1
|
Yoshikawa T, Ito Y, Wu Z, Kasuya H, Nakashima T, Okamoto S, Amaishi Y, Zhang H, Li Y, Matsukawa T, Inoue S, Kagoya Y. Development of a chimeric cytokine receptor that captures IL-6 and enhances the antitumor response of CAR-T cells. Cell Rep Med 2024; 5:101526. [PMID: 38670095 PMCID: PMC11148643 DOI: 10.1016/j.xcrm.2024.101526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2023] [Revised: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-engineered T cell therapy is suboptimal in most cancers, necessitating further improvement in their therapeutic actions. However, enhancing antitumor T cell response inevitably confers an increased risk of cytokine release syndrome associated with monocyte-derived interleukin-6 (IL-6). Thus, an approach to simultaneously enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety is warranted. Here, we develop a chimeric cytokine receptor composed of the extracellular domains of GP130 and IL6RA linked to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of IL-7R mutant that constitutively activates the JAK-STAT pathway (G6/7R or G6/7R-M452L). CAR-T cells with G6/7R efficiently absorb and degrade monocyte-derived IL-6 in vitro. The G6/7R-expressing CAR-T cells show superior expansion and persistence in vivo, resulting in durable antitumor response in both liquid and solid tumor mouse models. Our strategy can be widely applicable to CAR-T cell therapy to enhance its efficacy and safety, irrespective of the target antigen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Toshiaki Yoshikawa
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yusuke Ito
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Zhiwen Wu
- Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Hitomi Kasuya
- Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Takahiro Nakashima
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Department of Hematology and Oncology, Nagoya City University Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya 467-8601, Japan
| | | | | | - Haosong Zhang
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Division of Cellular Oncology, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Yang Li
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Division of Cellular Oncology, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Matsukawa
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan
| | - Satoshi Inoue
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan
| | - Yuki Kagoya
- Division of Tumor Immunology, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo 160-8582, Japan; Division of Immune Response, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Nagoya 464-8681, Japan; Division of Cellular Oncology, Department of Cancer Diagnostics and Therapeutics, Nagoya University Graduate School of Medicine, Nagoya 466-8550, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Gerges A, Canning U. Neuroblastoma and its Target Therapies: A Medicinal Chemistry Review. ChemMedChem 2024; 19:e202300535. [PMID: 38340043 DOI: 10.1002/cmdc.202300535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Revised: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024]
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a childhood malignant tumour belonging to a group of embryonic tumours originating from progenitor cells of the sympathoadrenal lineage. The heterogeneity of NB is reflected in the survival rates of those with low and intermediate risk diseases who have survival rates ranging from 85 to 90 %. However, for those identified with high-risk Stage 4 NB, the treatment options are much more limited. For this group, current treatment consists of immunotherapy (monoclonal antibodies) in combination with anti-cancer drugs and has a 40 to 50 % survival rate. The purpose of this review is to summarise NB research from a medicinal chemistry perspective and to highlight advances in targeted drug therapy in the field. The review examines the medicinal chemistry of a number of drugs tested in research, some of which are currently under clinical trial. It concludes by proposing that future medicinal chemistry research into NB should consider other possible target therapies and adopt a multi-target drug approach rather than a one-drug-one-target approach for improved efficacy and less drug-drug interaction for the treatment of NB Stage 4 (NBS4) patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gerges
- Bioscience Department, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, England, United Kingdom
| | - U Canning
- Bioscience Department, London Metropolitan University, 166-220 Holloway Road, London, N7 8DB, England, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Hoefges A, McIlwain SJ, Erbe AK, Mathers N, Xu A, Melby D, Tetreault K, Le T, Kim K, Pinapati RS, Garcia BH, Patel J, Heck M, Feils AS, Tsarovsky N, Hank JA, Morris ZS, Ong IM, Sondel PM. Antibody landscape of C57BL/6 mice cured of B78 melanoma via a combined radiation and immunocytokine immunotherapy regimen. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1221155. [PMID: 38077403 PMCID: PMC10701281 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1221155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Sera of immune mice that were previously cured of their melanoma through a combined radiation and immunocytokine immunotherapy regimen consisting of 12 Gy of external beam radiation and the intratumoral administration of an immunocytokine (anti-GD2 mAb coupled to IL-2) with long-term immunological memory showed strong antibody-binding against melanoma tumor cell lines via flow cytometric analysis. Using a high-density whole-proteome peptide array (of 6.090.593 unique peptides), we assessed potential protein-targets for antibodies found in immune sera. Sera from 6 of these cured mice were analyzed with this high-density, whole-proteome peptide array to determine specific antibody-binding sites and their linear peptide sequence. We identified thousands of peptides that were targeted by these 6 mice and exhibited strong antibody binding only by immune (after successful cure and rechallenge), not naïve (before tumor implantation) sera and developed a robust method to detect these differentially targeted peptides. Confirmatory studies were done to validate these results using 2 separate systems, a peptide ELISA and a smaller scale peptide array utilizing a slightly different technology. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the full set of germline encoded linear peptide-based proteome epitopes that are recognized by immune sera from mice cured of cancer via radio-immunotherapy. We furthermore found that although the generation of B-cell repertoire in immune development is vastly variable, and numerous epitopes are identified uniquely by immune serum from each of these 6 immune mice evaluated, there are still several epitopes and proteins that are commonly recognized by at least half of the mice studied. This suggests that every mouse has a unique set of antibodies produced in response to the curative therapy, creating an individual "fingerprint." Additionally, certain epitopes and proteins stand out as more immunogenic, as they are recognized by multiple mice in the immune group.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Sean J. McIlwain
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Amy K. Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Nicholas Mathers
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Angie Xu
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Drew Melby
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kaitlin Tetreault
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Trang Le
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Kyungmann Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | | | | | - Jigar Patel
- Nimble Therapeutics, Inc., Madison, WI, United States
| | - Mackenzie Heck
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Arika S. Feils
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Noah Tsarovsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Jacquelyn Ann Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Zachary Scott Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Irene M. Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Paul Mark Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Gillmann KM, Temme JS, Marglous S, Brown CE, Gildersleeve JC. Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies: Basic research and clinical applications. Curr Opin Chem Biol 2023; 74:102281. [PMID: 36905763 PMCID: PMC10732169 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2023.102281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/01/2023] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies have important applications in human health and basic research. Therapeutic antibodies that recognize cancer- or pathogen-associated glycans have been investigated in numerous clinical trials, resulting in two FDA-approved biopharmaceuticals. Anti-glycan antibodies are also utilized to diagnose, prognosticate, and monitor disease progression, as well as to study the biological roles and expression of glycans. High-quality anti-glycan mAbs are still in limited supply, highlighting the need for new technologies for anti-glycan antibody discovery. This review discusses anti-glycan monoclonal antibodies with applications to basic research, diagnostics, and therapeutics, focusing on recent advances in mAbs targeting cancer- and infectious disease-associated glycans.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kara M Gillmann
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - J Sebastian Temme
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Samantha Marglous
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Claire E Brown
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD, 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Khilji SK, Op 't Hoog C, Warschkau D, Lühle J, Goerdeler F, Freitag A, Seeberger PH, Moscovitz O. Smaller size packs a stronger punch - Recent advances in small antibody fragments targeting tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens. Theranostics 2023; 13:3041-3063. [PMID: 37284439 PMCID: PMC10240822 DOI: 10.7150/thno.80901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Attached to proteins, lipids, or forming long, complex chains, glycans represent the most versatile post-translational modification in nature and surround all human cells. Unique glycan structures are monitored by the immune system and differentiate self from non-self and healthy from malignant cells. Aberrant glycosylations, termed tumour-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs), are a hallmark of cancer and are correlated with all aspects of cancer biology. Therefore, TACAs represent attractive targets for monoclonal antibodies for cancer diagnosis and therapy. However, due to the thick and dense glycocalyx as well as the tumour micro-environment, conventional antibodies often suffer from restricted access and limited effectiveness in vivo. To overcome this issue, many small antibody fragments have come forth, showing similar affinity with better efficiency than their full-length counterparts. Here we review small antibody fragments against specific glycans on tumour cells and highlight their advantages over conventional antibodies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sana Khan Khilji
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Charlotte Op 't Hoog
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Utrecht University, 3584 CH Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - David Warschkau
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Jost Lühle
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Felix Goerdeler
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Anika Freitag
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Peter H. Seeberger
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, 14195 Berlin, Germany
| | - Oren Moscovitz
- Department of Biomolecular Systems, Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Hoefges A, McIlwain SJ, Erbe AK, Mathers N, Xu A, Melby D, Tetreault K, Le T, Kim K, Pinapati RS, Garcia B, Patel J, Heck M, Feils AS, Tsarovsky N, Hank JA, Morris ZS, Ong IM, Sondel PM. Antibody landscape of C57BL/6 mice cured of B78 melanoma via immunotherapy. BIORXIV : THE PREPRINT SERVER FOR BIOLOGY 2023:2023.02.24.529012. [PMID: 36896021 PMCID: PMC9996675 DOI: 10.1101/2023.02.24.529012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/27/2023]
Abstract
Hoefges et al. utilized a whole-proteome peptide array approach to show that C57BL/6 mice develop a large repertoire of antibodies against linear peptide sequences of their melanoma after receiving a curative immunotherapy regimen consisting of radiation and an immunocytokine. Antibodies can play an important role in innate and adaptive immune responses against cancer, and in preventing infectious disease. Flow cytometry analysis of sera of immune mice that were previously cured of their melanoma through a combined immunotherapy regimen with long-term memory showed strong antibody-binding against melanoma tumor cell lines. Using a high-density whole-proteome peptide array, we assessed potential protein-targets for antibodies found in immune sera. Sera from 6 of these cured mice were analyzed with this high-density, whole-proteome peptide array to determine specific antibody-binding sites and their linear peptide sequence. We identified thousands of peptides that were targeted by 2 or more of these 6 mice and exhibited strong antibody binding only by immune, not naive sera. Confirmatory studies were done to validate these results using 2 separate ELISA-based systems. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study of the "immunome" of protein-based epitopes that are recognized by immune sera from mice cured of cancer via immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Hoefges
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - S J McIlwain
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A K Erbe
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Mathers
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A Xu
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - D Melby
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K Tetreault
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - T Le
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - K Kim
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | | | - B Garcia
- Nimble Therapeutics, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - J Patel
- Nimble Therapeutics, Inc., Madison, WI, USA
| | - M Heck
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - A S Feils
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - N Tsarovsky
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - J A Hank
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Z S Morris
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - I M Ong
- Department of Biostatistics and Medical Informatics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| | - P M Sondel
- Department of Human Oncology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Tuning charge density of chimeric antigen receptor optimizes tonic signaling and CAR-T cell fitness. Cell Res 2023; 33:341-354. [PMID: 36882513 PMCID: PMC10156745 DOI: 10.1038/s41422-023-00789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Tonic signaling of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), i.e., the spontaneous CAR activation in the absence of tumor antigen stimulation, is considered to be a pivotal event controlling CAR-T efficacy. However, the molecular mechanism underlying the spontaneous CAR signals remains elusive. Here, we unveil that positively charged patches (PCPs) on the surface of the CAR antigen-binding domain mediate CAR clustering and result in CAR tonic signaling. For CARs with high tonic signaling (e.g., GD2.CAR and CSPG4.CAR), reducing PCPs on CARs or boosting ionic strength in the culture medium during ex vivo CAR-T cell expansion minimizes spontaneous CAR activation and alleviates CAR-T cell exhaustion. In contrast, introducing PCPs into the CAR with weak tonic signaling, such as CD19.CAR, results in improved in vivo persistence and superior antitumor function. These results demonstrate that CAR tonic signaling is induced and maintained by PCP-mediated CAR clustering. Notably, the mutations we generated to alter the PCPs maintain the antigen-binding affinity and specificity of the CAR. Therefore, our findings suggest that the rational tuning of PCPs to optimize tonic signaling and in vivo fitness of CAR-T cells is a promising design strategy for the next-generation CAR.
Collapse
|
8
|
Emerging phagocytosis checkpoints in cancer immunotherapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:104. [PMID: 36882399 PMCID: PMC9990587 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01365-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 39.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Revised: 01/31/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy, mainly including immune checkpoints-targeted therapy and the adoptive transfer of engineered immune cells, has revolutionized the oncology landscape as it utilizes patients' own immune systems in combating the cancer cells. Cancer cells escape immune surveillance by hijacking the corresponding inhibitory pathways via overexpressing checkpoint genes. Phagocytosis checkpoints, such as CD47, CD24, MHC-I, PD-L1, STC-1 and GD2, have emerged as essential checkpoints for cancer immunotherapy by functioning as "don't eat me" signals or interacting with "eat me" signals to suppress immune responses. Phagocytosis checkpoints link innate immunity and adaptive immunity in cancer immunotherapy. Genetic ablation of these phagocytosis checkpoints, as well as blockade of their signaling pathways, robustly augments phagocytosis and reduces tumor size. Among all phagocytosis checkpoints, CD47 is the most thoroughly studied and has emerged as a rising star among targets for cancer treatment. CD47-targeting antibodies and inhibitors have been investigated in various preclinical and clinical trials. However, anemia and thrombocytopenia appear to be formidable challenges since CD47 is ubiquitously expressed on erythrocytes. Here, we review the reported phagocytosis checkpoints by discussing their mechanisms and functions in cancer immunotherapy, highlight clinical progress in targeting these checkpoints and discuss challenges and potential solutions to smooth the way for combination immunotherapeutic strategies that involve both innate and adaptive immune responses.
Collapse
|
9
|
Mao R, Kong W, He Y. The affinity of antigen-binding domain on the antitumor efficacy of CAR T cells: Moderate is better. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1032403. [PMID: 36325345 PMCID: PMC9618871 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1032403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The overall efficacy of chimeric antigen receptor modified T cells (CARTs) remain limited in solid tumors despite intensive studies that aim at targeting multiple antigens, enhancing migration, reducing tonic signaling, and improving tumor microenvironment. On the other hand, how the affinity and engaging kinetics of antigen-binding domain (ABD) affects the CART's efficacy has not been carefully investigated. In this article, we first analyzed 38 published solid tumor CART trials and correlated the response rate to their ABD affinity. Not surprisingly, majority (25 trials) of the CARTs utilized high-affinity ABDs, but generated merely 5.7% response rate. In contrast, 35% of the patients treated with the CARTs built from moderate-affinity ABDs had clinical responses. Thus, CARTs with moderate-affinity ABDs not only have less off-target toxicity, but also are more effective. We then reviewed the effects of ABD affinity on the biology and function of CARTs, providing further evidence that moderate-affinity ABDs may be better in CART development. In the end, we propose that a fast-on/fast-off (high Kon and Koff ) kinetics of CART-target engagement in solid tumor allow CARTs to generate sufficient signaling to kill tumor cells without being driven to exhaustion. We believe that studying the ABD affinity and the kinetics of CART-tumor interaction may hold a key to designing effective CARTs for solid tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Mao
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| | - Wanqing Kong
- South Carolina Governors School for Science and Math, Hartsville, SC, United States
| | - Yukai He
- Georgia Cancer Center, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Wu Q, Qian W, Sun X, Jiang S. Small-molecule inhibitors, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and more: FDA-approved novel therapeutic drugs for solid tumors from 1991 to 2021. J Hematol Oncol 2022; 15:143. [PMID: 36209184 PMCID: PMC9548212 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-022-01362-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2022] [Accepted: 10/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The United States Food and Drug Administration (US FDA) has always been a forerunner in drug evaluation and supervision. Over the past 31 years, 1050 drugs (excluding vaccines, cell-based therapies, and gene therapy products) have been approved as new molecular entities (NMEs) or biologics license applications (BLAs). A total of 228 of these 1050 drugs were identified as cancer therapeutics or cancer-related drugs, and 120 of them were classified as therapeutic drugs for solid tumors according to their initial indications. These drugs have evolved from small molecules with broad-spectrum antitumor properties in the early stage to monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) and antibody‒drug conjugates (ADCs) with a more precise targeting effect during the most recent decade. These drugs have extended indications for other malignancies, constituting a cancer treatment system for monotherapy or combined therapy. However, the available targets are still mainly limited to receptor tyrosine kinases (RTKs), restricting the development of antitumor drugs. In this review, these 120 drugs are summarized and classified according to the initial indications, characteristics, or functions. Additionally, RTK-targeted therapies and immune checkpoint-based immunotherapies are also discussed. Our analysis of existing challenges and potential opportunities in drug development may advance solid tumor treatment in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qing Wu
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| | - Wei Qian
- Department of Radiology, School of Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310009 Zhejiang China
| | - Xiaoli Sun
- Department of Radiation Oncology, School of Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310003 Zhejiang China
| | - Shaojie Jiang
- School of Medical Imaging, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, 310053 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Pashov A, Murali R, Makhoul I, Karbassi B, Kieber-Emmons T. Harnessing Antibody Polyspecificity for Cancer Immunotherapy. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2022; 41:290-300. [PMID: 36306515 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2022.0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
Targeting the diverse glycan repertoire expressed on tumor cells is considered a viable therapeutic strategy to deal with tumor cell heterogeneity. Inherently polyspecific, natural, glycan-reactive antibodies are purported to be protective in thwarting infections and in cancer immunotherapy. Tumor-associated carbohydrate antigens (TACAs) are related to pathogen glycans, to which nascent or natural antibodies exist and IgM responses are elicited. To capture the polyspecific nature of anticarbohydrate responses, we have focused on the rational design of carbohydrate mimetic peptides (CMPs) cross-reactive with TACA reactive antibodies. In particular, we have focused on the development of CMPs that display reactivity to GD2 and Lewis Y (LeY) reactive monoclonal antibodies. They would serve as templates for pan-immunogens inducing biosimilar polyreactive antibodies. In the design, we relied on structural analyses of CMP's enhanced binding to the templates using molecular modeling. Glycan reactivity patterns of affinity CMP-purified human antibodies further refined specificity profiles in comparison with the immune response to the CMP in clinical trials. In this study, we further define the molecular characteristics for this mimicry by considering the polyspecificity of LeY and GD2 reactive antibodies binding to the lacto-ceramide core Galβ(1,4)Glcβ(1-1')Cer. Binding to this minimum building block can be capitalized on for cancer therapy and diagnostics and illustrates a new approach in designing cancer vaccines taking advantage of the latent polyspecificity of antibodies and the relevance of natural antibodies in antigen discovery and design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anastas Pashov
- Department of Immunology, Stephan Angelov Institute of Microbiology, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ramachandran Murali
- Research Division of Immunology, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Issam Makhoul
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Winthrop P. Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Behjatolah Karbassi
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Winthrop P. Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| | - Thomas Kieber-Emmons
- Department of Medicine and Pathology, Winthrop P. Cancer Institute, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, Arkansas, USA
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gargett T, Ebert LM, Truong NTH, Kollis PM, Sedivakova K, Yu W, Yeo ECF, Wittwer NL, Gliddon BL, Tea MN, Ormsby R, Poonnoose S, Nowicki J, Vittorio O, Ziegler DS, Pitson SM, Brown MP. GD2-targeting CAR-T cells enhanced by transgenic IL-15 expression are an effective and clinically feasible therapy for glioblastoma. J Immunother Cancer 2022; 10:jitc-2022-005187. [PMID: 36167468 PMCID: PMC9516307 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2022-005187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aggressive primary brain tumors such as glioblastoma are uniquely challenging to treat. The intracranial location poses barriers to therapy, and the potential for severe toxicity. Effective treatments for primary brain tumors are limited, and 5-year survival rates remain poor. Immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy has transformed treatment of some other cancers but has yet to significantly benefit patients with glioblastoma. Early phase trials of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy in patients with glioblastoma have demonstrated that this approach is safe and feasible, but with limited evidence of its effectiveness. The choices of appropriate target antigens for CAR-T-cell therapy also remain limited. Methods We profiled an extensive biobank of patients’ biopsy tissues and patient-derived early passage glioma neural stem cell lines for GD2 expression using immunomicroscopy and flow cytometry. We then employed an approved clinical manufacturing process to make CAR- T cells from patients with peripheral blood of glioblastoma and diffuse midline glioma and characterized their phenotype and function in vitro. Finally, we tested intravenously administered CAR-T cells in an aggressive intracranial xenograft model of glioblastoma and used multicolor flow cytometry, multicolor whole-tissue immunofluorescence and next-generation RNA sequencing to uncover markers associated with effective tumor control. Results Here we show that the tumor-associated antigen GD2 is highly and consistently expressed in primary glioblastoma tissue removed at surgery. Moreover, despite patients with glioblastoma having perturbations in their immune system, highly functional GD2-specific CAR-T cells can be produced from their peripheral T cells using an approved clinical manufacturing process. Finally, after intravenous administration, GD2-CAR-T cells effectively infiltrated the brain and controlled tumor growth in an aggressive orthotopic xenograft model of glioblastoma. Tumor control was further improved using CAR-T cells manufactured with a clinical retroviral vector encoding an interleukin-15 transgene alongside the GD2-specific CAR. These CAR-T cells achieved a striking 50% complete response rate by bioluminescence imaging in established intracranial tumors. Conclusions Targeting GD2 using a clinically deployed CAR-T-cell therapy has a sound scientific and clinical rationale as a treatment for glioblastoma and other aggressive primary brain tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tessa Gargett
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia .,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nga T H Truong
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Paris M Kollis
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Kristyna Sedivakova
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Wenbo Yu
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Erica C F Yeo
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Nicole L Wittwer
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Briony L Gliddon
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Melinda N Tea
- Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Rebecca Ormsby
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Santosh Poonnoose
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Jake Nowicki
- Flinders Health and Medical Research Institute, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Neurosurgery, Flinders Medical Centre, Bedford Park, South Australia, Australia
| | - Orazio Vittorio
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - David S Ziegler
- Children's Cancer Institute, Lowy Cancer Research Centre, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia.,Kid's Cancer Centre, Sydney Children's Hospital, Randwick, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart M Pitson
- Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Molecular Therapeutics Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Translational Oncology Laboratory, Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology and Univeristy of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Adelaide Medical School, The University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Piazzesi A, Afsar SY, van Echten‐Deckert G. Sphingolipid metabolism in the development and progression of cancer: one cancer's help is another's hindrance. Mol Oncol 2021; 15:3256-3279. [PMID: 34289244 PMCID: PMC8637577 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is a multistep process in which cells must overcome a series of obstacles before they can become fully developed tumors. First, cells must develop the ability to proliferate unchecked. Once this is accomplished, they must be able to invade the neighboring tissue, as well as provide themselves with oxygen and nutrients. Finally, they must acquire the ability to detach from the newly formed mass in order to spread to other tissues, all the while evading an immune system that is primed for their destruction. Furthermore, increased levels of inflammation have been shown to be linked to the development of cancer, with sites of chronic inflammation being a common component of tumorigenic microenvironments. In this Review, we give an overview of the impact of sphingolipid metabolism in cancers, from initiation to metastatic dissemination, as well as discussing immune responses and resistance to treatments. We explore how sphingolipids can either help or hinder the progression of cells from a healthy phenotype to a cancerous one.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonia Piazzesi
- LIMES Institute for Membrane Biology and Lipid BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGermany
| | - Sumaiya Yasmeen Afsar
- LIMES Institute for Membrane Biology and Lipid BiochemistryUniversity of BonnGermany
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ciaccio R, De Rosa P, Aloisi S, Viggiano M, Cimadom L, Zadran SK, Perini G, Milazzo G. Targeting Oncogenic Transcriptional Networks in Neuroblastoma: From N-Myc to Epigenetic Drugs. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12883. [PMID: 34884690 PMCID: PMC8657550 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222312883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most frequently occurring neurogenic extracranial solid cancers in childhood and infancy. Over the years, many pieces of evidence suggested that NB development is controlled by gene expression dysregulation. These unleashed programs that outline NB cancer cells make them highly dependent on specific tuning of gene expression, which can act co-operatively to define the differentiation state, cell identity, and specialized functions. The peculiar regulation is mainly caused by genetic and epigenetic alterations, resulting in the dependency on a small set of key master transcriptional regulators as the convergence point of multiple signalling pathways. In this review, we provide a comprehensive blueprint of transcriptional regulation bearing NB initiation and progression, unveiling the complexity of novel oncogenic and tumour suppressive regulatory networks of this pathology. Furthermore, we underline the significance of multi-target therapies against these hallmarks, showing how novel approaches, together with chemotherapy, surgery, or radiotherapy, can have substantial antineoplastic effects, disrupting a wide variety of tumorigenic pathways through combinations of different treatments.
Collapse
|
15
|
Eaglesham JB, Garcia A, Berkmen M. Production of antibodies in SHuffle Escherichia coli strains. Methods Enzymol 2021; 659:105-144. [PMID: 34752282 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mie.2021.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Antibodies are globally important macromolecules, used for research, diagnostics, and as therapeutics. The common mammalian antibody immunoglobulin G (IgG) is a complex glycosylated macromolecule, composed of two heavy chains and two light chains held together by multiple disulfide bonds. For this reason, IgG and related antibody fragments are usually produced through secretion from mammalian cell lines, such as Chinese Hamster Ovary cells. However, there is growing interest in production of antibodies in prokaryotic systems due to the potential for rapid and cheap production in a highly genetically manipulable system. Research on oxidative protein folding in prokaryotes has enabled engineering of Escherichia coli strains capable of producing IgG and other disulfide bonded proteins in the cytoplasm, known as SHuffle. In this protocol, we provide a review of research on prokaryotic antibody production, guidelines on cloning of antibody expression constructs, conditions for an initial expression and purification experiment, and parameters which may be optimized for increased purification yields. Last, we discuss the limitations of prokaryotic antibody production, and highlight potential future avenues for research on antibody expression and folding.
Collapse
|
16
|
Moghimi B, Muthugounder S, Jambon S, Tibbetts R, Hung L, Bassiri H, Hogarty MD, Barrett DM, Shimada H, Asgharzadeh S. Preclinical assessment of the efficacy and specificity of GD2-B7H3 SynNotch CAR-T in metastatic neuroblastoma. Nat Commun 2021; 12:511. [PMID: 33479234 PMCID: PMC7820416 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-20785-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to utilize preclinical models to predict the clinical toxicity of chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells in solid tumors is tenuous, thereby necessitating the development and evaluation of gated systems. Here we found that murine GD2 CAR-T cells, specific for the tumor-associated antigen GD2, induce fatal neurotoxicity in a costimulatory domain-dependent manner. Meanwhile, human B7H3 CAR-T cells exhibit efficacy in preclinical models of neuroblastoma. Seeking a better CAR, we generated a SynNotch gated CAR-T, GD2-B7H3, recognizing GD2 as the gate and B7H3 as the target. GD2-B7H3 CAR-T cells control the growth of neuroblastoma in vitro and in metastatic xenograft mouse models, with high specificity and efficacy. These improvements come partly from the better metabolic fitness of GD2-B7H3 CAR-T cells, as evidenced by their naïve T-like post-cytotoxicity oxidative metabolism and lower exhaustion profile.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/immunology
- Cytotoxicity, Immunologic/immunology
- Gangliosides/immunology
- Gangliosides/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Mice, 129 Strain
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neuroblastoma/immunology
- Neuroblastoma/pathology
- Neuroblastoma/therapy
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/immunology
- Receptors, Chimeric Antigen/metabolism
- Tumor Burden/immunology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays/methods
- Mice
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Babak Moghimi
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Sakunthala Muthugounder
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Samy Jambon
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Rachelle Tibbetts
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Long Hung
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Hamid Bassiri
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Michael D Hogarty
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - David M Barrett
- Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Hiroyuki Shimada
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shahab Asgharzadeh
- Children's Hospital Los Angeles, Children's Center for Cancer and Blood Diseases, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Blood & Marrow Transplantation, and The Saban Research Institute, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
- Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Soliman C, Chua JX, Vankemmelbeke M, McIntosh RS, Guy AJ, Spendlove I, Durrant LG, Ramsland PA. The terminal sialic acid of stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 has a crucial role in binding to a cancer-targeting antibody. J Biol Chem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9258(17)49911-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
|
18
|
Soliman C, Chua JX, Vankemmelbeke M, McIntosh RS, Guy AJ, Spendlove I, Durrant LG, Ramsland PA. The terminal sialic acid of stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 has a crucial role in binding to a cancer-targeting antibody. J Biol Chem 2019; 295:1009-1020. [PMID: 31831622 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, requiring ongoing development of targeted therapeutics such as monoclonal antibodies. Carbohydrates on embryonic cells are often highly expressed in cancer and are therefore attractive targets for antibodies. Stage-specific embryonic antigen-4 (SSEA-4) is one such glycolipid target expressed in many cancers, including breast and ovarian carcinomas. Here, we defined the structural basis for recognition of SSEA-4 by a novel monospecific chimeric antibody (ch28/11). Five X-ray structures of ch28/11 Fab complexes with the SSEA-4 glycan headgroup, determined at 1.5-2.7 Å resolutions, displayed highly similar three-dimensional structures indicating a stable binding mode. The structures also revealed that by adopting a horseshoe-shaped conformation in a deep groove, the glycan headgroup likely sits flat against the membrane to allow the antibody to interact with SSEA-4 on cancer cells. Moreover, we found that the terminal sialic acid of SSEA-4 plays a dominant role in dictating the exquisite specificity of the ch28/11 antibody. This observation was further supported by molecular dynamics simulations of the ch28/11-glycan complex, which show that SSEA-4 is stabilized by its terminal sialic acid, unlike SSEA-3, which lacks this sialic acid modification. These high-resolution views of how a glycolipid interacts with an antibody may help to advance a new class of cancer-targeting immunotherapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Soliman
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Jia Xin Chua
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Scancell Ltd., Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Mireille Vankemmelbeke
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Scancell Ltd., Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Richard S McIntosh
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew J Guy
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia
| | - Ian Spendlove
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Lindy G Durrant
- Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, Division of Cancer and Stem Cells, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom.,Scancell Ltd., Academic Department of Clinical Oncology, University of Nottingham, City Hospital Campus, Nottingham NG7 2RD, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Ramsland
- School of Science, RMIT University, Melbourne, Victoria 3083, Australia .,Department of Immunology, Central Clinical School, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria 3800, Australia.,Department of Surgery Austin Health, University of Melbourne, Heidelberg, Victoria 3084, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lynn RC, Weber EW, Sotillo E, Gennert D, Xu P, Good Z, Anbunathan H, Lattin J, Jones R, Tieu V, Nagaraja S, Granja J, de Bourcy CFA, Majzner R, Satpathy AT, Quake SR, Monje M, Chang HY, Mackall CL. c-Jun overexpression in CAR T cells induces exhaustion resistance. Nature 2019; 576:293-300. [PMID: 31802004 PMCID: PMC6944329 DOI: 10.1038/s41586-019-1805-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 456] [Impact Index Per Article: 91.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells mediate anti-tumour effects in a small subset of patients with cancer1-3, but dysfunction due to T cell exhaustion is an important barrier to progress4-6. To investigate the biology of exhaustion in human T cells expressing CAR receptors, we used a model system with a tonically signaling CAR, which induces hallmark features of exhaustion6. Exhaustion was associated with a profound defect in the production of IL-2, along with increased chromatin accessibility of AP-1 transcription factor motifs and overexpression of the bZIP and IRF transcription factors that have been implicated in mediating dysfunction in exhausted T cells7-10. Here we show that CAR T cells engineered to overexpress the canonical AP-1 factor c-Jun have enhanced expansion potential, increased functional capacity, diminished terminal differentiation and improved anti-tumour potency in five different mouse tumour models in vivo. We conclude that a functional deficiency in c-Jun mediates dysfunction in exhausted human T cells, and that engineering CAR T cells to overexpress c-Jun renders them resistant to exhaustion, thereby addressing a major barrier to progress for this emerging class of therapeutic agents.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel C Lynn
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Lyell Immunopharma, South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Evan W Weber
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Elena Sotillo
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - David Gennert
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Peng Xu
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zinaida Good
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hima Anbunathan
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Lattin
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Jones
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Victor Tieu
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Surya Nagaraja
- Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Jeffrey Granja
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Charles F A de Bourcy
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Initiative, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Robbie Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Ansuman T Satpathy
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Stephen R Quake
- Departments of Bioengineering and Applied Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Michelle Monje
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Neurology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Howard Y Chang
- Center for Personal Dynamic Regulomes, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, San Francisco, CA, USA. .,Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA. .,Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
V Kholodenko I, V Kalinovsky D, V Svirshchevskaya E, I Doronin I, V Konovalova M, V Kibardin A, V Shamanskaya T, S Larin S, M Deyev S, V Kholodenko R. Multimerization through Pegylation Improves Pharmacokinetic Properties of scFv Fragments of GD2-Specific Antibodies. Molecules 2019; 24:molecules24213835. [PMID: 31653037 PMCID: PMC6864547 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24213835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-binding fragments of antibodies specific to the tumor-associated ganglioside GD2 are well poised to play a substantial role in modern GD2-targeted cancer therapies, however, rapid elimination from the body and reduced affinity compared to full-length antibodies limit their therapeutic potential. In this study, scFv fragments of GD2-specific antibodies 14.18 were produced in a mammalian expression system that specifically bind to ganglioside GD2, followed by site-directed pegylation to generate mono-, di-, and tetra-scFv fragments. Fractionated pegylated dimers and tetramers of scFv fragments showed significant increase of the binding to GD2 which was not accompanied by cross-reactivity with other gangliosides. Pegylated multimeric di-scFvs and tetra-scFvs exhibited cytotoxic effects in GD2-positive tumor cells, while their circulation time in blood significantly increased compared with monomeric antibody fragments. We also demonstrated a more efficient tumor uptake of the multimers in a syngeneic GD2-positive mouse cancer model. The findings of this study provide the rationale for improving therapeutic characteristics of GD2-specific antibody fragments by multimerization and propose a strategy to generate such molecules. On the basis of multimeric antibody fragments, bispecific antibodies and conjugates with cytotoxic drugs or radioactive isotopes may be developed that will possess improved pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina V Kholodenko
- Orekhovich Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, 10, Pogodinskaya St., Moscow 119121, Russia.
| | - Daniel V Kalinovsky
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Elena V Svirshchevskaya
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Igor I Doronin
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Real Target LLC, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Maria V Konovalova
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Alexey V Kibardin
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1, Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Tatyana V Shamanskaya
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1, Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Sergey S Larin
- D. Rogachev Federal Research Center of Pediatric Hematology, Oncology and Immunology, 1, Samory Mashela St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
| | - Sergey M Deyev
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 8-2, Trubetskaya St., Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Roman V Kholodenko
- Shemyakin-Ovchinnikov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 16/10, Miklukho-Maklaya St., Moscow 117997, Russia.
- Real Target LLC, Miklukho-Maklaya St., 16/10, Moscow 117997, Russia.
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Mazzoleni A, Mallet JM, Rovero P, Papini AM. Glycoreplica peptides to investigate molecular mechanisms of immune-mediated physiological versus pathological conditions. Arch Biochem Biophys 2019; 663:44-53. [PMID: 30594643 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2018.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Investigation of the role of saccharides and glycoconjugates in mechanisms of immune-mediated physiological and pathological conditions is a hot topic. In fact, in many autoimmune diseases cross-reactivity between sugar moieties exposed on exogenous pathogens and self-molecules has long been hinted. Several peptides have been reported as mimetics of glycans specifically interacting with sugar-binding antibodies. The seek for these glycoreplica peptides is instrumental in characterizing antigen mimicry pathways and their involvement in triggering autoimmunity. Therefore, peptides mimicking glycan-protein interactions are valuable molecular tools to overcome the difficulties of oligosaccharide preparations. The clinical impact of peptide-based probes for autoimmune diseases diagnosis and follow-up is emerging only recently as just the tip of the iceberg of an overlooked potential. Here we provide a brief overview of the relevance of the structural and functional aspects of peptide probes and their mimicry effect in autoimmunity mechanisms for promising applications in diagnostics and therapeutics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Mazzoleni
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Jean-Maurice Mallet
- Laboratoire des Biomolécules, UMR 7203, Département de chimie, École Normale Supérieure, PSL Research University, Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Université Paris 06, CNRS, 24 rue Lhomond, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Paolo Rovero
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Neurosciences, Psychology, Drug Research and Child Health - Section of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Nutraceuticals, University of Florence, Via Ugo Schiff 6, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
| | - Anna Maria Papini
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019, Sesto Fiorentino, Italy; Platform of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology - PeptLab@UCP and Laboratory of Chemical Biology EA4505, Université Paris-Seine, 5 Mail Gay-Lussac, 95031, Cergy-Pontoise CEDEX, France.
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Antibody specificity and promiscuity. Biochem J 2019; 476:433-447. [PMID: 30723137 DOI: 10.1042/bcj20180670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/06/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The immune system is capable of making antibodies against anything that is foreign, yet it does not react against components of self. In that sense, a fundamental requirement of the body's immune defense is specificity. Remarkably, this ability to specifically attack foreign antigens is directed even against antigens that have not been encountered a priori by the immune system. The specificity of an antibody for the foreign antigen evolves through an iterative process of somatic mutations followed by selection. There is, however, accumulating evidence that the antibodies are often functionally promiscuous or multi-specific which can lead to their binding to more than one antigen. An important cause of antibody cross-reactivity is molecular mimicry. Molecular mimicry has been implicated in the generation of autoimmune response. When foreign antigen shares similarity with the component of self, the antibodies generated could result in an autoimmune response. The focus of this review is to capture the contrast between specificity and promiscuity and the structural mechanisms employed by the antibodies to accomplish promiscuity, at the molecular level. The conundrum between the specificity of the immune system for foreign antigens on the one hand and the multi-reactivity of the antibody on the other has been addressed. Antibody specificity in the context of the rapid evolution of the antigenic determinants and molecular mimicry displayed by antigens are also discussed.
Collapse
|
23
|
Majzner RG, Weber EW, Lynn RC, Xu P, Mackall CL. Neurotoxicity Associated with a High-Affinity GD2 CAR-Letter. Cancer Immunol Res 2018; 6:494-495. [PMID: 29610423 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-18-0089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Robbie G Majzner
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Evan W Weber
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Rachel C Lynn
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, California.
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Palacios M, Tampe R, Del Campo M, Zhong TY, López MN, Salazar-Onfray F, Becker MI. Antitumor activity and carrier properties of novel hemocyanins coupled to a mimotope of GD2 ganglioside. Eur J Med Chem 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2018.02.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
|
25
|
EVIR: chimeric receptors that enhance dendritic cell cross-dressing with tumor antigens. Nat Methods 2018; 15:183-186. [PMID: 29355847 PMCID: PMC5833950 DOI: 10.1038/nmeth.4579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
We describe a lentivirus-encoded chimeric receptor, termed extracellular vesicle (EV)-internalizing receptor (EVIR), which enables the selective uptake of cancer-cell-derived EVs by dendritic cells (DCs). The EVIR enhances DC presentation of EV-associated tumor antigens to CD8+ T cells primarily through MHCI recycling and cross-dressing. EVIRs should facilitate exploring the mechanisms and implications of horizontal transfer of tumor antigens to antigen-presenting cells.
Collapse
|
26
|
Richman SA, Nunez-Cruz S, Moghimi B, Li LZ, Gershenson ZT, Mourelatos Z, Barrett DM, Grupp SA, Milone MC. High-Affinity GD2-Specific CAR T Cells Induce Fatal Encephalitis in a Preclinical Neuroblastoma Model. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 6:36-46. [PMID: 29180536 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 09/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
The GD2 ganglioside, which is abundant on the surface of neuroblastoma cells, is targeted by an FDA-approved therapeutic monoclonal antibody and is an attractive tumor-associated antigen for cellular immunotherapy. Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR)-modified T cells can have potent antitumor activity in B-cell malignancies, and trials to harness this cytolytic activity toward GD2 in neuroblastoma are under way. In an effort to enhance the antitumor activity of CAR T cells that target GD2, we generated variant CAR constructs predicted to improve the stability and the affinity of the GD2-binding, 14G2a-based, single-chain variable fragment (scFv) of the CAR and compared their properties in vivo We included the E101K mutation of GD2 scFv (GD2-E101K) that has enhanced antitumor activity against a GD2+ human neuroblastoma xenograft in vivo However, this enhanced antitumor efficacy in vivo was concomitantly associated with lethal central nervous system (CNS) toxicity comprised of extensive CAR T-cell infiltration and proliferation within the brain and neuronal destruction. The encephalitis was localized to the cerebellum and basal regions of the brain that display low amounts of GD2. Our results highlight the challenges associated with target antigens that exhibit shared expression on critical normal tissues. Despite the success of GD2-specific antibody therapies in the treatment of neuroblastoma, the fatal neurotoxicity of GD2-specific CAR T-cell therapy observed in our studies suggests that GD2 may be a difficult target antigen for CAR T-cell therapy without additional strategies that can control CAR T-cell function within the CNS. Cancer Immunol Res; 6(1); 36-46. ©2017 AACR.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah A Richman
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Selene Nunez-Cruz
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Babak Moghimi
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Lucy Z Li
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zachary T Gershenson
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Zissimos Mourelatos
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - David M Barrett
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephan A Grupp
- Division of Oncology, Department of Pediatrics, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Michael C Milone
- Center for Cellular Immunotherapies, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. .,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sterner E, Peach ML, Nicklaus MC, Gildersleeve JC. Therapeutic Antibodies to Ganglioside GD2 Evolved from Highly Selective Germline Antibodies. Cell Rep 2017; 20:1681-1691. [PMID: 28813678 PMCID: PMC5572838 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2017.07.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Revised: 05/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibodies play a crucial role in host defense and are indispensable research tools, diagnostics, and therapeutics. Antibody generation involves binding of genomically encoded germline antibodies followed by somatic hypermutation and in vivo selection to obtain antibodies with high affinity and selectivity. Understanding this process is critical for developing monoclonal antibodies, designing effective vaccines, and understanding autoantibody formation. Prior studies have found that antibodies to haptens, peptides, and proteins evolve from polyspecific germline antibodies. The immunological evolution of antibodies to mammalian glycans has not been studied. Using glycan microarrays, protein microarrays, cell binding studies, and molecular modeling, we demonstrate that therapeutic antibodies to the tumor-associated ganglioside GD2 evolved from highly specific germline precursors. The results have important implications for developing vaccines and monoclonal antibodies that target carbohydrate antigens. In addition, they demonstrate an alternative pathway for antibody evolution within the immune system that is distinct from the polyspecific germline pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eric Sterner
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Megan L Peach
- Basic Science Program, Chemical Biology Laboratory, Leidos Biomedical Inc., Frederick National Laboratory for Cancer Research, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Marc C Nicklaus
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA
| | - Jeffrey C Gildersleeve
- Chemical Biology Laboratory, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Rezaie F, Davami F, Mansouri K, Agha Amiri S, Fazel R, Mahdian R, Davoudi N, Enayati S, Azizi M, Khalaj V. Cytosolic expression of functional Fab fragments in Escherichia coli
using a novel combination of dual SUMO expression cassette and EnBase®
cultivation mode. J Appl Microbiol 2017; 123:134-144. [DOI: 10.1111/jam.13483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Rezaie
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - F. Davami
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - K. Mansouri
- Medical Biology Research Center; Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences; Kermanshah Iran
| | - S. Agha Amiri
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - R. Fazel
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - R. Mahdian
- Molecular Medicine Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - N. Davoudi
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - S. Enayati
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - M. Azizi
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| | - V. Khalaj
- Medical Biotechnology Department; Biotechnology Research Center; Pasteur Institute of Iran; Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Horwacik I, Rokita H. Modulation of interactions of neuroblastoma cell lines with extracellular matrix proteins affects their sensitivity to treatment with the anti-GD2 ganglioside antibody 14G2a. Int J Oncol 2017; 50:1899-1914. [PMID: 28393238 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.3959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Children diagnosed with high risk neuroblastoma have poor prognosis which stimulates efforts to broaden therapies of the neoplasm. GD2-ganglioside (GD2) marks neuroblastoma cells and is a target for monoclonal antibodies. We have recently shown that some neuroblastoma cell lines are sensitive to direct cytotoxicity of the anti-GD2 mouse monoclonal antibody 14G2a (mAb). For IMR-32 and LA-N-1 cell lines, treatment with the 14G2a mAb induced evident changes in appearance such as cell rounding, aggregation, loose contact with culture plastic, or detachment. Such findings prompted us to investigate whether modulation of attachment of neuroblastoma cells to extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins can affect their sensitivity to the 14G2a mAb treatment. First, using ultra-low attachment plates, we show that survival of the IMR-32, LA-N-1, LA-N-5, CHP-134 and Kelly cells depends on attachment. Next, we compared cellular ATP levels of the cell lines treated with the 14G2a mAb using uncoated, fibronectin-, collagen IV-coated surfaces to show that the ECM proteins slightly modulate sensitivity of the cell lines to the mAb. Then, we characterized presence of selected integrin subunits or their complexes on the cell surface. Finally, we applied small molecule inhibitors of selected integrin complexes: obtustatin (inhibiting α1β1 heterodimer), BIO 1211 (inhibiting active α4β1 heterodimer), cilengitide and SB273005 (inhibitors of αVβ3, αVβ5 heterodimers) to verify their effects on attachment of cell lines, cellular ATP levels, and in some experiments activities of apoptosis-executing caspase-3 and -7, for the compounds used alone or in combination with the 14G2a mAb. We characterized levels of total FAK (focal adhesion kinase), p-FAK (Tyr397) in IMR-32 cells treated with BIO 1211, and in LA-N-5, Kelly and SK-N-SH cells treated with SB273005. Our results extend knowledge on factors influencing cytotoxicity of 14G2a.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irena Horwacik
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Hanna Rokita
- Laboratory of Molecular Genetics and Virology, Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
30
|
Molecular Mechanism and Energy Basis of Conformational Diversity of Antibody SPE7 Revealed by Molecular Dynamics Simulation and Principal Component Analysis. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36900. [PMID: 27830740 PMCID: PMC5103278 DOI: 10.1038/srep36900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 10/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
More and more researchers are interested in and focused on how a limited repertoire of antibodies can bind and correspondingly protect against an almost limitless diversity of invading antigens. In this work, a series of 200-ns molecular dynamics (MD) simulations followed by principal component (PC) analysis and free energy calculations were performed to probe potential mechanism of conformational diversity of antibody SPE7. The results show that the motion direction of loops H3 and L3 is different relative to each other, implying that a big structural difference exists between these two loops. The calculated energy landscapes suggest that the changes in the backbone angles ψ and φ of H-Y101 and H-Y105 provide significant contributions to the conformational diversity of SPE7. The dihedral angle analyses based on MD trajectories show that the side-chain conformational changes of several key residues H-W33, H-Y105, L-Y34 and L-W93 around binding site of SPE7 play a key role in the conformational diversity of SPE7, which gives a reasonable explanation for potential mechanism of cross-reactivity of single antibody toward multiple antigens.
Collapse
|
31
|
Antibody recognition of aberrant glycosylation on the surface of cancer cells. Curr Opin Struct Biol 2016; 44:1-8. [PMID: 27821276 DOI: 10.1016/j.sbi.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Carbohydrate-binding antibodies and carbohydrate-based vaccines are being actively pursued as targeted immunotherapies for a broad range of cancers. Recognition of tumor-associated carbohydrates (glycans) by antibodies is predominantly towards terminal epitopes on glycoproteins and glycolipids on the surface of cancer cells. Crystallography along with complementary experimental and computational methods have been extensively used to dissect antibody recognition of glycan epitopes commonly found in cancer. We provide an overview of the structural biology of antibody recognition of tumor-associated glycans and propose potential rearrangements of these targets in the membrane that could dictate the complex biological activities of these antibodies against cancer cells.
Collapse
|