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Marín-García PJ, Llobat L, Cambra-López M, Blas E, Larsen T, Pascual JJ, Hedemann MS. Biomarkers for ideal protein: rabbit diet metabolomics varying key amino acids. Commun Biol 2024; 7:712. [PMID: 38858508 PMCID: PMC11164918 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-024-06322-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2024] [Accepted: 05/13/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
With the main aim of identifying biomarkers that contribute to defining the concept of ideal protein in growing rabbits under the most diverse conditions possible this work describes two different experiments. Experiment 1: 24 growing rabbits are included at 56 days of age. The rabbits are fed ad libitum one of the two experimental diets only differing in lysine levels. Experiment 2: 53 growing rabbits are included at 46 days of age, under a fasting and eating one of the five experimental diets, with identical chemical composition except for the three typically limiting amino acids (being fed commercial diets ad libitum in both experiments). Blood samples are taken for targeted and untargeted metabolomics analysis. Here we show that the metabolic phenotype undergoes alterations when animals experience a rapid dietary shift in the amino acid levels. While some of the differential metabolites can be attributed directly to changes in specific amino acids, creatinine, urea, hydroxypropionic acid and hydroxyoctadecadienoic acid are suggested as a biomarker of amino acid imbalances in growing rabbits' diets, since its changes are not attributable to a single amino acid. The fluctuations in their levels suggest intricate amino acid interactions. Consequently, we propose these metabolites as promising biomarkers for further research into the concept of the ideal protein using rabbit as a model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo Jesús Marín-García
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Lola Llobat
- Department of Animal Production and Health, Veterinary Public Health and Food Science and Technology (PASAPTA), Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, CEU Universities, Valencia, Spain
| | - María Cambra-López
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Enrique Blas
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain
| | - Torben Larsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
| | - Juan José Pascual
- Institute for Animal Science and Technology, Universitat Politècnica de València, Valencia, Spain.
| | - Mette Skou Hedemann
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Aarhus University, Tjele, Denmark
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Mangkalee M, Oonanant W, Aonbangkhen C, Pimviriyakul P, Tinikul R, Chaiyen P, Insin N, Sucharitakul J. Reaction mechanism and kinetics of the two-component flavoprotein dimethyl sulfone monooxygenase system: Using hydrogen peroxide for monooxygenation and substrate cleavage. FEBS J 2023; 290:5171-5195. [PMID: 37522421 DOI: 10.1111/febs.16916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/01/2023]
Abstract
The dimethyl sulfone monooxygenase system is a two-component flavoprotein, catalyzing the monooxygenation of dimethyl sulfone (DMSO2 ) by oxidative cleavage producing methanesulfinate and formaldehyde. The reductase component (DMSR) is a flavoprotein with FMN as a cofactor, catalyzing flavin reduction using NADH. The monooxygenase (DMSMO) uses reduced flavin from the reductase and oxygen for substrate monooxygenation. DMSMO can bind to FMN and FMNH- with a Kd of 17.4 ± 0.9 μm and 4.08 ± 0.8 μm, respectively. The binding of FMN to DMSMO is required prior to binding DMSO2 . This also applies to the fast binding of reduced FMN to DMSMO followed by DMSO2 . Substituting reduced DMSR with FMNH- demonstrated the same oxidation kinetics, indicating that FMNH- from DMSR was transferred to DMSMO. The oxidation of FMNH- :DMSMO, with and without DMSO2 did not generate any flavin adducts for monooxygenation. Therefore, H2 O2 is likely to be the reactive agent to attack the substrate. The H2 O2 assay results demonstrated production of H2 O2 from the oxidation of FMNH- :DMSMO, whereas H2 O2 was not detected in the presence of DMSO2 , confirming H2 O2 utilization. The rate constant for methanesulfinate formation determined from rapid quenched flow and the rate constant for flavin oxidation were similar, indicating that H2 O2 rapidly reacts with DMSO2 , with flavin oxidation as the rate-limiting step. This is the first report of the kinetic mechanisms of both components using rapid kinetics and of a method for methanesulfinate detection using LC-MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Montisa Mangkalee
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Worrapoj Oonanant
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Faculty of Medicine Vajira Hospital, Navamindradhiraj University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Chanat Aonbangkhen
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Center of Excellence in Natural Products Chemistry (CENP), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Panu Pimviriyakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ruchanok Tinikul
- Department of Biochemistry and Center for Excellence in Protein and Enzyme Technology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), Rayong, Thailand
| | - Numpon Insin
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Research Unit in Integrative Immuno-Microbial Biochemistry and Bioresponsive Nanomaterials, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeerus Sucharitakul
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Skeletal Disorders Research Unit, Faculty of Dentistry, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand
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Motoyama T, Yamamoto Y, Ishida C, Hasebe F, Kawamura Y, Shigeta Y, Ito S, Nakano S. Reaction Mechanism of Ancestral l-Lys α-Oxidase from Caulobacter Species Studied by Biochemical, Structural, and Computational Analysis. ACS OMEGA 2022; 7:44407-44419. [PMID: 36506213 PMCID: PMC9730747 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.2c06334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The flavin-dependent amine oxidase superfamily contains various l-amino acid oxidases (LAAOs) bearing different substrate specificities and enzymatic properties. LAAOs catalyze the oxidation of the α-amino group of l-amino acids (L-AAs) to produce imino acids and H2O2. In this study, an ancestral l-Lys α-oxidase (AncLLysO2) was designed utilizing genome-mined sequences from the Caulobacter species. The AncLLysO2 exhibited high specificity toward l-Lys; the k cat/K m values toward l-Lys were one and two orders larger than those of l-Arg and l-ornithine, respectively. Liquid chromatography-high resolution mass spectrometry analysis indicated that AncLLysO2 released imino acid immediately from the active site after completion of oxidation of the α-amino group. Crystal structures of the ligand-free, l-Lys- and l-Arg-bound forms of AncLLysO2 were determined at 1.4-1.6 Å resolution, indicating that the active site of AncLLysO2 kept an open state during the reaction and more likely to release products. The structures also indicated the substrate recognition mechanism of AncLLysO2; ε-amino, α-amino, and carboxyl groups of l-Lys formed interactions with Q357, A551, and R77, respectively. Biochemical and molecular dynamics simulation analysis of AncLLysO2 indicated that active site residues that indirectly interact with the substrate are also important to exhibit high activity; for example, the aromatic group of Y219 is important to ensure that the l-Lys substrate is placed in the correct position to allow the reaction to proceed efficiently. Taken together, we propose the reaction mechanism of AncLLysO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomoharu Motoyama
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yuta Yamamoto
- Department
of Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Chiharu Ishida
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Department
of Bioscience, Fukui Prefectural University, Fukui 910-1195, Japan
| | - Yui Kawamura
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Yasuteru Shigeta
- Center
for Computational Sciences, University of
Tsukuba, Tennodai 1-1-1, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8577, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate
Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, 52-1 Yada, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka 422-8526, Japan
- PREST, Japan Science and Technology
Agency, Saitama 332-0012, Japan
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Metabolomics Profiling of Nephrotic Syndrome towards Biomarker Discovery. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232012614. [PMID: 36293474 PMCID: PMC9603939 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232012614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2022] [Revised: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 10/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is a kidney illness characterized by excessive proteinuria, hypoalbuminemia, edema, and hyperlipidemia, which may lead to kidney failure and necessitate renal transplantation. End-stage renal disease, cardiovascular issues, and mortality are much more common in those with NS. Therefore, the present study aimed to identify potential new biomarkers associated with the pathogenesis and diagnosis of NS. The liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry (LC–MS) metabolomics approach was applied to profile the metabolome of human serum of patients with NS. A total of 176 metabolites were significantly altered in NS compared to the control. Arginine, proline, and tryptophan metabolism; arginine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, and tryptophan biosynthesis were the most common metabolic pathways dysregulated in NS. Furthermore, alanyl-lysine and isoleucyl-threonine had the highest discrimination between NS and healthy groups. The candidate biomarkers may lead to understanding the possible metabolic alterations associated with NS and serve as potential diagnostic biomarkers.
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5
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Trisrivirat D, Sutthaphirom C, Pimviriyakul P, Chaiyen P. Dual activities of oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation by flavoenzymes. Chembiochem 2022; 23:e202100666. [PMID: 35040514 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202100666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Revised: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Specific flavoenzyme oxidases catalyze oxidative decarboxylation in addition to their classical oxidation reactions in the same active sites. The mechanisms underlying oxidative decarboxylation by these enzymes and how they control their two activities are not clearly known. This article reviews the current state of knowledge of four enzymes from the l-amino acid oxidase and l-hydroxy acid oxidase families, including l-tryptophan 2-monooxygenase, l-phenylalanine 2-oxidase and l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase and lactate monooxygenase which catalyze substrate oxidation and oxidative decarboxylation. Apart from specific interactions to allow substrate oxidation by the flavin cofactor, specific binding of oxidized product in the active sites appears to be important for enabling subsequent decarboxylation by these enzymes. Based on recent findings of l-lysine oxidase/monooxygenase, we propose that nucleophilic attack of H2O2 on the imino acid product is the mechanism enabling oxidative decarboxylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duangthip Trisrivirat
- VISTEC: Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, THAILAND
| | - Chalermroj Sutthaphirom
- VISTEC: Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology, Biomolecular Science and Engineering, THAILAND
| | | | - Pimchai Chaiyen
- Vidyasirimedhi Institute of Science and Technology (VISTEC), School of Biomolecular Science and Engineering, 555 Moo 1 Payupnai, 21210, Wangchan District, THAILAND
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6
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Ishida C, Miyata R, Hasebe F, Miyata A, Kumazawa S, Ito S, Nakano S. Reconstruction of Hyper‐Thermostable Ancestral L‐Amino Acid Oxidase to Perform Deracemization to D‐Amino Acids. ChemCatChem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cctc.202101296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Chiharu Ishida
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Ryo Miyata
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Azusa Miyata
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Shigenori Kumazawa
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate School of Integrated Pharmaceutical and Nutritional Sciences University of Shizuoka Shizuoka 422-8526 Japan
- PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency Saitama 332-0012 Japan
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Sugiura S, Nakano S, Niwa M, Hasebe F, Matsui D, Ito S. Catalytic mechanism of ancestral L-lysine oxidase assigned by sequence data mining. J Biol Chem 2021; 297:101043. [PMID: 34358565 PMCID: PMC8405998 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2021.101043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2021] [Revised: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A large number of protein sequences are registered in public databases such as PubMed. Functionally uncharacterized enzymes are included in these databases, some of which likely have potential for industrial applications. However, assignment of the enzymes remained difficult tasks for now. In this study, we assigned a total of 28 original sequences to uncharacterized enzymes in the FAD-dependent oxidase family expressed in some species of bacteria including Chryseobacterium, Flavobacterium, and Pedobactor. Progenitor sequence of the assigned 28 sequences was generated by ancestral sequence reconstruction, and the generated sequence exhibited L-lysine oxidase activity; thus, we named the enzyme AncLLysO. Crystal structures of ligand-free and ligand-bound forms of AncLLysO were determined, indicating that the enzyme recognizes L-Lys by hydrogen bond formation with R76 and E383. The binding of L-Lys to AncLLysO induced dynamic structural change at a plug loop formed by residues 251 to 254. Biochemical assays of AncLLysO variants revealed the functional importance of these substrate recognition residues and the plug loop. R76A and E383D variants were also observed to lose their activity, and the kcat/Km value of G251P and Y253A mutations were approximately 800- to 1800-fold lower than that of AncLLysO, despite the indirect interaction of the substrates with the mutated residues. Taken together, our data demonstrate that combinational approaches to sequence classification from database and ancestral sequence reconstruction may be effective not only to find new enzymes using databases of unknown sequences but also to elucidate their functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sayaka Sugiura
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Shogo Nakano
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan; PREST, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Kawaguchi, Japan.
| | - Masazumi Niwa
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Fumihito Hasebe
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Daisuke Matsui
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shiga, Japan
| | - Sohei Ito
- Graduate Division of Nutritional and Environmental Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Suruga-ku, Shizuoka, Japan
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Paul CE, Eggerichs D, Westphal AH, Tischler D, van Berkel WJH. Flavoprotein monooxygenases: Versatile biocatalysts. Biotechnol Adv 2021; 51:107712. [PMID: 33588053 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2021.107712] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 02/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs) are single- or two-component enzymes that catalyze a diverse set of chemo-, regio- and enantioselective oxyfunctionalization reactions. In this review, we describe how FPMOs have evolved from model enzymes in mechanistic flavoprotein research to biotechnologically relevant catalysts that can be applied for the sustainable production of valuable chemicals. After a historical account of the development of the FPMO field, we explain the FPMO classification system, which is primarily based on protein structural properties and electron donor specificities. We then summarize the most appealing reactions catalyzed by each group with a focus on the different types of oxygenation chemistries. Wherever relevant, we report engineering strategies that have been used to improve the robustness and applicability of FPMOs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline E Paul
- Biocatalysis, Department of Biotechnology, Delft University of Technology, Van der Maasweg 9, 2629 HZ Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Daniel Eggerichs
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Adrie H Westphal
- Laboratory of Biochemistry, Wageningen University, Stippeneng 4, 6708 WE Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Microbial Biotechnology, Faculty of Biology and Biotechnology, Ruhr-Universität Bochum, Universitätsstrasse 150, 44780 Bochum, Germany
| | - Willem J H van Berkel
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, The Netherlands.
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Lv D, Zou Y, Zeng Z, Yao H, Ding S, Bian Y, Wen L, Xie X. Comprehensive metabolomic profiling of osteosarcoma based on UHPLC-HRMS. Metabolomics 2020; 16:120. [PMID: 33210231 PMCID: PMC7674324 DOI: 10.1007/s11306-020-01745-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Osteosarcoma (OS) is the most common primary malignant bone tumor in children and adolescents. An increasing number of studies have demonstrated that tumor proliferation and metastasis are closely related to complex metabolic reprogramming. However, there are limited data to provide a comprehensive metabolic picture of osteosarcoma. OBJECTIVES Our study aims to identify aberrant metabolic pathways and seek potential adjuvant biomarkers for osteosarcoma. METHODS Serum samples were collected from 65 osteosarcoma patients and 30 healthy controls. Nontargeted metabolomic profiling was performed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based on univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. RESULTS The OPLS-DA model analysis identified clear separations among groups. We identified a set of differential metabolites such as higher serum levels of adenosine-5-monophosphate, inosine-5-monophosphate and guanosine monophosphate in primary OS patients compared to healthy controls, and higher serum levels of 5-aminopentanamide, 13(S)-HpOTrE (FA 18:3 + 2O) and methionine sulfoxide in lung metastatic OS patients compared to primary OS patients, revealing aberrant metabolic features during the proliferation and metastasis of osteosarcoma. We found a group of metabolites especially lactic acid and glutamic acid, with AUC values of 0.97 and 0.98, which could serve as potential adjuvant diagnostic biomarkers for primary osteosarcoma, and a panel of 2 metabolites, 5-aminopentanamide and 13(S)-HpOTrE (FA 18:3 + 2O), with an AUC value of 0.92, that had good monitoring ability for lung metastases. CONCLUSIONS Our study provides new insight into the aberrant metabolic features of osteosarcoma. The potential biomarkers identified here may have translational significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongming Lv
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yutong Zou
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziliang Zeng
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Hao Yao
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Shirong Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China
| | - Yiying Bian
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Lili Wen
- Department of Anesthesiology, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xianbiao Xie
- Department of Musculoskeletal Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Guangzhou, 510080, People's Republic of China.
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Abstract
Flavin-dependent enzymes catalyze a wide variety of biological reactions that are important for all types of living organisms. Knowledge gained from studying the chemistry and biological functions of flavins and flavin-dependent enzymes has continuously made significant contributions to the development of the fields of enzymology and metabolism from the 1970s until now. The enzymes have been applied in various applications such as use as biocatalysts in synthetic processes for the chemical and pharmaceutical industries or in the biodetoxification and bioremediation of toxic or unwanted compounds, and as biosensors or biodetection tools for quantifying various agents of interest. Many flavin-dependent enzymes are also prime targets for drug development. Based on their reaction mechanisms, they can be classified into five categories: oxidase, dehydrogenase, monooxygenase, reductase, and redox neutral flavin-dependent enzymes. In this chapter, the general properties of flavin-dependent enzymes and the nature of their chemical reactions are discussed, along with their practical applications.
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