1
|
Xie X, Yu T, Li X, Zhang N, Foster LJ, Peng C, Huang W, He G. Recent advances in targeting the "undruggable" proteins: from drug discovery to clinical trials. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:335. [PMID: 37669923 PMCID: PMC10480221 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01589-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 07/22/2023] [Accepted: 08/02/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Undruggable proteins are a class of proteins that are often characterized by large, complex structures or functions that are difficult to interfere with using conventional drug design strategies. Targeting such undruggable targets has been considered also a great opportunity for treatment of human diseases and has attracted substantial efforts in the field of medicine. Therefore, in this review, we focus on the recent development of drug discovery targeting "undruggable" proteins and their application in clinic. To make this review well organized, we discuss the design strategies targeting the undruggable proteins, including covalent regulation, allosteric inhibition, protein-protein/DNA interaction inhibition, targeted proteins regulation, nucleic acid-based approach, immunotherapy and others.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Tingting Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China
| | - Leonard J Foster
- Michael Smith Laboratories, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - Cheng Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Wei Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Southwestern Chinese Medicine Resources, College of Medical Technology and School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 611137, Chengdu, China.
| | - Gu He
- Department of Dermatology and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, 610041, Chengdu, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Welsh CL, Allen S, Madan LK. Setting sail: Maneuvering SHP2 activity and its effects in cancer. Adv Cancer Res 2023; 160:17-60. [PMID: 37704288 PMCID: PMC10500121 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2023.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/15/2023]
Abstract
Since the discovery of tyrosine phosphorylation being a critical modulator of cancer signaling, proteins regulating phosphotyrosine levels in cells have fast become targets of therapeutic intervention. The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTP) coded by the PTPN11 gene "SHP2" integrates phosphotyrosine signaling from growth factor receptors into the RAS/RAF/ERK pathway and is centrally positioned in processes regulating cell development and oncogenic transformation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity is linked to tumorigenesis and developmental defects. Even as a compelling anti-cancer target, SHP2 was considered "undruggable" for a long time owing to its conserved catalytic PTP domain that evaded drug development. Recently, SHP2 has risen from the "undruggable curse" with the discovery of small molecules that manipulate its intrinsic allostery for effective inhibition. SHP2's unique domain arrangement and conformation(s) allow for a truly novel paradigm of inhibitor development relying on skillful targeting of noncatalytic sites on proteins. In this review we summarize the biological functions, signaling properties, structural attributes, allostery and inhibitors of SHP2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Colin L Welsh
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Sarah Allen
- Department of Pediatrics, Darby Children's Research Institute, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States
| | - Lalima K Madan
- Department of Cell and Molecular Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States; Hollings Cancer Center, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, United States.
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Asmamaw MD, Shi XJ, Zhang LR, Liu HM. A comprehensive review of SHP2 and its role in cancer. Cell Oncol 2022; 45:729-753. [PMID: 36066752 DOI: 10.1007/s13402-022-00698-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Src homology 2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a non-receptor protein tyrosine phosphatase ubiquitously expressed mainly in the cytoplasm of several tissues. SHP2 modulates diverse cell signaling events that control metabolism, cell growth, differentiation, cell migration, transcription and oncogenic transformation. It interacts with diverse molecules in the cell, and regulates key signaling events including RAS/ERK, PI3K/AKT, JAK/STAT and PD-1 pathways downstream of several receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) upon stimulation by growth factors and cytokines. SHP2 acts as both a phosphatase and a scaffold, and plays prominently oncogenic functions but can be tumor suppressor in a context-dependent manner. It typically acts as a positive regulator of RTKs signaling with some inhibitory functions reported as well. SHP2 expression and activity is regulated by such factors as allosteric autoinhibition, microRNAs, ubiquitination and SUMOylation. Dysregulation of SHP2 expression or activity causes many developmental diseases, and hematological and solid tumors. Moreover, upregulated SHP2 expression or activity also decreases sensitivity of cancer cells to anticancer drugs. SHP2 is now considered as a compelling anticancer drug target and several classes of SHP2 inhibitors with different mode of action are developed with some already in clinical trial phases. Moreover, novel SHP2 substrates and functions are rapidly growing both in cell and cancer. In view of this, we comprehensively and thoroughly reviewed literatures about SHP2 regulatory mechanisms, substrates and binding partners, biological functions, roles in human cancers, and different classes of small molecule inhibitors target this oncoprotein in cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Moges Dessale Asmamaw
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao-Jing Shi
- Academy of Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450052, People's Republic of China
| | - Li-Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, State Key Laboratory for Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| | - Hong-Min Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan Province, China. .,Key Laboratory of Advanced Drug Preparation Technologies, Ministry of Education of China, Zhengzhou, Henan Province, 450001, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kurupi R, Floros KV, Jacob S, Chawla AT, Cai J, Hu B, Puchalapalli M, Coon CM, Khatri R, Crowther GS, Egan RK, Murchie E, Greninger P, Dalton KM, Ghotra MS, Boikos SA, Koblinski JE, Harada H, Sun Y, Morgan IM, Basu D, Dozmorov MG, Benes CH, Faber AC. Pharmacologic Inhibition of SHP2 Blocks Both PI3K and MEK Signaling in Low-epiregulin HNSCC via GAB1. CANCER RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS 2022; 2:1061-1074. [PMID: 36506869 PMCID: PMC9728803 DOI: 10.1158/2767-9764.crc-21-0137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Preclinical and clinical studies have evidenced that effective targeted therapy treatment against receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) in different solid tumor paradigms is predicated on simultaneous inhibition of both the PI3K and MEK intracellular signaling pathways. Indeed, re-activation of either pathway results in resistance to these therapies. Recently, oncogenic phosphatase SHP2 inhibitors have been developed with some now reaching clinical trials. To expand on possible indications for SHP099, we screened over 800 cancer cell lines covering over 25 subsets of cancer. We found HNSCC was the most sensitive adult subtype of cancer to SHP099. We found that, in addition to the MEK pathway, SHP2 inhibition blocks the PI3K pathway in sensitive HNSCC, resulting in downregulation of mTORC signaling and anti-tumor effects across several HNSCC mouse models, including an HPV+ patient-derived xenograft (PDX). Importantly, we found low levels of the RTK ligand epiregulin identified HNSCCs that were sensitive to SHP2 inhibitor, and, adding exogenous epiregulin mitigated SHP099 efficacy. Mechanistically, epiregulin maintained SHP2-GAB1 complexes in the presence of SHP2 inhibition, preventing downregulation of the MEK and PI3K pathways. We demonstrate HNSCCs were highly dependent on GAB1 for their survival and knockdown of GAB1 is sufficient to block the ability of epiregulin to rescue MEK and PI3K signaling. These data connect the sensitivity of HNSCC to SHP2 inhibitors and to a broad reliance on GAB1-SHP2, revealing an important and druggable signaling axis. Overall, SHP2 inhibitors are being heavily developed and may have activity in HNSCCs, and in particular those with low levels of epiregulin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Richard Kurupi
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Konstantinos V Floros
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Sheeba Jacob
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Ayesha T Chawla
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Jinyang Cai
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Bin Hu
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23220
| | - Madhavi Puchalapalli
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23220
| | - Colin M Coon
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Rishabh Khatri
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Giovanna Stein Crowther
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Regina K Egan
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ellen Murchie
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patricia Greninger
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Krista M Dalton
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Maninderjit S Ghotra
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | | | - Jennifer E Koblinski
- Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23220
| | - Hisashi Harada
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Yue Sun
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Iain M Morgan
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| | - Devraj Basu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, U.S.A
| | - Mikhail G Dozmorov
- Department of Biostatistics, Virginia Commonwealth University School of Medicine, Richmond, VA 23220.,Department of Pathology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Boston, MA 02129, USA and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Anthony C Faber
- VCU Philips Institute, School of Dentistry and Massey Cancer Center; Richmond, Virginia 23298
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Diverse Mechanisms of Resistance against Osimertinib, a Third-Generation EGFR-TKI, in Lung Adenocarcinoma Cells with an EGFR-Activating Mutation. Cells 2022; 11:cells11142201. [PMID: 35883645 PMCID: PMC9319811 DOI: 10.3390/cells11142201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2022] [Revised: 07/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Osimertinib, a third-generation epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI), is used as a first-line treatment for patients with EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, the mechanisms underlying its anticancer activity, particularly the subsequent development of acquired resistance, are unclear. Herein, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the development of osimertinib resistance by treating NSCLC PC-9 cells (harboring an EGFR-activating mutation) with osimertinib, thereby developing five resistant cell lines, i.e., AZDR3, AZDR6, AZDR9, AZDR11, and AZDR14. The amplification of wild-type EGFR in AZDR3 cells and wild-type EGFR and KRAS in AZDR6 cells was also studied. AZDR3 cells showed dependence on EGFR signaling, in addition to afatinib sensitivity. AZDR9 cells harboring KRASG13D showed sensitivity to MEK inhibitors. Furthermore, combination treatment with EGFR and IGF1R inhibitors resulted in attenuated cell proliferation and enhanced apoptosis. In AZDR11 cells, increased Bim expression could not induce apoptosis, but Bid cleavage was found to be essential for the same. A SHP2/T507K mutation was also identified in AZDR14 cells, and, when associated with GAB1, SHP2 could activate ERK1/2, whereas a SHP2 inhibitor, TNO155, disrupted this association, thereby inhibiting GAB1 activation. Thus, diverse osimertinib resistance mechanisms were identified, providing insights for developing novel therapeutic strategies for NSCLC.
Collapse
|
6
|
Mussa A, Turchiano A, Cardaropoli S, Coppo P, Pantaleo A, Bagnulo R, Ranieri C, Iacoviello M, Garganese A, Stella A, Vallero SG, Bertin D, Santoro F, Carli D, Ferrero GB, Resta N. Lateralized overgrowth with vascular malformation caused by a somatic PTPN11 pathogenic variant: another piece added to the puzzle of mosaic RASopathies. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 2022; 61:689-695. [PMID: 35778969 PMCID: PMC9542063 DOI: 10.1002/gcc.23086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Lateralized/segmental overgrowth disorders (LOs) encompass a heterogeneous group of congenital conditions with excessive body tissue growth. Documented molecular alterations in LOs mostly consist of somatic variants in genes of the PI3KCA/AKT/mTOR pathway or of chromosome band 11p15.5 imprinted region anomalies. In some cases, somatic pathogenic variants in genes of the RAS/MAPK pathway have been reported. We present the first case of a somatic pathogenic variant (T507K) in PTPN11 causing a LO phenotype characterized by severe lateralized overgrowth, vascular proliferation, and cerebral astrocytoma. The T507K variant was detected in DNA from overgrown tissue in a leg with capillary malformation. The astrocytoma tissue showed a higher PTPN11 variant allele frequency. A pathogenic variant in FGFR1 was also found in tumor tissue, representing a second hit on the RAS/MAPK pathway. These findings indicate that RAS/MAPK cascade overactivation can cause mosaic overgrowth phenotypes resembling PIK3CA‐related overgrowth disorders (PROS) with cancer predisposition and are consistent with the hypothesis that RAS/MAPK hyperactivation can be involved in the pathogenesis of astrocytoma. This observation raises the issue of cancer predisposition in patients with RAS/MAPK pathway gene variants and expands genotype spectrum of LOs and the treatment options for similar cases through inhibition of the RAS/MAPK oversignaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alessandro Mussa
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Pediatric Clinical Genetics Unit, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonella Turchiano
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Cardaropoli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Paola Coppo
- Pediatric Dermatology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Antonino Pantaleo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Rosanna Bagnulo
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Carlotta Ranieri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Matteo Iacoviello
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Antonella Garganese
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Ospedale Consorziale Policlinico di Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Alessandro Stella
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Gabriele Vallero
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Daniele Bertin
- Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federica Santoro
- Pathology Unit, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Diana Carli
- Department of Public Health and Pediatric Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.,Pediatric Onco-Hematology, Regina Margherita Children's Hospital, Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Nicoletta Resta
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Division of Medical Genetics, University of Bari "Aldo Moro", Bari, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Song Y, Yang X, Wang S, Zhao M, Yu B. Crystallographic landscape of SHP2 provides molecular insights for SHP2 targeted drug discovery. Med Res Rev 2022; 42:1781-1821. [DOI: 10.1002/med.21890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2022] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yihui Song
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Henan Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou University 450000 Henan Zhengzhou China
| | - Xinyu Yang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Henan Zhengzhou China
| | - Shu Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Henan Zhengzhou China
| | - Min Zhao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Henan Zhengzhou China
| | - Bin Yu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences Zhengzhou University 450001 Henan Zhengzhou China
- State Key Laboratory of Esophageal Cancer Prevention and Treatment Zhengzhou University 450000 Henan Zhengzhou China
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Dong L, Han D, Meng X, Xu M, Zheng C, Xia Q. Activating Mutation of SHP2 Establishes a Tumorigenic Phonotype Through Cell-Autonomous and Non-Cell-Autonomous Mechanisms. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:630712. [PMID: 33777940 PMCID: PMC7991796 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.630712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Gain-of-function mutation of SHP2 is a central regulator in tumorigenesis and cancer progression through cell-autonomous mechanisms. Activating mutation of SHP2 in microenvironment was identified to promote cancerous transformation of hematopoietic stem cell in non-autonomous mechanisms. It is interesting to see whether therapies directed against SHP2 in tumor or microenvironmental cells augment antitumor efficacy. In this review, we summarized different types of gain-of-function SHP2 mutations from a human disease. In general, gain-of-function mutations destroy the auto-inhibition state from wild-type SHP2, leading to consistency activation of SHP2. We illustrated how somatic or germline mutation of SHP2 plays an oncogenic role in tumorigenesis, stemness maintenance, invasion, etc. Moreover, the small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors are considered as a potential strategy for enhancing the efficacy of antitumor immunotherapy and chemotherapy. We also discussed the interconnection between phase separation and activating mutation of SHP2 in drug resistance of antitumor therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Dong
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Da Han
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinyi Meng
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Mengchuan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Chuwen Zheng
- School of Biological Sciences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, United States
| | - Qin Xia
- School of Life Sciences, Beijing Institute of Technology, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Kerr DL, Haderk F, Bivona TG. Allosteric SHP2 inhibitors in cancer: Targeting the intersection of RAS, resistance, and the immune microenvironment. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2021; 62:1-12. [PMID: 33418513 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2020.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/09/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The nonreceptor protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 (encoded by PTPN11) integrates growth and differentiation signals from receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs) into the RAS/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascade. Considered 'undruggable' over three decades, SHP2 is now a potentially druggable target with the advent of allosteric SHP2 inhibitors. These agents hold promise for improving patient outcomes, showing efficacy in preclinical cancer models, where SHP2 is critical for either oncogenic signaling or resistance to current targeted agents. SHP2 inhibition may also produce immunomodulatory effects in certain tumor microenvironment cells to help cultivate antitumor immune responses. The first generation of allosteric SHP2 inhibitors is under clinical evaluation to determine safety, appropriate tolerability management, and antitumor efficacy, investigations that will dictate future clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Lucas Kerr
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Franziska Haderk
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Trever G Bivona
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|