen species
- TM, tumor microenvironment
- abnormal proliferation
- breast cancer
- cancer-associated fibroblasts
- oxidative stress
- oxidized ATM
- proliferation signaling pathways
- reactive oxygen species
- redox homeostasis
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Affiliation(s)
- Shifu Tang
- a Key Laboratory of Laboratory Medical Diagnostics; Chinese Ministry of Education; Chongqing Medical University ; Chongqing , China
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31
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ATM kinase: Much more than a DNA damage responsive protein. DNA Repair (Amst) 2015; 39:1-20. [PMID: 26777338 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2015] [Revised: 12/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ATM, mutation of which causes Ataxia telangiectasia, has emerged as a cardinal multifunctional protein kinase during past two decades as evidenced by various studies from around the globe. Further to its well established and predominant role in DNA damage response, ATM has also been understood to help in maintaining overall functional integrity of cells; since its mutation, inactivation or deficiency results in a variety of pathological manifestations besides DNA damage. These include oxidative stress, metabolic syndrome, mitochondrial dysfunction as well as neurodegeneration. Recently, high throughput screening using proteomics, metabolomics and transcriptomic studies revealed several proteins which might be acting as substrates of ATM. Studies that can help in identifying effective regulatory controls within the ATM-mediated pathways/mechanisms can help in developing better therapeutics. In fact, more in-depth understanding of ATM-dependent cellular signals could also help in the treatment of variety of other disease conditions since these pathways seem to control many critical cellular functions. In this review, we have attempted to put together a detailed yet lucid picture of the present-day understanding of ATM's role in various pathophysiological conditions involving DNA damage and beyond.
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32
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Campbell A, Bushman J, Munger J, Noble M, Pröschel C, Mayer-Pröschel M. Mutation of ataxia-telangiectasia mutated is associated with dysfunctional glutathione homeostasis in cerebellar astroglia. Glia 2015; 64:227-39. [PMID: 26469940 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial dysfunction plays an important role in neurodegenerative diseases otherwise attributed to neuronal loss of function. Here we focus on the role of astroglia in ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T), a disease caused by mutations in the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. A hallmark of A-T pathology is progressive loss of cerebellar neurons, but the mechanisms that impact neuronal survival are unclear. We now provide a possible mechanism by which A-T astroglia affect the survival of cerebellar neurons. As astroglial functions are difficult to study in an in vivo setting, particularly in the cerebellum where these cells are intertwined with the far more numerous neurons, we conducted in vitro coculture experiments that allow for the generation and pharmacological manipulation of purified cell populations. Our analyses revealed that cerebellar astroglia isolated from Atm mutant mice show decreased expression of the cystine/glutamate exchanger subunit xCT, glutathione (GSH) reductase, and glutathione-S-transferase. We also found decreased levels of intercellular and secreted GSH in A-T astroglia. Metabolic labeling of l-cystine, the major precursor for GSH, revealed that a key component of the defect in A-T astroglia is an impaired ability to import this rate-limiting precursor for the production of GSH. This impairment resulted in suboptimal extracellular GSH supply, which in turn impaired survival of cerebellar neurons. We show that by circumventing the xCT-dependent import of L-cystine through addition of N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC) as an alternative cysteine source, we were able to restore GSH levels in A-T mutant astroglia providing a possible future avenue for targeted therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Campbell
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Jared Bushman
- School of Pharmacy Health Sciences Center, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, 82071
| | - Joshua Munger
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Mark Noble
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Christoph Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
| | - Margot Mayer-Pröschel
- Department of Biomedical Genetics, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14642
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Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T), a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive cerebellar degeneration and a greatly increased incidence of cancer among other symptoms, is caused by a defective or missing ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene. The ATM protein has roles in DNA repair and in the regulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Here, we provide, to our knowledge, the first evidence that NADPH oxidase 4 (NOX4) is involved in manifesting A-T disease. We showed that NOX4 expression levels are higher in A-T cells, and that ATM inhibition leads to increased NOX4 expression in normal cells. A-T cells exhibit elevated levels of oxidative DNA damage, DNA double-strand breaks and replicative senescence, all of which are partially abrogated by down-regulation of NOX4 with siRNA. Sections of degenerating cerebelli from A-T patients revealed elevated NOX4 levels. ATM-null mice exhibit A-T disease but they die from cancer before the neurological symptoms are manifested. Injecting Atm-null mice with fulvene-5, a specific inhibitor of NOX4 and NADPH oxidase 2 (NOX2), decreased their elevated cancer incidence to that of the controls. We conclude that, in A-T disease in humans and mice, NOX4 may be critical mediator and targeting it will open up new avenues for therapeutic intervention in neurodegeneration.
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Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is a master regulator of the DNA damage response, and it coordinates checkpoint activation, DNA repair, and metabolic changes in eukaryotic cells in response to DNA double-strand breaks and oxidative stress. Loss of ATM activity in humans results in the pleiotropic neurodegeneration disorder ataxia-telangiectasia. ATM exists in an inactive state in resting cells but can be activated by the Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex and other factors at sites of DNA breaks. In addition, oxidation of ATM activates the kinase independently of the MRN complex. This review discusses these mechanisms of activation, as well as the posttranslational modifications that affect this process and the cellular factors that affect the efficiency and specificity of ATM activation and substrate phosphorylation. I highlight functional similarities between the activation mechanisms of ATM, phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks), and the other PI3K-like kinases, as well as recent structural insights into their regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanya T Paull
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Molecular Biosciences, and Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712;
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35
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Abstract
Infection of astrocytes by the neuropathogenic mutant of Moloney murine leukemia virus, ts1, exhibits increased levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and signs of oxidative stress compared with uninfected astrocytes. Previously, we have demonstrated that ts1 infection caused two separate events of ROS upregulation. The first upregulation occurs during early viral establishment in host cells and the second during the virus-mediated apoptotic process. In this study, we show that virus-mediated ROS upregulation activates the protein kinase, ataxia telangiectasia mutated, which in turn phosphorylates serine 15 on p53. This activation of p53 however, is unlikely associated with ts1-induced cell death. Rather p53 appears to be involved in suppressing intracellular ROS levels in astrocytes under oxidative stress. The activated p53 appears to delay retroviral gene expression by suppressing NADPH oxidase, a superoxide-producing enzyme. These results suggest that p53 plays a role as a retrovirus-mediated oxidative stress modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soo Jin Kim
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
| | - Paul K Y Wong
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, The University of Texas, MD Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, TX, USA
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Hui KF, Leung YY, Yeung PL, Middeldorp JM, Chiang AKS. Combination of SAHA and bortezomib up-regulates CDKN2A and CDKN1A and induces apoptosis of Epstein-Barr virus-positive Wp-restricted Burkitt lymphoma and lymphoblastoid cell lines. Br J Haematol 2014; 167:639-50. [PMID: 25155625 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.13089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) latent proteins exert anti-apoptotic effects on EBV-transformed lymphoid cells by down-regulating BCL2L11 (BIM), CDKN2A (p16(INK4A) ) and CDKN1A (p21(WAF1) ). However, the potential therapeutic effects of targeting these anti-apoptotic mechanisms remain unexplored. Here, we tested both in vitro and in vivo effects of the combination of histone deacetylase (HDAC) and proteasome inhibitors on the apoptosis of six endemic Burkitt lymphoma (BL) lines of different latency patterns (types I and III and Wp-restricted) and three lymphoblastoid cell lines (LCLs). We found that the combination of HDAC and proteasome inhibitors (e.g. SAHA/bortezomib) synergistically induced the killing of Wp-restricted and latency III BL and LCLs but not latency I BL cells. The synergistic killing was due to apoptosis, as evidenced by the high percentage of annexin V positivity and strong cleavage of PARP1 (PARP) and CASP3 (caspase-3). Concomitantly, SAHA/bortezomib up-regulated the expression of CDKN2A and CDKN1A but did not affect the level of BCL2L11 or BHRF1 (viral homologue of BCL2). The apoptotic effects were dependent on reactive oxygen species generation. Furthermore, SAHA/bortezomib suppressed the growth of Wp-restricted BL xenografts in nude mice. This study provides the rationale to test the novel application of SAHA/bortezomib on the treatment of EBV-associated Wp-restricted BL and post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kwai Fung Hui
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Queen Mary Hospital, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR, China
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Stagni V, Oropallo V, Fianco G, Antonelli M, Cinà I, Barilà D. Tug of war between survival and death: exploring ATM function in cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:5388-409. [PMID: 24681585 PMCID: PMC4013570 DOI: 10.3390/ijms15045388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/07/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) kinase is a one of the main guardian of genome stability and plays a central role in the DNA damage response (DDR). The deregulation of these pathways is strongly linked to cancer initiation and progression as well as to the development of therapeutic approaches. These observations, along with reports that identify ATM loss of function as an event that may promote tumor initiation and progression, point to ATM as a bona fide tumor suppressor. The identification of ATM as a positive modulator of several signalling networks that sustain tumorigenesis, including oxidative stress, hypoxia, receptor tyrosine kinase and AKT serine-threonine kinase activation, raise the question of whether ATM function in cancer may be more complex. This review aims to give a complete overview on the work of several labs that links ATM to the control of the balance between cell survival, proliferation and death in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Venturina Stagni
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Veronica Oropallo
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Giulia Fianco
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Martina Antonelli
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Irene Cinà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
| | - Daniela Barilà
- Laboratory of Cell Signaling, Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS) Fondazione Santa Lucia, 00179 Rome, Italy.
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Seoposengwe K, van Tonder JJ, Steenkamp V. In vitro neuroprotective potential of four medicinal plants against rotenone-induced toxicity in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. BMC COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 13:353. [PMID: 24330357 PMCID: PMC3878848 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lannea schweinfurthii, Zanthoxylum capense, Scadoxus puniceus and Crinum bulbispermum are used traditionally to treat neurological disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the cytoprotective potential of the four plants, after induction of toxicity using rotenone, in SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells. METHODS Cytotoxicity of the plant extracts and rotenone was assessed using the sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay. Fluorometry was used to measure intracellular redox state (reactive oxygen species (ROS) and intracellular glutathione content), mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and caspase-3 activity, as a marker of apoptotic cell death. RESULTS Of the tested plants, the methanol extract of Z. capense was the least cytotoxic; LC50 121.3 ± 6.97 μg/ml, while S. puniceus methanol extract was the most cytotoxic; LC50 20.75 ± 1.47 μg/ml. Rotenone reduced intracellular ROS levels after 24 h exposure. Pre-treating cells with S. puniceus and C. bulbispermum extracts reversed the effects of rotenone on intracellular ROS levels. Rotenone exposure also decreased intracellular glutathione levels, which was counteracted by pre-treatment with any one of the extracts. MMP was reduced by rotenone, which was neutralized by pre-treatment with C. bulbispermum ethyl acetate extract. All extracts inhibited rotenone-induced activation of caspase-3. CONCLUSION The studied plants demonstrated anti-apoptotic activity and restored intracellular glutathione content following rotenone treatment, suggesting that they may possess neuroprotective properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keabetswe Seoposengwe
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jacob John van Tonder
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Vanessa Steenkamp
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Private Bag X323, Arcadia, Pretoria, South Africa
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Iwahori S, Kohmon D, Kobayashi J, Tani Y, Yugawa T, Komatsu K, Kiyono T, Sugimoto N, Fujita M. ATM regulates Cdt1 stability during the unperturbed S phase to prevent re-replication. Cell Cycle 2013; 13:471-81. [PMID: 24280901 PMCID: PMC3956543 DOI: 10.4161/cc.27274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) plays crucial roles in DNA damage responses, especially with regard to DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). However, it appears that ATM can be activated not only by DSB, but also by some changes in chromatin architecture, suggesting potential ATM function in cell cycle control. Here, we found that ATM is involved in timely degradation of Cdt1, a critical replication licensing factor, during the unperturbed S phase. At least in certain cell types, degradation of p27Kip1 was also impaired by ATM inhibition. The novel ATM function for Cdt1 regulation was dependent on its kinase activity and NBS1. Indeed, we found that ATM is moderately phosphorylated at Ser1981 during the S phase. ATM silencing induced partial reduction in levels of Skp2, a component of SCFSkp2 ubiquitin ligase that controls Cdt1 degradation. Furthermore, Skp2 silencing resulted in Cdt1 stabilization like ATM inhibition. In addition, as reported previously, ATM silencing partially prevented Akt phosphorylation at Ser473, indicative of its activation, and Akt inhibition led to modest stabilization of Cdt1. Therefore, the ATM-Akt-SCFSkp2 pathway may partly contribute to the novel ATM function. Finally, ATM inhibition rendered cells hypersensitive to induction of re-replication, indicating importance for maintenance of genome stability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoko Iwahori
- Virology Division; National Cancer Center Research Institute; Chuohku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kohmon
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyushu University; Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Junya Kobayashi
- Radiation Biology Center; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yuhei Tani
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyushu University; Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takashi Yugawa
- Virology Division; National Cancer Center Research Institute; Chuohku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenshi Komatsu
- Radiation Biology Center; Kyoto University; Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Tohru Kiyono
- Virology Division; National Cancer Center Research Institute; Chuohku, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nozomi Sugimoto
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyushu University; Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masatoshi Fujita
- Department of Cellular Biochemistry; Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Kyushu University; Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan
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40
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Chi Z, Ma X, Cui G, Li M, Li F. Cinnamtannin B-1 regulates cell proliferation of spinal cord astrocytes and protects the cell from oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:15827-37. [PMID: 23903044 PMCID: PMC3759888 DOI: 10.3390/ijms140815827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2013] [Revised: 06/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes are important for protecting neurons in the central nervous system. It has been reported that some antioxidants could protect astrocytes from ischemia/reperfusion-induced dysfunction. Cinnamtannin B-1 is a naturally occurring A-type proanthocyanidin that exhibits anti-oxidant properties. In this study, we investigated the effects of cinnamtannin B-1 on spinal cord astrocytes. Astrocytes were subjected to oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation for eight hours followed by reoxygenation with or without cinnamtannin B-1. We found that cinnamtannin B-1 protected astrocytes from oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation and reoxygenation-induced apoptosis. Concurrently, cinnamtannin B-1 promoted the proliferation of astrocytes whereas the extracellular regulated protein kinase (ERK) inhibitor reversed this effect. The results indicated that cinnamtannin B-1 protects astrocytes from oxygen-glucose-serum deprivation/reoxygenation-induced apoptosis by promoting astrocyte proliferation via an ERK pathway. Therefore, as an anti-oxidant, cinnamtannin B-1 might provide extra benefit for astrocyte protection during ischemia/reperfusion in the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Chi
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Xueling Ma
- Department of Neurology, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.37 Yiyuan Road, Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mail:
| | - Guofeng Cui
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Mingchao Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
| | - Fuchun Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, the First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, NO.23 Youzheng St., Nangang District, Harbin 150001, China; E-Mails: (Z.C.); (G.C.); (M.L.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel./Fax: +86-451-5364-3849
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41
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Lavin MF. The appropriateness of the mouse model for ataxia-telangiectasia: neurological defects but no neurodegeneration. DNA Repair (Amst) 2013; 12:612-9. [PMID: 23731731 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2013.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Patients with ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) are characterised by genome instability, cancer predisposition and a progressive neurodegeneration. A number of model systems have been developed for A-T but none recapitulate all the phenotype. The majority of these models have been generated in mice. While Atm deficient mouse models exhibit much of the phenotype described in patients with A-T, the broad consensus is that they do not display the most debilitating aspect of A-T, i.e. neurodegeneration. Cerebellar atrophy is one of the neuronal characteristics of A-T patients due to defects in neuronal development and progressive loss of Purkinje and granule cells. This is not evident in Atm-deficient mutants but there are multiple reports on neurological abnormalities in these mice. The focus of this review is to evaluate the appropriateness of Atm mutant mouse models for A-T, particularly with reference to neurological abnormalities and how they might relate to neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin F Lavin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, Radiation Biology and Oncology, Brisbane, QLD 4029, Australia.
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42
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Kim J, Wong PKY. Targeting p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling restores subventricular zone neural stem cells and corrects neuromotor deficits in Atm knockout mouse. Stem Cells Transl Med 2012. [PMID: 23197859 DOI: 10.5966/sctm.2011-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T) is a progressive degenerative disorder that results in major neurological disability. In A-T patients, necropsy has revealed atrophy of cerebellar cortical layers along with Purkinje and granular cell loss. We have previously identified an oxidative stress-mediated increase in phospho-p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and the resultant downregulation of Bmi-1 and upregulation of p21 as key components of the mechanism causing defective proliferation of neural stem cells (NSCs) isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of Atm(-/-) mice. However, the in vivo aspect of alteration in SVZ tissue and the functional significance of p38MAPK activation in NSCs for neuropathogenesis of ATM deficiency remain unknown. Here we show that the NSC population was abnormally decreased in the SVZ of 3-month-old Atm(-/-) mice; this decrease was accompanied by p38MAPK activation. However, after a 2-month treatment with the p38MAPK inhibitor SB203580, starting at 1 month old, Atm(-/-) mice showed restoration of normal levels of Bmi-1 and p21 with the rescue of NSC population in the SVZ. In addition, treated Atm(-/-) mice exhibited more Purkinje cells in the cerebellum. Most importantly, motor coordination of Atm(-/-) mice was significantly improved in the treatment group. Our results show for the first time in vivo evidence of depleted NSCs in the SVZ of Atm(-/-) mice and also demonstrate that pharmacologic inhibition of p38MAPK signaling has the potential to treat neurological defects of A-T. This study provides a promising approach targeting the oxidative stress-dependent p38 signaling pathway not only for A-T but also for other neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeesun Kim
- Department of Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Smithville, Texas 78957, USA
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43
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Cao L, Bombard J, Cintron K, Sheedy J, Weetall ML, Davis TW. BMI1 as a novel target for drug discovery in cancer. J Cell Biochem 2012; 112:2729-41. [PMID: 21678481 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Growing evidence has demonstrated that clonogenic cancer stem (initiating) cells are responsible for tumor regrowth and disease relapse. Bmi-1 plays a critical role in the self-renewal of adult stem cells. The Bmi-1 protein is elevated in many types of cancers, and experimental reduction of Bmi-1 protein levels by small interfering RNA (siRNA) causes apoptosis and/or senescence in tumor cells in vitro and increases susceptibility to cytotoxic agents. The Bmi-1 protein has no known enzymatic activity, but serves as the key regulatory component of the PRC1 complex (polycomb repressive complex-1). This complex influences chromatin structure and regulates transcriptional activity of a number of important loci including the Ink4a locus which encodes the tumor suppressor proteins p16(Ink4a) and p14(Arf) . In this prospective study, we will discuss the implication of BMI1 in cancers, the biology of BMI1, and the regulatory control of BMI1 expression. The target validation and the future prospects of targeting BMI1 in cancer therapy are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liangxian Cao
- PTC Therapeutics, Inc., South Plainfield, New Jersey, New Jersey 07080, USA.
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44
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Bmi1 is down-regulated in the aging brain and displays antioxidant and protective activities in neurons. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31870. [PMID: 22384090 PMCID: PMC3285640 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2011] [Accepted: 01/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Aging increases the risk to develop several neurodegenerative diseases, although the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. Inactivation of the Polycomb group gene Bmi1 in mice results in growth retardation, cerebellar degeneration, and development of a premature aging-like phenotype. This progeroid phenotype is characterized by formation of lens cataracts, apoptosis of cortical neurons, and increase of reactive oxygen species (ROS) concentrations, owing to p53-mediated repression of antioxidant response (AOR) genes. Herein we report that Bmi1 expression progressively declines in the neurons of aging mouse and human brains. In old brains, p53 accumulates at the promoter of AOR genes, correlating with a repressed chromatin state, down-regulation of AOR genes, and increased oxidative damages to lipids and DNA. Comparative gene expression analysis further revealed that aging brains display an up-regulation of the senescence-associated genes IL-6, p19Arf and p16Ink4a, along with the pro-apoptotic gene Noxa, as seen in Bmi1-null mice. Increasing Bmi1 expression in cortical neurons conferred robust protection against DNA damage-induced cell death or mitochondrial poisoning, and resulted in suppression of ROS through activation of AOR genes. These observations unveil that Bmi1 genetic deficiency recapitulates aspects of physiological brain aging and that Bmi1 over-expression is a potential therapeutic modality against neurodegeneration.
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45
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Activation of AMP-activated protein kinase in cerebella of Atm-/- mice is attributable to accumulation of reactive oxygen species. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2012; 418:267-72. [PMID: 22260947 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2012.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2011] [Accepted: 01/03/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) is an inherited disease, the most prominent feature of which is ataxia caused by degeneration of cerebellar neurons and synapses. The mechanisms underlying A-T neurodegeneration are still unclear, and many factors are likely to be involved. AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of energy balance, and research on its function in neural cells has gained momentum in the last decade. The dual roles of AMPK in neuroprotection and neurodegeneration are complex, and they need to be identified and characterized. Using an Atm (ataxia telangiectasia mutated) gene deficient mouse model, we showed here that: (a) upregulation of AMPK phosphorylation and elevation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) coordinately occur in the cerebella of Atm-/- mice; (b) hydrogen peroxide induces AMPK phosphorylation in primary mouse cerebellar astrocytes in an Atm-independent manner; (c) administration of the novel antioxidant monosodium luminol (MSL) to Atm-/- mice attenuates the upregulation of both phosphorylated-AMPK (p-AMPK) and ROS, and corrects the neuromotor deficits in these animals. Together, our results suggest that oxidative activation of AMPK in the cerebellum may contribute to the neurodegeneration in Atm-/- mice, and that ROS and AMPK signaling pathways are promising therapeutic targets for treatment of A-T and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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46
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Suh HN, Han HJ. Collagen I regulates the self-renewal of mouse embryonic stem cells through α2β1 integrin- and DDR1-dependent Bmi-1. J Cell Physiol 2011; 226:3422-32. [PMID: 21344393 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.22697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Adhesion of cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) influences vital aspects of anchorage-dependent cell behavior including survival, proliferation, and differentiation. However, the role of collagen I in mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) is not well-known. Therefore, in the present study we examined the effect of collagen I on mESC self-renewal and related signal pathways. Collagen I (10 µg/ml) maintained mESCs in an undifferentiated state (Nanog, OCT4, and SSEA-1) and did not affect differentiation (GATA4, Tbx5, Fgf5, and Cdx2) in the presence of leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Treatment with collagen I bound both α2β1 integrin and discoidin domain receptor 1 (DDR1), and stimulated intracellular signaling pathways. Collagen I-bound α2β1 integrin increased integrin-linked kinase (ILK) phosphorylation, cleaved Notch protein expression in the nuclear fraction, and Gli-1 mRNA expression. In addition, collagen I-bound DDR1 increased GTP-bound Ras, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) p85α catalytic subunit protein expression, and Akt and ERK phosphorylation. Importantly, collagen I increased Bmi-1 protein expression in the nucleus which was blocked by small interfering RNA (siRNA) specific for Gli-1 and ERK, showing that parallel pathways of integrins and DDR1 merge at Bmi-1. Furthermore, collagen I-induced p16 decrease and p-Rb increase were reversed by Bmi-1-specific siRNA. Moreover, Bmi-1 silencing abolished the collagen I-induced increase of proliferation indices and undifferentiation markers. These results indicate that collagen I stimulates the self-renewal of mESCs mediated by Bmi-1 through α2β1 integrin-dependent ILK, Notch, Gli-1, and DDR1-dependent Ras, PI3K/Akt, and ERK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Na Suh
- Department of Veterinary Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Korea
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47
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The ATM protein kinase and cellular redox signaling: beyond the DNA damage response. Trends Biochem Sci 2011; 37:15-22. [PMID: 22079189 DOI: 10.1016/j.tibs.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 247] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 10/06/2011] [Accepted: 10/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The ataxia-telangiectasia mutated (ATM) protein kinase is best known for its role in the DNA damage response, but recent findings suggest that it also functions as a redox sensor that controls the levels of reactive oxygen species in human cells. Here, we review evidence supporting the conclusion that ATM can be directly activated by oxidation, as well as various observations from ATM-deficient patients and mouse models that point to the importance of ATM in oxidative stress responses. We also discuss the roles of this kinase in regulating mitochondrial function and metabolic control through its action on tumor suppressor p53, AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 (HIF1), and how the regulation of these enzymes may be affected in ATM-deficient patients and in cancer cells.
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Bhatti S, Kozlov S, Farooqi AA, Naqi A, Lavin M, Khanna KK. ATM protein kinase: the linchpin of cellular defenses to stress. Cell Mol Life Sci 2011; 68:2977-3006. [PMID: 21533982 PMCID: PMC11115042 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-011-0683-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2011] [Revised: 03/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/29/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
ATM is the most significant molecule involved in monitoring the genomic integrity of the cell. Any damage done to DNA relentlessly challenges the cellular machinery involved in recognition, processing and repair of these insults. ATM kinase is activated early to detect and signal lesions in DNA, arrest the cell cycle, establish DNA repair signaling and faithfully restore the damaged chromatin. ATM activation plays an important role as a barrier to tumorigenesis, metabolic syndrome and neurodegeneration. Therefore, studies of ATM-dependent DNA damage signaling pathways hold promise for treatment of a variety of debilitating diseases through the development of new therapeutics capable of modulating cellular responses to stress. In this review, we have tried to untangle the complex web of ATM signaling pathways with the purpose of pinpointing multiple roles of ATM underlying the complex phenotypes observed in AT patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shahzad Bhatti
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Sergei Kozlov
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Ammad Ahmad Farooqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Ali Naqi
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Lahore, 1 Km Raiwind Road, Thokar Niaz Baig, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Martin Lavin
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
| | - Kum Kum Khanna
- Queensland Institute of Medical Research, QIMR, 300 Herston Rd, Herston, Brisbane, 4029 Australia
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Raz-Prag D, Galron R, Segev-Amzaleg N, Solomon AS, Shiloh Y, Barzilai A, Frenkel D. A role for vascular deficiency in retinal pathology in a mouse model of ataxia-telangiectasia. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1533-41. [PMID: 21763675 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2010] [Revised: 04/09/2011] [Accepted: 05/09/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ataxia-telangiectasia is a multifaceted syndrome caused by null mutations in the ATM gene, which encodes the protein kinase ATM, a key participant in the DNA damage response. Retinal neurons are highly susceptible to DNA damage because they are terminally differentiated and have the highest metabolic activity in the central nervous system. In this study, we characterized the retina in young and aged Atm-deficient mice (Atm(-/-)). At 2 months of age, angiography revealed faint retinal vasculature in Atm(-/-) animals relative to wild-type controls. This finding was accompanied by increased expression of vascular endothelial growth factor protein and mRNA. Fibrinogen, generally absent from wild-type retinal tissue, was evident in Atm(-/-) retinas, whereas mRNA of the tight junction protein occludin was significantly decreased. Immunohistochemistry labeling for occludin in 6-month-old mice showed that this decrease persists in advanced stages of the disease. Concurrently, we noticed vascular leakage in Atm(-/-) retinas. Labeling for glial fibrillary acidic protein demonstrated morphological alterations in glial cells in Atm(-/-) retinas. Electroretinographic examination revealed amplitude aberrations in 2-month-old Atm(-/-) mice, which progressed to significant functional deficits in the older mice. These results suggest that impaired vascularization and astrocyte-endothelial cell interactions in the central nervous system play an important role in the etiology of ataxia-telangiectasia and that vascular abnormalities may underlie or aggravate neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Raz-Prag
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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Barzilai A. The neuro-glial-vascular interrelations in genomic instability symptoms. Mech Ageing Dev 2011; 132:395-404. [PMID: 21689674 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 06/01/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases is impairment of certain aspects of "brain functionality", which is defined as the total input and output of the brain's neural circuits and networks. A given neurodegenerative disorder is characterized by affected network organization and topology, cell numbers, cellular functionality, and the interactions between neural circuits. Neuroscientists generally view neurodegenerative disorders as diseases of neuronal cells; however, recent advances suggest a role for glial cells and an impaired vascular system in the etiology of certain neurodegenerative diseases. It is now clear that brain pathology is, to a very great extent, pathology of neurons, glia and the vascular system as these determine the degree of neuronal death as well as the outcome and scale of the neurological deficit. This review article is focused on the intricate interrelations among neurons, glia, the vascular system, neuronal cells, and the DNA damage response. Here I describe various aspects of neural and glial cell fate and the vascular system in genomic instability disorders including ataxia telangiectasia (A-T) and Nijmegen breakage syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ari Barzilai
- Department of Neurobiology, George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel.
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