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Grossmann T, Kirsch A, Gerstenberger C, Steffan B, Gugatschka M. Describing the Cellular Impact of IQOS™ Smoke Extract and Vibration on Human Vocal Fold Fibroblasts. J Voice 2024:S0892-1997(24)00135-8. [PMID: 38705740 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2024.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2024] [Revised: 04/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/10/2024] [Indexed: 05/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The isolated or combined effects of vibration and smoke extract (SE) from the IQOS™ "heat-not-burn" technology on human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF) were evaluated in an in vitro setting in order to elucidate their influence on vocal fold (patho-) physiology. STUDY DESIGN Experimental pilot study using intervention with IQOS™-SE in vitro. METHODS Immortalized hVFF were exposed to IQOS™-SE or control medium under static or vibrational conditions. A phonomimetic bioreactor was used to deliver vibrational patterns to hVFF over a period of 5days. Cytotoxicity was quantified by lactate dehydrogenase assay. Effects on extracellular matrix production, inflammation, fibrogenesis, and angiogenesis were assessed by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blot, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and Magnetic Luminex assays. RESULTS We observed significant changes induced either by IQOS™-SE exposure alone (matrix metalloproteinase 1, fibronectin, cyclooxygenase (COX)1, interleukin-8 gene expression), or by the combination of IQOS™-SE and vibration (hyaluronidase 2, COX2, interleukin-8 protein levels, vascular endothelial growth factor D). CONCLUSION Short-term in vitro exposure of hVFF to IQOS™-SE did not result in cytotoxicity and reduced the gene expression of measured inflammation mediators, but had no effect on their protein expression. However, the clinical effects of long-term IQOS™ use are still not known and further research is needed in order to assess, if IQOS™ is in fact less harmful than conventional cigarettes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grossmann
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.
| | - Andrijana Kirsch
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claus Gerstenberger
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Steffan
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Gugatschka
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital Graz, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Hirano S, Inufusa H, You F. The Effect of Oxidative Stress on the Human Voice. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2604. [PMID: 38473848 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25052604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The vocal fold vibrates in high frequency to create voice sound. The vocal fold has a sophisticated histological "layered structure" that enables such vibration. As the vibration causes fricative damage to the mucosa, excessive voicing can cause inflammation or injury to the mucosa. Chronic inflammation or repeated injury to the vocal fold occasionally induces scar formation in the mucosa, which can result in severe dysphonia, which is difficult to treat. Oxidative stress has been proven to be an important factor in aggravating the injury, which can lead to scarring. It is important to avoid excessive oxidative stress during the wound healing period. Excessive accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) has been found in the injured vocal folds of rats during the early phase of wound healing. Antioxidants proved to be useful in preventing the accumulation of ROS during the period with less scar formation in the long-term results. Oxidative stress is also revealed to contribute to aging of the vocal fold, in which the mucosa becomes thin and stiff with a reduction in vibratory capacity. The aged voice can be characterized as weak and breathy. It has been confirmed that ROS gradually increases in rat vocal fold mucosa with age, which may cause further damage to the vocal fold. Antioxidants have also proved effective in avoiding aging of the vocal fold in rat models. Recently, human trials have shown significant effects of the antioxidant Twendee X for maintaining the voice of professional opera singers. In conclusion, it is suggested that oxidative stress has a great impact on the damage or deterioration of the vocal folds, and the use of antioxidants is effective for preventing damage of the vocal fold and maintaining the voice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shigeru Hirano
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, 465 Kajii-cho, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto 602-8566, Japan
| | - Haruhiko Inufusa
- Division of Antioxidant Research, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
| | - Fukka You
- Division of Antioxidant Research, Gifu University, Gifu 501-1194, Japan
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3
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Kirsch A, Grossmann T, Steffan B, Groselj-Strele A, Gerstenberger C, Gugatschka M. Vocal fold fibroblasts and exposure to vibration in vitro: Does sex matter? PLoS One 2024; 19:e0297168. [PMID: 38335206 PMCID: PMC10857603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0297168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that certain vocal fold pathologies are more common in one sex than the other. This is often explained by differences in the composition of the lamina propria and anatomical differences between female and male vocal folds, resulting in e.g. different fundamental frequencies. Here, we investigated a potential sex-specific voice frequency effect in an in vitro setting using vocal fold fibroblasts from one male and one female donor with and without cigarette smoke extract (CSE) addition. After exposure to either male or female vibration frequency with or without CSE, cells and supernatants were harvested. Gene and protein analysis were performed by means of qPCR, western blot, ELISA and Luminex. We found that exposure of cells to both male and female vibration pattern did not elicit significant changes in the expression of extracellular matrix-, inflammation-, and fibrosis-related genes, compared to control cells. The addition of CSE to vibration downregulated the gene expression of COL1A1 in cells exposed to the female vibration pattern, as well as induced MMP1 and PTGS2 in cells exposed to both female and male vibration pattern. The protein expression of MMP1 and COX2 was found to be significantly upregulated only in cells exposed to CSE and female vibration pattern. To conclude, different vibration patterns alone did not cause different responses of the cells. However, the female vibration pattern in combination with CSE had a tendency to elicit/maintain more pro-inflammatory responses in cells than the male vibration pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrijana Kirsch
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Grossmann
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Barbara Steffan
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Groselj-Strele
- Core Facility Computational Bioanalytics, Center for Medical Research, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Claus Gerstenberger
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Gugatschka
- Division of Phoniatrics, ENT University Hospital, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Kim HB, Park YS, Lee JE, Han KD, Park YH. Study on relationship between self-recognition of voice disorder and mental health status: Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. J Affect Disord 2023; 338:482-486. [PMID: 37247786 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2023.05.082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The voice has been thought to be associated with emotions, but conducting large-scale research on this relationship has some limitations. To overcome these limitations, questionnaires have been utilized as a research tool. METHODS A population-based cross-sectional study was done. A total of 15,977 participants completed questionnaires regarding self-recognition of voice disorder (SRVD), and mental health status. RESULTS 1053(6.6 %) participants answered that they had SRVD. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazard model, psychological stress (Hazard ratio (HR) = 1.371, 95 % confidence interval (CI) = 1.154-1.629), depressive symptoms (HR = 1.626, 95 % CI = 1.323-1.997), suicidal ideation (HR = 1.739, 95 % CI = 1.418-2.133), and suicide attempt (HR =2.206, 95 % CI = 1.067-4.56) were all associated with SRVD. In SRVD lasting over three weeks, psychological stress (HR = 1.604, 95 % CI = 1.278-2.014), depressive symptoms (HR = 1.807, 95 % CI = 1.384-2.36), and suicidal ideation (HR = 2.073, 95 % CI = 1.587-2.709) were also significant factors. As the number of mental health problems increased, the odds ratio of both SRVD (OR = 2.49, 95 % CI = 1.839-3.37) and SRVD lasting over three weeks (OR = 3.254, 95 % CI = 2.242-4.725) increased, respectively. LIMITATIONS SRVD and mental health status were judged only by simple questionnaires. Cross-sectional design and retrospective data could not draw causal relationships. CONCLUSIONS SRVD and SRVD lasting over three weeks had a significant relationship with mental health status, including psychological stress, depressive symptoms, and suicidal ideation. There is a need to consider psychiatric treatment for individuals who visit hospitals with voice disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun-Bum Kim
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Youn-Sun Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju-Eun Lee
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyung-Do Han
- Department of Statistics and Actuarial Science, Soongsil University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Hak Park
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Steffan B, Grossmann T, Grill M, Kirsch A, Groselj-Strele A, Gugatschka M. Comparing Effects of Short- and Long-Term Exposure of Cigarette Smoke Extract on Human Vocal Fold Fibroblasts. J Voice 2023:S0892-1997(23)00243-6. [PMID: 37696688 DOI: 10.1016/j.jvoice.2023.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To explore the effects of short- and long-term cigarette smoke extract (CSE) stimulation on the expression of extracellular matrix (ECM) components and inflammatory cytokines in an in vitro model for studying Reinke's edema using human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF). STUDY DESIGN Experimental pilot study using intervention with CSE in vitro. METHODS Immortalized hVFF were pretreated with 5% CSE or control medium over a period of 2 or 8 weeks, followed by a final 3-day incubation time. We evaluated cell proliferation and examined gene and protein expression of control- and CSE-treated cells using quantitative polymerase chain reaction, Western Blot and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Cell numbers of CSE-treated hVFF strongly decreased after 8 weeks and limited the overall duration of the experiment. We observed significant upregulations in gene expression and protein levels of inflammatory markers (cyclooxygenase COX1, COX2) and ECM components (decorin, matrix metalloproteinase 1, transglutaminase 2, gremlin 2) induced by CSE after 2 and 8 weeks. Interleukin 1 receptor 1, prostaglandin I2 synthase, collagen- and hyaluronan-related gene expression showed minor upregulations. The majority of the observed genes were similarly regulated at both time points. However, the CSE-induced mRNA level of COX1 was ablated after 8 weeks. CONCLUSION Long-term treatment did not yield results significantly different from the short-term protocol. Therefore, we propose that prolonged CSE exposure is not superior to short-term settings, which save both time and materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Steffan
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Grossmann
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria.
| | - Magdalena Grill
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrijana Kirsch
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
| | - Andrea Groselj-Strele
- Center for Medical Research, Computational Bioanalytics, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Markus Gugatschka
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria
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Martinez JD, Easwaran M, Ramirez D, Erickson-DiRenzo E. Effects of Electronic (E)-cigarette Vapor and Cigarette Smoke in Cultured Vocal Fold Fibroblasts. Laryngoscope 2023; 133:139-146. [PMID: 35213064 DOI: 10.1002/lary.30073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The public use of electronic-cigarettes (e-cigs) is rapidly growing. When heated, e-cigs produce a vapor that is inhaled. The vocal folds are among the first tissues exposed to this insult. However, the impact of e-cigs on vocal fold health is almost entirely unknown. Our objective was to evaluate the effects of e-cig vapor on cultured human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs), the primary cell type of the lamina propria. We compared the cellular effects of e-cig vapor without and with nicotine and conventional cigarette smoke. STUDY DESIGN In vitro. METHODS E-cig vapor extract (EVE) and cigarette smoke extract (CSE) were created by bubbling vapor and smoke, respectively, into the cell culture medium. hVFFs were exposed to EVE without or with nicotine or CSE for 24 hours. Untreated cells were used as a control group. Cells were harvested, and cytotoxicity, extracellular matrix and inflammatory gene expression, and DNA damage were assessed. RESULTS Undiluted EVE without and with nicotine reduced the viability of hVFFs to a cytotoxic level. CSE reduced hVFFs viability to a greater extent than EVE and induced DNA damage as measured by DNA double-strand breaks. No changes in gene expression were observed following EVE or CSE exposure. CONCLUSION EVE induces cytotoxicity in hVFFs. However, cellular responses were greater following exposure to CSE, suggesting cigarette smoke may induce more harm, at least in the short term. Findings from this investigation improve our understanding of responses of hVFFs to e-cigs and form the basis for an in vitro methodology to study the vocal fold responses to these products. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE NA Laryngoscope, 133:139-146, 2023.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Martinez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Meena Easwaran
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Daniel Ramirez
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
| | - Elizabeth Erickson-DiRenzo
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, U.S.A
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Bowen AJ, Ekbom DC, Hunter D, Voss S, Bartemes K, Mearns‐Spragg A, Oldenburg MS, San‐Marina S. Larynx proteomics after jellyfish collagen
IL
: Increased
ECM
/collagen and suppressed inflammation. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1513-1520. [PMID: 36258863 PMCID: PMC9575076 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 08/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives/Hypothesis Compare proteomic profiles of rabbit vocal folds (VFs) injected with micronized cross‐linked jellyfish collagen “collagen Type 0” (MX‐JC) against two clinical products for injection medialization laryngoplasty (IL). Study Design Animal model. Methods Left recurrent laryngeal nerve sectioning and IL were performed in New Zealand White rabbits (N = 6/group). Group 1 received (MX‐JC) and adipose‐derived stem cells (ADSCs), Group 2, MX‐JC alone; Group 3, cross‐linked hyaluronic acid; and Group 4, micronized acellular dermis. Animals were sacrificed at 4 and 12 weeks. Proteomic profiling of injected versus noninjected VFs by nano‐liquid chromatography, tandem mass spectrometry, and reactome gene ontology analysis was performed. Results Overall, 37–61 proteins were found to be upregulated and 60–284 downregulated in injected versus non‐injected VFs (>1.5 fold, false discovery rate‐adjusted p < .05). Over‐representation analysis (% of total) revealed top up‐regulated pathways at 4 and 12 weeks, respectively: Group 1, keratan sulfate metabolism (46%) and cellular processes (29%); Group 2, extracellular matrix (ECM)/collagen processes (33%) and beta oxidation (39%); Group 3, cellular processes (50%) and energy metabolism (100%); and Group 4, keratan sulfate metabolism (31%) and inflammation (50%). Top downregulated pathways were: Group 1, Inflammation (36%) and glucose/citric acid metabolism (42%); Group 2, cell signaling (38%) and glucose/citric acid metabolism (35%); Group 3, keratan sulfate metabolism (31%) and ECM/collagen processes (48%); and Group 4, glucose/citric acid metabolism (33%) and ECM/collagen processes (43%). Conclusions MX‐JC “collagen Type 0” upregulates pathways related to ECM/collagen formation and downregulates pathways related to inflammation suggesting that it is promising biomaterial for IL. Level of Evidence NA
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Móz LES, Martins RHG, Lapa RML, Villacis RAR, Dos Reis PP, Rogatto SR. DNA rare copy number alterations in Reinke’s Edema. Braz J Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 89:279-284. [PMID: 36243603 PMCID: PMC10071534 DOI: 10.1016/j.bjorl.2022.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Revised: 07/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Reinke's Edema (RE) is a laryngeal lesion related to excessive tobacco smoking, voice overuse, and laryngopharyngeal reflux. Although the risk of malignancy has been considered low in literature, RE is classified among precancerous lesions. OBJECTIVES We investigated DNA Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) in specimens of RE and its potential association with malignant progression. METHODS We used array-based comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH, Agilent 4 × 180 K platform) to study eight RE cases. All patients were heavy tobacco users for at least 30 years, and none of them progressed to cancer in the follow-up (>8 years). Two RE presented mild dysplasia, one moderate dysplasia, and no histological alterations were found in the remaining five cases. CNAs were compared with the Database of Genomic Variants (DGV) and genes mapped on altered regions had their functions annotated. RESULTS Six of eight patients showed different rare copy number alterations on chromosomes 2q37.3, 4q13.1, 4q13.3, 7q11.22, 10p14, and 13q34. A gain of the whole chromosome 8 were detected in one case. Of interest, four of eight RE cases showed copy number imbalances involving genes previously described in several tumor types (RASA3, COL6A3, LINC00707, LINP1, SMR3A, and SMR3B). CONCLUSION The genomic imbalances herein found in RE have the potential to contribute to the phenotype but with limited or no risk of cancer. A long-term follow-up in a large series of patients could clarify the mechanisms involved in the malignant progression of RE. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Eduardo Silva Móz
- Faculdade de Ciências Médicas da Santa Casa de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil; São Camilo Oncologia
| | - Regina Helena Garcia Martins
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Especialidades Cirúrgicas e Anestesiologia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil.
| | - Rainer Marco Lopez Lapa
- National University Toribio Rodríguez de Mendoza of Amazonas, Institute of Livestock and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Molecular Physiology, Chachapoyas, Peru
| | - Rolando André Rios Villacis
- Universidade de Brasília (UnB), Instituto de Ciências Biológicas, Departamento de Genética e Morfologia, Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Patricia Pintor Dos Reis
- Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), Faculdade de Medicina, Departamento de Cirurgia e Ortopedia, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Regina Rogatto
- University Hospital of Southern Denmark, Department of Clinical Genetics, Vejle, Denmark; University of Southern Denmark, Institute of Regional Health Research, Odense, Denmark.
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Grigaliute E, Fiamingo MN, Albanese PG, La Mantia I. Phonosurgery of Reinke's edema with microdebrider. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2022; 279:4053-4059. [PMID: 35403885 PMCID: PMC9249694 DOI: 10.1007/s00405-022-07377-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To present our experience with a new microsurgical approach for treatment of the Reinke's edema in suspension laryngoscopy-microdebridement. After a short review of existing literature we introduce speech therapy before and after the surgery into the protocol. METHODS The authors compare the phonatory outcome, laryngostroboscopical results and subjective improvement of the voice of 30 patients with Reinke's edema that were operated with either microdebridement or cold steel surgery techniques. "Sandwich" speech therapy strategy was applied for the vocal rehabilitation before and after surgery in both patient groups. RESULTS After the microdebridement and the speech therapy the mucosal wave was regular, symmetric and periodic in all patients. No signs of abnormal scar tissue or anterior adhesions were observed. Significant improvement of vocal parameters was found after the surgery in both groups of patients: operated with the microdebridement technique and the cold steel technique. The subjective voice evaluated by Voice Handicap Index (VHI-10) was improved for both patient groups in a homogenous way. CONCLUSIONS Based on the similarity of the vocal outcome in the two groups, microdebridement of the vocal folds is an excellent method for removing the edema of the Reinke's space. Careful suction at a low voltage protects the lamina propria during the microdebridement. The authors discuss the indication to this innovating procedure in patients with difficult laryngeal exposure and small operating field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Egle Grigaliute
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 14, 95125, Catania, Italy.
| | - Maria Novella Fiamingo
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 14, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | | | - Ignazio La Mantia
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, University of Catania, Via S.Sofia 14, 95125, Catania, Italy
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10
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Dewan K, Chhetri DK, Hoffman H. Reinke's edema management and voice outcomes. Laryngoscope Investig Otolaryngol 2022; 7:1042-1050. [PMID: 36000026 PMCID: PMC9392404 DOI: 10.1002/lio2.840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives Reinke's edema is a chronic disease of the respiratory tract that occurs in adults with a history of chronic smoke exposure. Also known as polypoid corditis, polypoid laryngitis, and polypoid degeneration of the vocal fold, it is strongly associated with smoking, frequently with vocal misuse/abuse, and occasionally with laryngopharyngeal reflux. Reinke's edema remains a cause of chronic dysphonia that is difficult to manage. This review provides perspectives on current and future management of Reinke's edema. Results Reinke's edema impacts <1% of the population. The excessive mass is seen in polypoid degeneration results in a loss of pitch control and a rough voice. Women are more likely to present for treatment as the characteristic lowering of vocal pitch is more noticeable in women than men. Multiple grading systems have been proposed within the literature. The current standard of care is surgical excision, after smoking cessation. The microflap technique remains the approach of choice for bulky lesions. Surgical management of Reinke's edema has evolved with the introduction of various lasers into otolaryngologic practice; some which can now be used in the office setting. While many management approaches have been described within the literature, there is a little direct comparison and no obvious superior method of Reinke's edema management. Conclusion To date, the biology of Reinke's edema is not well understood. Additional research is needed further elucidate the role of uncontrolled reflux in the development and recurrence of Reinke's edema.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karuna Dewan
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery Louisiana State University Shreveport Louisiana USA
| | - Dinesh K. Chhetri
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles Los Angeles California USA
| | - Henry Hoffman
- Department of Otolaryngology—Head and Neck Surgery University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics Iowa City Iowa USA
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11
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do Nascimento NC, Dos Santos AP, Mohallem R, Aryal UK, Xie J, Cox A, Sivasankar MP. Furosemide-induced systemic dehydration alters the proteome of rabbit vocal folds. J Proteomics 2022; 252:104431. [PMID: 34823036 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2021.104431] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/08/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Whole-body dehydration (i.e., systemic dehydration) leads to vocal fold tissue dehydration. Furosemide, a common diuretic prescribed to treat hypertension and edema-associated conditions, induces systemic dehydration. Furosemide also causes voice changes in human speakers, making this method of systemic dehydration particularly interesting for vocal fold dehydration studies. Our objective was to obtain a comprehensive proteome of vocal folds following furosemide-induced systemic dehydration. New Zealand White rabbits were used as the animal model and randomly assigned to euhydrated (control) or furosemide-dehydrated groups. Systemic dehydration, induced by injectable furosemide, was verified by an average body weight loss of -5.5% and significant percentage changes in blood analytes in the dehydrated rabbits compared to controls. Vocal fold specimens, including mucosa and muscle, were processed for proteomic analysis using label-free quantitation LC-MS/MS. Over 1600 proteins were successfully identified across all vocal fold samples; and associated with a variety of cellular components and ubiquitous cell functions. Protein levels were compared between groups showing 32 proteins differentially regulated (p ≤ 0.05) in the dehydrated vocal folds. These are mainly involved with mitochondrial translation and metabolism. The downregulation of proteins involved in mitochondrial metabolism in the vocal folds suggests a mechanism to prevent oxidative stress associated with systemic dehydration. SIGNIFICANCE: Voice disorders affect different population demographics worldwide with one in 13 adults in the United States reporting voice problems annually. Vocal fold systemic hydration is clinically recognized for preventing and treating voice problems and depends on optimal body hydration primarily achieved by water intake. Herein, we use the rabbit as a translatable animal model, and furosemide as a translatable method of systemic dehydration, to reveal a comprehensive proteomic profile of vocal fold mucosa and muscle in response to systemic dehydration. The significant subset of proteins differentially regulated due to furosemide-induced dehydration offer novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of systemic dehydration in the vocal folds. These findings also deepen our understanding of changes to tissue biology after diuretic administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Cannes do Nascimento
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States.
| | - Andrea Pires Dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States
| | - Rodrigo Mohallem
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States; Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States
| | - Uma K Aryal
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States; Purdue Proteomics Facility, Bindley Bioscience Center, Discovery Park, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States
| | - Jun Xie
- Department of Statistics, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States
| | - M Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette 47907, IN, United States
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Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from Fine Particulate Matter Induce Oxidative Stress and the Inflammatory Response in Human Vocal Fold Fibroblast Cells. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:5530390. [PMID: 34394826 PMCID: PMC8357466 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5530390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are toxicants in particulate matter (PM). The vocal fold, part of the larynx and a key structure for voicing, is always in contact with air. In recent epidemic studies, PM was shown to cause laryngitis; however, the basic mechanism has not been evaluated. In the present study, intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) and proinflammatory cytokine levels were analyzed after exposing human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFFs) to PM standard reference material (SRM 2786). Expression levels of the aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AhR) and Cytochrome P450 Family 1 Subfamily A Member 1 (CYP1A1) were also evaluated. PM induced ROS formation and proinflammatory cytokines via the AhR CYP1A1 pathway and caused lipid peroxidation and DNA damage. Blocking AhR or CYP1A1 production using siRNAs significantly decreased ROS production and IL-6 and IL-9 expression in PM-exposed hVFFs, thus protecting the cells against oxidative stress. These results confirm that PAHs in PM play an important role in cell damage and inflammation, confirming a basic pathophysiologic relationship between PM exposure and laryngitis.
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Grill M, Lazzeri I, Kirsch A, Steurer N, Grossmann T, Karbiener M, Heitzer E, Gugatschka M. Vocal Fold Fibroblasts in Reinke's Edema Show Alterations Involved in Extracellular Matrix Production, Cytokine Response and Cell Cycle Control. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070735. [PMID: 34206882 PMCID: PMC8301432 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2021] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The voice disorder Reinke’s edema (RE) is a smoking- and voice-abuse associated benign lesion of the vocal folds, defined by an edema of the Reinke’s space, accompanied by pathological microvasculature changes and immune cell infiltration. Vocal fold fibroblasts (VFF) are the main cell type of the lamina propria and play a key role in the disease progression. Current therapy is restricted to symptomatic treatment. Hence, there is an urgent need for a better understanding of the molecular causes of the disease. In the present study, we investigated differential expression profiles of RE and control VFF by means of RNA sequencing. In addition, fast gene set enrichment analysis (FGSEA) was performed in order to obtain involved biological processes, mRNA and protein levels of targets of interest were further evaluated. We identified 74 differentially regulated genes in total, 19 of which were upregulated and 55 downregulated. Differential expression analysis and FGSEA revealed upregulated genes and pathways involved in extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling, inflammation and fibrosis. Downregulated genes and pathways were involved in ECM degradation, cell cycle control and proliferation. The current study addressed for the first time a direct comparison of VFF from RE to control and evaluated immediate functional consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Grill
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.G.); (N.S.); (T.G.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Isaac Lazzeri
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Andrijana Kirsch
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.G.); (N.S.); (T.G.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Nina Steurer
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.G.); (N.S.); (T.G.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Tanja Grossmann
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.G.); (N.S.); (T.G.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
| | - Michael Karbiener
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.G.); (N.S.); (T.G.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
- Global Pathogen Safety, Baxter AG, (part of Takeda), 1220 Vienna, Austria
| | - Ellen Heitzer
- Institute of Human Genetics, Diagnostic & Research Center for Molecular BioMedicine, Medical University of Graz, 8010 Graz, Austria; (I.L.); (E.H.)
| | - Markus Gugatschka
- Division of Phoniatrics, Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Medical University of Graz, 8036 Graz, Austria; (M.G.); (N.S.); (T.G.); (M.K.); (M.G.)
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14
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[Molecular laryngology : A new chapter in the understanding of laryngeal diseases]. HNO 2021; 69:695-704. [PMID: 33822268 PMCID: PMC8413179 DOI: 10.1007/s00106-021-01016-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite considerable advances in laryngological research, there is still a plethora of (benign) vocal fold pathologies that cannot be treated causally. This is due to the limited accessibility and sensitive microarchitecture of the vocal folds, which cannot be investigated at a cellular level. Consequently, current pathophysiological knowledge is frequently based on macroscopic findings. The impact of interventions is mainly evaluated endoscopically or via indirect diagnostic methods. OBJECTIVE The aim of this article is to discuss state-of-the-art biotechnological methods used in laryngological research, illustrated by practical examples. RESULTS In recent years, animal and in vitro experiments have significantly contributed to a continuous expansion of knowledge in this field, particularly regarding vocal fold inflammation and scar formation. Vocal fold fibroblasts, the most important cellular component of the lamina propria, can be accredited a central role in these processes. CONCLUSION Our knowledge regarding macroanatomy and macropathophysiology of several pathologies has increased considerably in recent years. In vitro trials have shown, e.g., that vocal fold fibroblasts in an inflammatory setting secrete less profibrotic and proinflammatory cytokines when exposed to vibration. Early vocal exercises after surgical interventions on the vocal folds may therefore promote better wound healing and consequently improved phonation. Research in molecular laryngology should create a solid basis of knowledge for subsequent clinical studies.
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Soleymani N, Grunberger RB, Abnous K, Borji H, Vahdati F. Identification and Immunological Characterization of Somatic Proteins from Adults of Toxocara cati by Proteomics Technique. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF PARASITOLOGY 2021; 16:23-31. [PMID: 33786044 PMCID: PMC7988680 DOI: 10.18502/ijpa.v16i1.5508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Background: Toxocara cati is considered as one of the main etiological agents of toxocariasis with global and regional importance. As there is no information on proteomics of T. cati, herein, we reported the results obtained by proteomic analysis of somatic proteins extract, using a mass spectrometry (LC–MS/MS) approach. Methods: Somatic extract fractions were separated by two-dimensional SDS-PAGE and were electro blotted on to PVDF membranes for immunoblot analysis, then collected the immunogenic spots which response of antibodies of the paratenic hosts (mice) to the antigens (Mashhad, 2017), and analyzed by LC–MS/MS. The LC-MS/MS data were analyzed by Mascot database, Taxonomy Toxocara, and common contaminants, in Omics Center, Biotechnology Medical University of Graz (Austria, 2018). Result: The protein spots were isolated between 15–140 kDa ranges using 3–10 non-linear IPG strips and Brilliant Blue Coomassie. Ten proteins were characterized as immunogenic proteins, seven of them were identified and three of them were unknown proteins. Conclusion: This study provided additional information about the somatic antigens of T. cati, which can lead to the development of new strategies for novel immuno-modulators, drug targets, subunit vaccines and immunodiagnostic kits for toxocariasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshinmehr Soleymani
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Ruth Birner Grunberger
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria.,Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria.,Omics Center Graz, Bio Tech Med-Graz, Graz, Austria.,Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Faezeh Vahdati
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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Hortobagyi D, Grossmann T, Tschernitz M, Grill M, Kirsch A, Gerstenberger C, Gugatschka M. In vitro mechanical vibration down-regulates pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrotic signaling in human vocal fold fibroblasts. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0241901. [PMID: 33211714 PMCID: PMC7676657 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0241901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Voice rest following phonotrauma or phonosurgery has a considerable clinical impact, but clinical recommendations are inconsistent due to inconclusive data. As biopsies of the vocal folds (VF) for molecular biology studies in humans are unethical, we established a new in vitro model to explore the effects of vibration on human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF) in an inflammatory and normal state, which is based on previously published models. METHODS By using a phonomimetic bioreactor we were able to apply predefined vibrational stress patterns on hVFF cultured under inflammatory or normal conditions. Inflammatory and pro-fibrotic stimuli were induced by interleukin (IL)1β and transforming growth factor (TGF)β1, respectively. Mechanical stimulation was applied four hours daily, over a period of 72 hours. Outcome measurements comprised assessment of extracellular matrix (ECM)-related components, angiogenic factors, and inflammatory and fibrogenic markers on gene expression and protein levels. RESULTS Under inflammatory conditions, the inflammatory cytokine IL11, as well as the myofibroblast marker alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were significantly reduced when additional vibration was applied. The desirable anti-fibrotic ECM component hyaluronic acid was increased following cytokine treatment, but was not diminished following vibration. CONCLUSION Our experiments revealed the effect of vibrational stress on hVFF in an inflammatory state. Elevated levels of certain pro-inflammatory/pro-fibrotic factors could be mitigated by additional vibrational excitation in an in vitro setting. These findings corroborate clinical studies which recommend early voice activation following an acute event.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Hortobagyi
- Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Tanja Grossmann
- Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | | | - Magdalena Grill
- Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
| | - Andrijana Kirsch
- Division of Phoniatrics, Medical University of Graz, Graz, Austria
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Soleyman NM, Darnhofer B, Gruenberger RB, Abnous K, Borji H. Proteomic analysis of soluble protein extract of adult Toxocara cati. Comp Immunol Microbiol Infect Dis 2020; 73:101528. [PMID: 32911377 DOI: 10.1016/j.cimid.2020.101528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Revised: 08/03/2020] [Accepted: 08/04/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Toxocara cati is a cat roundworm and the causative agent of toxocariasis as a cosmopolitan zoonotic disease. As no information has been reported so far, identification of T. cati proteins can be useful for the development of new diagnostic strategies. This study was conducted to identify the major proteins in the adult T. cati tegument using bi-dimensional electrophoresis (2-DE) and shotgun proteomics. A total proteins were identified, among them the metabolic enzymes were the largest group, including: Enolase, triose phosphate isomerase, fructose-bisphosphate aldolase, aldehyde dehydrogenase. The other important protein groups recognized in T. cati, belong to the HSP-family, the structure and motor proteins, such as actin. The role of these proteins have been implicated in parasite-host interactions and modulating cellular immune response, immune regulation in evasion mechanisms of the host immune response. Characterizing T. cati adult proteins play a key role not only in host-parasite interactions, but also in the discovery of drug targets, subunit vaccines against toxocariasis, immunodiagnostic kits for toxocariasis and the identification of novel immuno-modulators that can form the next generation of therapeutic possibilities for inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshin Mehra Soleyman
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Ruth Birner Gruenberger
- Austrian Center of Industrial Biotechnology, Graz, Austria; Diagnostic and Research Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria; Omics Center Graz, BioTechMed-Graz, Graz, Austria; Institute of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, Vienna, Austria
| | - Khalil Abnous
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.
| | - Hassan Borji
- Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.
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Cannes do Nascimento N, dos Santos AP, Sivasankar MP, Cox A. Unraveling the molecular pathobiology of vocal fold systemic dehydration using an in vivo rabbit model. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0236348. [PMID: 32735560 PMCID: PMC7394397 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0236348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Vocal folds are a viscoelastic multilayered structure responsible for voice production. Vocal fold epithelial damage may weaken the protection of deeper layers of lamina propria and thyroarytenoid muscle and impair voice production. Systemic dehydration can adversely affect vocal function by creating suboptimal biomechanical conditions for vocal fold vibration. However, the molecular pathobiology of systemically dehydrated vocal folds is poorly understood. We used an in vivo rabbit model to investigate the complete gene expression profile of systemically dehydrated vocal folds. The RNA-Seq based transcriptome revealed 203 differentially expressed (DE) vocal fold genes due to systemic dehydration. Interestingly, function enrichment analysis showed downregulation of genes involved in cell adhesion, cell junction, inflammation, and upregulation of genes involved in cell proliferation. RT-qPCR validation was performed for a subset of DE genes and confirmed the downregulation of DSG1, CDH3, NECTIN1, SDC1, S100A9, SPINK5, ECM1, IL1A, and IL36A genes. In addition, the upregulation of the transcription factor NR4A3 gene involved in epithelial cell proliferation was validated. Taken together, these results suggest an alteration of the vocal fold epithelial barrier independent of inflammation, which could indicate a disruption and remodeling of the epithelial barrier integrity. This transcriptome provides a first global picture of the molecular changes in vocal fold tissue in response to systemic dehydration. The alterations observed at the transcriptional level help to understand the pathobiology of dehydration in voice function and highlight the benefits of hydration in voice therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naila Cannes do Nascimento
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NCN); (AC)
| | - Andrea P. dos Santos
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - M. Preeti Sivasankar
- Department of Speech, Language, and Hearing Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Abigail Cox
- Department of Comparative Pathobiology, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail: (NCN); (AC)
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Grossmann T, Steffan B, Kirsch A, Grill M, Gerstenberger C, Gugatschka M. Exploring the Pathophysiology of Reinke's Edema: The Cellular Impact of Cigarette Smoke and Vibration. Laryngoscope 2020; 131:E547-E554. [PMID: 32569447 PMCID: PMC7818424 DOI: 10.1002/lary.28855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 05/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To explore the isolated or combined effects of cigarette smoke extract (CSE) and vibration on human vocal fold fibroblasts (hVFF) in an in vitro setting in order to elucidate their influence in the pathophysiology of Reinke's edema (RE). Study design Immortalized hVFF were exposed to CSE or control medium under static or vibrational conditions. A phonomimetic bioreactor was used to deliver vibrational patterns to hVFF over a period of 5 days. Methods Cytotoxicity was quantified using a lactate dehydrogenase assay. We employed reverse transcription–quantitative polymerase chain reaction, enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, and Magnetic Luminex(R) assays (R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN) to assess the influence on extracellular matrix production, fibrogenesis, inflammation, and angiogenesis. Results We observed significant changes induced by CSE alone (hyaluronic acid, matrix metalloproteinase 1, Interleukin‐8, cyclooxygenase [COX]1, COX2, vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]D), as well as settings in which only the combination of CSE and vibration led to significant changes (transforming growth factor beta 1, VEGFA, VEGFC). Also, CSE‐induced levels of COX2 were only significantly reduced when vibration was applied. Conclusion We were able to explore the cellular effects of CSE and vibration on hVFF by employing a phonomimetic bioreactor. Whereas cigarette smoke is generally accepted as a risk factor for RE, the role of vibration remained unclear as it is difficult to study in humans. Our data showed that some genes and proteins in the pathophysiological context of RE were only affected when CSE in combination with vibration was applied. Level of Evidence NA Laryngoscope, 131:E547–E554, 2021
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanja Grossmann
- Division of PhoniatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | - Barbara Steffan
- Division of PhoniatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
| | | | - Magdalena Grill
- Division of PhoniatricsMedical University of GrazGrazAustria
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