1
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Chojdak-Łukasiewicz J, Bizoń A, Waliszewska-Prosół M, Piwowar A, Budrewicz S, Pokryszko-Dragan A. Role of Sirtuins in Physiology and Diseases of the Central Nervous System. Biomedicines 2022; 10:2434. [PMID: 36289696 PMCID: PMC9598817 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines10102434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 09/18/2022] [Accepted: 09/23/2022] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Silent information regulators, sirtuins (SIRTs), are a family of enzymes which take part in major posttranslational modifications of proteins and contribute to multiple cellular processes, including metabolic and energetic transformations, as well as regulation of the cell cycle. Recently, SIRTs have gained increased attention as the object of research because of their multidirectional activity and possible role in the complex pathomechanisms underlying human diseases. The aim of this study was to review a current literature evidence of SIRTs' role in the physiology and pathology of the central nervous system (CNS). SIRTs have been demonstrated to be crucial players in the crosstalk between neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and metabolic alterations. The elucidation of SIRTs' role in the background of various CNS diseases offers a chance to define relevant markers of their progression and promising candidates for novel therapeutic targets. Possible diagnostic and therapeutic implications from SIRTs-related investigations are discussed, as well as their future directions and associated challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anna Bizoń
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | | | - Agnieszka Piwowar
- Department of Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 211A, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Budrewicz
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pokryszko-Dragan
- Department of Neurology, Wroclaw Medical University, Borowska 213, 50-556 Wroclaw, Poland
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2
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Ma XR, Zhu X, Xiao Y, Gu HM, Zheng SS, Li L, Wang F, Dong ZJ, Wang DX, Wu Y, Yang C, Jiang W, Yao K, Yin Y, Zhang Y, Peng C, Gao L, Meng Z, Hu Z, Liu C, Li L, Chen HZ, Shu Y, Ju Z, Zhao JW. Restoring nuclear entry of Sirtuin 2 in oligodendrocyte progenitor cells promotes remyelination during ageing. Nat Commun 2022; 13:1225. [PMID: 35264567 PMCID: PMC8907257 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-28844-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The age-dependent decline in remyelination potential of the central nervous system during ageing is associated with a declined differentiation capacity of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). The molecular players that can enhance OPC differentiation or rejuvenate OPCs are unclear. Here we show that, in mouse OPCs, nuclear entry of SIRT2 is impaired and NAD+ levels are reduced during ageing. When we supplement β-nicotinamide mononucleotide (β-NMN), an NAD+ precursor, nuclear entry of SIRT2 in OPCs, OPC differentiation, and remyelination were rescued in aged animals. We show that the effects on myelination are mediated via the NAD+-SIRT2-H3K18Ac-ID4 axis, and SIRT2 is required for rejuvenating OPCs. Our results show that SIRT2 and NAD+ levels rescue the aged OPC differentiation potential to levels comparable to young age, providing potential targets to enhance remyelination during ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Ru Ma
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xudong Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Aging and Cancer Biology of Zhejiang Province, Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, 311121, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yujie Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Hui-Min Gu
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Shuang-Shuang Zheng
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liang Li
- Department of Neurology, Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Institute for Translational Brain Research, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, Fudan University, 200032, Shanghai, China
| | - Fan Wang
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhao-Jun Dong
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Di-Xian Wang
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yang Wu
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Chenyu Yang
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wenhong Jiang
- Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ke Yao
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Yin
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Yang Zhang
- Department of cardiology, Zhongshan Hospital of Fudan University, 200035, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Peng
- National Facility for Protein Science in Shanghai, Zhangjiang Lab, Shanghai Advanced Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Lixia Gao
- Department of Neurology of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Interdisciplinary Institute of Neuroscience and Technology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310020, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhuoxian Meng
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology and Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory of Pancreatic Disease of the First Affiliated Hospital, Key Laboratory of Disease Proteomics of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 310058, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zeping Hu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
- Tsinghua-Peking Joint Center for Life Sciences and Beijing Frontier Research Center for Biological Structure, Tsinghua University, 100084, Beijing, China
| | - Chong Liu
- Zhejiang University School of Brain Science and Brain Medicine, and Department of Neurosurgery of the Second Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China
| | - Li Li
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Targets Identification and Drug Screening, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100050, Beijing, China
| | - Hou-Zao Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, 100005, Beijing, China.
| | - Yousheng Shu
- State Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning & IDG/McGovern Institute for Brain Research, Beijing Normal University, 100875, Beijing, China.
| | - Zhenyu Ju
- Key Laboratory of Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Guangzhou Regenerative Medicine and Health Guangdong Laboratory, Institute of Ageing and Regenerative Medicine, Jinan University, Guangzhou, 510632, Guangdong, China.
| | - Jing-Wei Zhao
- Department of Pathology of Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital and Department of Human Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, System Medicine Research Center, Center for Neuroscience, NHC and CAMS Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
- Center of Cryo-Electron Microscopy, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, Zhejiang, China.
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3
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Gottlieb A, Pham HPT, Lindsey JW. Brain Antigens Stimulate Proliferation of T Lymphocytes With a Pathogenic Phenotype in Multiple Sclerosis Patients. Front Immunol 2022; 13:835763. [PMID: 35173742 PMCID: PMC8841344 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.835763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
A method to stimulate T lymphocytes with a broad range of brain antigens would facilitate identification of the autoantigens for multiple sclerosis and enable definition of the pathogenic mechanisms important for multiple sclerosis. In a previous work, we found that the obvious approach of culturing leukocytes with homogenized brain tissue does not work because the brain homogenate suppresses antigen-specific lymphocyte proliferation. We now report a method that substantially reduces the suppressive activity. We used this non-suppressive brain homogenate to stimulate leukocytes from multiple sclerosis patients and controls. We also stimulated with common viruses for comparison. We measured proliferation, selected the responding CD3+ cells with flow cytometry, and sequenced their transcriptomes for mRNA and T-cell receptor sequences. The mRNA expression suggested that the brain-responding cells from MS patients are potentially pathogenic. The T-cell receptor repertoire of the brain-responding cells was clonal with minimal overlap with virus antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assaf Gottlieb
- Center for Precision Health, School of Biomedical Informatics, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - Hoai Phuong T. Pham
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
| | - John William Lindsey
- Division of Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX, United States
- *Correspondence: John William Lindsey,
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de França NR, Ménard HA, Lora M, Zhou Z, Rauch J, Hitchon C, Andrade LEC, Colmegna I. Characterization and use of the ECV304 autoantigenic citrullinome to understand anti-citrullinated protein/peptide autoantibodies in rheumatoid arthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2022; 24:23. [PMID: 35027076 PMCID: PMC8756661 DOI: 10.1186/s13075-021-02698-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) are highly specific for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). In vivo, ACPAs target peptidyl-citrulline epitopes (cit-) in a variety of proteins (cit-prot-ACPAs) and derived peptides (cit-pept-ACPAs) generated via the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) isoenzymes. We aimed to identify a cell line with self-citrullination capacity, to describe its autoantigenic citrullinome, and to test it as a source of autocitrullinated proteins and peptides. Methods Human cell lines were screened for cit-proteins by Western blot. PAD isoenzymes were identified by RT-PCR. Autocitrullination of ECV304 was optimized, and the ECV304 autocitrullinomes immunoprecipitated by sera from three RA patients were characterized by mass spectrometry. Cit-pept-ACPAs were detected using anti-CCP2 ELISA and cit-prot-ACPAs, by an auto-cit-prot-ECV304 ELISA. Sera from 177 RA patients, 59 non-RA rheumatic disease patients and 25 non-disease controls were tested. Results Of the seven cell lines studied, only ECV304 simultaneously overexpressed PAD2 and PAD3 and its extracts reproducibly autocitrullinated self and non-self-proteins. Proteomic analysis of the cit-ECV304 products immunoprecipitated by RA sera, identified novel cit-targets: calreticulin, profilin 1, vinculin, new 14–3-3 protein family members, chaperones, and mitochondrial enzymes. The auto-cit-prot-ECV304 ELISA had a sensitivity of 50% and a specificity of 95% for RA diagnosis. Conclusions ECV304 cells overexpress two of the PAD isoenzymes capable of citrullinating self-proteins. These autocitrullinated cells constitute a basic and clinical research tool that enable the detection of cit-prot-ACPAs with high diagnostic specificity and allow the identification of the specific cit-proteins targeted by individual RA sera. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13075-021-02698-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Regine de França
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.,Division of Rheumatology, Paulista School of Medicine, Federal University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Henri André Ménard
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Maximilien Lora
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Zhijie Zhou
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Joyce Rauch
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada
| | - Carol Hitchon
- Section of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | | | - Inés Colmegna
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, McGill University, The Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, 1001 Décarie Boulevard, Montréal, QC, H4A 3J1, Canada.
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5
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Pashaei S, Mohammadi P, Yarani R, Haghgoo SM, Emami Aleagha MS. Carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in multiple sclerosis: Clinical implications for etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapy. Arch Biochem Biophys 2021; 712:109030. [PMID: 34517010 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2021.109030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a complicated autoimmune disease characterized by inflammatory and demyelinating events in the central nervous system. The exact etiology and pathogenesis of MS have not been elucidated. However, a set of metabolic changes and their effects on immune cells and neural functions have been explained. This review highlights the contribution of carbohydrates and lipids metabolism to the etiology and pathogenesis of MS. Then, we have proposed a hypothetical relationship between such metabolic changes and the immune system in patients with MS. Finally, the potential clinical implications of these metabolic changes in diagnosis, prognosis, and discovering therapeutic targets have been discussed. It is concluded that research on the pathophysiological alterations of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism may be a potential strategy for paving the way toward MS treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Somayeh Pashaei
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Pantea Mohammadi
- Medical Biology Research Center, Health Technology Institute, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran
| | - Reza Yarani
- Translational Type 1 Diabetes Biology, Department of Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark; Interventional Regenerative Medicine and Imaging Laboratory, Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA 94304, USA
| | - Seyyed Mortaza Haghgoo
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, School of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Sajad Emami Aleagha
- Medical Technology Research Center (MTRC), School of Medicine, Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences, Kermanshah, Iran.
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6
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Foolad F, Khodagholi F, Javan M. Sirtuins in Multiple Sclerosis: The crossroad of neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolism. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2019; 34:47-58. [PMID: 31228716 DOI: 10.1016/j.msard.2019.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a challenging and disabling condition particularly in the secondary progressive (SP) phase of this disease. The available treatments cannot ameliorate or stop disease progression in this phase, and there is an urgent need to focus on effective therapies and the molecular pathways involved SPMS. Given the significant impact of neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolic alterations in MS, focusing on the molecules that target these different pathways could help in finding new treatments. Sirtuins (SIRTs) are NAD+ dependent epigenetic and metabolic regulators, which have critical roles in the physiology of central nervous system, immune system and metabolism. Based on these facts, SIRTs are crucial candidates of therapeutic targets in MS and collecting the information related to MS disease for each SIRT individually is noteworthy and highlights the lack of investigation in each part. In this review we summarized the role of different sirtuins as key regulator in neurodegeneration, autoimmunity and metabolism pathways. We also clarify the rationale behind selecting SIRTs as therapeutic targets in MS disease by collecting the researches showing alteration of these proteins in human samples of MS patients and animal model of MS, and also the improvement of modeled animals after SIRT-directed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Foolad
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Fariba Khodagholi
- Neuroscience Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran; Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Cell Science Research Center, Royan Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Technology, ACECR, Tehran, Iran.
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7
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Hendrickx DAE, van Scheppingen J, van der Poel M, Bossers K, Schuurman KG, van Eden CG, Hol EM, Hamann J, Huitinga I. Gene Expression Profiling of Multiple Sclerosis Pathology Identifies Early Patterns of Demyelination Surrounding Chronic Active Lesions. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1810. [PMID: 29312322 PMCID: PMC5742619 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
In multiple sclerosis (MS), activated microglia and infiltrating macrophages phagocytose myelin focally in (chronic) active lesions. These demyelinating sites expand in time, but at some point turn inactive into a sclerotic scar. To identify molecular mechanisms underlying lesion activity and halt, we analyzed genome-wide gene expression in rim and peri-lesional regions of chronic active and inactive MS lesions, as well as in control tissue. Gene clustering revealed patterns of gene expression specifically associated with MS and with the presumed, subsequent stages of lesion development. Next to genes involved in immune functions, we found regulation of novel genes in and around the rim of chronic active lesions, such as NPY, KANK4, NCAN, TKTL1, and ANO4. Of note, the presence of many foamy macrophages in active rims was accompanied by a congruent upregulation of genes related to lipid binding, such as MSR1, CD68, CXCL16, and OLR1, and lipid uptake, such as CHIT1, GPNMB, and CCL18. Except CCL18, these genes were already upregulated in regions around active MS lesions, showing that such lesions are indeed expanding. In vitro downregulation of the scavenger receptors MSR1 and CXCL16 reduced myelin uptake. In conclusion, this study provides the gene expression profile of different aspects of MS pathology and indicates that early demyelination, mediated by scavenger receptors, is already present in regions around active MS lesions. Genes involved in early demyelination events in regions surrounding chronic active MS lesions might be promising therapeutic targets to stop lesion expansion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Debbie A E Hendrickx
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jackelien van Scheppingen
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Marlijn van der Poel
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Koen Bossers
- Neurodegeneration Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Karianne G Schuurman
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Corbert G van Eden
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Elly M Hol
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Translational Neuroscience, Brain Center Rudolf Magnus, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, Netherlands.,Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Jörg Hamann
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands.,Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, Netherlands
| | - Inge Huitinga
- Neuroimmunology Research Group, Netherlands Institute for Neuroscience, An Institute of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences, Amsterdam, Netherlands
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8
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Ganesan V, Ascherman DP, Minden JS. Immunoproteomics technologies in the discovery of autoantigens in autoimmune diseases. Biomol Concepts 2017; 7:133-43. [PMID: 27115324 DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2016-0007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Proteomics technologies are often used for the identification of protein targets of the immune system. Here, we discuss the immunoproteomics technologies used for the discovery of autoantigens in autoimmune diseases where immune system dysregulation plays a central role in disease onset and progression. These autoantigens and associated autoantibodies can be used as potential biomarkers for disease diagnostics, prognostics and predicting/monitoring drug responsiveness (theranostics). Here, we compare a variety of methods such as mass spectrometry (MS)-based [serological proteome analysis (SERPA), antibody mediated identification of antigens (AMIDA), circulating immune complexome (CIC) analysis, surface enhanced laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (SELDI-TOF)], nucleic acid based serological analysis of antigens by recombinant cDNA expression cloning (SEREX), phage immunoprecipitation sequencing (PhIP-seq) and array-based immunoscreening (proteomic microarrays), luciferase immunoprecipitation systems (LIPS), nucleic acid programmable protein array (NAPPA) methods. We also review the relevance of immunoproteomic data generated in the last 10 years, with a focus on the aforementioned MS based methods.
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9
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Willis SN, Stathopoulos P, Chastre A, Compton SD, Hafler DA, O'Connor KC. Investigating the Antigen Specificity of Multiple Sclerosis Central Nervous System-Derived Immunoglobulins. Front Immunol 2015; 6:600. [PMID: 26648933 PMCID: PMC4663633 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) is the site where disease pathology is evident. Damaged CNS tissue is commonly associated with immune cell infiltration. This infiltrate often includes B cells that are found in multiple locations throughout the CNS, including the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), parenchyma, and the meninges, frequently forming tertiary lymphoid structures in the latter. Several groups, including our own, have shown that B cells from distinct locations within the MS CNS are clonally related and display the characteristics of an antigen-driven response. However, the antigen(s) driving this response have yet to be conclusively defined. To explore the antigen specificity of the MS B cell response, we produced recombinant human immunoglobulin (rIgG) from a series of expanded B cell clones that we isolated from the CNS tissue of six MS brains. The specificity of these MS-derived rIgG and control rIgG derived from non-MS tissues was then examined using multiple methodologies that included testing individual candidate antigens, screening with high-throughput antigen arrays and evaluating binding to CNS-derived cell lines. We report that while several MS-derived rIgG recognized particular antigens, including neurofilament light and a protocadherin isoform, none were unique to MS, as non-MS-derived rIgG used as controls invariably displayed similar binding specificities. We conclude that while MS CNS resident B cells display the characteristics of an antigen-driven B cell response, the antigen(s) driving this response remain at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon N Willis
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research , Parkville, VIC , Australia ; Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne , Parkville, VIC , Australia
| | | | - Anne Chastre
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Shannon D Compton
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - David A Hafler
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA ; Department of Immunobiology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
| | - Kevin C O'Connor
- Department of Neurology, Yale School of Medicine , New Haven, CT , USA
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10
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Skogberg G, Telemo E, Ekwall O. Exosomes in the Thymus: Antigen Transfer and Vesicles. Front Immunol 2015; 6:366. [PMID: 26257734 PMCID: PMC4507453 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymocytes go through several steps of maturation and selection in the thymus in order to form a functional pool of effector T-cells and regulatory T-cells in the periphery. Close interactions between thymocytes, thymic epithelial cells, and dendritic cells are of vital importance for the maturation, selection, and lineage decision of the thymocytes. One important question that is still unanswered is how a relatively small epithelial cell population can present a vast array of self-antigens to the manifold larger population of developing thymocytes in this selection process. Here, we review and discuss the literature concerning antigen transfer from epithelial cells with a focus on exosomes. Exosomes are nano-sized vesicles released from a cell into the extracellular space. These vesicles can carry proteins, microRNAs, and mRNAs between cells and are thus able to participate in intercellular communication. Exosomes have been shown to be produced by thymic epithelial cells and to carry tissue-restricted antigens and MHC molecules, which may enable them to participate in the thymocyte selection process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriel Skogberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Telemo
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
| | - Olov Ekwall
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Institute of Medicine, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden ; Department of Pediatrics, Institute of Clinical Sciences, The Sahlgrenska Academy, Gothenburg University , Gothenburg , Sweden
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11
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Conti A, Alessio M. Comparative Proteomics for the Evaluation of Protein Expression and Modifications in Neurodegenerative Diseases. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF NEUROBIOLOGY 2015; 121:117-52. [PMID: 26315764 DOI: 10.1016/bs.irn.2015.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Together with hypothesis-driven approaches, high-throughput differential proteomic analysis performed primarily not only in human cerebrospinal fluid and serum but also on protein content of other tissues (blood cells, muscles, peripheral nerves, etc.) has been used in the last years to investigate neurodegenerative diseases. Even if the goal for these analyses was mainly the discovery of neurodegenerative disorders biomarkers, the characterization of specific posttranslational modifications (PTMs) and the differential protein expression resulted in being very informative to better define the pathological mechanisms. In this chapter are presented and discussed the positive aspects and challenges of the outcomes of some of our investigations on neurological and neurodegenerative disease, in order to highlight the important role of protein PTMs studies in proteomics-based approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Conti
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy
| | - Massimo Alessio
- Proteome Biochemistry, Division of Genetics and Cell Biology, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Milano, Italy.
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12
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Papini AM, König E. Novel diagnostic tools and solutions for multiple sclerosis treatment: a patent review (2009 – 2014). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2015; 25:873-84. [DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2015.1043267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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13
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Stathopoulos P, Alexopoulos H, Dalakas MC. Autoimmune antigenic targets at the node of Ranvier in demyelinating disorders. Nat Rev Neurol 2015; 11:143-56. [DOI: 10.1038/nrneurol.2014.260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Identification of biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid and serum of multiple sclerosis patients by immunoproteomics approach. Int J Mol Sci 2014; 15:23269-82. [PMID: 25517032 PMCID: PMC4284765 DOI: 10.3390/ijms151223269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Revised: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 12/08/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. At present, the molecular mechanisms causing the initiation, development and progression of MS are poorly understood, and no reliable proteinaceous disease markers are available. In this study, we used an immunoproteomics approach to identify autoreactive antibodies in the cerebrospinal fluid of MS patients to use as candidate markers with potential diagnostic value. We identified an autoreactive anti-transferrin antibody that may have a potential link with the development and progression of MS. We found this antibody at high levels also in the serum of MS patients and created an immunoenzymatic assay to detect it. Because of the complexity and heterogeneity of multiple sclerosis, it is difficult to find a single marker for all of the processes involved in the origin and progression of the disease, so the development of a panel of biomarkers is desirable, and anti-transferrin antibody could be one of these.
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Fraussen J, Claes N, de Bock L, Somers V. Targets of the humoral autoimmune response in multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2014; 13:1126-37. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2014.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2014] [Accepted: 05/27/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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16
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Hirrlinger J, Nave KA. Adapting brain metabolism to myelination and long-range signal transduction. Glia 2014; 62:1749-61. [DOI: 10.1002/glia.22737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Hirrlinger
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
- Carl-Ludwig-Institute for Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Klaus-Armin Nave
- Department of Neurogenetics; Max-Planck-Institute for Experimental Medicine; Göttingen Germany
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Raasakka A, Kursula P. The myelin membrane-associated enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase: on a highway to structure and function. Neurosci Bull 2014; 30:956-966. [PMID: 24807122 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1437-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The membrane-anchored myelin enzyme 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) was discovered in the early 1960s and has since then troubled scientists with its peculiar catalytic activity and high expression levels in the central nervous system. Despite decades of research, the actual physiological relevance of CNPase has only recently begun to unravel. In addition to a role in myelination, CNPase is also involved in local adenosine production in traumatic brain injury and possibly has a regulatory function in mitochondrial membrane permeabilization. Although research focusing on the CNPase phosphodiesterase activity has been helpful, several open questions concerning the protein function in vivo remain unanswered. This review is focused on past research on CNPase, especially in the fields of structural biology and enzymology, and outlines the current understanding regarding the biochemical and physiological significance of CNPase, providing ideas and directions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arne Raasakka
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - Petri Kursula
- Department of Biochemistry and Biocenter Oulu, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany.
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Schirmer L, Srivastava R, Hemmer B. To look for a needle in a haystack: the search for autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2014; 20:271-9. [DOI: 10.1177/1352458514522104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The search for autoantibodies in multiple sclerosis (MS) has been challenging for the last 3 decades. With the development of new proteomic methods and advances in expression and assay technologies, progress in the identification of MS autoantibodies has been made. A number of MS-specific autoantibodies have been proposed, most of them targeting proteins expressed in oligodendrocytes and along the myelin sheath. In this review, we summarize the status of antibody research in MS and then discuss recent developments and future strategies in defining and characterizing the potential antigenic targets of autoantibodies in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Schirmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Rajneesh Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - Bernhard Hemmer
- Department of Neurology, Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
- Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Germany
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19
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Rouwette M, Noben JP, Van Horssen J, Van Wijmeersch B, Hupperts R, Jongen PJ, Verbeek MM, De Deyn PP, Stinissen P, Somers V. Identification of coronin-1a as a novel antibody target for clinically isolated syndrome and multiple sclerosis. J Neurochem 2013; 126:483-92. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2013] [Revised: 06/05/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Myrthe Rouwette
- Hasselt University; Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) and transnationale Universiteit Limburg; School of Life Sciences; Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jean-Paul Noben
- Hasselt University; Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) and transnationale Universiteit Limburg; School of Life Sciences; Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Jack Van Horssen
- Hasselt University; Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) and transnationale Universiteit Limburg; School of Life Sciences; Diepenbeek Belgium
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology; VU University Medical Center; Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Bart Van Wijmeersch
- Hasselt University; Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) and transnationale Universiteit Limburg; School of Life Sciences; Diepenbeek Belgium
- Multiple Sclerosis and Rehabilitation Center; Overpelt Belgium
| | - Raymond Hupperts
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience; Maastricht University Medical Center; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Neurology; Orbis Medical Center; Sittard The Netherlands
| | | | - Marcel M. Verbeek
- Departments of Neurology and Laboratory Medicine; Donders Centre for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour; Radboud University Medical Center; Nijmegen The Netherlands
| | - Peter P. De Deyn
- Department of Neurology; Middelheim Hospital; Antwerp Belgium
- Laboratory of Neurochemistry and Behaviour; Department of Biomedical Sciences; Institute Born Bunge; University of Antwerp; Antwerp Belgium
- Department of Neurology; University of Groningen; University Medical Center Groningen; Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Piet Stinissen
- Hasselt University; Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) and transnationale Universiteit Limburg; School of Life Sciences; Diepenbeek Belgium
| | - Veerle Somers
- Hasselt University; Biomedical Research Institute (BIOMED) and transnationale Universiteit Limburg; School of Life Sciences; Diepenbeek Belgium
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20
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Van Haren K, Tomooka BH, Kidd BA, Banwell B, Bar-Or A, Chitnis T, Tenembaum SN, Pohl D, Rostasy K, Dale RC, O'Connor KC, Hafler DA, Steinman L, Robinson WH. Serum autoantibodies to myelin peptides distinguish acute disseminated encephalomyelitis from relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2013; 19:1726-33. [PMID: 23612879 DOI: 10.1177/1352458513485653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis (RRMS) share overlapping clinical, radiologic and laboratory features at onset. Because autoantibodies may contribute to the pathogenesis of both diseases, we sought to identify autoantibody biomarkers that are capable of distinguishing them. METHODS We used custom antigen arrays to profile anti-myelin-peptide autoantibodies in sera derived from individuals with pediatric ADEM (n = 15), pediatric multiple sclerosis (Ped MS; n = 11) and adult MS (n = 15). Using isotype-specific secondary antibodies, we profiled both IgG and IgM reactivities. We used Statistical Analysis of Microarrays software to confirm the differences in autoantibody reactivity profiles between ADEM and MS samples. We used Prediction Analysis of Microarrays software to generate and validate prediction algorithms, based on the autoantibody reactivity profiles. RESULTS ADEM was characterized by IgG autoantibodies targeting epitopes derived from myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic glycoprotein, and alpha-B-crystallin. In contrast, MS was characterized by IgM autoantibodies targeting myelin basic protein, proteolipid protein, myelin-associated oligodendrocyte basic glycoprotein and oligodendrocyte-specific protein. We generated and validated prediction algorithms that distinguish ADEM serum (sensitivity 62-86%; specificity 56-79%) from MS serum (sensitivity 40-87%; specificity 62-86%) on the basis of combined IgG and IgM anti-myelin autoantibody reactivity to a small number of myelin peptides. CONCLUSIONS Combined profiles of serum IgG and IgM autoantibodies identified myelin antigens that may be useful for distinguishing MS from ADEM. Further studies are required to establish clinical utility. Further biological assays are required to delineate the pathogenic potential of these antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith Van Haren
- Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Stanford University School of Medicine, Palo Alto, CA, USA
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Darrah E, Andrade F. NETs: the missing link between cell death and systemic autoimmune diseases? Front Immunol 2013; 3:428. [PMID: 23335928 PMCID: PMC3547286 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For almost 20 years, apoptosis and secondary necrosis have been considered the major source of autoantigens and endogenous adjuvants in the pathogenic model of systemic autoimmune diseases. This focus is justified in part because initial evidence in systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) guided investigators toward the study of apoptosis, but also because other forms of cell death were unknown. To date, it is known that many other forms of cell death occur, and that they vary in their capacity to stimulate as well as inhibit the immune system. Among these, NETosis (an antimicrobial form of death in neutrophils in which nuclear material is extruded from the cell forming extracellular traps), is gaining major interest as a process that may trigger some of the immune features found in SLE, granulomatosis with polyangiitis (formerly Wegener’s granulomatosis) and Felty’s syndrome. Although there have been volumes of very compelling studies published on the role of cell death in autoimmunity, no unifying theory has been adopted nor have any successful therapeutics been developed based on this important pathway. The recent inclusion of NETosis into the pathogenic model of autoimmune diseases certainly adds novel insights into this paradigm, but also reveals a previously unappreciated level of complexity and raises many new questions. This review discusses the role of cell death in systemic autoimmune diseases with a focus on apoptosis and NETosis, highlights the current short comings in our understanding of the vast complexity of cell death, and considers the potential shift in the cell death paradigm in autoimmunity. Understanding this complexity is critical in order to develop tools to clearly define the death pathways that are active in systemic autoimmune diseases, identify drivers of disease propagation, and develop novel therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Darrah
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine Baltimore, MD, USA
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22
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Mayer MC, Meinl E. Glycoproteins as targets of autoantibodies in CNS inflammation: MOG and more. Ther Adv Neurol Disord 2013; 5:147-59. [PMID: 22590479 DOI: 10.1177/1756285611433772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
B cells and antibodies constitute an important element in different inflammatory diseases of the central nervous system (CNS). Autoantibodies can serve as a biomarker to identify disease subgroups and may in addition contribute to the pathogenic process. One candidate autoantigen for multiple sclerosis (MS) is myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). MOG is localized at the outermost surface of myelin in the CNS and has been the focus of extensive research for more than 30 years. Its role as an important autoantigen for T cells and as a target of demyelinating autoantibodies has been established in several variants of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS. The literature regarding antibodies to MOG in MS patients is confusing and contradictory. Recent studies, however, have described high levels of antibodies to conformationally correct MOG in pediatric acquired demyelination, both acute disseminated encephalomyelitis (ADEM) and MS. In adult MS, such antibodies are rarely found and then only at low levels. In this review, we summarize key findings from animal models and patient studies, discuss challenges in detecting anti-MOG antibodies in patients and present recent approaches to identifying new autoantigens in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie Cathrin Mayer
- Max Planck Institute of Neurobiology, Department of Neuroimmunology, Martinsried, Germany and Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany
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23
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Pandey S, Dioni I, Lambardi D, Real-Fernandez F, Peroni E, Pacini G, Lolli F, Seraglia R, Papini AM, Rovero P. Alpha actinin is specifically recognized by Multiple Sclerosis autoantibodies isolated using an N-glucosylated peptide epitope. Mol Cell Proteomics 2012; 12:277-82. [PMID: 23139387 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m112.017087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sophisticated approaches have recently led to the identification of novel autoantigens associated with Multiple Sclerosis (MuS), e.g. neurofascin, contactin, CNPase, and other T-cell receptor membrane anchored proteins. These putative antigens, although differing from the conventional myelin derivatives, are conceptually based on an animal model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. In this report we describe the identification of putative antigens based on their recognition by autoantibodies isolated from MuS patient serum. In a previous work from this laboratory we have shown that a peptide probe, named CSF114(Glc), specifically identifies serum autoantibodies in a subset of MuS patients, representing ∼30% of the patient population. The autoantibodies, purified from MuS patients' sera (six), through CSF114(Glc) affinity chromatography, detected three immunoreactive protein bands present in the rat brain. Proteomic analysis of the immunoreactive bands, involving MALDI and MS/MS techniques, revealed the presence of four proteins distinguishable by their mass: alpha fodrin, alpha actinin 1, creatine kinase, and CNPase. The immunoreactive profile of these rat brain proteins was compared with that of commercially available standard proteins by challenging against either CSF114(Glc) purified MuS autoantibodies, or monoclonal antibodies. Further discrimination among the rat brain proteins was provided by the following procedure: whereas monoclonal antibodies recognized all rat brain proteins, isolated MuS specific antibodies recognize only alpha actinin 1 as a putative antigen. In fact, alpha actinin 1 displayed a robust immunoreactive response against all MuS patients' sera examined, whereas the other three bands were not consistently detectable. Thus, alpha actinin 1, a cytoskeleton protein implicated in inflammatory/degenerative autoimmune diseases (lupus nephritis and autoimmune hepatitis) might be regarded as a novel MuS autoantigen, perhaps a prototypic biomarker for the inflammatory/degenerative process typical of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shashank Pandey
- Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biology, University of Florence, Via della Lastruccia 13, I-50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Italy
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Identifying autoantigens in demyelinating diseases: valuable clues to diagnosis and treatment? Curr Opin Neurol 2012; 25:231-8. [PMID: 22487571 DOI: 10.1097/wco.0b013e3283533a64] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Identification of autoantigens in demyelinating diseases is essential for the understanding of the pathogenesis. Immune responses against these antigens could be used as biomarkers for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment responses. Knowledge of antigen-specific immune responses in individual patients is also a prerequisite for antigen-based therapies. RECENT FINDINGS A proportion of patients with demyelinating disease have antibodies to aquaporin 4 (AQP4) or myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG). Patients with anti-AQP4 have the distinct clinical presentation of neuromyelitis optica (NMO), and these patients often also harbour other autoimmune responses. In contrast, anti-MOG is seen in patients with different disease entities such as childhood multiple sclerosis (MS), acute demyelinating encephalomyelitis (ADEM), anti-AQP4 negative NMO, and optic neuritis, but hardly in adult MS. A number of new candidate autoantigens have been identified and await validation. Antigen-based therapies are mainly aimed at tolerizing T-cell responses against myelin basic protein (MBP) and have shown only modest or no clinical benefit so far. SUMMARY Currently, only few patients with demyelinating diseases can be characterized based on their autoantibody profile. The most prominent antigens in this respect are MOG and AQP4. Further research has to focus on the validation of newly discovered antigens as biomarkers.
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Mayer MC, Hohlfeld R, Meinl E. Viability of autoantibody-targets: How to tackle pathogenetic heterogeneity as an obstacle for treatment of multiple sclerosis. J Neurol Sci 2012; 319:2-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2012.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2012] [Revised: 05/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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Rice CM, Sun M, Kemp K, Gray E, Wilkins A, Scolding NJ. Mitochondrial sirtuins - a new therapeutic target for repair and protection in multiple sclerosis. Eur J Neurosci 2012; 35:1887-93. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1460-9568.2012.08150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Privitera D, Corti V, Alessio M, Volontè MA, Volontè A, Lampasona V, Comi G, Martino G, Franciotta D, Furlan R, Fazio R. Proteomic identification of aldolase A as an autoantibody target in patients with atypical movement disorders. Neurol Sci 2012; 34:313-20. [PMID: 22391679 DOI: 10.1007/s10072-012-0996-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2011] [Accepted: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
We tried to identify the target/s of autoantibodies to basal ganglia neurons found in a patient with hyperkinetic movement disorders (HMD) characterized by rapid, rhythmic involuntary movements or spasms in both face and neck. Patient and control sera were used in Western blot to probe mouse brain homogenates. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE) SDS-PAGE protein spots recognized by the patient's antibodies were excised and sequenced by mass spectrometry analysis, and the glycolytic enzyme aldolase A was identified as the antigen recognized by the patient's autoantibodies. To assess relevance and specificity of these antibodies to the identified targets as biomarkers of autoimmunity in movement disorders, autoantibody responses to the identified target were then measured by ELISA in various diseases of the central nervous system. Anti-aldolase A autoantibodies were associated mainly with HMD (7/17, 41%) and Parkinson's disease (4/30, 13%) patients, and undetectable in subjects with other inflammatory and non-inflammatory central nervous system diseases. We, thus, identified aldolase A as an autoantigen in a sub-group of patients with HMD, a clinically ill-defined syndrome. Anti-aldolase A antibodies may represent a useful biomarker of autoimmunity in HMD patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Privitera
- Division of Neuroscience, Institute for Experimental Neurology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Via Olgettina 58, 20132 Milan, Italy
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Quintana FJ, Farez MF, Izquierdo G, Lucas M, Cohen IR, Weiner HL. Antigen microarrays identify CNS-produced autoantibodies in RRMS. Neurology 2012; 78:532-9. [PMID: 22262743 DOI: 10.1212/wnl.0b013e318247f9f3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is characterized by the local production of antibodies in the CNS and the presence of oligoclonal bands in the CSF. Antigen arrays allow the study of antibody reactivity against a large number of antigens using small volumes of fluid with greater sensitivity than ELISA. We investigated whether there were unique autoantibodies in the CSF of patients with MS as measured by antigen arrays and whether these antibodies differed from those in serum. METHODS We used antigen arrays to analyze the reactivity of antibodies in matched serum and CSF samples of 20 patients with untreated relapsing-remitting MS (RRMS), 26 methylprednisolone-treated patients with RRMS, and 20 control patients with other noninflammatory neurologic conditions (ONDs) against 334 different antigens including heat shock proteins, lipids, and myelin antigens. RESULTS We found different antibody signatures in matched CSF and serum samples The targets of these antibodies included epitopes of the myelin antigens CNP, MBP, MOBP, MOG, and PLP (59%), HSP60 and HSP70 (38%), and the 68-kD neurofilament (3%). The antibody response in patients with MS was heterogeneous; CSF antibodies in individual patients reacted with different autoantigens. These autoantibodies were locally synthesized in the CNS and were of the immunoglobulin G class. Finally, we found that treatment with steroids decreased autoantibody reactivity, epitope spreading, and intrathecal autoantibody synthesis. CONCLUSIONS These studies provide a new avenue to investigate the local antibody response in the CNS, which may serve as a biomarker to monitor both disease progression and response to therapy in MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- F J Quintana
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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29
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Computational analysis of high-density peptide microarray data with application from systemic sclerosis to multiple sclerosis. Autoimmun Rev 2012; 11:180-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.autrev.2011.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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30
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Evolution to carbapenem-hydrolyzing activity in noncarbapenemase class D β-lactamase OXA-10 by rational protein design. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011; 108:18424-9. [PMID: 22042844 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1110530108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Class D β-lactamases with carbapenemase activity are emerging as carbapenem-resistance determinants in gram-negative bacterial pathogens, mostly Acinetobacter baumannii and Klebsiella pneumoniae. Carbapenemase activity is an unusual feature among class D β-lactamases, and the structural elements responsible for this activity remain unclear. Based on structural and molecular dynamics data, we previously hypothesized a potential role of the residues located in the short-loop connecting strands β5 and β6 (the β5-β6 loop) in conferring the carbapenemase activity of the OXA-48 enzyme. In this work, the narrow-spectrum OXA-10 class D β-lactamase, which is unable to hydrolyze carbapenems, was used as a model to investigate the possibility of evolving carbapenemase activity by replacement of the β5-β6 loop with those present in three different lineages of class D carbapenemases (OXA-23, OXA-24, and OXA-48). Biological assays and kinetic measurements showed that all three OXA-10-derived hybrids acquired significant carbapenemase activity. Structural analysis of the OXA-10loop24 and OXA-10loop48 hybrids revealed no significant changes in the molecular fold of the enzyme, except for the orientation of the substituted β5-β6 loops, which was reminiscent of that found in their parental enzymes. These results demonstrate the crucial role of the β5-β6 loop in the carbapenemase activity of class D β-lactamases, and provide previously unexplored insights into the mechanism by which these enzymes can evolve carbapenemase activity.
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Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis in proteomics: a tutorial. J Proteomics 2011; 74:1829-41. [PMID: 21669304 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2011.05.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 05/26/2011] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Two-dimensional electrophoresis of proteins has preceded, and accompanied, the birth of proteomics. Although it is no longer the only experimental scheme used in modern proteomics, it still has distinct features and advantages. The purpose of this tutorial paper is to guide the reader through the history of the field, then through the main steps of the process, from sample preparation to in-gel detection of proteins, commenting the constraints and caveats of the technique. Then the limitations and positive features of two-dimensional electrophoresis are discussed (e.g. its unique ability to separate complete proteins and its easy interfacing with immunoblotting techniques), so that the optimal type of applications of this technique in current and future proteomics can be perceived. This is illustrated by a detailed example taken from the literature and commented in detail. This Tutorial is part of the International Proteomics Tutorial Programme (IPTP 2).
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Myllykoski M, Baumgärtel P, Kursula P. Conformations of peptides derived from myelin-specific proteins in membrane-mimetic conditions probed by synchrotron radiation CD spectroscopy. Amino Acids 2011; 42:1467-74. [PMID: 21505824 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-011-0911-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2011] [Accepted: 04/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Myelin is a tightly packed membrane multilayer in the nervous system, which harbours a specific set of quantitatively major proteins. All these proteins interact with the lipid bilayer, being either peripheral or integral membrane proteins. In this study, we examined the conformational properties of peptides from the myelin proteins P0, CNPase, MOBP, P2 and MOG, using trifluoroethanol and micelles of different detergents as membrane-like mimics. The peptides showed significant differences in their folding under the employed conditions, as evidenced by synchrotron radiation circular dichroism spectroscopy. Our experiments provide new structural information on the interactions between myelin proteins and membranes, using a simplified model system of synthetic peptides and micelles.
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Identification of antibodies as biological markers in serum from multiple sclerosis patients by immunoproteomic approach. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 233:175-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Revised: 11/01/2010] [Accepted: 11/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Menon KN, Steer DL, Short M, Petratos S, Smith I, Bernard CCA. A novel unbiased proteomic approach to detect the reactivity of cerebrospinal fluid in neurological diseases. Mol Cell Proteomics 2011; 10:M110.000042. [PMID: 21421798 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m110.000042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as multiple sclerosis represent global health issues. Accordingly, there is an urgent need to understand the pathogenesis of this and other central nervous system disorders, so that more effective therapeutics can be developed. Cerebrospinal fluid is a potential source of important reporter molecules released from various cell types as a result of central nervous system pathology. Here, we report the development of an unbiased approach for the detection of reactive cerebrospinal fluid molecules and target brain proteins from patients with multiple sclerosis. To help identify molecules that may serve as clinical biomarkers for multiple sclerosis, we have biotinylated proteins present in the cerebrospinal fluid and tested their reactivity against brain homogenate as well as myelin and myelin-axolemmal complexes. Proteins were separated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, blotted onto membranes and probed separately with biotinylated unprocessed cerebrospinal fluid samples. Protein spots that reacted to two or more multiple sclerosis-cerebrospinal fluids were further analyzed by matrix assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight time-of-flight mass spectrometry. In addition to previously reported proteins found in multiple sclerosis cerebrospinal fluid, such as αβ crystallin, enolase, and 14-3-3-protein, we have identified several additional molecules involved in mitochondrial and energy metabolism, myelin gene expression and/or cytoskeletal organization. These include aspartate aminotransferase, cyclophilin-A, quaking protein, collapsin response mediator protein-2, ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1, and cofilin. To further validate these findings, the cellular expression pattern of collapsin response mediator protein-2 and ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 were investigated in human chronic-active MS lesions by immunohistochemistry. The observation that in multiple sclerosis lesions phosphorylated collapsin response mediator protein-2 was increased, whereas Ubiquitin carboxy-terminal hydrolase L1 was down-regulated, not only highlights the importance of these molecules in the pathology of this disease, but also illustrates the use of our approach in attempting to decipher the complex pathological processes leading to multiple sclerosis and other neurodegenerative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krishnakumar N Menon
- Monash Immunology and Stem Cell Laboratories, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.
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Farinazzo A, Gini B, Milli A, Ruffini F, Marconi S, Turano E, Anghileri E, Barbieri F, Cecconi D, Furlan R, Bonetti B. 2D immunomic approach for the study of IgG autoantibodies in the experimental model of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2011; 232:63-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2010] [Revised: 09/14/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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The experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis model for proteomic biomarker studies: from rat to human. Clin Chim Acta 2011; 412:812-22. [PMID: 21333641 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2011.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 02/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MScl) is defined by central nervous system (CNS) inflammation, demyelination and axonal damage. Some of the disease mechanisms are known but the cause of this complex disorder stays an enigma. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model mimicking many aspects of MScl. This review aims to provide an overview over proteomic biomarker studies in the EAE model emphasizing the translational aspects with respect to MScl in humans.
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A case for regulatory B cells in controlling the severity of autoimmune-mediated inflammation in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis and multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2010; 230:1-9. [PMID: 21145597 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2010.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2010] [Revised: 10/28/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered to be a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease that results in the presence of inflammatory lesions/plaques associated with mononuclear cell infiltrates, demyelination and axonal damage within the central nervous system (CNS). To date, FDA approved therapies in MS are thought to largely function by modulation of the immune response. Since autoimmune responses require many arms of the immune system, the direct cellular mechanisms of action of MS therapeutics are not definitively known. The mouse model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), has been instrumental in deciphering the mechanism of action of MS drugs. In addition, EAE has been widely used to study the contribution of individual components of the immune system in CNS autoimmunity. In this regard, the role of B cells in EAE has been studied in mice deficient in B cells due to genetic ablation and following depletion with a B cell-targeted monoclonal antibody (mAb) (anti-CD20). Both strategies have indicated that B cells regulate the extent of EAE clinical disease and in their absence disease is exacerbated. Thus a new population of "regulatory B cells" has emerged. One reoccurring component of regulatory B cell function is the production of IL-10, a pleiotropic cytokine with potent anti-inflammatory properties. B cell depletion has also indicated that B cells, in particular antibody production, play a pathogenic role in EAE. B cell depletion in MS using a mAb to CD20 (rituximab) has shown promising results. In this review, we will discuss the current thinking on the role of B cells in MS drawing from knowledge gained in EAE studies and clinical trials using therapeutics that target B cells.
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Mutational analysis of VIM-2 reveals an essential determinant for metallo-beta-lactamase stability and folding. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2010; 54:3197-204. [PMID: 20498317 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01336-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL)-producing bacteria are emerging worldwide and represent a formidable threat to the efficacy of relevant beta-lactams, including carbapenems, expanded-spectrum cephalosporins, and beta-lactamase inactivator/beta-lactam combinations. VIM-2 is currently the most widespread MBL and represents a primary target for MBL inhibitor research, the clinical need for which is expected to further increase in the future. Using a saturation mutagenesis approach, we probed the importance of four residues (Phe-61, Ala-64, Tyr-67, and Trp-87) located close to the VIM-2 active site and putatively relevant to the enzyme activity based on structural knowledge of the enzyme and on structure-activity relationships of the subclass B1 MBLs. The ampicillin MIC values shown by the various mutants were affected very differently depending on the randomized amino acid position. Position 64 appeared to be rather tolerant to substitution, and kinetic studies showed that the A64W mutation did not significantly affect substrate hydrolysis or binding, representing an important difference from IMP-type enzymes. Phe-61 and Tyr-67 could be replaced with several amino acids without the ampicillin MIC being significantly affected, but in contrast, Trp-87 was found to be critical for ampicillin resistance. Further kinetic and biochemical analyses of W87A and W87F variants showed that this residue is apparently important for the structure and proper folding of the enzyme but, surprisingly, not for its catalytic activity. These data support the critical role of residue 87 in the stability and folding of VIM-2 and might have strong implications for MBL inhibitor design, as this residue would represent an ideal target for interaction with small molecules.
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Meinl E, Derfuss T, Linington C. Identifying targets for autoantibodies in CNS inflammation: Strategies and achievements. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1759-1961.2009.00006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Constantin G, Marconi S, Rossi B, Angiari S, Calderan L, Anghileri E, Gini B, Bach SD, Martinello M, Bifari F, Galiè M, Turano E, Budui S, Sbarbati A, Krampera M, Bonetti B. Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate chronic experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Stem Cells 2010; 27:2624-35. [PMID: 19676124 DOI: 10.1002/stem.194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 281] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent a promising therapeutic approach for neurological autoimmune diseases; previous studies have shown that treatment with bone marrow-derived MSCs induces immune modulation and reduces disease severity in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. Here we show that intravenous administration of adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) before disease onset significantly reduces the severity of EAE by immune modulation and decreases spinal cord inflammation and demyelination. ASCs preferentially home into lymphoid organs but also migrates inside the central nervous system (CNS). Most importantly, administration of ASCs in chronic established EAE significantly ameliorates the disease course and reduces both demyelination and axonal loss, and induces a Th2-type cytokine shift in T cells. Interestingly, a relevant subset of ASCs expresses activated alpha 4 integrins and adheres to inflamed brain venules in intravital microscopy experiments. Bioluminescence imaging shows that alpha 4 integrins control ASC accumulation in inflamed CNS. Importantly, we found that ASC cultures produce basic fibroblast growth factor, brain-derived growth factor, and platelet-derived growth factor-AB. Moreover, ASC infiltration within demyelinated areas is accompanied by increased number of endogenous oligodendrocyte progenitors. In conclusion, we show that ASCs have clear therapeutic potential by a bimodal mechanism, by suppressing the autoimmune response in early phases of disease as well as by inducing local neuroregeneration by endogenous progenitors in animals with established disease. Overall, our data suggest that ASCs represent a valuable tool for stem cell-based therapy in chronic inflammatory diseases of the CNS.
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Myllykoski M, Kursula P. Expression, purification, and initial characterization of different domains of recombinant mouse 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase, an enigmatic enzyme from the myelin sheath. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:12. [PMID: 20180985 PMCID: PMC2843729 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2009] [Accepted: 01/21/2010] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background 2',3'-cyclic nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase (CNPase) is an enigmatic enzyme specifically expressed at high levels in the vertebrate myelin sheath, whose function and physiological substrates are unknown. The protein consists of two domains: an uncharacterized N-terminal domain with little homology to other proteins, and a C-terminal phosphodiesterase domain. Findings In order to be able to fully characterize CNPase structurally and functionally, we have set up expression systems for different domains of CNPase, using a total of 18 different expression constructs. CNPase was expressed in E. coli with a TEV-cleavable His-tag. Enzymatic activity assays indicated that the purified proteins were active and correctly folded. The folding of both the full-length protein, as well as the N- and C-terminal domains, was also studied by synchrotron CD spectroscopy. A thermal shift assay was used to optimize buffer compositions to be used during purification and storage. The assay also indicated that CNPase was most stable at a pH of 5.5, and could be significantly stabilized by high salt concentrations. Conclusions We have been able to express and purify recombinantly several different domains of CNPase, including the isolated N-terminal domain, which is folded mainly into a β-sheet structure. The expression system can be used as an efficient tool to elucidate the role of CNPase in the myelin sheath.
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Cauwe B, Martens E, Proost P, Opdenakker G. Multidimensional degradomics identifies systemic autoantigens and intracellular matrix proteins as novel gelatinase B/MMP-9 substrates. Integr Biol (Camb) 2009; 1:404-26. [PMID: 20023747 DOI: 10.1039/b904701h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The action radius of matrix metalloproteinases or MMPs is not restricted to massive extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation, it extends to the proteolysis of numerous secreted and membrane-bound proteins. Although many instances exist in which cells disintegrate, often in conjunction with induction of MMPs, the intracellular MMP substrate repertoire or degradome remains relatively unexplored. We started an unbiased exploration of the proteolytic modification of intracellular proteins by MMPs, using gelatinase B/MMP-9 as a model enzyme. To this end, multidimensional degradomics technology was developed by the integration of broadly available biotechniques. In this way, 100-200 MMP-9 candidate substrates were isolated, of which 69 were identified. Integration of these results with the known biological functions of the substrates revealed many novel MMP-9 substrates from the intracellular matrix (ICM), such as actin, tubulin, gelsolin, moesin, ezrin, Arp2/3 complex subunits, filamin B and stathmin. About 2/3 of the identified candidates were autoantigens described in multiple autoimmune conditions and in cancer (e.g. annexin I, nucleolin, citrate synthase, HMGB1, alpha-enolase, histidyl-tRNA synthetase, HSP27, HSC70, HSP90, snRNP D3). These findings led to the insight that MMPs and other proteases may have novel (immuno)regulatory properties by the clearance of toxic and immunogenic burdens of abundant ICM proteins released after extensive necrosis. In line with the extracellular processing of organ-specific autoantigens, proteolysis might also assist in the generation of immunodominant 'neo-epitopes' from systemic autoantigens. The study of proteolysis of ICM molecules, autoantigens, alarmins and other crucial intracellular molecules may result in the discovery of novel roles for proteolytic modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bénédicte Cauwe
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Laboratory of Immunobiology, Rega Institute for Medical Research, University of Leuven, Minderbroedersstraat 10, Leuven, Belgium
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