1
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Piña MDLN, Bauzá A. Diphenylene Iodonium as a Prominent Halogen Bond Donor: The Case of Human Monoamine Oxidase B. Chemphyschem 2024; 25:e202400161. [PMID: 38687202 DOI: 10.1002/cphc.202400161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2024] [Revised: 04/25/2024] [Accepted: 04/30/2024] [Indexed: 05/02/2024]
Abstract
Herein we have investigated the formation and interplay of several noncovalent interactions (NCIs) involved in the inhibition of human monoamine oxidase B (MAO B). Concretely, an inspection of the Protein Data Bank (PDB) revealed the formation of a halogen bond (HlgB) between a diphenylene iodonium (DPI) inhibitor and a water molecule present in the active site, in addition to a noncovalent network of interactions (e. g. lone pair-π, hydrogen bonding, OH-π, CH-π and π-stacking interactions) with surrounding protein residues. Several theoretical models were built to understand the strength and directionality features of the HlgB in addition to the interplay with other NCIs present in the active site of the enzyme. Besides, a computational study was carried out using DPI as HlgB donor and several electron rich molecules (CO, H2O, CH2O, HCN, pyridine, OCN-, SCN-, Cl- and Br-) as HlgB acceptors. The results were analyzed using several state-of-the-art computational tools. We expect that our results will be useful for those scientists working in the fields of rational drug design, chemical biology as well as supramolecular chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- María de Las Nieves Piña
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
| | - Antonio Bauzá
- Department of Chemistry, Universitat de les Illes Balears, Ctra. de Valldemossa, km. 7.5, 07122, Palma de Mallorca, Islas Baleares, Spain
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2
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Dai Y, Xie XL, Dai HF, Li SM. Formation of Fungal 2,18-Dioxo-2,18- seco Indole Diterpenes by Nonenzymatic Flavin-Catalyzed Oxidative Ring Expansion and Oxygen Incorporation from Solvent Water. Org Lett 2023; 25:4092-4097. [PMID: 37249271 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.3c01320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Most naturally occurring indole diterpenes share a 6/5/5/6/6/6 hexacyclic ring system, while a 6/8/6/6/6 pentacyclic skeleton is occasionally observed. In this study, we demonstrate the formation of an eight-membered C-N heteroring via nonenzymatic flavin-catalyzed oxidative indole ring opening. More interestingly, 18O-labeled experiments proved that the two incorporated oxygen atoms are predominantly originated from water instead of molecular oxygen. In this process, the oxidized form of flavin catalyzes two successive oxidations of amines to imines with involvement of hydrolysis for the ring expansion. The reduced flavin is then regenerated by oxidation with molecular oxygen to form H2O2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Dai
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
| | - Xiu-Lan Xie
- Fachbereich Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Hans-Meerwein-Straße 4, 35032 Marburg, Germany
| | - Hao-Fu Dai
- Research and Development of Natural Products from Li Folk Medicine, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology, Chinese Academy of Tropical Agriculture Sciences, Haikou 571101, China
| | - Shu-Ming Li
- Institut für Pharmazeutische Biologie und Biotechnologie, Fachbereich Pharmazie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Straße 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany
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3
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Heger J, Szabados T, Brosinsky P, Bencsik P, Ferdinandy P, Schulz R. Sex Difference in Cardioprotection against Acute Myocardial Infarction in MAO-B Knockout Mice In Vivo. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24076443. [PMID: 37047416 PMCID: PMC10094730 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24076443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The cardiomyocyte-specific knockout (KO) of monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B, an enzyme involved in the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), reduced myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury in vitro. Because sex hormones have a strong impact on MAO metabolic pathways, we analyzed the myocardial infarct size (IS) following I/R in female and male MAO-B KO mice in vivo. Method and Results: To induce the deletion of MAO-B, MAO-B KO mice (Myh6 Cre+/MAO-Bfl/fl) and wild-type (WT, Cre-negative MAO-Bfl/fl littermates) were fed with tamoxifen for 2 weeks followed by 10 weeks of normal mice chow. Myocardial infarction (assessed by TTC staining and expressed as a percentage of the area at risk as determined by Evans blue staining)) was induced by 45 min coronary occlusion followed by 120 min of reperfusion. Results: The mortality following I/R was higher in male compared to female mice, with the lowest mortality found in MAO-B KO female mice. IS was significantly higher in male WT mice compared to female WT mice. MAO-B KO reduced IS in male mice but had no further impact on IS in female MAO-B KO mice. Interestingly, there was no difference in the plasma estradiol levels among the groups. Conclusion: The cardiomyocyte-specific knockout of MAO-B protects male mice against acute myocardial infarction but had no effect on the infarct size in female mice.
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4
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Muellers SN, Tararina MA, Kuzmanovic U, Galagan JE, Allen KN. Structural Insights into the Substrate Range of a Bacterial Monoamine Oxidase. Biochemistry 2023; 62:851-862. [PMID: 36662673 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.2c00540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAOs) play a key role in the breakdown of primary and secondary amines. In eukaryotic organisms, these enzymes are vital to the regulation of monoamine neurotransmitters and the degradation of dietary monoamines. MAOs have also been identified in prokaryotic species, although their role in these organisms is not well understood. Here, we report the biophysical and structural properties of a promiscuous, bacterial MAO from Corynebacterium ammoniagenes (caMAO). caMAO catalyzes the oxidation of a number of monoamine substrates including dopamine and norepinephrine, as well as exhibiting some activity with polyamine substrates such as cadaverine. The X-ray crystal structures of Michaelis complexes with seven substrates show that conserved hydrophobic interactions and hydrogen-bonding pattern (for polar substrates) allow the broad specificity range. The structure of caMAO identifies an unusual cysteine (Cys424) residue in the so-called "aromatic cage", which flanks the flavin isoalloxazine ring in the active site. Site-directed mutagenesis, steady-state kinetics in air-saturated buffer, and UV-vis spectroscopy revealed that Cys424 plays a role in the pH dependence and modulation of electrostatics within the caMAO active site. Notably, bioinformatic analysis shows a propensity for variation at this site within the "aromatic cage" of the flavin amine oxidase (FAO) superfamily. Structural analysis also identified the conservation of a secondary substrate inhibition site, present in a homologous member of the superfamily. Finally, genome neighborhood diagram analysis of caMAO in the context of the FAO superfamily allows us to propose potential roles for these bacterial MAOs in monoamine and polyamine degradation and catabolic pathways related to scavenging of nitrogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha N Muellers
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - Margarita A Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts02118, United States
| | - Uros Kuzmanovic
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - James E Galagan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts02215, United States
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5
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Brain permeable curcumin-based pyrazoline analogs: MAO inhibitory and antioxidant activity. J Mol Struct 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molstruc.2022.133681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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6
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Wang D, Kuang Y, Zhang G, Xiao K, Liu Y. Lysine-Specific Demethylase 1 in Energy Metabolism: A Novel Target for Obesity. J Nutr 2022; 152:1611-1620. [PMID: 35380692 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxac080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Obesity develops from an imbalance of energy homeostasis and is associated with the development of metabolic disorders, including insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. Identification of the underlying molecular mechanisms and effective therapeutic approaches is highly needed. Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), an flavin adenine dinucletide-dependent amine oxidase, is implicated in a wide variety of biological processes, including tumorigenesis, stem cell fate decisions, and embryonic development. Recent studies have suggested a vital role of LSD1 in regulating adaptive thermogenesis, mitochondrial biogenesis, glucose, and lipid metabolism. More recently, LSD1 activity was found to be regulated by nutrients, energy status, and hormonal signals, suggesting that it may act as a novel sensor for nutritional regulation of metabolic health. Here, we first discuss the effects of LSD1 on physiological phenotypes, including body weight, fat mass, body temperature, and glucose homeostasis. We also summarize recent understanding of the physiological roles and underlying mechanisms of LSD1 in controlling metabolic functions of adipose and other tissues. Hopefully, a better understanding of the roles of LSD1 in metabolic regulation may provide new perspectives for the nutritional prevention and treatment of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Wang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanling Kuang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China.,Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Kan Xiao
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yulan Liu
- Hubei Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Feed Science, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
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7
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Ekström F, Gottinger A, Forsgren N, Catto M, Iacovino LG, Pisani L, Binda C. Dual Reversible Coumarin Inhibitors Mutually Bound to Monoamine Oxidase B and Acetylcholinesterase Crystal Structures. ACS Med Chem Lett 2022; 13:499-506. [PMID: 35300078 PMCID: PMC8919507 DOI: 10.1021/acsmedchemlett.2c00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
![]()
Multitarget directed
ligands (MTDLs) represent a promising frontier
in tackling the complexity of multifactorial pathologies. The synergistic
inhibition of monoamine oxidase B (MAO B) and acetylcholinesterase
(AChE) is believed to provide a potentiated effect in the treatment
of Alzheimer’s disease. Among previously reported micromolar
or sub-micromolar coumarin-bearing dual inhibitors, compound 1 returned a tight-binding inhibition of MAO B (Ki = 4.5 μM) and a +5.5 °C
increase in the enzyme Tm value. Indeed,
the X-ray crystal structure revealed that binding of 1 produces unforeseen conformational changes at the MAO B entrance
cavity. Interestingly, 1 showed great shape complementarity
with the AChE enzymatic gorge, being deeply buried from the catalytic
anionic subsite (CAS) to the peripheral anionic subsite (PAS) and
causing significant structural changes in the active site. These findings
provide structural templates for further development of dual MAO B
and AChE inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fredrik Ekström
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå 901 82, Sweden
| | - Andrea Gottinger
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Nina Forsgren
- Swedish Defence Research Agency, CBRN Defence and Security, Umeå 901 82, Sweden
| | - Marco Catto
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Luca G. Iacovino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
| | - Leonardo Pisani
- Department of Pharmacy-Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Bari “Aldo Moro”, via E. Orabona 4, 70125, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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8
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Green Oxidation of Amines by a Novel Cold-Adapted Monoamine Oxidase MAO P3 from Psychrophilic Fungi Pseudogymnoascus sp. P3. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26206237. [PMID: 34684818 PMCID: PMC8538783 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26206237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of monoamine oxidases (MAOs) in amine oxidation is a great example of how biocatalysis can be applied in the agricultural or pharmaceutical industry and manufacturing of fine chemicals to make a shift from traditional chemical synthesis towards more sustainable green chemistry. This article reports the screening of fourteen Antarctic fungi strains for MAO activity and the discovery of a novel psychrozyme MAOP3 isolated from the Pseudogymnoascus sp. P3. The activity of the native enzyme was 1350 ± 10.5 U/L towards a primary (n-butylamine) amine, and 1470 ± 10.6 U/L towards a secondary (6,6-dimethyl-3-azabicyclohexane) amine. MAO P3 has the potential for applications in biotransformations due to its wide substrate specificity (aliphatic and cyclic amines, pyrrolidine derivatives). The psychrozyme operates at an optimal temperature of 30 °C, retains 75% of activity at 20 °C, and is rather thermolabile, which is beneficial for a reduction in the overall costs of a bioprocess and offers a convenient way of heat inactivation. The reported biocatalyst is the first psychrophilic MAO; its unique biochemical properties, substrate specificity, and effectiveness predispose MAO P3 for use in environmentally friendly, low-emission biotransformations.
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9
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Favicchia I, Flore G, Cioffi S, Lania G, Baldini A, Illingworth E. Pharmacological Rescue of the Brain Cortex Phenotype of Tbx1 Mouse Mutants: Significance for 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:663598. [PMID: 34552467 PMCID: PMC8450345 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.663598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 08/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Tbx1 mutant mice are a widely used model of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q11.2DS) because they manifest a broad spectrum of physical and behavioral abnormalities that is similar to that found in 22q11.2DS patients. In Tbx1 mutants, brain abnormalities include changes in cortical cytoarchitecture, hypothesized to be caused by the precocious differentiation of cortical progenitors. The objectives of this research are to identify drugs that have efficacy against the brain phenotype, and through a phenotypic rescue approach, gain insights into the pathogenetic mechanisms underlying Tbx1 haploinsufficiency. Experimental Approach Disease model: Tbx1 heterozygous and homozygous embryos. We tested the ability of two FDA-approved drugs, the LSD1 inhibitor Tranylcypromine and Vitamin B12, to rescue the Tbx1 mutant cortical phenotype. Both drugs have proven efficacy against the cardiovascular phenotype, albeit at a much reduced level compared to the rescue achieved in the brain. Methods In situ hybridization and immunostaining of histological brain sections using a subset of molecular markers that label specific cortical regions or cell types. Appropriate quantification and statistical analysis of gene and protein expression were applied to identify cortical abnormalities and to determine the level of phenotypic rescue achieved. Results Cortical abnormalities observed in Tbx1 mutant embryos were fully rescued by both drugs. Intriguingly, rescue was obtained with both drugs in Tbx1 homozygous mutants, indicating that they function through mechanisms that do not depend upon Tbx1 function. This was particularly surprising for Vitamin B12, which was identified through its ability to increase Tbx1 gene expression. Conclusion To our knowledge, this is only the second example of drugs to be identified that ameliorate phenotypes caused by the mutation of a single gene from the 22q11.2 homologous region of the mouse genome. This one drug-one gene approach might be important because there is evidence that the brain phenotype in 22q11.2DS patients is multigenic in origin, unlike the physical phenotypes, which are overwhelmingly attributable to Tbx1 haploinsufficiency. Therefore, effective treatments will likely involve the use of multiple drugs that are targeted to the function of specific genes within the deleted region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Favicchia
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
| | - Gemma Flore
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Sara Cioffi
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Gabriella Lania
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Baldini
- Institute of Genetics and Biophysics "Adriano Buzzati-Traverso", CNR, Naples, Italy.,Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnologies, University of Naples, Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Elizabeth Illingworth
- Department of Chemistry and Biology, "Adolfo Zambelli", University of Salerno, Fisciano, Italy
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10
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Dulchavsky M, Clark CT, Bardwell JCA, Stull F. A cytochrome c is the natural electron acceptor for nicotine oxidoreductase. Nat Chem Biol 2021; 17:344-350. [PMID: 33432238 PMCID: PMC7904663 DOI: 10.1038/s41589-020-00712-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2), a member of the flavin-containing amine oxidase family, is of medical relevance as it shows potential as a therapeutic to aid cessation of smoking due to its ability to oxidize nicotine into a non-psychoactive metabolite. However, the use of NicA2 in this capacity is stymied by its dismal O2-dependent activity. Unlike other enzymes in the amine oxidase family, NicA2 reacts very slowly with O2, severely limiting its nicotine-degrading activity. Instead of using O2 as an oxidant, we discovered that NicA2 donates electrons to a cytochrome c, which means that NicA2 is actually a dehydrogenase. This is surprising, as enzymes of the flavin-containing amine oxidase family were invariably thought to use O2 as an electron acceptor. Our findings establish new perspectives for engineering this potentially useful therapeutic and prompt a reconsideration of the term 'oxidase' in referring to members of the flavin-containing amine 'oxidase' family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark Dulchavsky
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Cellular and Molecular Biology Program, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - James C. A. Bardwell
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.,Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA., or
| | - Frederick Stull
- Department of Chemistry, Western Michigan University, Kalamazoo, MI, USA., or
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11
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Tararina MA, Dam KK, Dhingra M, Janda KD, Palfey BA, Allen KN. Fast Kinetics Reveals Rate-Limiting Oxidation and the Role of the Aromatic Cage in the Mechanism of the Nicotine-Degrading Enzyme NicA2. Biochemistry 2021; 60:259-273. [PMID: 33464876 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.0c00855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In Pseudomonas putida, the flavoprotein nicotine oxidoreductase (NicA2) catalyzes the oxidation of (S)-nicotine to N-methyl-myosmine, which is nonenzymatically hydrolyzed to pseudooxynicotine. Structural analysis reveals a monoamine oxidase (MAO)-like fold with a conserved FAD-binding domain and variable substrate-binding domain. The flavoenzyme has a unique variation of the classic aromatic cage with flanking residue pair W427/N462. Previous mechanistic studies using O2 as the oxidizing substrate show that NicA2 has a low apparent Km of 114 nM for (S)-nicotine with a very low apparent turnover number (kcat of 0.006 s-1). Herein, the mechanism of NicA2 was analyzed by transient kinetics. Single-site variants of W427 and N462 were used to probe the roles of these residues. Although several variants had moderately higher oxidase activity (7-12-fold), their reductive half-reactions using (S)-nicotine were generally significantly slower than that of wild-type NicA2. Notably, the reductive half-reaction of wild-type NicA2 is 5 orders of magnitude faster than the oxidative half-reaction with an apparent pseudo-first-order rate constant for the reaction of oxygen similar to kcat. X-ray crystal structures of the N462V and N462Y/W427Y variants complexed with (S)-nicotine (at 2.7 and 2.3 Å resolution, respectively) revealed no significant active-site rearrangements. A second substrate-binding site was identified in N462Y/W427Y, consistent with observed substrate inhibition. Together, these findings elucidate the mechanism of a flavoenzyme that preferentially oxidizes tertiary amines with an efficient reductive half-reaction and a very slow oxidative half-reaction when O2 is the oxidizing substrate, suggesting that the true oxidizing agent is unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States
| | - Katie K Dam
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | - Manaswni Dhingra
- Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
| | | | - Bruce A Palfey
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of Michigan, 5220E MSRB III 1150 West Medical Center Drive, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Karen N Allen
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, Massachusetts 02118, United States.,Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02215, United States
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12
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Abstract
Polyamine oxidases (PAOs) are characterized by a broad variability in catalytic properties and subcellular localization, and impact key cellular processes in diverse organisms. In the present study, a comprehensive phylogenetic analysis was performed to understand the evolution of PAOs across the three domains of life and particularly within eukaryotes. Phylogenetic trees show that PAO-like sequences of bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes form three distinct clades, with the exception of a few procaryotes that probably acquired a PAO gene through horizontal transfer from a eukaryotic donor. Results strongly support a common origin for archaeal PAO-like proteins and eukaryotic PAOs, as well as a shared origin between PAOs and monoamine oxidases. Within eukaryotes, four main lineages were identified that likely originated from an ancestral eukaryotic PAO before the split of the main superphyla, followed by specific gene losses in each superphylum. Plant PAOs show the highest diversity within eukaryotes and belong to three distinct clades that underwent to multiple events of gene duplication and gene loss. Peptide deletion along the evolution of plant PAOs of Clade I accounted for further diversification of function and subcellular localization. This study provides a reference for future structure-function studies and emphasizes the importance of extending comparisons among PAO subfamilies across multiple eukaryotic superphyla.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Salvi
- Department of Health, Life and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, 67100, L'Aquila, Italy
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13
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Kondo H, Kitagawa M, Matsumoto Y, Saito M, Amano M, Sugiyama S, Tamura T, Kusakabe H, Inagaki K, Imada K. Structural basis of strict substrate recognition of l-lysine α-oxidase from Trichoderma viride. Protein Sci 2020; 29:2213-2225. [PMID: 32894626 DOI: 10.1002/pro.3946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
l-Lysine oxidase (LysOX) is a FAD-dependent homodimeric enzyme that catalyzes the oxidative deamination of l-lysine to produce α-keto-ε-aminocaproate with ammonia and hydrogen peroxide. LysOX shows strict substrate specificity for l-lysine, whereas most l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) exhibit broad substrate specificity for l-amino acids. Previous studies of LysOX showed that overall structural similarity to the well-studied snake venom LAAOs. However, the molecular mechanism of strict specificity for l-lysine was still unclear. We here determined the structure of LysOX in complex with l-lysine at 1.7 Å resolution. The structure revealed that the hydrogen bonding network formed by D212, D315, and A440 with two water molecules is responsible for the recognition of the side chain amino group. In addition, a narrow hole formed by five hydrophobic residues in the active site contributes to strict substrate specificity. Mutation studies demonstrated that D212 and D315 are essential for l-lysine recognition, and the D212A/D315A double mutant LysOX showed different substrate specificity from LysOX. Moreover, the structural basis of the substrate specificity change has also been revealed by the structural analysis of the mutant variant and its substrate complexes. These results clearly explain the molecular mechanism of the strict specificity of LysOX and suggest that LysOX is a potential candidate for a template to design LAAOs specific to other l-amino acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroki Kondo
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Masaki Kitagawa
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yuya Matsumoto
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Masaya Saito
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Marie Amano
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Shigeru Sugiyama
- Faculty of Science and Technology, Kochi University, Kochi, Japan
| | - Takashi Tamura
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | | | - Kenji Inagaki
- Department of Biofunctional Chemistry, Graduate School of Environmental and Life Science, Okayama University, Okayama, Japan
| | - Katsumi Imada
- Department of Macromolecular Science, Graduate School of Science, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
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14
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Yasukawa K, Kawahara N, Motojima F, Nakano S, Asano Y. Porcine kidney d-amino acid oxidase-derived R-amine oxidases with new substrate specificities. Enzymes 2020; 47:117-136. [PMID: 32951821 DOI: 10.1016/bs.enz.2020.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
An R-stereoselective amine oxidase and variants with markedly altered substrate specificity toward (R)-amines were generated from porcine d-amino acid oxidase (pkDAO), based on the X-ray crystallographic analysis of the wild-type enzyme. The new R-amine oxidase, a pkDAO variant (Y228L/R283G), acted on α-MBA and its derivatives, α-ethylbenzylamine, alkylamine, and cyclic secondary amines, totally losing the activities toward the original substrates, d-amino acids. The variant is enantiocomplementary to the flavin-type S-stereoselective amine oxidase variant from Aspergillus niger. Moreover, we solved the structure of pkDAO variants and successfully applied the obtained information to generate more variants through rational protein engineering, and used them in the synthesis of pharmaceutically attractive chiral compounds. The pkDAO variant Y228L/R283G and a variant I230A/R283G were used to synthesize (S)-amine and (R)-4-CBHA through deracemization, from racemic α-methylbenzylamine and benzhydrylamine, respectively, by selective oxidation of one of the enantiomers in the presence of a chemical reductant such as NaBH4. From a mechanistic point of view, we speculated that the imine intermediate, synthesized by oxidases or dehydrogenases, could be converted into primary α-aminonitrile by nucleophilic addition of cyanide in aqueous solutions. Nitriles and some unnatural amino acids were synthesized through a cascade reaction by oxidative cyanation reaction with the variant and a wide substrate specificity nitrilase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kazuyuki Yasukawa
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Kawahara
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Fumihiro Motojima
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan
| | - Yasuhisa Asano
- Biotechnology Research Center and Department of Biotechnology, Toyama Prefectural University, Imizu, Toyama, Japan; Asano Active Enzyme Molecule Project, ERATO, JST, Imizu, Toyama, Japan.
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15
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Iacovino LG, Reis J, Mai A, Binda C, Mattevi A. Diphenylene Iodonium Is a Noncovalent MAO Inhibitor: A Biochemical and Structural Analysis. ChemMedChem 2020; 15:1394-1397. [PMID: 32459875 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Diphenylene iodonium (DPI) is known for its inhibitory activities against many flavin- and heme-dependent enzymes, and is often used as an NADPH oxidase inhibitor. We probed the efficacy of DPI on two well-known drug targets, the human monoamine oxidases MAO A and B. UV-visible spectrophotometry and steady-state kinetics experiments demonstrate that DPI acts as a competitive and reversible MAO inhibitor with Ki values of 1.7 and 0.3 μM for MAO A and MAO B, respectively. Elucidation of the crystal structure of human MAO B bound to the inhibitor revealed that DPI binds deeply in the active-site cavity to establish multiple hydrophobic interactions with the surrounding side chains and the flavin. These data prove that DPI is a genuine MAO inhibitor and that the inhibition mechanism does not involve a reaction with the reduced flavin. This binding and inhibitory activity against the MAOs, two major reactive oxygen species (ROS)-producing enzymes, will have to be carefully considered when interpreting experiments that rely on DPI for target validation and chemical biology studies on ROS functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca G Iacovino
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Joana Reis
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Antonello Mai
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le A. Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Lazzaro Spallanzani", University of Pavia, Via Ferrata 9, 27100, Pavia, Italy
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16
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Tararina MA, Allen KN. Bioinformatic Analysis of the Flavin-Dependent Amine Oxidase Superfamily: Adaptations for Substrate Specificity and Catalytic Diversity. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:3269-3288. [PMID: 32198115 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2020] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The flavin-dependent amine oxidase (FAO) superfamily consists of over 9000 nonredundant sequences represented in all domains of life. Of the thousands of members identified, only 214 have been functionally annotated to date, and 40 unique structures are represented in the Protein Data Bank. The few functionally characterized members share a catalytic mechanism involving the oxidation of an amine substrate through transfer of a hydride to the FAD cofactor, with differences observed in substrate specificities. Previous studies have focused on comparing a subset of superfamily members. Here, we present a comprehensive analysis of the FAO superfamily based on reaction mechanism and substrate recognition. Using a dataset of 9192 sequences, a sequence similarity network, and subsequently, a genome neighborhood network were constructed, organizing the superfamily into eight subgroups that accord with substrate type. Likewise, through phylogenetic analysis, the evolutionary relationship of subgroups was determined, delineating the divergence between enzymes based on organism, substrate, and mechanism. In addition, using sequences and atomic coordinates of 22 structures from the Protein Data Bank to perform sequence and structural alignments, active-site elements were identified, showing divergence from the canonical aromatic-cage residues to accommodate large substrates. These specificity determinants are held in a structural framework comprising a core domain catalyzing the oxidation of amines with an auxiliary domain for substrate recognition. Overall, analysis of the FAO superfamily reveals a modular fold with cofactor and substrate-binding domains allowing for diversity of recognition via insertion/deletions. This flexibility allows facile evolution of new activities, as shown by reinvention of function between subfamilies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarita A Tararina
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA
| | - Karen N Allen
- Program in Biomolecular Pharmacology, Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118, USA; Department of Chemistry, Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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17
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Geetanjali, Singh R, Chauhan SMS. Molecular recognition studies of selected isoalloxazines with 2,6-diamidopyridine derivatives. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL RESEARCH 2019. [DOI: 10.3184/030823405774909333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Triple hydrogen bond formation towards the uracil moiety of an isoalloxazine ring with 2,6-diamidopyridine derivatives has been observed in chloroform. A hydrogen bonded isoalloxazine–pyridine complex has been successfully utilised in disulfide formation as a metal-free organocatalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetanjali
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
| | - Ram Singh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Delhi, Delhi-110 007, India
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18
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Umezawa N, Tsuji K, Sato S, Kikuchi M, Watanabe H, Horai Y, Yamaguchi M, Hisamatsu Y, Umehara T, Higuchi T. Inhibition of FAD-dependent lysine-specific demethylases by chiral polyamine analogues. RSC Adv 2018; 8:36895-36902. [PMID: 35558920 PMCID: PMC9088916 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07879c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylases 1 and 2 (LSD1 and LSD2) are flavoenzyme demethylases, and their inhibitors are considered as potential chemical tools and anticancer agents. Here we report polyamine-based inhibitors of LSD1 and LSD2. In the initial screening, partially constrained polyamine 2 which contains three trans-cyclopentane units with a total of six stereogenic centers, showed the most potent LSD1-inhibitory activity. We then prepared a set of optical isomers of 2 and evaluated their inhibitory activities toward LSD1, LSD2, monoamine oxidases A and B (MAO-A and MAO-B). Optical isomers of 2 showed LSD1-inhibitory activity with K i values of 2.2 to 6.4 μM, and LSD2-inhibitory activity with K i values of 4.4 to 39 μM; there was a general preference for LSD1 to LSD2. All of them showed weak to negligible inhibition of MAO-A and MAO-B. This selectivity seemed to reflect the differences in the size and shape of the catalytic cavity of target enzymes, and our strategy of employing a set of optical isomers appears to be an effective approach for exploring the structural features of this family of enzymes. Polyamine 9 showed most potent LSD1-inhibitory activity (K i = 2.2 μM in vitro), and it also inhibited the proliferation of HL-60 cells (IC50 = 49 μM). On the other hand, 12 was the most potent inhibitors of LSD2 with in vitro K i values of 4.4 μM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoki Umezawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Kasumi Tsuji
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Shin Sato
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Masaki Kikuchi
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Hisami Watanabe
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Yuhei Horai
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Masashi Yamaguchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Yosuke Hisamatsu
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
| | - Takashi Umehara
- Laboratory for Epigenetics Drug Discovery, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-kuYokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan
| | - Tsunehiko Higuchi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya City University3-1 Tanabe-dori, Mizuho-kuNagoya 467-8603Japan
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19
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Liu J, Zhao M, Song W, Ma L, Li X, Zhang F, Diao L, Pi Y, Jiang K. An amine oxidase gene from mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, regulates the neurotransmitters serotonin and dopamine in vitro. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204325. [PMID: 30248122 PMCID: PMC6152983 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Amine oxidase, which participates in the metabolic processing of biogenic amines, is widely found in organisms, including higher organisms and various microorganisms. In this study, the full-length cDNA of a novel amine oxidase gene was cloned from the mud crab, Scylla paramamosain, and termed SpAMO. The cDNA sequence was 2,599 bp in length, including an open reading frame of 1,521 bp encoding 506 amino acids. Two amino acid sequence motifs, a flavin adenine dinucleotide-binding domain and a flavin-containing amine oxidoreductase, were highly conserved in SpAMO. A quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction analysis showed that the expression level of SpAMO after quercetin treatment was time- and concentration-dependent. The expression of SpAMO tended to decrease and then increase in the brain and haemolymph after treatment with 5 mg/kg/d quercetin; after treatment with 50 mg/kg/d quercetin, the expression of SpAMO declined rapidly and remained low in the brain and haemolymph. These results indicated that quercetin could inhibit the transcription of SpAMO, and the high dose (50 mg/kg/d) had a relatively significant inhibitory effect. SpAMO showed the highest catalytic activity on serotonin, followed by dopamine, β-phenylethylamine, and spermine, suggesting that the specific substrates of SpAMO are serotonin and dopamine. A bioinformatics analysis of SpAMO showed that it has molecular characteristics of spermine oxidase, but a quercetin test and enzyme activity study indicated that it also functions like monoamine oxidase. It is speculated that SpAMO might be a novel amine oxidase in S. paramamosain that has the functions of both spermine oxidase and monoamine oxidase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junguo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wei Song
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Lingbo Ma
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (KJ); (LM)
| | - Xiu Li
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Fengying Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Le Diao
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- College of Fisheries and Life Sciences, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yan Pi
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Keji Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Genomics, Oceanic and Polar Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (KJ); (LM)
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20
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Nath C, Badavath VN, Thakur A, Ucar G, Acevedo O, Mohd Siddique MU, Jayaprakash V. Curcumin-based pyrazoline analogues as selective inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase A. MEDCHEMCOMM 2018; 9:1164-1171. [PMID: 30109004 DOI: 10.1039/c8md00196k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A series of 2-methoxy-4-(5-phenyl-4,5-dihydro-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenol (pyrazoline) derivatives (2-6) have been synthesized and tested for human monoamine oxidase (hMAO) inhibitory activity. The most active derivative (2) behaved as a competitive hMAO-A inhibitor, with an inhibition constant value of 0.08 μM and a strong hMAO-A selectivity (Ki(hMAO-B)/Ki(hMAO-A) > 1751). In addition, 2 exhibited little to no cytotoxic effects up to a 25 μM concentration and provided the best blood-brain barrier permeability among the derivatives synthesized. Molecular dynamics simulations revealed that a chlorine substituent at the para-position of the phenyl ring in 2 enabled a π-π stacking interaction with Tyr407 and Tyr444 that resulted in the formation of an "aromatic sandwich" structure. Consequently, this tight-binding aromatic cage culminated in a dramatically reduced active site volume that is believed to be the origin of the observed selectivity between the hMAO-A and hMAO-B isozymes. Removal of the chlorine from 2 disrupted the favorable intermolecular interactions and resulted in a selectivity change towards hMAO-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandrani Nath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi-835 215 , Jharkhand , India . ; Tel: +91 9470137264
| | - Vishnu Nayak Badavath
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi-835 215 , Jharkhand , India . ; Tel: +91 9470137264
| | - Abhishek Thakur
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , USA . ; Tel: +1 305 284 5662
| | - Gulberk Ucar
- Department of Biochemistry , Faculty of Pharmacy , Hacettepe University , Sıhhiye 06100 , Ankara , Turkey
| | - Orlando Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry , University of Miami , Coral Gables , Florida 33146 , USA . ; Tel: +1 305 284 5662
| | - Mohd Usman Mohd Siddique
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi-835 215 , Jharkhand , India . ; Tel: +91 9470137264
| | - Venkatesan Jayaprakash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences & Technology , Birla Institute of Technology , Mesra , Ranchi-835 215 , Jharkhand , India . ; Tel: +91 9470137264
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21
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Jin Y, Huo B, Fu X, Cheng Z, Zhu J, Zhang Y, Hao T, Hu X. LSD1 knockdown reveals novel histone lysine methylation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 92:896-904. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.05.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
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22
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Sjögren T, Wassvik CM, Snijder A, Aagaard A, Kumanomidou T, Barlind L, Kaminski TP, Kashima A, Yokota T, Fjellström O. The Structure of Murine N 1-Acetylspermine Oxidase Reveals Molecular Details of Vertebrate Polyamine Catabolism. Biochemistry 2017; 56:458-467. [PMID: 28029774 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biochem.6b01140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
N1-Acetylspermine oxidase (APAO) catalyzes the conversion of N1-acetylspermine or N1-acetylspermidine to spermidine or putrescine, respectively, with concomitant formation of N-acetyl-3-aminopropanal and hydrogen peroxide. Here we present the structure of murine APAO in its oxidized holo form and in complex with substrate. The structures provide a basis for understanding molecular details of substrate interaction in vertebrate APAO, highlighting a key role for an asparagine residue in coordinating the N1-acetyl group of the substrate. We applied computational methods to the crystal structures to rationalize previous observations with regard to the substrate charge state. The analysis suggests that APAO features an active site ideally suited for binding of charged polyamines. We also reveal the structure of APAO in complex with the irreversible inhibitor MDL72527. In addition to the covalent adduct, a second MDL72527 molecule is bound in the active site. Binding of MDL72527 is accompanied by altered conformations in the APAO backbone. On the basis of structures of APAO, we discuss the potential for development of specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tove Sjögren
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Carola M Wassvik
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Arjan Snijder
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Anna Aagaard
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Taichi Kumanomidou
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Louise Barlind
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Tim P Kaminski
- Discovery Sciences, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Akiko Kashima
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Takehiro Yokota
- Discovery Technology Laboratories, Sohyaku, Innovative Research Division, Mitsubishi Tanabe Pharma Corporation , 1000, Kamoshida-cho, Aoba-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa 227-0033, Japan
| | - Ola Fjellström
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Innovative Medicines and Early Development, AstraZeneca , Pepparedsleden 1, SE-431 83 Mölndal, Sweden
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23
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Tormos JR, Suarez MB, Fitzpatrick PF. 13C kinetic isotope effects on the reaction of a flavin amine oxidase determined from whole molecule isotope effects. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 612:115-119. [PMID: 27815088 PMCID: PMC5257176 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
A large number of flavoproteins catalyze the oxidation of amines. Because of the importance of these enzymes in metabolism, their mechanisms have previously been studied using deuterium, nitrogen, and solvent isotope effects. While these results have been valuable for computational studies to distinguish among proposed mechanisms, a measure of the change at the reacting carbon has been lacking. We describe here the measurement of a 13C kinetic isotope effect for a representative amine oxidase, polyamine oxidase. The isotope effect was determined by analysis of the isotopic composition of the unlabeled substrate, N, N'-dibenzyl-1,4-diaminopropane, to obtain a pH-independent value of 1.025. The availability of a 13C isotope effect for flavoprotein-catalyzed amine oxidation provides the first measure of the change in bond order at the carbon involved in this carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage and will be of value to understanding the transition state structure for this class of enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- José R Tormos
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, St. Mary's University, San Antonio, TX 78228, United States
| | - Marina B Suarez
- Department of Geological Sciences, University of Texas-San Antonio, San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Paul F Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229, United States.
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24
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Marabelli C, Marrocco B, Mattevi A. The growing structural and functional complexity of the LSD1/KDM1A histone demethylase. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 41:135-144. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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25
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Andrade JMDM, Maurmann N, Pranke P, Turatti ICC, Lopes NP, Henriques AT. Identification of compounds from non-polar fractions of Blechnum spp and a multitarget approach involving enzymatic modulation and oxidative stress. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 69:89-98. [PMID: 27747875 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The hexane (HEX) and dichloromethane (DCM) fractions from Blechnum binervatum, Blechnum brasiliense and Blechnum occidentale were studied about phytochemicals and biological properties using multitarget approach. METHODS The chemical composition was performed by gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry detector (GC-MS) analysis. Antioxidant capacity was evaluated against free radicals and on lipid peroxidation. Monoamine oxidases (MAO) and cholinesterases enzymatic modulation, as well as effects on rat and human cells, were assessed. KEY FINDINGS The CG-MS analysis allowed the identification of a non-polar compound series, being neophytadiene the major constituent in all DCM fractions and in HEX fractions from B. binervatum and B. occidentale. In B. brasiliense HEX fraction, β-sitosterol was the main compound. In general, B. brasiliense DCM fraction presented the highest antioxidant activity, with IC50 values around 9, 2 and 1.2 times lower than those found for the other species, against HO˙, NO˙ and on lipid peroxidation, respectively. Regarding enzyme modulations, B. brasiliense DCM fraction presented higher MAO-A inhibition (IC50 : 31.83 μg/ml), with a better selectivity index (SI MAO-A/MAO-B: 6.77). The lack of harmful effects was observed in rat cells, also highlighted in the stem cells for all Blechnum samples. CONCLUSION These findings encourage the search for multibinding natural products, mainly from B. brasiliense DCM fraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana Maria de Mello Andrade
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Natasha Maurmann
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pranke
- Hematology and Stem Cell Laboratory, Faculty of Pharmacy, UFRGS, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil.,Stem Cell Research Institute, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
| | | | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Ribeirão Preto, SP, Brazil
| | - Amélia T Henriques
- Laboratory of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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26
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Cervelli M, Leonetti A, Cervoni L, Ohkubo S, Xhani M, Stano P, Federico R, Polticelli F, Mariottini P, Agostinelli E. Stability of spermine oxidase to thermal and chemical denaturation: comparison with bovine serum amine oxidase. Amino Acids 2016; 48:2283-91. [PMID: 27295021 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-016-2273-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Spermine oxidase (SMOX) is a flavin-containing enzyme that specifically oxidizes spermine to produce spermidine, 3-aminopropanaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide. While no crystal structure is available for any mammalian SMOX, X-ray crystallography showed that the yeast Fms1 polyamine oxidase has a dimeric structure. Based on this scenario, we have investigated the quaternary structure of the SMOX protein by native gel electrophoresis, which revealed a composite gel band pattern, suggesting the formation of protein complexes. All high-order protein complexes are sensitive to reducing conditions, showing that disulfide bonds were responsible for protein complexes formation. The major gel band other than the SMOX monomer is the covalent SMOX homodimer, which was disassembled by increasing the reducing conditions, while being resistant to other denaturing conditions. Homodimeric and monomeric SMOXs are catalytically active, as revealed after gel staining for enzymatic activity. An engineered SMOX mutant deprived of all but two cysteine residues was prepared and characterized experimentally, resulting in a monomeric species. High-sensitivity differential scanning calorimetry of SMOX was compared with that of bovine serum amine oxidase, to analyse their thermal stability. Furthermore, enzymatic activity assays and fluorescence spectroscopy were used to gain insight into the unfolding process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuela Cervelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Alessia Leonetti
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Laura Cervoni
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Shinji Ohkubo
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Marla Xhani
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy
| | - Pasquale Stano
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Rodolfo Federico
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Polticelli
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
- National Institute of Nuclear Physics, Roma Tre Section, Via della Vasca Navale 84, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Paolo Mariottini
- Department of Sciences, Roma Tre University, V.le Guglielmo Marconi 446, 00146, Rome, Italy
| | - Enzo Agostinelli
- Department of Biochemical Sciences "A. Rossi Fanelli", SAPIENZA University of Rome, Piazzale Aldo Moro 5, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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27
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Jia WZ, Cheng F, Zhang YJ, Ge JY, Yao SQ, Zhu Q. Rapid synthesis of flavone-based monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitors targeting two active sites using click chemistry. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 89:141-151. [DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 05/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhen Jia
- Institute of Bioengineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhejiang China
| | - Feng Cheng
- Institute of Bioengineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhejiang China
| | - Yin Jun Zhang
- Institute of Bioengineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhejiang China
| | - Jin Yan Ge
- Institute of Bioengineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhejiang China
| | - Shao Q. Yao
- Department of Chemistry; National University of Singapore; Singapore Singapore
| | - Qing Zhu
- Institute of Bioengineering; Zhejiang University of Technology; Zhejiang China
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28
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Nowak RP, Tumber A, Johansson C, Che KH, Brennan P, Owen D, Oppermann U. Advances and challenges in understanding histone demethylase biology. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2016; 33:151-9. [PMID: 27371875 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2016.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Within the last decade we have witnessed significant progress in the field of chromatin methylation, ranging from the discovery that chromatin methylation is reversible, to the identification of two classes of oxidative chromatin demethylases. Multiple genetic and cellular studies emphasize the role of members of the amine oxidase and 2-oxoglutarate oxygenase enzyme families involved in methyl-lysine in physiology and disease. Advances in understanding of the underlying biochemistry have resulted in development of first series of clinical inhibitors and tool compounds which continue to resolve and help understand the complex relationships between chromatin modification, control of gene expression and metabolic states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radoslaw P Nowak
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Anthony Tumber
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Catrine Johansson
- Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
| | - Ka Hing Che
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK
| | - Paul Brennan
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Target Discovery Institute, University of Oxford, OX3 7FZ, UK
| | - Dafydd Owen
- Pfizer Worldwide Medicinal Chemistry, 610 Main Street, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Udo Oppermann
- Structural Genomics Consortium, University of Oxford, Headington OX3 7DQ, UK; Botnar Research Centre, NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Unit, Oxford OX3 7LD, UK.
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29
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Zheng YC, Yu B, Chen ZS, Liu Y, Liu HM. TCPs: privileged scaffolds for identifying potent LSD1 inhibitors for cancer therapy. Epigenomics 2016; 8:651-66. [DOI: 10.2217/epi-2015-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the first lysine-specific demethylase (KDM), lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), was characterized in 2004, several families of KDMs have been identified. LSD1 can specifically demethylate H3K4me1/2, H3K9me1/2 as well as some nonhistone substrates. It has been demonstrated to be an oncogene as well as a drug target. Hence, tens of small-molecule LSD1 inhibitors have been designed, synthesized and applied for cancer treatment. However, the two LSD1 inhibitors that have been advanced into early phase clinical trials are trans-2-phenylcyclopropylamine (TCP) derivatives, which indicate that TCP is a druggable scaffold for LSD1 inhibitor. Here, we review the design, synthesis and properties of reported TCP-based LSD1 inhibitors as well as their biological roles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chao Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Bin Yu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Zhe-Sheng Chen
- College of Pharmacy & Health Sciences, St. John’s University, 8000 Utopia Parkway, Queens, New York, NY 11439, USA
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Pharmaceutical Technology, Ministry of Education of China; Co-innovation Center of Henan Province for New drug R&D & Preclinical Safety; Institute of Drug Discovery & Development, Zhengzhou University, 100 Kexue Avenue, Zhengzhou, Henan 450001, China
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30
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Tang Z, Tejel C, Martinez de Sarasa Buchaca M, Lutz M, van der Vlugt JI, de Bruin B. Reactivity of Me-pma RhIand IrIComplexes upon Deprotonation and Their Application in Catalytic Carbene Carbonylation Reactions. Eur J Inorg Chem 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201501302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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31
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Zapata-Torres G, Fierro A, Barriga-González G, Salgado JC, Celis-Barros C. Revealing Monoamine Oxidase B Catalytic Mechanisms by Means of the Quantum Chemical Cluster Approach. J Chem Inf Model 2015; 55:1349-60. [PMID: 26091526 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jcim.5b00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Two of the possible catalytic mechanisms for neurotransmitter oxidative deamination by monoamine oxidase B (MAO B), namely, polar nucleophilic and hydride transfer, were addressed in order to comprehend the nature of their rate-determining step. The Quantum Chemical Cluster Approach was used to obtain transition states of MAO B complexed with phenylethylamine (PEA), benzylamine (BA), and p-nitrobenzylamine (NBA). The choice of these amines relies on their importance to address MAO B catalytic mechanisms so as to help us to answer questions such as why BA is a better substrate than NBA or how para-substitution affects substrate's reactivity. Transition states were later validated by comparison with the experimental free energy barriers. From a theoretical point of view, and according to the our reported transition states, their calculated barriers and structural and orbital differences obtained by us among these compounds, we propose that good substrates such as BA and PEA might follow the hydride transfer pathway while poor substrates such as NBA prefer the polar nucleophilic mechanism, which might suggest that MAO B can act by both mechanisms. The low free energy barriers for BA and PEA reflect the preference that MAO B has for hydride transfer over the polar nucleophilic mechanism when catalyzing the oxidative deamination of neurotransmitters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerald Zapata-Torres
- †Molecular Graphics Suite, Department of Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Angélica Fierro
- ‡Facultad de Química, Departamento de Química Orgánica, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - German Barriga-González
- §Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
| | - J Cristian Salgado
- ∥Laboratory of Process Modeling and Distributed Computing, Department of Chemical Engineering and Biotechnology, University of Chile, Beauchef 850, Santiago, Chile
| | - Cristian Celis-Barros
- §Universidad Andres Bello, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Departamento de Ciencias Quimicas, Avenida República 275, 8370146 Santiago, Chile
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32
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Agostinelli E, Vianello F, Magliulo G, Thomas T, Thomas TJ. Nanoparticle strategies for cancer therapeutics: Nucleic acids, polyamines, bovine serum amine oxidase and iron oxide nanoparticles (Review). Int J Oncol 2015; 46:5-16. [PMID: 25333509 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanotechnology for cancer gene therapy is an emerging field. Nucleic acids, polyamine analogues and cytotoxic products of polyamine oxidation, generated in situ by an enzyme-catalyzed reaction, can be developed for nanotechnology-based cancer therapeutics with reduced systemic toxicity and improved therapeutic efficacy. Nucleic acid-based gene therapy approaches depend on the compaction of DNA/RNA to nanoparticles and polyamine analogues are excellent agents for the condensation of nucleic acids to nanoparticles. Polyamines and amine oxidases are found in higher levels in tumours compared to that of normal tissues. Therefore, the metabolism of polyamines spermidine and spermine, and their diamine precursor, putrescine, can be targets for antineoplastic therapy since these naturally occurring alkylamines are essential for normal mammalian cell growth. Intracellular polyamine concentrations are maintained at a cell type-specific set point through the coordinated and highly regulated interplay between biosynthesis, transport, and catabolism. In particular, polyamine catabolism involves copper-containing amine oxidases. Several studies showed an important role of these enzymes in developmental and disease-related processes in animals through the control of polyamine homeostasis in response to normal cellular signals, drug treatment, and environmental and/or cellular stress. The production of toxic aldehydes and reactive oxygen species (ROS), H2O2 in particular, by these oxidases suggests a mechanism by which amine oxidases can be exploited as antineoplastic drug targets. The combination of bovine serum amine oxidase (BSAO) and polyamines prevents tumour growth, particularly well if the enzyme has been conjugated with a biocompatible hydrogel polymer. The findings described herein suggest that enzymatically formed cytotoxic agents activate stress signal transduction pathways, leading to apoptotic cell death. Consequently, superparamagnetic nanoparticles or other advanced nanosystem based on directed nucleic acid assemblies, polyamine-induced DNA condensation, and bovine serum amine oxidase may be proposed for futuristic anticancer therapy utilizing nucleic acids, polyamines and BSAO. BSAO based nanoparticles can be employed for the generation of cytotoxic polyamine metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enzo Agostinelli
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti Department of Biochemical Sciences 'A. Rossi Fanelli', Sapienza University of Rome and CNR, Institute of Biology and Molecular Pathology, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Fabio Vianello
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science, University of Padua, 35020 Legnaro, Italy and Regional Centre of Advanced Technologies and Materials, Department of Physical Chemistry, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc 77146, Czech Republic
| | - Giuseppe Magliulo
- Department Organi di Senso, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Thresia Thomas
- Formerly Department of Environmental and Occupational Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
| | - T J Thomas
- Department of Medicine, Rutgers Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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33
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Kopacz MM, Heuts DPHM, Fraaije MW. Kinetic mechanism of putrescine oxidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis. FEBS J 2014; 281:4384-93. [PMID: 25060191 DOI: 10.1111/febs.12945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2014] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Putrescine oxidase from Rhodococcus erythropolis (PuO) is a flavin-containing amine oxidase from the monoamine oxidase family that performs oxidative deamination of aliphatic diamines. In this study we report pre-steady-state kinetic analyses of the enzyme with the use of single- and double-mixing stopped-flow spectroscopy and putrescine as a substrate. During the fast and irreversible reductive half-reaction no radical intermediates were observed, suggesting a direct hydride transfer from the substrate to the FAD. The rate constant of flavin reoxidation depends on the ligand binding; when the imine product was bound to the enzyme the rate constant was higher than with free enzyme species. Similar results were obtained with product-mimicking ligands and this indicates that a ternary complex is formed during catalysis. The obtained kinetic data were used together with steady-state rate equations derived for ping-pong, ordered sequential and bifurcated mechanisms to explore which mechanism is operative. The integrated analysis revealed that PuO employs a bifurcated mechanism due to comparable rate constants of product release from the reduced enzyme and reoxidation of the reduced enzyme-product complex.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malgorzata M Kopacz
- Molecular Enzymology Group, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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34
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Molecular modeling study on the structural basis of binding mechanism of C6-substituted phthalides with monoamine oxidases. Med Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00044-014-0941-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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35
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Yasukawa K, Nakano S, Asano Y. TailoringD-Amino Acid Oxidase from the Pig Kidney toR-Stereoselective Amine Oxidase and its Use in the Deracemization of α-Methylbenzylamine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/ange.201308812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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36
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Yasukawa K, Nakano S, Asano Y. TailoringD-Amino Acid Oxidase from the Pig Kidney toR-Stereoselective Amine Oxidase and its Use in the Deracemization of α-Methylbenzylamine. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2014; 53:4428-31. [DOI: 10.1002/anie.201308812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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37
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Esteban G, Allan J, Samadi A, Mattevi A, Unzeta M, Marco-Contelles J, Binda C, Ramsay RR. Kinetic and structural analysis of the irreversible inhibition of human monoamine oxidases by ASS234, a multi-target compound designed for use in Alzheimer's disease. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2014; 1844:1104-10. [PMID: 24642166 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2014.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/04/2014] [Accepted: 03/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Monoamine oxidases (MAO) and cholinesterases are validated targets in the design of drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. The multi-target compound N-((5-(3-(1-benzylpiperidin-4-yl)propoxy)-1-methyl-1H-indol-2-yl)methyl)-N-methylprop-2-yn-1-amine (ASS234), bearing the MAO-inhibiting propargyl group attached to a donepezil moiety that inhibits cholinesterases, retained activity against human acetyl- and butyryl-cholinesterases. The inhibition of MAO A and MAO B by ASS234 was characterized and compared to other known MAO inhibitors. ASS234 was almost as effective as clorgyline (kinact/KI=3×10(6) min(-1)M(-1)) and was shown by structural studies to form the same N5 covalent adduct with the FAD cofactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Esteban
- Departamento de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Institute of Neuroscience, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jennifer Allan
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 8QP, UK
| | - Abdelouahid Samadi
- Laboratorio de Química Medica (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Andrea Mattevi
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy
| | - Mercedes Unzeta
- Departamento de Bioquímica i Biología Molecular, Institute of Neuroscience, Facultat de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Barcelona, Spain
| | - José Marco-Contelles
- Laboratorio de Química Medica (IQOG, CSIC), C/Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Claudia Binda
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology, University of Pavia, Pavia 27100, Italy.
| | - Rona R Ramsay
- Biomedical Sciences Research Complex, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews KY16 8QP, UK.
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38
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Gaweska HM, Taylor AB, Hart PJ, Fitzpatrick PF. Structure of the flavoprotein tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, a key enzyme in the formation of galls in plants. Biochemistry 2013; 52:2620-6. [PMID: 23521653 DOI: 10.1021/bi4001563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The flavoprotein tryptophan 2-monooxygenase catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of tryptophan to yield indole-3-acetamide. This is the initial step in the biosynthesis of the plant growth hormone indole-acetic acid by bacterial pathogens that cause crown gall and related diseases. The structure of the enzyme from Pseudomonas savastanoi has been determined by X-ray diffraction methods to a resolution of 1.95 Å. The overall structure of the protein shows that it has the same fold as members of the monoamine oxidase family of flavoproteins, with the greatest similarities to the l-amino acid oxidases. The location of bound indole-3-acetamide in the active site allows identification of residues responsible for substrate binding and specificity. Two residues in the enzyme are conserved in all members of the monoamine oxidase family, Lys365 and Trp466. The K365M mutation decreases the kcat and kcat/KTrp values by 60000- and 2 million-fold, respectively. The deuterium kinetic isotope effect increases to 3.2, consistent with carbon-hydrogen bond cleavage becoming rate-limiting in the mutant enzyme. The W466F mutation decreases the kcat value <2-fold and the kcat/KTrp value only 5-fold, while the W466M mutation results in an enzyme lacking flavin and detectable activity. This is consistent with a role for Trp466 in maintaining the structure of the flavin-binding site in the more conserved FAD domain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Helena M Gaweska
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas 78229, USA
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39
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Adachi MS, Taylor AB, Hart PJ, Fitzpatrick PF. Mechanistic and structural analyses of the roles of active site residues in yeast polyamine oxidase Fms1: characterization of the N195A and D94N enzymes. Biochemistry 2012; 51:8690-7. [PMID: 23034052 PMCID: PMC3548949 DOI: 10.1021/bi3011434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Flavoprotein Fms1 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae catalyzes the oxidation of spermine in the biosynthetic pathway for pantothenic acid. The same reaction is catalyzed by the mammalian polyamine and spermine oxidases. The active site of Fms1 contains three amino acid residues positioned to interact with the polyamine substrate, His67, Asn195, and Asp94. These three residues form a hydrogen-bonding triad with Asn195 being the central residue. Previous studies of the effects of mutating His67 are consistent with that residue being important both for interacting with the substrate and for maintaining the hydrogen bonds in the triad [Adachi, M. S., Taylor, A. B., Hart, P. J., and Fitzpatrick, P. F. (2012) Biochemistry 51, 4888-4897]. The N195A and D94N enzymes have now been characterized to evaluate their roles in catalysis. Both mutations primarily affect the reductive half-reaction. With N(1)-acetylspermine as the substrate, the rate constant for flavin reduction decreases ~450-fold for both mutations; the effects with spermine as the substrate are smaller, 20-40-fold. The k(cat)/K(amine)- and k(cat)-pH profiles with N(1)-acetylspermine are only slightly changed from the profiles for the wild-type enzyme, consistent with the pK(a) values arising from the amine substrate or product and not from active site residues. The structure of the N195A enzyme was determined at a resolution of 2.0 Å. The structure shows a molecule of tetraethylene glycol in the active site and establishes that the mutation has no effect on the protein structure. Overall, the results are consistent with the role of Asn195 and Asp94 being to properly position the polyamine substrate for oxidation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariya S. Adachi
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Alexander B. Taylor
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - P. John Hart
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
- Department of Veterans Affairs, Audie Murphy Division, Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX 78229
| | - Paul F. Fitzpatrick
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, TX 78229
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40
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Walport LJ, Hopkinson RJ, Schofield CJ. Mechanisms of human histone and nucleic acid demethylases. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2012; 16:525-34. [PMID: 23063108 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 09/19/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The discovery that protein and nucleic acid demethylation is common opens up the possibility of 'methylation cycles' of functional importance, including in the regulation of gene expression. The mechanisms of known demethylases can be broadly divided into those involving nucleophilic catalysis and those involving oxidative catalysis. The latter group appear more common; they produce formaldehyde as a co-product. Nucleophilic demethylases include those proceeding via irreversible S-methylation and methyl esterases. In addition to the direct reversal of methylation, demethylation can occur concurrent with loss of other groups, such as in methylarginine hydrolysis, oxidation of N(ɛ)-methyllysine to allysine, and indirectly, for example via base-excision repair. We discuss chemically viable mechanisms for biological demethylation and summarise mechanistic knowledge of the major known families of demethylases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louise J Walport
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oxford, Oxford, OX1 3TA, UK
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41
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Foster A, Barnes N, Speight R, Keane MA. Identification, functional expression and kinetic analysis of two primary amine oxidases from Rhodococcus opacus. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2011.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Thio- and aminocaffeine analogues as inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:7507-18. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2011] [Revised: 10/04/2011] [Accepted: 10/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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43
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Tejel C, Asensio L, Pilar del Río M, de Bruin B, López JA, Ciriano MA. Snapshots of a Reversible Metal-Ligand Two-Electron Transfer Step Involving Compounds Related by Multiple Types of Isomerism. Eur J Inorg Chem 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/ejic.201100868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Lazareva NF. N-(silylmethyl)amines, -amides, and -amino acids: biological activity and prospects in drug synthesis. Russ Chem Bull 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s11172-011-0097-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Kong X, Ouyang S, Liang Z, Lu J, Chen L, Shen B, Li D, Zheng M, Li KK, Luo C, Jiang H. Catalytic mechanism investigation of lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1): a computational study. PLoS One 2011; 6:e25444. [PMID: 21984927 PMCID: PMC3184146 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0025444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Lysine-specific demethylase 1 (LSD1), the first identified histone demethylase, is a flavin-dependent amine oxidase which specifically demethylates mono- or dimethylated H3K4 and H3K9 via a redox process. It participates in a broad spectrum of biological processes and is of high importance in cell proliferation, adipogenesis, spermatogenesis, chromosome segregation and embryonic development. To date, as a potential drug target for discovering anti-tumor drugs, the medical significance of LSD1 has been greatly appreciated. However, the catalytic mechanism for the rate-limiting reductive half-reaction in demethylation remains controversial. By employing a combined computational approach including molecular modeling, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations and quantum mechanics/molecular mechanics (QM/MM) calculations, the catalytic mechanism of dimethylated H3K4 demethylation by LSD1 was characterized in details. The three-dimensional (3D) model of the complex was composed of LSD1, CoREST, and histone substrate. A 30-ns MD simulation of the model highlights the pivotal role of the conserved Tyr761 and lysine-water-flavin motif in properly orienting flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD) with respect to substrate. The synergy of the two factors effectively stabilizes the catalytic environment and facilitated the demethylation reaction. On the basis of the reasonable consistence between simulation results and available mutagenesis data, QM/MM strategy was further employed to probe the catalytic mechanism of the reductive half-reaction in demethylation. The characteristics of the demethylation pathway determined by the potential energy surface and charge distribution analysis indicates that this reaction belongs to the direct hydride transfer mechanism. Our study provides insights into the LSD1 mechanism of reductive half-reaction in demethylation and has important implications for the discovery of regulators against LSD1 enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangqian Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Sisheng Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhongjie Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Junyan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Bairong Shen
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
| | - Donghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Jiangsu Diabetes Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, China
| | - Mingyue Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Keqin Kathy Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Genomics, Shanghai Institute of Hematology, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (CL); (KKL)
| | - Cheng Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- Center for Systems Biology, Soochow University, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (CL); (KKL)
| | - Hualiang Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Drug Discovery and Design Center, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
- School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
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Ida K, Suguro M, Suzuki H. High resolution X-ray crystal structures of l-phenylalanine oxidase (deaminating and decarboxylating) from Pseudomonas sp. P-501. Structures of the enzyme-ligand complex and catalytic mechanism. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 150:659-69. [DOI: 10.1093/jb/mvr103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
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Manley-King CI, Bergh JJ, Petzer JP. Inhibition of monoamine oxidase by C5-substituted phthalimide analogues. Bioorg Med Chem 2011; 19:4829-40. [PMID: 21778064 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2011.06.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Literature reports that isatin as well as C5- and C6-substituted isatin analogues are reversible inhibitors of human monoamine oxidase (MAO) A and B. In general, C5- and C6-substitution of isatin leads to enhanced binding affinity to both MAO isozymes compared to isatin and in most instances result in selective binding to the MAO-B isoform. Crystallographic and modeling studies suggest that the isatin ring binds to the substrate cavities of MAO-A and -B and is stabilized by hydrogen bond interactions between the NH and the C2 carbonyl oxygen of the dioxoindolyl moiety and water molecules present in the substrate cavities of MAO-A and -B. Based on these observations and the close structural resemblances between isatin and its phthalimide isomer, a series of phthalimide analogues were synthesized and evaluated as MAO inhibitors. While phthalimide and N-aryl-substituted phthalimides were found to be weak MAO inhibitors, phthalimide homologues containing C5 substituents were potent reversible inhibitors of recombinant human MAO-B with IC(50) values ranging from 0.007 to 2.5 μM and moderately potent reversible inhibitors of recombinant human MAO-A with IC(50) values ranging from 0.22 to 9.0 μM. By employing molecular docking the importance of hydrogen bonding between the active sites of MAO-A and -B and the phthalimide inhibitors are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarina I Manley-King
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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Baron R, Binda C, Tortorici M, McCammon JA, Mattevi A. Molecular mimicry and ligand recognition in binding and catalysis by the histone demethylase LSD1-CoREST complex. Structure 2011; 19:212-20. [PMID: 21300290 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2010] [Revised: 11/20/2010] [Accepted: 01/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Histone demethylases LSD1 and LSD2 (KDM1A/B) catalyze the oxidative demethylation of Lys4 of histone H3. We used molecular dynamics simulations to probe the diffusion of the oxygen substrate. Oxygen can reach the catalytic center independently from the presence of a bound histone peptide, implying that LSD1 can complete subsequent demethylation cycles without detaching from the nucleosomal particle. The simulations highlight the role of a strictly conserved active-site Lys residue providing general insight into the enzymatic mechanism of oxygen-reacting flavoenzymes. The crystal structure of LSD1-CoREST bound to a peptide of the transcription factor SNAIL1 unravels a fascinating example of molecular mimicry. The SNAIL1 N-terminal residues bind to the enzyme active-site cleft, effectively mimicking the H3 tail. This finding predicts that other members of the SNAIL/Scratch transcription factor family might associate to LSD1/2. The combination of selective histone-modifying activity with the distinct recognition mechanisms underlies the biological complexity of LSD1/2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riccardo Baron
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Center for Theoretical Biological Physics, and Department of Pharmacology, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0365, USA.
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FAD-binding site and NADP reactivity in human renalase: a new enzyme involved in blood pressure regulation. J Mol Biol 2011; 411:463-73. [PMID: 21699903 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2011.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2011] [Revised: 06/06/2011] [Accepted: 06/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Renalase is a recently discovered flavoprotein that regulates blood pressure, regulates sodium and phosphate excretion, and displays cardioprotectant action through a mechanism that is barely understood to date. It has been proposed to act as a catecholamine-degrading enzyme, via either O(2)-dependent or NADH-dependent mechanisms. Here we report the renalase crystal structure at 2.5 Å resolution together with new data on its interaction with nicotinamide dinucleotides. Renalase adopts the p-hydroxybenzoate hydroxylase fold topology, comprising a Rossmann-fold-based flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD)-binding domain and a putative substrate-binding domain, the latter of which contains a five-stranded anti-parallel β-sheet. A large cavity (228 Å(3)), facing the flavin ring, presumably represents the active site. Compared to monoamine oxidase or polyamine oxidase, the renalase active site is fully solvent exposed and lacks an 'aromatic cage' for binding the substrate amino group. Renalase has an extremely low diaphorase activity, displaying lower k(cat) but higher k(cat)/K(m) for NADH compared to NADPH. Moreover, its FAD prosthetic group becomes slowly reduced when it is incubated with NADPH under anaerobiosis, and binds NAD(+) or NADP(+) with K(d) values of ca 2 mM. The absence of a recognizable NADP-binding site in the protein structure and its poor affinity for, and poor reactivity towards, NADH and NADPH suggest that these are not physiological ligands of renalase. Although our study does not answer the question on the catalytic activity of renalase, it provides a firm framework for testing hypotheses on the molecular mechanism of its action.
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McGrath AP, Mithieux SM, Collyer CA, Bakhuis JG, van den Berg M, Sein A, Heinz A, Schmelzer C, Weiss AS, Guss JM. Structure and Activity of Aspergillus nidulans Copper Amine Oxidase. Biochemistry 2011; 50:5718-30. [DOI: 10.1021/bi200555c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Aaron P. McGrath
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Suzanne M. Mithieux
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Charles A. Collyer
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | | | | | - Arjen Sein
- DSM Biotechnology Center, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Andrea Heinz
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Christian Schmelzer
- Institute of Pharmacy, Biosciences, Martin Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, Wolfgang-Langenbeck-Strasse 4, D-06120 Halle (Saale), Germany
| | - Anthony S. Weiss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - J. Mitchell Guss
- School of Molecular Bioscience, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
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