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Juretić D, Bonačić Lošić Ž. Theoretical Improvements in Enzyme Efficiency Associated with Noisy Rate Constants and Increased Dissipation. ENTROPY (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 26:151. [PMID: 38392406 PMCID: PMC10888251 DOI: 10.3390/e26020151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2023] [Revised: 01/18/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Previous studies have revealed the extraordinarily large catalytic efficiency of some enzymes. High catalytic proficiency is an essential accomplishment of biological evolution. Natural selection led to the increased turnover number, kcat, and enzyme efficiency, kcat/KM, of uni-uni enzymes, which convert a single substrate into a single product. We added or multiplied random noise with chosen rate constants to explore the correlation between dissipation and catalytic efficiency for ten enzymes: beta-galactosidase, glucose isomerase, β-lactamases from three bacterial strains, ketosteroid isomerase, triosephosphate isomerase, and carbonic anhydrase I, II, and T200H. Our results highlight the role of biological evolution in accelerating thermodynamic evolution. The catalytic performance of these enzymes is proportional to overall entropy production-the main parameter from irreversible thermodynamics. That parameter is also proportional to the evolutionary distance of β-lactamases PC1, RTEM, and Lac-1 when natural or artificial evolution produces the optimal or maximal possible catalytic efficiency. De novo enzyme design and attempts to speed up the rate-limiting catalytic steps may profit from the described connection between kinetics and thermodynamics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davor Juretić
- Mediterranean Institute for Life Sciences, Šetalište Ivana Meštrovića 45, 21000 Split, Croatia
- Faculty of Science, University of Split, Ruđera Boškovića 33, 21000 Split, Croatia
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Yagishita Y, Fahey JW, Dinkova-Kostova AT, Kensler TW. Broccoli or Sulforaphane: Is It the Source or Dose That Matters? Molecules 2019; 24:E3593. [PMID: 31590459 PMCID: PMC6804255 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24193593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There is robust epidemiological evidence for the beneficial effects of broccoli consumption on health, many of them clearly mediated by the isothiocyanate sulforaphane. Present in the plant as its precursor, glucoraphanin, sulforaphane is formed through the actions of myrosinase, a β-thioglucosidase present in either the plant tissue or the mammalian microbiome. Since first isolated from broccoli and demonstrated to have cancer chemoprotective properties in rats in the early 1990s, over 3000 publications have described its efficacy in rodent disease models, underlying mechanisms of action or, to date, over 50 clinical trials examining pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and disease mitigation. This review evaluates the current state of knowledge regarding the relationships between formulation (e.g., plants, sprouts, beverages, supplements), bioavailability and efficacy, and the doses of glucoraphanin and/or sulforaphane that have been used in pre-clinical and clinical studies. We pay special attention to the challenges for better integration of animal model and clinical studies, particularly with regard to selection of dose and route of administration. More effort is required to elucidate underlying mechanisms of action and to develop and validate biomarkers of pharmacodynamic action in humans. A sobering lesson is that changes in approach will be required to implement a public health paradigm for dispensing benefit across all spectrums of the global population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Yagishita
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
| | - Jed W Fahey
- Department of Medicine, Division of Clinical Pharmacology, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
| | - Albena T Dinkova-Kostova
- Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
- Jacqui Wood Cancer Centre, Division of Cellular Medicine, Ninewells Hospital and Medical School, University of Dundee, Dundee DD1 9SY, Scotland DD1 9SY, UK.
| | - Thomas W Kensler
- Translational Research Program, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA 98109, USA.
- Cullman Chemoprotection Center, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.
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Fahey JW, Shapiro TA. Inimitable Paul Talalay (1923–2019). Trends Pharmacol Sci 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2019.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Abstract
The phytochemicals present in fruits and vegetables may play an important role in deceasing chronic disease risk. Grapes, one of the most popular and widely cultivated and consumed fruits in the world, are rich in phytochemicals. Epidemiological evidence has linked the consumption of grapes with reduced risk of chronic diseases, including certain types of cancer and cardiovascular disease. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown that grapes have strong antioxidant activity, inhibiting cancer cell proliferation and suppressing platelet aggregation, while also lowering cholesterol. Grapes contain a variety of phytochemicals, like phenolic acids, stilbenes, anthocyanins, and proanthocyanidins, all of which are strong antioxidants. The phytochemical composition of grapes, however, varies greatly among different varieties. While extensive research exists, a literature review of the health benefits of grapes and their phytochemicals has not been compiled to summarize this work. The aim of this paper is to critically review the most recent literature regarding the concentrations, biological activities, and mechanisms of grape phytochemicals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Yang
- Frito-Lay R&D, 7701 Legacy Drive, Plano, TX 75024, USA.
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Wang L, He X, Szklarz GD, Bi Y, Rojanasakul Y, Ma Q. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor interacts with nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 to mediate induction of NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 by 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. Arch Biochem Biophys 2013; 537:31-8. [PMID: 23800876 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2013.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2013] [Revised: 06/03/2013] [Accepted: 06/09/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
NAD(P)H:quinoneoxidoreductase 1 (NQO1) belongs to a group of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) battery of drug-metabolizing enzymes that are characteristically induced by both AhR agonists and nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) activators. We have previously reported that induction of Nqo1 by the AhR agonist 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) in hepa1c1c7 cells involves Nrf2 (Ma et al., Biochem J 377, 205-213, 2004). Here we analyzed the molecular mechanism of induction. Induction required AhR and its DNA-binding partner Arnt because induction was not observed in AhR or Arnt-defective cells, but induction was restored upon reconstitution of the variant cells with functional AhR or Arnt. Induction also required Nrf2, as induction by benzo[a]pyrene was lost in the liver of Nrf2 knockout mice similarly to induction by butyl hydroxyanisol, demonstrating a cross-interaction between the AhR and Nrf2 pathways for induction in vivo. TCDD increased the protein level and induced the nuclear accumulation of Nrf2 with a delayed kinetics compared with activation of AhR. Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that TCDD recruited both AhR and Nrf2 to the Nqo1 promoter enhancer region containing a DRE and an ARE in time-dependent manners. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that, in addition to AhR-Arnt binding, TCDD induced an interaction between AhR and Nrf2 as well as Keap1. The findings reveal that TCDD induces multi protein complexes to mediate cross-interaction between the AhR and Nrf2 pathways, uncovering a novel mechanistic aspect of gene regulation by environmental chemicals through AhR and Nrf2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Wang
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Health, School of Public Health, Wuhan University, China.
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Weiss M, Kesberg AI, Labutti KM, Pitluck S, Bruce D, Hauser L, Copeland A, Woyke T, Lowry S, Lucas S, Land M, Goodwin L, Kjelleberg S, Cook AM, Buhmann M, Thomas T, Schleheck D. Permanent draft genome sequence of Comamonas testosteroni KF-1. Stand Genomic Sci 2013; 8:239-54. [PMID: 23991256 PMCID: PMC3746432 DOI: 10.4056/sigs.3847890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Comamonas testosteroni KF-1 is a model organism for the elucidation of the novel biochemical degradation pathways for xenobiotic 4-sulfophenylcarboxylates (SPC) formed during biodegradation of synthetic 4-sulfophenylalkane surfactants (linear alkylbenzenesulfonates, LAS) by bacterial communities. Here we describe the features of this organism, together with the complete genome sequence and annotation. The 6,026,527 bp long chromosome (one sequencing gap) exhibits an average G+C content of 61.79% and is predicted to encode 5,492 protein-coding genes and 114 RNA genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Weiss
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Konstanz, Germany ; Konstanz Research School Chemical Biology, University of Konstanz, Germany
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Mullaney JA, Kelly WJ, McGhie TK, Ansell J, Heyes JA. Lactic acid bacteria convert glucosinolates to nitriles efficiently yet differently from enterobacteriaceae. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:3039-46. [PMID: 23461529 DOI: 10.1021/jf305442j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Glucosinolates from the genus Brassica can be converted into bioactive compounds known to induce phase II enzymes, which may decrease the risk of cancers. Conversion via hydrolysis is usually by the brassica enzyme myrosinase, which can be inactivated by cooking or storage. We examined the potential of three beneficial bacteria, Lactobacillus plantarum KW30, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis KF147, and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917, and known myrosinase-producer Enterobacter cloacae to catalyze the conversion of glucosinolates in broccoli extract. Enterobacteriaceae consumed on average 65% glucoiberin and 78% glucoraphanin, transforming them into glucoiberverin and glucoerucin, respectively, and small amounts of iberverin nitrile and erucin nitrile. The lactic acid bacteria did not accumulate reduced glucosinolates, consuming all at 30-33% and transforming these into iberverin nitrile, erucin nitrile, sulforaphane nitrile, and further unidentified metabolites. Adding beneficial bacteria to a glucosinolate-rich diet may increase glucosinolate transformation, thereby increasing host exposure to bioactives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane A Mullaney
- Riddet Institute, Massey University , Private Bag 11222, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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Ma Q. Transcriptional responses to oxidative stress: pathological and toxicological implications. Pharmacol Ther 2009; 125:376-93. [PMID: 19945483 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.11.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2009] [Accepted: 11/07/2009] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The utilization of molecular oxygen as the terminal electron acceptor for energy production has in many ways shaped the evolution of complex life, physiology, and certain disease processes. The generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), either as by-products of O(2) metabolism or by specialized enzymes, has the potential to damage cellular components and functions. Exposure to a variety of exogenous toxicants also promotes ROS production directly or through indirect means to cause toxicity. Oxidative stress activates the expression of a wide range of genes that mediate the pathogenic effect of ROS or are required for the detection and detoxification of the oxidants. In many cases, these are mediated by specific transcription factors whose expression, structure, stability, nuclear targeting, or DNA-binding affinity is regulated by the level of oxidative stress. This review examines major transcription factors that mediate transcriptional responses to oxidative stress, focusing on recent progress in the signaling pathways and mechanisms of activation of transcription factors by oxidative stress and the implications of this regulation in the development of disease and chemical toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Ma
- Receptor Biology Laboratory, Toxicology and Molecular Biology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, United States.
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Mesia-Vela S, Sanchez RI, Roberts KG, Reuhl KR, Conney AH, Kauffman FC. Dietary clofibrate stimulates the formation and size of estradiol-induced breast tumors in female August-Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rats. Toxicology 2008; 246:63-72. [PMID: 18280627 DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2007.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2007] [Revised: 12/19/2007] [Accepted: 12/19/2007] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Administration of 0.4% clofibrate in the diet stimulated estradiol (E(2))-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the August-Copenhagen Irish (ACI) rat without having an effect on serum levels of E(2). This treatment stimulated by several-fold the NAD(P)H-dependent oxidative metabolism of E(2) and oleyl-CoA-dependent esterification of E(2) to 17beta-oleyl-estradiol by liver microsomes. Glucuronidation of E(2) by microsomal glucuronosyltransferase was increased moderately. In contrast, the activity of NAD(P)H quinone reductase 1 (NQO1), a representative monofunctional phase 2 enzyme, was significantly decreased in liver cytosol of rats fed clofibrate. Decreases in hepatic NQO1 in livers of animals fed clofibrate were noted before the appearance of mammary tumors. E(2) was delivered in cholesterol pellets implanted in 7-8-week-old female ACI rats. The animals received AIN-76A diet containing 0.4% clofibrate for 6, 12 or 28 weeks. Control animals received AIN-76A diet. Dietary clofibrate increased the number and size of palpable mammary tumors but did not alter the histopathology of the E(2)-induced mammary adenocarcinomas. Collectively, these results suggest that the stimulatory effect of clofibrate on hepatic esterification of E(2) with fatty acids coupled with the inhibition of protective phase 2 enzymes, may in part, enhance E(2)-dependent mammary carcinogenesis in the ACI rat model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Mesia-Vela
- Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA
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Kresge N, Simoni RD, Hill RL. Steroid Metabolizing Enzymes and Cancer: the Work of Paul Talalay. J Biol Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(20)54434-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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