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Neel AI, Wang Y, Sun H, Liontis KE, McCormack MC, Mayer JC, Cervera Juanes RP, Davenport AT, Grant KA, Daunais JD, Chen R. Differential regulation of G protein-coupled receptor-associated proteins in the caudate and the putamen of cynomolgus macaques following chronic ethanol drinking. J Neurochem 2024; 168:2722-2735. [PMID: 38783749 PMCID: PMC11449652 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.16134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 05/08/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
The dorsal striatum is composed of the caudate nucleus and the putamen in human and non-human primates. These two regions receive different cortical projections and are functionally distinct. The caudate is involved in the control of goal-directed behaviors, while the putamen is implicated in habit learning and formation. Previous reports indicate that ethanol differentially influences neurotransmission in these two regions. Because neurotransmitters primarily signal through G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to modulate neuronal activity, the present study aimed to determine whether ethanol had a region-dependent impact on the expression of proteins that are involved in the trafficking and function of GPCRs, including G protein subunits and their effectors, protein kinases, and elements of the cytoskeleton. Western blotting was performed to examine protein levels in the caudate and the putamen of male cynomolgus macaques that self-administered ethanol for 1 year under free access conditions, along with control animals that self-administered an isocaloric sweetened solution under identical operant conditions. Among the 18 proteins studied, we found that the levels of one protein (PKCβ) were increased, and 13 proteins (Gαi1/3, Gαi2, Gαo, Gβ1γ, PKCα, PKCε, CaMKII, GSK3β, β-actin, cofilin, α-tubulin, and tubulin polymerization promoting protein) were reduced in the caudate of alcohol-drinking macaques. However, ethanol did not alter the expression of any proteins examined in the putamen. These observations underscore the unique vulnerability of the caudate nucleus to changes in protein expression induced by chronic ethanol exposure. Whether these alterations are associated with ethanol-induced dysregulation of GPCR function and neurotransmission warrants future investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna I. Neel
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Yutong Wang
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Haiguo Sun
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Katherine E. Liontis
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Mary C. McCormack
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Jonathan C. Mayer
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rita P. Cervera Juanes
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - April T. Davenport
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Kathleen A. Grant
- Division of Neuroscience Oregon National Primate Research Center, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR 97239
| | - James D. Daunais
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
| | - Rong Chen
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston Salem, NC 27157
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2
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Ferrito N, Báez-Flores J, Rodríguez-Martín M, Sastre-Rodríguez J, Coppola A, Isidoro-García M, Prieto-Matos P, Lacal J. Biomarker Landscape in RASopathies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:8563. [PMID: 39201250 PMCID: PMC11354534 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25168563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2024] [Revised: 07/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/02/2024] [Indexed: 09/02/2024] Open
Abstract
RASopathies are a group of related genetic disorders caused by mutations in genes within the RAS/MAPK signaling pathway. This pathway is crucial for cell division, growth, and differentiation, and its disruption can lead to a variety of developmental and health issues. RASopathies present diverse clinical features and pose significant diagnostic and therapeutic challenges. Studying the landscape of biomarkers in RASopathies has the potential to improve both clinical practices and the understanding of these disorders. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries in RASopathy molecular profiling, which extend beyond traditional gene mutation analysis. mRNAs, non-coding RNAs, protein expression patterns, and post-translational modifications characteristic of RASopathy patients within pivotal signaling pathways such as the RAS/MAPK, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, and Rho/ROCK/LIMK2/cofilin pathways are summarized. Additionally, the field of metabolomics holds potential for uncovering metabolic signatures associated with specific RASopathies, which are crucial for developing precision medicine. Beyond molecular markers, we also examine the role of histological characteristics and non-invasive physiological assessments in identifying potential biomarkers, as they provide evidence of the disease's effects on various systems. Here, we synthesize key findings and illuminate promising avenues for future research in RASopathy biomarker discovery, underscoring rigorous validation and clinical translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noemi Ferrito
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Juan Báez-Flores
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Mario Rodríguez-Martín
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - Julián Sastre-Rodríguez
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
| | - Alessio Coppola
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
| | - María Isidoro-García
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Clinical Biochemistry Department, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Clinical Rare Diseases Reference Unit DiERCyL, 37007 Castilla y León, Spain
- Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Pablo Prieto-Matos
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Department of Biomedical and Diagnostics Science, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Jesus Lacal
- Laboratory of Functional Genetics of Rare Diseases, Department of Microbiology and Genetics, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain; (N.F.); (J.B.-F.); (J.S.-R.); (A.C.)
- GIR of Biomedicine of Rare Diseases, University of Salamanca (USAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain;
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3
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Jang W, Senarath K, Feinberg G, Lu S, Lambert NA. Visualization of endogenous G proteins on endosomes and other organelles. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2024:2024.03.05.583500. [PMID: 38496652 PMCID: PMC10942389 DOI: 10.1101/2024.03.05.583500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/19/2024]
Abstract
Classical G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling takes place in response to extracellular stimuli and involves receptors and heterotrimeric G proteins located at the plasma membrane. It has recently been established that GPCR signaling can also take place from intracellular membrane compartments, including endosomes that contain internalized receptors and ligands. While the mechanisms of GPCR endocytosis are well understood, it is not clear how well internalized receptors are supplied with G proteins. To address this gap we use gene editing, confocal microscopy, and bioluminescence resonance energy transfer to study the distribution and trafficking of endogenous G proteins. We show here that constitutive endocytosis is sufficient to supply newly internalized endocytic vesicles with 20-30% of the G protein density found at the plasma membrane. We find that G proteins are present on early, late, and recycling endosomes, are abundant on lysosomes, but are virtually undetectable on the endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, and the medial Golgi apparatus. Receptor activation does not change heterotrimer abundance on endosomes. Our findings provide a subcellular map of endogenous G protein distribution, suggest that G proteins may be partially excluded from nascent endocytic vesicles, and are likely to have implications for GPCR signaling from endosomes and other intracellular compartments.
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Steinbach A, Bhadkamkar V, Jimenez-Morales D, Stevenson E, Jang GM, Krogan NJ, Swaney DL, Mukherjee S. Cross-family small GTPase ubiquitination by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. Mol Biol Cell 2024; 35:ar27. [PMID: 38117589 PMCID: PMC10916871 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e23-06-0260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2023] [Revised: 12/04/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila (L.p.) manipulates eukaryotic host ubiquitination machinery to form its replicative vacuole. While nearly 10% of L.p.'s ∼330 secreted effector proteins are ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases, a comprehensive measure of temporally resolved changes in the endogenous host ubiquitinome during infection has not been undertaken. To elucidate how L.p. hijacks host cell ubiquitin signaling, we generated a proteome-wide analysis of changes in protein ubiquitination during infection. We discover that L.p. infection increases ubiquitination of host regulators of subcellular trafficking and membrane dynamics, most notably ∼40% of mammalian Ras superfamily small GTPases. We determine that these small GTPases undergo nondegradative ubiquitination at the Legionella-containing vacuole (LCV) membrane. Finally, we find that the bacterial effectors SidC/SdcA play a central role in cross-family small GTPase ubiquitination, and that these effectors function upstream of SidE family ligases in the polyubiquitination and retention of GTPases in the LCV membrane. This work highlights the extensive reconfiguration of host ubiquitin signaling by bacterial effectors during infection and establishes simultaneous ubiquitination of small GTPases across the Ras superfamily as a novel consequence of L.p. infection. Our findings position L.p. as a tool to better understand how small GTPases can be regulated by ubiquitination in uninfected contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Steinbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Varun Bhadkamkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, CA 94309
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Gwendolyn M. Jang
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158
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5
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Steinbach AM, Bhadkamkar VL, Jimenez-Morales D, Stevenson E, Jang GM, Krogan NJ, Swaney DL, Mukherjee S. Cross-family small GTPase ubiquitination by the intracellular pathogen Legionella pneumophila. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.08.03.551750. [PMID: 37577546 PMCID: PMC10418220 DOI: 10.1101/2023.08.03.551750] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/15/2023]
Abstract
The intracellular bacterial pathogen Legionella pneumophila (L.p.) manipulates eukaryotic host ubiquitination machinery to form its replicative vacuole. While nearly 10% of L.p.'s arsenal of ~330 secreted effector proteins have been biochemically characterized as ubiquitin ligases or deubiquitinases, a comprehensive measure of temporally resolved changes in the endogenous host ubiquitinome during infection has not been undertaken. To elucidate how L.p hijacks ubiquitin signaling within the host cell, we undertook a proteome-wide analysis of changes in protein ubiquitination during infection. We discover that L.p. infection results in increased ubiquitination of host proteins regulating subcellular trafficking and membrane dynamics, most notably 63 of ~160 mammalian Ras superfamily small GTPases. We determine that these small GTPases predominantly undergo non-degradative monoubiquitination, and link ubiquitination to recruitment to the Legionella-containing vacuole membrane. Finally, we find that the bacterial effectors SidC/SdcA play a central, but likely indirect, role in cross-family small GTPase ubiquitination. This work highlights the extensive reconfiguration of host ubiquitin signaling by bacterial effectors during infection and establishes simultaneous ubiquitination of small GTPases across the Ras superfamily as a novel consequence of L.p. infection. This work positions L.p. as a tool to better understand how small GTPases can be regulated by ubiquitination in uninfected contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana M. Steinbach
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Varun L. Bhadkamkar
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - David Jimenez-Morales
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Stanford University, California, United States of America
| | - Erica Stevenson
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Gwendolyn M. Jang
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Nevan J. Krogan
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Danielle L. Swaney
- Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Quantitative Biosciences Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Shaeri Mukherjee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- George Williams Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
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Miyamoto-Sato E, Imanishi S, Huang L, Itakura S, Iwasaki Y, Ishizaka M. A First-Class Degrader Candidate Targeting Both KRAS G12D and G12V Mediated by CANDDY Technology Independent of Ubiquitination. Molecules 2023; 28:5600. [PMID: 37513471 PMCID: PMC10386196 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28145600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
"Undruggable" targets such as KRAS are particularly challenging in the development of drugs. We devised a novel chemical knockdown strategy, CANDDY (Chemical knockdown with Affinity aNd Degradation DYnamics) technology, which promotes protein degradation using small molecules (CANDDY molecules) that are conjugated to a degradation tag (CANDDY tag) modified from proteasome inhibitors. We demonstrated that CANDDY tags allowed for direct proteasomal target degradation independent of ubiquitination. We synthesized a KRAS-degrading CANDDY molecule, TUS-007, which induced degradation in KRAS mutants (G12D and G12V) and wild-type KRAS. We confirmed the tumor suppression effect of TUS-007 in subcutaneous xenograft models of human colon cells (KRAS G12V) with intraperitoneal administrations and in orthotopic xenograft models of human pancreatic cells (KRAS G12D) with oral administrations. Thus, CANDDY technology has the potential to therapeutically target previously undruggable proteins, providing a simpler and more practical drug targeting approach and avoiding the difficulties in matchmaking between the E3 enzyme and the target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Etsuko Miyamoto-Sato
- R&D Department, FuturedMe Inc., 2-3-11 Honcho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Tokyo, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Satoshi Imanishi
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Lijuan Huang
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Shoko Itakura
- Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Tokyo University of Science, 2641 Yamazaki, Noda 278-0022, Chiba, Japan
| | - Yoichi Iwasaki
- R&D Department, FuturedMe Inc., 2-3-11 Honcho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masamichi Ishizaka
- R&D Department, FuturedMe Inc., 2-3-11 Honcho, Nihonbashi, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 103-0023, Tokyo, Japan
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Fu X, Wang Q, Du H, Hao H. CXCL8 and the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian and gastric cancer. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1159061. [PMID: 37377954 PMCID: PMC10291199 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1159061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
CXCL8 is the most representative chemokine produced autocrine or paracrine by tumor cells, endothelial cells and lymphocytes. It can play a key role in normal tissues and tumors by activating PI3K-Akt, PLC, JAK-STAT, and other signaling pathways after combining with CXCR1/2. The incidence of peritoneal metastasis in ovarian and gastric cancer is extremely high. The structure of the peritoneum and various peritoneal-related cells supports the peritoneal metastasis of cancers, which readily produces a poor prognosis, low 5-year survival rate, and the death of patients. Studies show that CXCL8 is excessively secreted in a variety of cancers. Thus, this paper will further elaborate on the mechanism of CXCL8 and the peritoneal metastasis of ovarian and gastric cancer to provide a theoretical basis for the proposal of new methods for the prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer peritoneal metastasis.
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Liu C, Ye D, Yang H, Chen X, Su Z, Li X, Ding M, Liu Y. RAS-targeted cancer therapy: Advances in drugging specific mutations. MedComm (Beijing) 2023; 4:e285. [PMID: 37250144 PMCID: PMC10225044 DOI: 10.1002/mco2.285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 04/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Rat sarcoma (RAS), as a frequently mutated oncogene, has been studied as an attractive target for treating RAS-driven cancers for over four decades. However, it is until the recent success of kirsten-RAS (KRAS)G12C inhibitor that RAS gets rid of the title "undruggable". It is worth noting that the therapeutic effect of KRASG12C inhibitors on different RAS allelic mutations or even different cancers with KRASG12C varies significantly. Thus, deep understanding of the characteristics of each allelic RAS mutation will be a prerequisite for developing new RAS inhibitors. In this review, the structural and biochemical features of different RAS mutations are summarized and compared. Besides, the pathological characteristics and treatment responses of different cancers carrying RAS mutations are listed based on clinical reports. In addition, the development of RAS inhibitors, either direct or indirect, that target the downstream components in RAS pathway is summarized as well. Hopefully, this review will broaden our knowledge on RAS-targeting strategies and trigger more intensive studies on exploiting new RAS allele-specific inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cen Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Danyang Ye
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Hongliu Yang
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xu Chen
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Zhijun Su
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
| | - Xia Li
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Mei Ding
- Institute of Genetics and Developmental BiologyChinese Academy of SciencesBeijingChina
| | - Yonggang Liu
- Beijing University of Chinese MedicineBeijingChina
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9
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González B, Aldea M, Cullen PJ. Chaperone-Dependent Degradation of Cdc42 Promotes Cell Polarity and Shields the Protein from Aggregation. Mol Cell Biol 2023; 43:200-222. [PMID: 37114947 PMCID: PMC10184603 DOI: 10.1080/10985549.2023.2198171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 03/02/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 04/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Rho GTPases are global regulators of cell polarity and signaling. By exploring the turnover regulation of the yeast Rho GTPase Cdc42p, we identified new regulatory features surrounding the stability of the protein. We specifically show that Cdc42p is degraded at 37 °C by chaperones through lysine residues located in the C-terminus of the protein. Cdc42p turnover at 37 °C occurred by the 26S proteasome in an ESCRT-dependent manner in the lysosome/vacuole. By analyzing versions of Cdc42p that were defective for turnover, we show that turnover at 37 °C promoted cell polarity but was defective for sensitivity to mating pheromone, presumably mediated through a Cdc42p-dependent MAP kinase pathway. We also identified one residue (K16) in the P-loop of the protein that was critical for Cdc42p stability. Accumulation of Cdc42pK16R in some contexts led to the formation of protein aggregates, which were enriched in aging mother cells and cells undergoing proteostatic stress. Our study uncovers new aspects of protein turnover regulation of a Rho-type GTPase that may extend to other systems. Moreover, residues identified here that mediate Cdc42p turnover correlate with several human diseases, which may suggest that turnover regulation of Cdc42p is important to aspects of human health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatriz González
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, USA
| | - Martí Aldea
- Molecular Biology Institute of Barcelona (IBMB), CSIC, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Paul J. Cullen
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Buffalo, New York, USA
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10
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Kolch W, Berta D, Rosta E. Dynamic regulation of RAS and RAS signaling. Biochem J 2023; 480:1-23. [PMID: 36607281 PMCID: PMC9988006 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20220234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/23/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS proteins regulate most aspects of cellular physiology. They are mutated in 30% of human cancers and 4% of developmental disorders termed Rasopathies. They cycle between active GTP-bound and inactive GDP-bound states. When active, they can interact with a wide range of effectors that control fundamental biochemical and biological processes. Emerging evidence suggests that RAS proteins are not simple on/off switches but sophisticated information processing devices that compute cell fate decisions by integrating external and internal cues. A critical component of this compute function is the dynamic regulation of RAS activation and downstream signaling that allows RAS to produce a rich and nuanced spectrum of biological outputs. We discuss recent findings how the dynamics of RAS and its downstream signaling is regulated. Starting from the structural and biochemical properties of wild-type and mutant RAS proteins and their activation cycle, we examine higher molecular assemblies, effector interactions and downstream signaling outputs, all under the aspect of dynamic regulation. We also consider how computational and mathematical modeling approaches contribute to analyze and understand the pleiotropic functions of RAS in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - Dénes Berta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
| | - Edina Rosta
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University College London, Gower Street, London WC1E 6BT, U.K
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11
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Kaur G, Verma SK, Singh D, Singh NK. Role of G-Proteins and GPCRs in Cardiovascular Pathologies. Bioengineering (Basel) 2023; 10:bioengineering10010076. [PMID: 36671648 PMCID: PMC9854459 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering10010076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell signaling is a fundamental process that enables cells to survive under various ecological and environmental contexts and imparts tolerance towards stressful conditions. The basic machinery for cell signaling includes a receptor molecule that senses and receives the signal. The primary form of the signal might be a hormone, light, an antigen, an odorant, a neurotransmitter, etc. Similarly, heterotrimeric G-proteins principally provide communication from the plasma membrane G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) to the inner compartments of the cells to control various biochemical activities. G-protein-coupled signaling regulates different physiological functions in the targeted cell types. This review article discusses G-proteins' signaling and regulation functions and their physiological relevance. In addition, we also elaborate on the role of G-proteins in several cardiovascular diseases, such as myocardial ischemia, hypertension, atherosclerosis, restenosis, stroke, and peripheral artery disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetika Kaur
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Shailendra Kumar Verma
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
| | - Deepak Singh
- Lloyd Institute of Engineering and Technology, Greater Noida 201306, India
| | - Nikhlesh K. Singh
- Integrative Biosciences Center, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Visual and Anatomical Sciences, School of Medicine, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI 48202, USA
- Correspondence:
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12
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Pieroni S, Castelli M, Piobbico D, Ferracchiato S, Scopetti D, Di-Iacovo N, Della-Fazia MA, Servillo G. The Four Homeostasis Knights: In Balance upon Post-Translational Modifications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232214480. [PMID: 36430960 PMCID: PMC9696182 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232214480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A cancer outcome is a multifactorial event that comes from both exogenous injuries and an endogenous predisposing background. The healthy state is guaranteed by the fine-tuning of genes controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, and development, whose alteration induces cellular behavioral changes finally leading to cancer. The function of proteins in cells and tissues is controlled at both the transcriptional and translational level, and the mechanism allowing them to carry out their functions is not only a matter of level. A major challenge to the cell is to guarantee that proteins are made, folded, assembled and delivered to function properly, like and even more than other proteins when referring to oncogenes and onco-suppressors products. Over genetic, epigenetic, transcriptional, and translational control, protein synthesis depends on additional steps of regulation. Post-translational modifications are reversible and dynamic processes that allow the cell to rapidly modulate protein amounts and function. Among them, ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications modulate the stability and control the activity of most of the proteins that manage cell cycle, immune responses, apoptosis, and senescence. The crosstalk between ubiquitination and ubiquitin-like modifications and post-translational modifications is a keystone to quickly update the activation state of many proteins responsible for the orchestration of cell metabolism. In this light, the correct activity of post-translational machinery is essential to prevent the development of cancer. Here we summarize the main post-translational modifications engaged in controlling the activity of the principal oncogenes and tumor suppressors genes involved in the development of most human cancers.
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13
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Du YQ, Sha XY, Cheng J, Wang J, Lin JY, An WT, Pan W, Zhang LJ, Tao XN, Xu YF, Jia YL, Yang Z, Xiao P, Liu M, Sun JP, Yu X. Endogenous Lipid-GPR120 Signaling Modulates Pancreatic Islet Homeostasis to Different Extents. Diabetes 2022; 71:1454-1471. [PMID: 35472681 DOI: 10.2337/db21-0794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Long-chain fatty acids (LCFAs) are not only energy sources but also serve as signaling molecules. GPR120, an LCFA receptor, plays key roles in maintaining metabolic homeostasis. However, whether endogenous ligand-GPR120 circuits exist and how such circuits function in pancreatic islets are unclear. Here, we found that endogenous GPR120 activity in pancreatic δ-cells modulated islet functions. At least two unsaturated LCFAs, oleic acid (OA) and linoleic acid (LA), were identified as GPR120 agonists within pancreatic islets. These two LCFAs promoted insulin secretion by inhibiting somatostatin secretion and showed bias activation of GPR120 in a model system. Compared with OA, LA exerted higher potency in promoting insulin secretion, which is dependent on β-arrestin2 function. Moreover, GPR120 signaling was impaired in the diabetic db/db model, and replenishing OA and LA improved islet function in both the db/db and streptozotocin-treated diabetic models. Consistently, the administration of LA improved glucose metabolism in db/db mice. Collectively, our results reveal that endogenous LCFA-GPR120 circuits exist and modulate homeostasis in pancreatic islets. The contributions of phenotype differences caused by different LCFA-GPR120 circuits within islets highlight the roles of fine-tuned ligand-receptor signaling networks in maintaining islet homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Qin Du
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xue-Ying Sha
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Cheng
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing-Yu Lin
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wen-Tao An
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Wei Pan
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Li-Jun Zhang
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao-Na Tao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yun-Fei Xu
- Department of General Surgery, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ying-Li Jia
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Division of Metabolism, Endocrinology & Diabetes, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI
| | - Jin-Peng Sun
- Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Key Laboratory of Molecular Cardiovascular Science, Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Xiao Yu
- Key Laboratory Experimental Teratology of the Ministry of Education and Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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14
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Duncan ED, Han KJ, Trout MA, Prekeris R. Ubiquitylation by Rab40b/Cul5 regulates Rap2 localization and activity during cell migration. J Cell Biol 2022; 221:213068. [PMID: 35293963 PMCID: PMC8931537 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.202107114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 12/08/2021] [Accepted: 02/01/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a complex process that involves coordinated changes in membrane transport and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. Ras-like small monomeric GTPases, such as Rap2, play a key role in regulating actin cytoskeleton dynamics and cell adhesions. However, how Rap2 function, localization, and activation are regulated during cell migration is not fully understood. We previously identified the small GTPase Rab40b as a regulator of breast cancer cell migration. Rab40b contains a suppressor of cytokine signaling (SOCS) box, which facilitates binding to Cullin5, a known E3 ubiquitin ligase component responsible for protein ubiquitylation. In this study, we show that the Rab40b/Cullin5 complex ubiquitylates Rap2. Importantly, we demonstrate that ubiquitylation regulates Rap2 activation as well as recycling of Rap2 from the endolysosomal compartment to the lamellipodia of migrating breast cancer cells. Based on these data, we propose that Rab40b/Cullin5 ubiquitylates and regulates Rap2-dependent actin dynamics at the leading edge, a process that is required for breast cancer cell migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily D Duncan
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Ke-Jun Han
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Margaret A Trout
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Rytis Prekeris
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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15
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Insight in the quorum sensing-driven lifestyle of the non-pathogenic Agrobacterium tumefaciens 6N2 and the interactions with the yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii. Genomics 2021; 113:4352-4360. [PMID: 34793950 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2021.11.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Agrobacterium tumefaciens is considered a prominent phytopathogen, though most isolates are nonpathogenic. Agrobacteria can inhabit plant tissues interacting with other microorganisms. Yeasts are likewise part of these communities. We analyzed the quorum sensing (QS) systems of A. tumefaciens strain 6N2, and its relevance for the interaction with the yeast Meyerozyma guilliermondii, both sugarcane endophytes. We show that strain 6N2 is nonpathogenic, produces OHC8-HSL, OHC10-HSL, OC12-HSL and OHC12-HSL as QS signals, and possesses a complex QS architecture, with one truncated, two complete systems, and three additional QS-signal receptors. A proteomic approach showed differences in QS-regulated proteins between pure (64 proteins) and dual (33 proteins) cultures. Seven proteins were consistently regulated by quorum sensing in pure and dual cultures. M. guilliermondii proteins influenced by QS activity were also evaluated. Several up- and down- regulated proteins differed depending on the bacterial QS. These results show the QS regulation in the bacteria-yeast interactions.
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16
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Zhang J, Jiang X, Yin J, Dou S, Xie X, Liu T, Wang Y, Wang S, Zhou X, Zhang D, Jiang H. RNF141 interacts with KRAS to promote colorectal cancer progression. Oncogene 2021; 40:5829-5842. [PMID: 34345014 PMCID: PMC8484013 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01877-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2020] [Revised: 05/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RING finger proteins (RNFs) play a critical role in cancer initiation and progression. RNF141 is a member of RNFs family; however, its clinical significance, roles, and mechanism in colorectal cancer (CRC) remain poorly understood. Here, we examined the expression of RNF141 in 64 pairs of CRC and adjacent normal tissues by real-time PCR, Western blot, and immunohistochemical analysis. We found that there was more expression of RNF141 in CRC tissue compared with its adjacent normal tissue and high RNF141 expression associated with T stage. In vivo and in vitro functional experiments were conducted and revealed the oncogenic role of RNF141 in CRC. RNF141 knockdown suppressed proliferation, arrested the cell cycle in the G1 phase, inhibited migration, invasion and HUVEC tube formation but promoted apoptosis, whereas RNF141 overexpression exerted the opposite effects in CRC cells. The subcutaneous xenograft models showed that RNF141 knockdown reduced tumor growth, but its overexpression promoted tumor growth. Mechanistically, liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry indicated RNF141 interacted with KRAS, which was confirmed by Co-immunoprecipitation, Immunofluorescence assay. Further analysis with bimolecular fluorescence complementation (BiFC) and Glutathione-S-transferase (GST) pull-down assays showed that RNF141 could directly bind to KRAS. Importantly, the upregulation of RNF141 increased GTP-bound KRAS, but its knockdown resulted in a reduction accordingly. Next, we demonstrated that RNF141 induced KRAS activation via increasing its enrichment on the plasma membrane not altering total KRAS expression, which was facilitated by the interaction with LYPLA1. Moreover, KRAS silencing partially abolished the effect of RNF141 on cell proliferation and apoptosis. In addition, our findings presented that RNF141 functioned as an oncogene by upregulating KRAS activity in a manner of promoting KRAS enrichment on the plasma membrane in CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiuna Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Engineering University, Handan, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoyu Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Jie Yin
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Shiying Dou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoli Xie
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Yijun Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Shuling Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Xue Zhou
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Dongxuan Zhang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China
| | - Huiqing Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Gastroenterology, Hebei Institute of Gastroenterology, Shijiazhuang, P. R. China.
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17
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Campbell SL, Philips MR. Post-translational modification of RAS proteins. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2021; 71:180-192. [PMID: 34365229 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2021.06.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2021] [Accepted: 06/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mutations of RAS genes drive cancer more frequently than any other oncogene. RAS proteins integrate signals from a wide array of receptors and initiate downstream signaling through pathways that control cellular growth. RAS proteins are fundamentally binary molecular switches in which the off/on state is determined by the binding of GDP or GTP, respectively. As such, the intrinsic and regulated nucleotide-binding and hydrolytic properties of the RAS GTPase were historically believed to account for the entirety of the regulation of RAS signaling. However, it is increasingly clear that RAS proteins are also regulated by a vast array of post-translational modifications (PTMs). The current challenge is to understand what are the functional consequences of these modifications and which are physiologically relevant. Because PTMs are catalyzed by enzymes that may offer targets for drug discovery, the study of RAS PTMs has been a high priority for RAS biologists.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mark R Philips
- Perlmutter Cancer Center, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, USA
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18
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Nussinov R, Zhang M, Maloney R, Jang H. Ras isoform-specific expression, chromatin accessibility, and signaling. Biophys Rev 2021; 13:489-505. [PMID: 34466166 PMCID: PMC8355297 DOI: 10.1007/s12551-021-00817-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The anchorage of Ras isoforms in the membrane and their nanocluster formations have been studied extensively, including their detailed interactions, sizes, preferred membrane environments, chemistry, and geometry. However, the staggering challenge of their epigenetics and chromatin accessibility in distinct cell states and types, which we propose is a major factor determining their specific expression, still awaits unraveling. Ras isoforms are distinguished by their C-terminal hypervariable region (HVR) which acts in intracellular transport, regulation, and membrane anchorage. Here, we review some isoform-specific activities at the plasma membrane from a structural dynamic standpoint. Inspired by physics and chemistry, we recognize that understanding functional specificity requires insight into how biomolecules can organize themselves in different cellular environments. Within this framework, we suggest that isoform-specific expression may largely be controlled by the chromatin density and physical compaction, which allow (or curb) access to "chromatinized DNA." Genes are preferentially expressed in tissues: proteins expressed in pancreatic cells may not be equally expressed in lung cells. It is the rule-not an exception, and it can be at least partly understood in terms of chromatin organization and accessibility state. Genes are expressed when they can be sufficiently exposed to the transcription machinery, and they are less so when they are persistently buried in dense chromatin. Notably, chromatin accessibility can similarly determine expression of drug resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth Nussinov
- Computational Structural Biology Section Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler School of Medicine Tel Aviv University, 69978 Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Mingzhen Zhang
- Computational Structural Biology Section Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Ryan Maloney
- Computational Structural Biology Section Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
| | - Hyunbum Jang
- Computational Structural Biology Section Leidos Biomedical Research, Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research in the Laboratory of Cancer Immunometabolism National Cancer Institute, 1050 Boyles St, Frederick, MD 21702 USA
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19
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Kiel C, Matallanas D, Kolch W. The Ins and Outs of RAS Effector Complexes. Biomolecules 2021; 11:236. [PMID: 33562401 PMCID: PMC7915224 DOI: 10.3390/biom11020236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
RAS oncogenes are among the most commonly mutated proteins in human cancers. They regulate a wide range of effector pathways that control cell proliferation, survival, differentiation, migration and metabolic status. Including aberrations in these pathways, RAS-dependent signaling is altered in more than half of human cancers. Targeting mutant RAS proteins and their downstream oncogenic signaling pathways has been elusive. However, recent results comprising detailed molecular studies, large scale omics studies and computational modeling have painted a new and more comprehensive portrait of RAS signaling that helps us to understand the intricacies of RAS, how its physiological and pathophysiological functions are regulated, and how we can target them. Here, we review these efforts particularly trying to relate the detailed mechanistic studies with global functional studies. We highlight the importance of computational modeling and data integration to derive an actionable understanding of RAS signaling that will allow us to design new mechanism-based therapies for RAS mutated cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Kiel
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- UCD Charles Institute of Dermatology, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
| | - David Matallanas
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
| | - Walter Kolch
- Systems Biology Ireland, School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland; (C.K.); (D.M.)
- Conway Institute of Biomolecular & Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland
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20
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Saeidi S, Joo S, Kim SJ, Jagadeesh ASV, Surh YJ. Interaction between Peptidyl-prolyl Cis- trans Isomerase NIMA-interacting 1 and GTP-H-Ras: Implications for Aggressiveness of Human Mammary Epithelial Cells and Drug Resistance. J Cancer Prev 2020; 25:234-243. [PMID: 33409256 PMCID: PMC7783236 DOI: 10.15430/jcp.2020.25.4.234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant activation of Ras has been implicated in aggressiveness of breast cancer. Among Ras isoforms (H-, K-, and N-), H-Ras has been known to be primarily responsible for invasion and metastasis of breast cancer cells. Phosphorylation of serine (Ser) or threonine (Thr) is a key regulatory mechanism responsible for controlling activities and functions of various proteins involved in intracellular signal transduction. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerase NIMA-interacting 1, Pin1 changes the conformation of a subset of proteins phosphorylated on Ser/Thr that precedes proline (Pro). In this study we have found that Pin1 is highly overexpressed in human breast tumor tissues and H-Ras transformed human mammary epithelial (H-Ras MCF10A) and MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells. Notably, Pin1 directly bound to the activated form of H-Ras harbouring a Ser/Thr-Pro motif. Pharmacologic inhibition of Pin1 reduced clonogenicity of MDA-MB-231 human breast cancer cells. Paclitaxel accelerates apoptosis in Pin1 silenced H-Ras MCF10A cells. MDR genes (MDR1 and MRP4) were significantly downregulated in MDA-MB-231 cells stably silenced for Pin1. We speculate that Pin1 interacts with GTP-H-Ras, thereby upregulating the expression of drug resistance genes, which confers survival advantage and aggressiveness of breast cancer cells under chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Saeidi
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sihyung Joo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su-Jung Kim
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Achanta Sri Venkata Jagadeesh
- Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Joon Surh
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Sciences, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Tumor Microenvironment Global Core Research Center, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea.,Cancer Research Institute, Seoul National University, Seoul, Korea
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21
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The Emerging Role of Rab5 in Membrane Receptor Trafficking and Signaling Pathways. Biochem Res Int 2020; 2020:4186308. [PMID: 32104603 PMCID: PMC7036122 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4186308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 11/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/07/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ras analog in brain (Rab) proteins are small guanosine triphosphatases (GTPases) that belong to the Ras-like GTPase superfamily, and they can regulate vesicle trafficking. Rab proteins alternate between an activated (GTP-bound) state and an inactivated (GDP-bound) state. Early endosome marker Rab5 GTPase, a key member of the Rab family, plays a crucial role in endocytosis and membrane transport. The activated-state Rab5 recruits its effectors and regulates the internalization and trafficking of membrane receptors by regulating vesicle fusion and receptor sorting in the early endosomes. In this review, we summarize the role of small Rab GTPases Rab5 in membrane receptor trafficking and the activation of signaling pathways, such as Ras/MAPK and PI3K/Akt, which ultimately affect cell growth, apoptosis, tumorigenesis, and tumor development. This review may provide some insights for our future research and novel therapeutic targets for diseases.
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22
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Guo YJ, Pan WW, Liu SB, Shen ZF, Xu Y, Hu LL. ERK/MAPK signalling pathway and tumorigenesis. Exp Ther Med 2020; 19:1997-2007. [PMID: 32104259 PMCID: PMC7027163 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.8454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 607] [Impact Index Per Article: 151.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) cascades are key signalling pathways that regulate a wide variety of cellular processes, including proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and stress responses. The MAPK pathway includes three main kinases, MAPK kinase kinase, MAPK kinase and MAPK, which activate and phosphorylate downstream proteins. The extracellular signal-regulated kinases ERK1 and ERK2 are evolutionarily conserved, ubiquitous serine-threonine kinases that regulate cellular signalling under both normal and pathological conditions. ERK expression is critical for development and their hyperactivation plays a major role in cancer development and progression. The Ras/Raf/MAPK (MEK)/ERK pathway is the most important signalling cascade among all MAPK signal transduction pathways, and plays a crucial role in the survival and development of tumour cells. The present review discusses recent studies on Ras and ERK pathway members. With respect to processes downstream of ERK activation, the role of ERK in tumour proliferation, invasion and metastasis is highlighted, and the role of the ERK/MAPK signalling pathway in tumour extracellular matrix degradation and tumour angiogenesis is emphasised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Jun Guo
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Wei-Wei Pan
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Sheng-Bing Liu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Zhong-Fei Shen
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Ling-Ling Hu
- Department of Human Anatomy and Embryology, College of Medicine, Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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