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Analysis of the effect of promoter type and skin pretreatment on antigen expression and antibody response after gene gun-based immunization. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0197962. [PMID: 29856790 PMCID: PMC5983433 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0197962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have enabled numerous basic research discoveries and therapeutic approaches for many protein classes. However, there still exist a number of target classes, such as multi-pass membrane proteins, for which antibody discovery is difficult, due in part to lack of high quality, recombinant protein. Here we describe the impact of several parameters on antigen expression and the development of mAbs against human claudin 4 (CLDN4), a potential multi-indication cancer target. Using gene gun-based DNA delivery and bioluminescence imaging, we optimize promoter type by comparing expression profiles of four robust in vivo promoters. In addition, we observe that most vectors rapidly lose expression, ultimately reaching almost background levels by three days post-delivery. Recognizing this limitation, we next explored skin pretreatment strategies as an orthogonal method to further boost the efficiency of mAb generation. We show that SDS pretreatment can boost antigen expression, but fails to significantly increase mAb discovery efficiency. In contrast, we find that sandpaper pretreatment yields 5-fold more FACS+ anti-CLDN4 hybridomas, without impacting antigen expression. Our findings coupled with other strategies to improve DNA immunizations should improve the success of mAb discovery against other challenging targets and enable the generation of critical research tools and therapeutic candidates.
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Kaurav M, Minz S, Sahu K, Kumar M, Madan J, Pandey RS. Nanoparticulate mediated transcutaneous immunization: Myth or reality. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 12:1063-1081. [PMID: 26767517 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2015.12.372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Revised: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Transcutaneous immunization (TCI) is a promising route of vaccine delivery through skin due to many well documented advantages. The main obstacle in TCI is the skin's top dead layer i.e. stratum corneum which is difficult to penetrate. Efficiently delivery of antigen to the immune competent cells of epidermis or dermis in TCI might elicit an effective immune response. In this review, skin immunology with a particular focus on potential of immunological active receptors in influencing adaptive immune responses is highlighted. The challenges with TCI and methods to improve it using different adjuvants, chemical and physical approaches, delivery systems, and combination of above methods to further improve immune response following skin application of antigen are elaborately discussed. Nanoparticulate vaccine delivery systems with reference to their applications in TCI are classified according to their chronological development. Conclusively, clinical translations of above methods are also briefly reviewed. FROM THE CLINICAL EDITOR Transcutaneous immunization has been investigated by many as a promising route of vaccination. In this comprehensive review article, the authors described and discussed the existing knowledge and difficulties in this approach. Furthermore, ways of improving transcutaneous delivery were also reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Kaurav
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Sunita Minz
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Kantrol Sahu
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | - Manoj Kumar
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
| | | | - Ravi Shankar Pandey
- SLT Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Guru Ghasidas Vishwavidyalaya, Bilaspur, India.
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Noninvasive delivery of siRNA and plasmid DNA into skin by fractional ablation: erbium:YAG laser versus CO₂ laser. Eur J Pharm Biopharm 2013; 86:315-23. [PMID: 23962771 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejpb.2013.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/31/2013] [Accepted: 08/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The present study was conducted to evaluate the impacts of fractional erbium (Er):YAG and CO2 lasers on skin permeation of small interfering (si)RNA and plasmid (p)DNA vectors. In vitro skin delivery was determined with a Franz diffusion cell. In vivo absorption was investigated by observing fluorescence and confocal microscopic imaging. Fractional laser-mediated ablation of the skin resulted in significant enhancement of dextran and siRNA penetration. Respective fluxes of dextran (10 kDa) and siRNA, which had similar molecular size, with Er:YAG laser irradiation at 5 J/cm(2) were 56- and 11-fold superior to that of intact skin. The respective permeation extents of dextran and siRNA by the CO2 laser at 4 mJ/400 spots were 42- and 12-fold greater than that of untreated skin. Fluorescence and confocal images showed increased fluorescence intensities and penetration depths of siRNA and pDNA delivery. According to an examination of the follicular permeant amount and fluorescence microscopy, hair follicles were important deposition areas for fractional laser-assisted delivery, with the Er:YAG modality revealing higher follicular siRNA selectivity than the CO2 modality. This is the first report of siRNA and pDNA penetrating the skin with a sufficient amount and depth with the assistance of fractional lasers.
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Abstract
Transcutaneous immunization refers to the topical application of antigens onto the epidermis. Transcutaneous immunization targeting the Langerhans cells of the skin has received much attention due to its safe, needle-free, and noninvasive antigen delivery. The skin has important immunological functions with unique roles for antigen-presenting cells such as epidermal Langerhans cells and dermal dendritic cells. In recent years, novel vaccine delivery strategies have continually been developed; however, transcutaneous immunization has not yet been fully exploited due to the penetration barrier represented by the stratum corneum, which inhibits the transport of antigens and adjuvants. Herein we review recent achievements in transcutaneous immunization, focusing on the various strategies for the enhancement of antigen delivery and vaccination efficacy. [BMB Reports 2013; 46(1): 17-24]
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Affiliation(s)
- Mi-Young Lee
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Soonchunhyang University, Asan, Korea.
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5
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Cloning, expression and purification of the SRCR domains of glycoprotein 340. Protein Expr Purif 2013; 90:67-73. [PMID: 23707657 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2013.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 05/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycoprotein 340 (gp340), an innate immunity molecule is secreted luminally by monolayered epithelia and associated glands within the human oral cavity. Gp340 contains 14 scavenger receptor cysteine rich (SRCR) domains, two CUB (C1r/C1s Uegf Bmp1) domains and one zona pellucida (ZP) domain. Oral streptococci are known to adhere to the tooth immobilized gp340 via its surface protein Antigen I/II (AgI/II), which is considered to be the critical first step in pathogenesis that eventually results in colonization and infection. In order to decipher the interactions between gp340's domains and oral streptococcal AgI/II domains, we undertook to express human gp340's first SRCR domain (SRCR1) and the first three tandem SRCR domains (SRCR123) in Drosophila S2 cells. While our initial attempts with human codons did not produce optimal results, codon-optimization for expression in Drosophila S2 cells and usage of inducible/secretory Drosophila expression system (DES) pMT/BiP/V5-HisA vector greatly enhanced the expression of the SRCR domains. Here we report the successful cloning, expression, and purification of the SRCR domains of gp340. Recognition of expressed SRCRs by the conformational dependent gp340 antibody indicate that these domains are appropriately folded and furthermore, surface plasmon resonance studies confirmed functional adherence of the SRCR domains to AgI/II.
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Zhu W, Gallo RL, Huang CM. Sampling human indigenous saliva peptidome using a lollipop-like ultrafiltration probe: simplify and enhance peptide detection for clinical mass spectrometry. J Vis Exp 2012:e4108. [PMID: 22895356 DOI: 10.3791/4108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Although human saliva proteome and peptidome have been revealed they were majorly identified from tryptic digests of saliva proteins. Identification of indigenous peptidome of human saliva without prior digestion with exogenous enzymes becomes imperative, since native peptides in human saliva provide potential values for diagnosing disease, predicting disease progression, and monitoring therapeutic efficacy. Appropriate sampling is a critical step for enhancement of identification of human indigenous saliva peptidome. Traditional methods of sampling human saliva involving centrifugation to remove debris may be too time-consuming to be applicable for clinical use. Furthermore, debris removal by centrifugation may be unable to clean most of the infected pathogens and remove the high abundance proteins that often hinder the identification of low abundance peptidome. Conventional proteomic approaches that primarily utilize two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) gels in conjugation with in-gel digestion are capable of identifying many saliva proteins. However, this approach is generally not sufficiently sensitive to detect low abundance peptides/proteins. Liquid chromatography-Mass spectrometry (LC-MS) based proteomics is an alternative that can identify proteins without prior 2-DE separation. Although this approach provides higher sensitivity, it generally needs prior sample pre-fractionation and pre-digestion with trypsin, which makes it difficult for clinical use. To circumvent the hindrance in mass spectrometry due to sample preparation, we have developed a technique called capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes. Data from our laboratory demonstrated that the CUF probes are capable of capturing proteins in vivo from various microenvironments in animals in a dynamic and minimally invasive manner. No centrifugation is needed since a negative pressure is created by simply syringe withdrawing during sample collection. The CUF probes combined with LC-MS have successfully identified tryptic-digested proteins. In this study, we upgraded the ultrafiltration sampling technique by creating a lollipop-like ultrafiltration (LLUF) probe that can easily fit in the human oral cavity. The direct analysis by LC-MS without trypsin digestion showed that human saliva indigenously contains many peptide fragments derived from various proteins. Sampling saliva with LLUF probes avoided centrifugation but effectively removed many larger and high abundance proteins. Our mass spectrometric results illustrated that many low abundance peptides became detectable after filtering out larger proteins with LLUF probes. Detection of low abundance saliva peptides was independent of multiple-step sample separation with chromatography. For clinical application, the LLUF probes incorporated with LC-MS could potentially be used in the future to monitor disease progression from saliva.
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Karande P, Mitragotri S. Transcutaneous immunization: an overview of advantages, disease targets, vaccines, and delivery technologies. Annu Rev Chem Biomol Eng 2012; 1:175-201. [PMID: 22432578 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-chembioeng-073009-100948] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Skin is an immunologically active tissue composed of specialized cells and agents that capture and process antigens to confer immune protection. Transcutaneous immunization takes advantage of the skin immune network by inducing a protective immune response against topically applied antigens. This mode of vaccination presents a novel and attractive approach for needle-free immunization that is safe, noninvasive, and overcomes many of the limitations associated with needle-based administrations. In this review we will discuss the developments in the field of transcutaneous immunization in the past decade with special emphasis on disease targets and vaccine delivery technologies. We will also briefly discuss the challenges that need to be overcome to translate early laboratory successes in transcutaneous immunization into the development of effective clinical prophylactics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pankaj Karande
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY 12180, USA.
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8
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Rattanapak T, Young K, Rades T, Hook S. Comparative study of liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes and cubosomes for transcutaneous immunisation: characterisation and in vitro skin penetration. J Pharm Pharmacol 2012; 64:1560-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2012.01535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objectives
Lipid colloidal vaccines, including liposomes, transfersomes, ethosomes and cubosomes, were formulated, characterised and investigated for their ability to enhance penetration of a peptide vaccine through stillborn piglet skin in vitro.
Methods
Liposomes and transfersomes were formulated using a film-hydration method, ethosomes using a modified reverse phase method and cubosomes using a lipid precursor method. The size, zeta potential, peptide loading and interfacial behaviour of the formulations were characterised. Skin penetration studies were performed using Franz diffusion cells with piglet skin as the membrane. The localization of peptide in the skin was examined using confocal laser scanning microscopy.
Key finding
The various formulations contained negatively charged particles of similar size (range: 134–200 nm). Addition of the saponin adjuvant Quil A to the formulations destabilised the monolayers and reduced peptide loading. Cubosomes and ethosomes showed superior skin retention compared with the other systems. Confocal laser scanning microscopy showed greater peptide penetration and accumulation in the skin treated with cubosomes and ethosomes. With the other systems peptide was only located in the vicinity of the hair follicles and within the hair shaft.
Conclusions
We conclude from the in-vitro studies that cubosomes and ethosomes are promising lipid carriers for transcutaneous immunisation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teerawan Rattanapak
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Katie Young
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Thomas Rades
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Sarah Hook
- New Zealand's National School of Pharmacy, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Som I, Bhatia K, Yasir M. Status of surfactants as penetration enhancers in transdermal drug delivery. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2012; 4:2-9. [PMID: 22368393 PMCID: PMC3283952 DOI: 10.4103/0975-7406.92724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2011] [Revised: 04/12/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Surfactants are found in many existing therapeutic, cosmetic, and agro-chemical preparations. In recent years, surfactants have been employed to enhance the permeation rates of several drugs via transdermal route. The application of transdermal route to a wider range of drugs is limited due to significant barrier to penetration across the skin which is associated with the outermost stratum corneum layer. Surfactants have effects on the permeability characteristics of several biological membranes including skin. They have the potential to solubilize lipids within the stratum corneum. The penetration of the surfactant molecule into the lipid lamellae of the stratum corneum is strongly dependent on the partitioning behavior and solubility of surfactant. Surfactants ranging from hydrophobic agents such as oleic acid to hydrophilic sodium lauryl sulfate have been tested as permeation enhancer to improve drug delivery. This article reviews the status of surfactants as permeation enhancer in transdermal drug delivery of various drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iti Som
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ITS Paramedical (Pharmacy) College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Kashish Bhatia
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ITS Paramedical (Pharmacy) College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Mohd. Yasir
- Department of Pharmaceutics, ITS Paramedical (Pharmacy) College, Ghaziabad, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Li N, Peng LH, Chen X, Nakagawa S, Gao JQ. Transcutaneous vaccines: Novel advances in technology and delivery for overcoming the barriers. Vaccine 2011; 29:6179-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2011.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2011] [Revised: 06/19/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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11
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Yu Z, Chung WG, Sloat BR, Löhr CV, Weiss R, Rodriguez BL, Li X, Cui Z. The extent of the uptake of plasmid into the skin determines the immune responses induced by a DNA vaccine applied topically onto the skin. J Pharm Pharmacol 2011; 63:199-205. [PMID: 21235583 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-7158.2010.01219.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Non-invasive immunization by application of plasmid DNA topically onto the skin is an attractive immunization approach. However, the immune responses induced are generally weak. Previously, we showed that the antibody responses induced by topical DNA vaccine are significantly enhanced when hair follicles in the application area are induced into the anagen (growth) stage by hair plucking. In the present study, we further investigated the mechanism of immune enhancement. METHODS Three different methods--hair plucking or treatment with retinoic acid (RA) or O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)--were used to induce mice hair follicles into the anagen stage before they were dosed with a β-galactosidase-encoding plasmid, and the specific antibody responses induced were evaluated. KEY FINDINGS The hair-plucking method was more effective at enhancing the resultant antibody responses. Treatment with RA or TPA caused more damage to the skin and induced more severe local inflammation than hair plucking. However, hair plucking was most effective at enhancing the uptake or retention of the DNA in the application area. CONCLUSIONS The uptake of plasmid DNA in the application area correlated with the antibody responses induced by a topically applied DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Yu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR, USA
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12
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Makridakis M, Vlahou A. Secretome proteomics for discovery of cancer biomarkers. J Proteomics 2010; 73:2291-305. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Revised: 06/14/2010] [Accepted: 07/05/2010] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Huinink KD, Lambooij B, Jansen-van Zelm K, Cremers TIFH, van Oeveren W, Bakker PL, Venema K, Westerink BHC, Korf J. Microfiltration sampling in rats and in cows: toward a portable device for continuous glucocorticoidhormone sampling. Analyst 2010; 135:390-6. [DOI: 10.1039/b921629d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Pan TL, Wang PW, Huang CM, Chen CC, Fang JY. Elucidation of the percutaneous absorption of chromium compounds by functional proteomics. Proteomics 2009; 9:5120-31. [DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200800751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Dahlan A, Alpar HO, Stickings P, Sesardic D, Murdan S. Transcutaneous immunisation assisted by low-frequency ultrasound. Int J Pharm 2009; 368:123-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2008] [Revised: 10/01/2008] [Accepted: 10/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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16
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Xiao Z, Blonder J, Zhou M, Veenstra TD. Proteomic analysis of extracellular matrix and vesicles. J Proteomics 2009; 72:34-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2008.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2008] [Revised: 11/12/2008] [Accepted: 11/13/2008] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Huang CP, Liu YT, Nakatsuji T, Shi Y, Gallo RR, Lin SB, Huang CM. Proteomics integrated with Escherichia coli vector-based vaccines and antigen microarrays reveals the immunogenicity of a surface sialidase-like protein of Propionibacterium acnes. Proteomics Clin Appl 2008; 2:1234-45. [PMID: 21136919 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200780103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Proteomics is a powerful tool for the identification of proteins, which provides a basis for rational vaccine design. However, it is still a highly technical and time-consuming task to examine a protein's immunogenicity utilizing traditional approaches. Here, we present a platform for effectively evaluating protein immunogenicity and antibody detection. A tetanus toxin C fragment (Tet-c) was used as a representative antigen to establish this platform. A cell wall-anchoring sialidase-like protein (SLP) of Propionibacterium acnes was utilized to assess the efficacy of this platform. We constructed an Escherichia coli vector-based vaccine by overexpressing Tet-c or SLP in E. coli and utilized an intact particle of E. coli itself as a vaccine (E. coli Tet-c or SLP vector). After ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, the E. coli vector-based vaccines were administered intranasally into imprinting control region mice without adding exogenous adjuvants. For antibody detection, we fabricated antigen microarrays by printing with purified recombinant proteins including Tet-c and SLP. Our results demonstrated that detectable antibodies were elicited in mice 6 weeks after intranasal administration of UV-irradiated E. coli vector-based vaccines. The antibody production of Tet-c and SLP was significantly elevated after boosting. Notably, the platform with main benefits of using E. coli itself as a vaccine carrier provides a critical template for applied proteomics aimed at screening novel vaccine targets. In addition, the novel immunogenic SLP potentially serves as an antigen candidate for the development of vaccines targeting P. acnes-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Po Huang
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; Department of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
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Lee WR, Pan TL, Wang PW, Zhuo RZ, Huang CM, Fang JY. Erbium:YAG laser enhances transdermal peptide delivery and skin vaccination. J Control Release 2008; 128:200-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2008.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2007] [Revised: 02/27/2008] [Accepted: 03/03/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huang CM, Nakatsuji T, Liu YT, Shi Y. In vivo tumor secretion probing via ultrafiltration and tissue chamber: implication for anti-cancer drugs targeting secretome. Recent Pat Anticancer Drug Discov 2008; 3:48-54. [PMID: 18289123 DOI: 10.2174/157489208783478694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor secreted proteins/peptides (tumor secretome) act as mediators of tumor-host communication in the tumor microenvironment. Therefore, development of anti-cancer drugs targeting secretome may effectively control tumor progression. Novel techniques including a capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probe and a dermis-based cell-trapped system (DBCTS) linked to a tissue chamber were utilized to sample in vivo secretome from tumor masses and microenvironments. The CUF probe and tissue chamber were evaluated in the context of in vivo secretome sampling. Both techniques have been successfully integrated with mass spectrometry for secretome identification. A secretome containing multiple proteins and peptides can be analyzed by NanoLC-LTQ mass spectrometry, which is specially suited to identifying proteins in a complex mixture. In the future, the establishment of comprehensive proteomes of various host and tumor cells, as well as plasma will help in distinguishing the cellular sources of secretome. Many detection methods have been patented regarding probes and peptide used for identification of tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA.
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20
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Chen ST, Pan TL, Juan HF, Chen TY, Lin YS, Huang CM. Breast tumor microenvironment: proteomics highlights the treatments targeting secretome. J Proteome Res 2008; 7:1379-87. [PMID: 18290608 DOI: 10.1021/pr700745n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tumor secreted substances (secretome), including extracellular matrix (ECM) components, act as mediators of tumor-host communication in the breast tumor microenvironment. Proteomic analysis has emphasized the value of the secretome as a source of prospective markers and drug targets for the treatment of breast cancers. Utilizing bioinformatics, our recent studies revealed global changes in protein expression after the activation of ECM-mediated signaling in breast cancer cells. A newly designed technique integrating a capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probe with mass spectrometry was demonstrated to dynamically sample and identify in vivo and pure secretome from the tumor microenvironment. Such in vivo profiling of breast cancer secretomes may facilitate the development of novel drugs specifically targeting secretome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shui-Tein Chen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry and the Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
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Abstract
Creating protein profiles of tissues and tissue fluids, which contain secreted proteins and peptides released from various cells, is critical for biomarker discovery as well as drug and vaccine target selection. It is extremely difficult to obtain pure samples from tissues or tissue fluids, however, and identification of complex protein mixtures is still a challenge for mass spectrometry analysis. Here, we summarize recent advances in techniques for extracting proteins from tissues for mass spectrometry profiling and imaging. We also introduce a novel technique using a capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probe to enable in vivo collection of proteins from the tissue microenvironment. The CUF probe technique is compared with existing sampling techniques, including perfusion, saline wash, fine-needle aspiration and microdialysis. In this review, we also highlight quantitative mass spectrometric proteomic approaches with, and without, stable-isotope labels. Advances in quantitative proteomics will significantly improve protein profiling of tissue and tissue fluid samples collected by CUF probes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Yang
- The Burnham Institute for Medical Research, Proteomics Facility, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.
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A novel immunogenic spore coat-associated protein in Bacillus anthracis: characterization via proteomics approaches and a vector-based vaccine system. Protein Expr Purif 2007; 57:72-80. [PMID: 18029197 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2007.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2007] [Revised: 08/12/2007] [Accepted: 08/20/2007] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
New generation anthrax vaccines have been actively explored with the aim of enhancing efficacies and decreasing undesirable side effects that could be caused by licensed vaccines. Targeting novel antigens and/or eliminating the requirements for multiple needle injections and adjuvants are major objectives in the development of new anthrax vaccines. Using proteomics approaches, we identified a spore coat-associated protein (SCAP) in Bacillus anthracis. An Escherichia coli vector-based vaccine system was used to determine the immunogenicity of SCAP. Mice generated detectable SCAP antibodies three weeks after intranasal immunization with an intact particle of ultraviolet (UV)-irradiated E. coli vector overproducing SCAP. The production of SCAP antibodies was detected via western blotting and SCAP-spotted antigen-arrays. The adjuvant effect of a UV-irradiated E. coli vector eliminates the necessity of boosting and the use of other immunomodulators which will foster the screening and manufacturing of new generation anthrax vaccines. More importantly, the immunogenic SCAP may potentially be a new candidate for the development of anthrax vaccines.
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Huang CM. In vivo secretome sampling technology for proteomics. Proteomics Clin Appl 2007; 1:953-62. [PMID: 21136749 DOI: 10.1002/prca.200700031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2007] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Secretome is a critical mediator for cell-cell and microbe-cell interaction. Identification of secretome will endow researchers with important biomarkers and therapeutic targets as well as reinforce the current methods used in the systems biology research of cell-cell interactions. Here, we introduce an in vivo sampling technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes that are capable of continuously collecting pure in vivo secretome from tissue microenvironments. Great benefits of CUF probes when compared with other current sampling techniques have been acknowledged. CUF probes can be designed to fit various in vivo models and they are easily adapted to different protein-detection systems including mass spectrometers. The future challenges and clinical advantages of CUF probe sampling are also highlighted in this review. Many prospective properties such as simple manipulation, dynamic sampling, pathogen clearance, online mass spectrometric coupling, and disease treatment and monitoring have made CUF probes attractive for clinical uses in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA, USA; La Jolla Institute for Molecular Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA; VA San Diego Healthcare Center, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Liu YT, Huang CM. In vivo sampling of extracellular beta-thymosin by ultrafiltration probes. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2007; 1112:104-13. [PMID: 17495246 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1415.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
In vivo detection and monitoring of extracellular beta-thymosin will facilitate the understanding of their biological function and association with disease progression. A novel technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes linked to mass spectrometry is capable of sensing extracellular thymosin beta-4 and/or thymosin beta-10 in vivo in wounded skin and other tissue microenvironments. In this review, we highlight the association of extracellular beta-thymosin with skin wound healing and the potential adjuvant effects on vaccination. The fabrication and biological application of CUF probes are also described. Data from CUF probe-captured beta-thymosin may guide future exploration of extracellular beta-thymosin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Tsueng Liu
- Moores Cancer Center, University of California, San Diego, CA 92161, USA
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Abstract
Skin is an ideal tissue for vaccine administration, as it is comprised of immunocompetent cells such as keratinocytes and Langerhans cells and elicits both innate and adaptive immune responses. In this paper, we summarize the immune responses induced by topical vaccination of the skin and review the effects of adjuvants on skin vaccination. We also summarize the existing techniques for skin vaccination. New techniques such as the use of lasers to enhance skin permeability are also discussed, as well as the role of the stratum corneum in skin vaccination. A recent study demonstrating enhanced skin vaccination by using surfactants to extract partial lamellar lipids of the stratum corneum will also be introduced in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego and VA San Diego Healthcare Center, Rm 3217A, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, USA.
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Current literature in mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF MASS SPECTROMETRY : JMS 2006; 41:1654-1665. [PMID: 17136768 DOI: 10.1002/jms.959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
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Huang CM, Ananthaswamy HN, Barnes S, Ma Y, Kawai M, Elmets CA. Mass spectrometric proteomics profiles ofin vivo tumor secretomes: Capillary ultrafiltration sampling of regressive tumor masses. Proteomics 2006; 6:6107-16. [PMID: 17051643 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.200600287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Identification of in vivo secreted peptides/proteins (secretomes) in tumor masses has the potential to provide important biomarkers and therapeutic targets for cancer therapy. However, limitations of existing technologies have made obtaining these secretomes for analysis extremely difficult. Here we employed an in vivo sampling technique using capillary ultrafiltration (CUF) probes to collect secretomes directly from tumor masses. Mass spectrometric proteomics approaches were then used to identify the tumor secretomes. A UV-induced skin fibrosarcoma cell line (UV-2240) was subcutaneously injected into C3H/NeH mice, resulting in tumor masses that initially progressed, then regressed and eventually eradicated. We then implanted CUF probes into tumor masses at the progressive and regressive stage. Five secreted proteins (cyclophilin-A, S100A4, profilin-1, thymosin beta 4 and 10), previously associated with tumor progression, were identified from tumor masses at the progressive stage. Five secreted proteins including three protease inhibitors (fetuin-A, alpha-1 antitrypsin 1-6, and contrapsin) were identified from tumor masses at the regressive stage. The technique involving CUF probes linked to mass spectrometric proteomics reinforces systems biology studies of cell-cell interactions and is potentially applicable to the discovery of in vivo biomarkers in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Dermatology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA.
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