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Seo T, Lowery AM, Xu H, Giang W, Troyanovsky SM, Vincent PA, Kowalczyk AP. MARCH family E3 ubiquitin ligases selectively target and degrade cadherin family proteins. PLoS One 2024; 19:e0290485. [PMID: 38722959 PMCID: PMC11081302 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0290485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/19/2024] [Indexed: 05/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Cadherin family proteins play a central role in epithelial and endothelial cell-cell adhesion. The dynamic regulation of cell adhesion is achieved in part through endocytic membrane trafficking pathways that modulate cadherin cell surface levels. Here, we define the role for various MARCH family ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of cadherin degradation. We find that MARCH2 selectively downregulates VE-cadherin, resulting in loss of adherens junction proteins at cell borders and a loss of endothelial barrier function. Interestingly, N-cadherin is refractory to MARCH ligase expression, demonstrating that different classical cadherin family proteins are differentially regulated by MARCH family ligases. Using chimeric cadherins, we find that the specificity of different MARCH family ligases for different cadherins is conferred by the cadherin transmembrane domain. Further, juxta-membrane lysine residues are required for cadherin degradation by MARCH proteins. These findings expand our understanding of cadherin regulation and highlight a new role for mammalian MARCH family ubiquitin ligases in differentially regulating cadherin turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiko Seo
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Lowery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Haifang Xu
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Giang
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sergey M. Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Kowalczyk
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, College of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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Seo T, Lowery AM, Xu H, Giang W, Troyanovsky SM, Vincent PA, Kowalczyk AP. MARCH family E3 ubiquitin ligases selectively target and degrade cadherin family proteins. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.10.552739. [PMID: 37609155 PMCID: PMC10441400 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.10.552739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
Cadherin family proteins play a central role in epithelial and endothelial cell-cell adhesion. The dynamic regulation of cell adhesion is achieved in part through endocytic membrane trafficking pathways that modulate cadherin cell surface levels. Here, we define the role for various MARCH family ubiquitin ligases in the regulation of cadherin degradation. We find that MARCH2 selectively downregulates VE-cadherin, resulting in loss of adherens junction proteins at cell borders and a loss of endothelial barrier function. Interestingly, N-cadherin is refractory to MARCH ligase expression, demonstrating that different classical cadherin family proteins are differentially regulated by MARCH family ligases. Using chimeric cadherins, we find that the specificity of different MARCH family ligases for different cadherins is conferred by the cadherin transmembrane domain. Further, juxta-membrane lysine residues are required for cadherin degradation by MARCH proteins. These findings expand our understanding of cadherin regulation and highlight a new role for mammalian MARCH family ubiquitin ligases in differentially regulating cadherin turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiko Seo
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Anthony M. Lowery
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Haifang Xu
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - William Giang
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Sergey M. Troyanovsky
- Department of Dermatology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, The Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Peter A. Vincent
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, Albany Medical College, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Andrew P. Kowalczyk
- Departments of Dermatology and Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, Hershey, Pennsylvania, United States of America
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3
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Trenker R, Wu X, Nguyen JV, Wilcox S, Rubin AF, Call ME, Call MJ. Human and viral membrane-associated E3 ubiquitin ligases MARCH1 and MIR2 recognize different features of CD86 to downregulate surface expression. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:100900. [PMID: 34157285 PMCID: PMC8319528 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.100900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune-stimulatory ligands, such as major histocompatibility complex molecules and the T-cell costimulatory ligand CD86, are central to productive immunity. Endogenous mammalian membrane-associated RING-CHs (MARCH) act on these and other targets to regulate antigen presentation and activation of adaptive immunity, whereas virus-encoded homologs target the same molecules to evade immune responses. Substrate specificity is encoded in or near the membrane-embedded domains of MARCHs and the proteins they regulate, but the exact sequences that distinguish substrates from nonsubstrates are poorly understood. Here, we examined the requirements for recognition of the costimulatory ligand CD86 by two different MARCH-family proteins, human MARCH1 and Kaposi's sarcoma herpesvirus modulator of immune recognition 2 (MIR2), using deep mutational scanning. We identified a highly specific recognition surface in the hydrophobic core of the CD86 transmembrane (TM) domain (TMD) that is required for recognition by MARCH1 and prominently features a proline at position 254. In contrast, MIR2 requires no specific sequences in the CD86 TMD but relies primarily on an aspartic acid at position 244 in the CD86 extracellular juxtamembrane region. Surprisingly, MIR2 recognized CD86 with a TMD composed entirely of valine, whereas many different single amino acid substitutions in the context of the native TM sequence conferred MIR2 resistance. These results show that the human and viral proteins evolved completely different recognition modes for the same substrate. That some TM sequences are incompatible with MIR2 activity, even when no specific recognition motif is required, suggests a more complicated mechanism of immune modulation via CD86 than was previously appreciated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Trenker
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Xinyu Wu
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Julie V Nguyen
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stephen Wilcox
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Genomics Laboratory, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Alan F Rubin
- Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
| | - Matthew E Call
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
| | - Melissa J Call
- Structural Biology Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Victoria, Australia; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia.
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4
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Liu J, Cheng Y, Zheng M, Yuan B, Wang Z, Li X, Yin J, Ye M, Song Y. Targeting the ubiquitination/deubiquitination process to regulate immune checkpoint pathways. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2021; 6:28. [PMID: 33479196 PMCID: PMC7819986 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-020-00418-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune system initiates robust immune responses to defend against invading pathogens or tumor cells and protect the body from damage, thus acting as a fortress of the body. However, excessive responses cause detrimental effects, such as inflammation and autoimmune diseases. To balance the immune responses and maintain immune homeostasis, there are immune checkpoints to terminate overwhelmed immune responses. Pathogens and tumor cells can also exploit immune checkpoint pathways to suppress immune responses, thus escaping immune surveillance. As a consequence, therapeutic antibodies that target immune checkpoints have made great breakthroughs, in particular for cancer treatment. While the overall efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) is unsatisfactory since only a small group of patients benefited from ICB treatment. Hence, there is a strong need to search for other targets that improve the efficacy of ICB. Ubiquitination is a highly conserved process which participates in numerous biological activities, including innate and adaptive immunity. A growing body of evidence emphasizes the importance of ubiquitination and its reverse process, deubiquitination, on the regulation of immune responses, providing the rational of simultaneous targeting of immune checkpoints and ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathways to enhance the therapeutic efficacy. Our review will summarize the latest findings of ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathways for anti-tumor immunity, and discuss therapeutic significance of targeting ubiquitination/deubiquitination pathways in the future of immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Liu
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, China
| | - Yicheng Cheng
- Department of Stomatology, Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210002, China
| | - Ming Zheng
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Bingxiao Yuan
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zimu Wang
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, China
| | - Xinying Li
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Affiliated Jinling Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, 210002, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, China.
| | - Mingxiang Ye
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yong Song
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, Jinling Hospital, Nanjing University School of Medicine, 210002, Nanjing, China.
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Tullett KM, Tan PS, Park HY, Schittenhelm RB, Michael N, Li R, Policheni AN, Gruber E, Huang C, Fulcher AJ, Danne JC, Czabotar PE, Wakim LM, Mintern JD, Ramm G, Radford KJ, Caminschi I, O'Keeffe M, Villadangos JA, Wright MD, Blewitt ME, Heath WR, Shortman K, Purcell AW, Nicola NA, Zhang JG, Lahoud MH. RNF41 regulates the damage recognition receptor Clec9A and antigen cross-presentation in mouse dendritic cells. eLife 2020; 9:63452. [PMID: 33264090 PMCID: PMC7710356 DOI: 10.7554/elife.63452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The dendritic cell receptor Clec9A facilitates processing of dead cell-derived antigens for cross-presentation and the induction of effective CD8+ T cell immune responses. Here, we show that this process is regulated by E3 ubiquitin ligase RNF41 and define a new ubiquitin-mediated mechanism for regulation of Clec9A, reflecting the unique properties of Clec9A as a receptor specialized for delivery of antigens for cross-presentation. We reveal RNF41 is a negative regulator of Clec9A and the cross-presentation of dead cell-derived antigens by mouse dendritic cells. Intriguingly, RNF41 regulates the downstream fate of Clec9A by directly binding and ubiquitinating the extracellular domains of Clec9A. At steady-state, RNF41 ubiquitination of Clec9A facilitates interactions with ER-associated proteins and degradation machinery to control Clec9A levels. However, Clec9A interactions are altered following dead cell uptake to favor antigen presentation. These findings provide important insights into antigen cross-presentation and have implications for development of approaches to modulate immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsteen M Tullett
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peck Szee Tan
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Hae-Young Park
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Ralf B Schittenhelm
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicole Michael
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Rong Li
- Centre for Biomedical Research, Burnet Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Antonia N Policheni
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Emily Gruber
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Cheng Huang
- Monash Proteomics and Metabolomics Facility, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Alex J Fulcher
- Monash Micro Imaging Facility, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jillian C Danne
- Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Peter E Czabotar
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Linda M Wakim
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Justine D Mintern
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Georg Ramm
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Ramaciotti Centre for Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Kristen J Radford
- Mater Research Institute - University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Irina Caminschi
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Meredith O'Keeffe
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Jose A Villadangos
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology at the Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Mark D Wright
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Marnie E Blewitt
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - William R Heath
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology at the Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Ken Shortman
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Anthony W Purcell
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | - Nicos A Nicola
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Jian-Guo Zhang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Australia
| | - Mireille H Lahoud
- Infection and Immunity Program, Monash Biomedicine Discovery Institute and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
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6
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Djajawi TM, Liu L, Gong JN, Huang AS, Luo MJ, Xu Z, Okamoto T, Call MJ, Huang DCS, van Delft MF. MARCH5 requires MTCH2 to coordinate proteasomal turnover of the MCL1:NOXA complex. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:2484-2499. [PMID: 32094511 PMCID: PMC7370232 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-020-0517-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 02/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
MCL1, a BCL2 relative, is critical for the survival of many cells. Its turnover is often tightly controlled through both ubiquitin-dependent and -independent mechanisms of proteasomal degradation. Several cell stress signals, including DNA damage and cell cycle arrest, are known to elicit distinct E3 ligases to ubiquitinate and degrade MCL1. Another trigger that drives MCL1 degradation is engagement by NOXA, one of its BH3-only protein ligands, but the mechanism responsible has remained unclear. From an unbiased genome-wide CRISPR-Cas9 screen, we discovered that the ubiquitin E3 ligase MARCH5, the ubiquitin E2 conjugating enzyme UBE2K, and the mitochondrial outer membrane protein MTCH2 co-operate to mark MCL1 for degradation by the proteasome—specifically when MCL1 is engaged by NOXA. This mechanism of degradation also required the MCL1 transmembrane domain and distinct MCL1 lysine residues to proceed, suggesting that the components likely act on the MCL1:NOXA complex by associating with it in a specific orientation within the mitochondrial outer membrane. MTCH2 has not previously been reported to regulate protein stability, but is known to influence the mitochondrial localization of certain key apoptosis regulators and to impact metabolism. We have now pinpointed an essential but previously unappreciated role for MTCH2 in turnover of the MCL1:NOXA complex by MARCH5, further strengthening its links to BCL2-regulated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tirta Mario Djajawi
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Lei Liu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Institute for Brain Research and Rehabilitation, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science, Center for Studies of Psychological Application, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Nan Gong
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Allan Shuai Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Ming-Jie Luo
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,School of Medicine, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhen Xu
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Toru Okamoto
- Institute for Advanced Co-Creation Studies, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Melissa J Call
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - David C S Huang
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
| | - Mark F van Delft
- The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia.
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7
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Garcia-Barcena C, Osinalde N, Ramirez J, Mayor U. How to Inactivate Human Ubiquitin E3 Ligases by Mutation. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:39. [PMID: 32117970 PMCID: PMC7010608 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2019] [Accepted: 01/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
E3 ubiquitin ligases are the ultimate enzymes involved in the transfer of ubiquitin to substrate proteins, a process that determines the fate of the modified protein. Numerous diseases are caused by defects in the ubiquitin-proteasome machinery, including when the activity of a given E3 ligase is hampered. Thus, inactivation of E3 ligases and the resulting effects at molecular or cellular level have been the focus of many studies during the last few years. For this purpose, site-specific mutation of key residues involved in either protein interaction, substrate recognition or ubiquitin transfer have been reported to successfully inactivate E3 ligases. Nevertheless, it is not always trivial to predict which mutation(s) will block the catalytic activity of a ligase. Here we review over 250 site-specific inactivating mutations that have been carried out in 120 human E3 ubiquitin ligases. We foresee that the information gathered here will be helpful for the design of future experimental strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Garcia-Barcena
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Nerea Osinalde
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Juanma Ramirez
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain
| | - Ugo Mayor
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), Leioa, Spain.,Ikerbasque - Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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8
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Membrane-associated RING-CH (MARCH) proteins down-regulate cell surface expression of the interleukin-6 receptor alpha chain (IL6Rα). Biochem J 2019; 476:2869-2882. [DOI: 10.1042/bcj20190577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Interleukin 6 (IL6) is a cytokine that regulates a number of important immune and inflammatory pathways. We used the ability of IL6 to inhibit the clonal proliferation of the mouse M1 myeloid leukemia cell line in agar to positively screen a cDNA expression library for proteins that inhibited IL6 activity. We found three clones completely resistant to IL6 that contained the cDNA for the Membrane-Associated RING-CH E3 ubiquitin ligase MARCH2. MARCH2 is a member of a family of membrane-bound E3 ubiquitin ligases that target cell surface receptors for degradation. MARCH2 overexpressing M1 clones retained responsiveness to the related cytokines leukemia inhibitory factor and oncostatin M and we showed that its inhibitory effect was a result of selective down-regulation of the IL6 receptor alpha chain and not the shared receptor subunit, gp130 or other signalling molecules. This activity of MARCH2 was also shared with related proteins MARCH4, MARCH9 and an isoform of MARCH3. The transmembrane domains and C-terminal domains, as well as a functional RING domain, of MARCH proteins were all required for substrate recognition and down-regulation. Genetic deletion of individual MARCH proteins in mice had no or little effect on IL6Rα levels but combined deletions of MARCH2,3 and 4 displayed elevated steady-state levels of IL6Rα in selected haemopoietic cell subsets including CD8+ and CD4+ T cells. These studies extend the potential immunosuppressive roles of MARCH proteins to include down-regulation of IL6 inflammatory responses.
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