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Guerriero C, Fanfarillo R, Mancini P, Sterbini V, Guarguaglini G, Sforna L, Michelucci A, Catacuzzeno L, Tata AM. M2 muscarinic receptors negatively modulate cell migration in human glioblastoma cells. Neurochem Int 2024; 174:105673. [PMID: 38185384 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuint.2023.105673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2023] [Revised: 12/17/2023] [Accepted: 12/29/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GB) is a very aggressive human brain tumor. The high growth potential and invasiveness make this tumor surgically and pharmacologically untreatable. Our previous work demonstrated that the activation of the M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptors (M2 mAChRs) inhibited cell proliferation and survival in GB cell lines and in the cancer stem cells derived from human biopsies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the ability of M2 mAChR to modulate cell migration in two different GB cell lines: U87 and U251. By wound healing assay and single cell migration analysis performed by time-lapse microscopy, we demonstrated the ability of M2 mAChRs to negatively modulate cell migration in U251 but not in the U87 cell line. In order to explain the different effects observed in the two cell lines we have evaluated the possible involvement of the intermediate conductance calcium-activated potassium (IKCa) channel. IKCa channel is present in the GB cells, and it has been demonstrated to modulate cell migration. Using the perforated patch-clamp technique we have found that selective activation of M2 mAChR significantly reduced functional density of the IKCa current in U251 but not in U87 cells. To understand whether the M2 mAChR mediated reduction of ion channel density in the U251 cell line was relevant for the cell migration impairment, we tested the effects of TRAM-34, a selective inhibitor of the IKCa channel, in wound healing assay. We found that it was able to markedly reduce U251 cell migration and significantly decrease the number of invadopodia-like structure formations. These results suggest that only in U251 cells the reduced cell migration M2 mAChR-mediated might involve, at least in part, the IKCa channel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Guerriero
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Rachele Fanfarillo
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | - Patrizia Mancini
- Department Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
| | | | | | - Luigi Sforna
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Antonio Michelucci
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Luigi Catacuzzeno
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, University of Perugia, 06123, Perugia, Italy.
| | - Ada Maria Tata
- Department of Biology and Biotechnologies Charles Darwin, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy; Research Centre of Neurobiology Daniel Bovet, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185, Rome, Italy.
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Ademi H, Michalak-Micka K, Moehrlen U, Biedermann T, Klar AS. Effects of an Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Conditioned medium and TGF-β1 on Human Keratinocytes In Vitro. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:14726. [PMID: 37834173 PMCID: PMC10572767 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241914726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Revised: 09/06/2023] [Accepted: 09/27/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Human keratinocytes play a crucial role during skin wound healing and in skin replacement therapies. The secretome of adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) has been shown to secrete pro-healing factors, among which include TGF-β1, which is essential for keratinocyte migration and the re-epithelialization of cutaneous wounds during skin wound healing. The benefits of an ASC conditioned medium (ASC-CM) are primarily orchestrated by trophic factors that mediate autocrine and paracrine effects in keratinocytes. Here, we evaluated the composition and the innate characteristics of the ASC secretome and its biological effects on keratinocyte maturation and wound healing in vitro. In particular, we detected high levels of different growth factors, such as HGF, FGFb, and VEGF, and other factors, such as TIMP1 and 4, IL8, PAI-1, uPA, and IGFBP-3, in the ASC-CM. Further, we investigated, using immunofluorescence and flow cytometry, the distinct effects of a human ASC-CM and/or synthetic TGF-β1 on human keratinocyte proliferation, migration, and cell apoptosis suppression. We demonstrated that the ASC-CM increased keratinocyte proliferation as compared to TGF-β1 treatment. Further, we found that the ASC-CM exerted cell cycle progression in keratinocytes via regulating the phases G1, S, and G2/M. In particular, cells subjected to the ASC-CM demonstrated increased DNA synthesis (S phase) compared to the TGF-β1-treated KCs, which showed a pronounced G0/G1 phase. Furthermore, both the ASC-CM and TGF-β1 conditions resulted in a decreased expression of the late differentiation marker CK10 in human keratinocytes in vitro, whereas both treatments enhanced transglutaminase 3 and loricrin expression. Interestingly, the ASC-CM promoted significantly increased numbers of keratinocytes expressing epidermal basal keratinocyte markers, such DLL1 and Jagged2 Notch ligands, whereas those ligands were significantly decreased in TGF-β1-treated keratinocytes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that the ASC-CM is a potent stimulator of human keratinocyte proliferation in vitro, particularly supporting basal keratinocytes, which are crucial for a successful skin coverage after transplantation. In contrast, TGF-β1 treatment decreased keratinocyte proliferation and specifically increased the expression of differentiation markers in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyrije Ademi
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katarzyna Michalak-Micka
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ueli Moehrlen
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Thomas Biedermann
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Agnes S. Klar
- Tissue Biology Research Unit, Department of Surgery, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland
- Children’s Research Center, University Children’s Hospital Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Zurich, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
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3
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Muramatsu H, Naka M, Ito S, Kawamura M. Analysis of HepG2 cell response to a wide concentration range of mitomycin C using a multichannel quartz crystal microbalance system with a microscope. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20047. [PMID: 37809730 PMCID: PMC10559775 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2022] [Revised: 09/08/2023] [Accepted: 09/08/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The morphological response of HepG2 cells to mitomycin C was analyzed using a multichannel quartz crystal microbalance system equipped with a home-built movable microscope that enables the simultaneous acquisition of cell images and measurements of eight-channel quartz crystal microbalance. After 24 h of cell seeding, mitomycin C was injected into the culture medium. During the attachment process, the resonant frequency decreased, and the curves fitted well with the first-order lag response. Analysis of the response to mitomycin C revealed that the resonant frequency response curves varied with mitomycin C concentration. When the mitomycin C concentration was <10 μmol L-1, the delay time was observed before the increase in resonant frequency. When the mitomycin C concentration was extremely low, an additional decrease in resonant frequency was observed in the middle of the delay time that fitted well with the cumulative log-normal distribution curve. The resonant frequency response curves after the delay time fitted well with the cumulative log-normal distribution curves. The delay time and mean cumulative log-normal distribution time for the increase in resonant frequency correlated with the mitomycin C concentration; however, the mean time for the additional decrease in the resonant frequency did not show a statistically significant difference as a function of mitomycin C concentration. For mitomycin C concentrations of >20 μmol L-1, the response to the change in resonant frequency was rapid, and the response curves fitted well with the first-order lag response. The first-order lag response indicates that the response occurred simultaneously for all cells. The results showed that the time constant was independent of the tested mitomycin C concentration between 20 and 100 μmol L-1. These results suggested that different cell death processes occurred by mitomycin C. The findings of this study suggest that the system can be used to investigate cell death in adherent cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Muramatsu
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1401-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Masahiro Naka
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1401-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Sae Ito
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1401-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
| | - Maki Kawamura
- School of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Tokyo University of Technology, 1401-1 Katakura, Hachioji, Tokyo 192-0982, Japan
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Moloudi K, Abrahamse H, George BP. Photodynamic therapy induced cell cycle arrest and cancer cell synchronization: review. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1225694. [PMID: 37503319 PMCID: PMC10369002 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1225694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2023] [Accepted: 06/21/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell cycle arrest (CCA) is seen as a prime candidate for effective cancer therapy. This mechanism can help researchers to create new treatments to target cancer cells at particular stages of the cell cycle (CC). The CCA is a characteristic of various therapeutic modalities, including radiation (RT) and chemotherapy (CT), which synchronizes the cells and facilitates the standardization of radio-chemotherapy protocols. Although it was discovered that photodynamic treatment (PDT) had a biological effect on CCA in cancer cells, the mechanism remains unclear. Furthermore, besides conventional forms of cell death such as apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis, various unconventional types of cell death including pyroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, paraptosis, ferroptosis, necroptosis, and parthanatos after PDT have been reported. Thus, a variety of elements, such as oxygen, the tumor's microenvironment, the characteristics of light, and photosensitizer (PS), influence the effectiveness of the PDT treatment, which have not yet been studied clearly. This review focuses on CCA induced by PDT for a variety of PSs agents on various cell lines. The CCA by PDT can be viewed as a remarkable effect and instructive for the management of the PDT protocol. Regarding the relationship between the quantity of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and its biological consequences, we have proposed two mathematical models in PDT. Finally, we have gathered recent in vitro and in vivo studies about CCA post-PDT at various stages and made suggestions about how it can standardize, potentiate, and customize the PDT methodology.
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Pramotton FM, Cousin L, Roy T, Giampietro C, Cecchini M, Masciullo C, Ferrari A, Poulikakos D. Accelerated epithelial layer healing induced by tactile anisotropy in surface topography. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2023; 9:eadd1581. [PMID: 37027475 PMCID: PMC10081848 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.add1581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Mammalian cells respond to tactile cues from topographic elements presented by the substrate. Among these, anisotropic features distributed in an ordered manner give directionality. In the extracellular matrix, this ordering is embedded in a noisy environment altering the contact guidance effect. To date, it is unclear how cells respond to topographical signals in a noisy environment. Here, using rationally designed substrates, we report morphotaxis, a guidance mechanism enabling fibroblasts and epithelial cells to move along gradients of topographic order distortion. Isolated cells and cell ensembles perform morphotaxis in response to gradients of different strength and directionality, with mature epithelia integrating variations of topographic order over hundreds of micrometers. The level of topographic order controls cell cycle progression, locally delaying or promoting cell proliferation. In mature epithelia, the combination of morphotaxis and noise-dependent distributed proliferation provides a strategy to enhance wound healing as confirmed by a mathematical model capturing key elements of the process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Michela Pramotton
- Experimental Continuum Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Lucien Cousin
- Macromolecular Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Tamal Roy
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Costanza Giampietro
- Experimental Continuum Mechanics Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Zurich 8092, Switzerland
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
| | - Marco Cecchini
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Cecilia Masciullo
- NEST, Istituto Nanoscienze CNR and Scuola Normale Superiore, Pisa 56127, Italy
| | - Aldo Ferrari
- EMPA, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Material Science and Technologies, Überlandstrasse 129, Dübendorf 8600, Switzerland
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
| | - Dimos Poulikakos
- Laboratory of Thermodynamics in Emerging Technologies, Department of Mechanical and Process Engineering, ETH Zurich, Sonneggstrasse 3, Zurich CH-8092, Switzerland
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Leclerc K, Remark LH, Ramsukh M, Josephson AM, Palma L, Parente PEL, Sambon M, Lee S, Lopez EM, Morgani SM, Leucht P. Hox genes are crucial regulators of periosteal stem cell identity. Development 2023; 150:dev201391. [PMID: 36912250 PMCID: PMC10112919 DOI: 10.1242/dev.201391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/14/2023]
Abstract
Periosteal stem and progenitor cells (PSPCs) are major contributors to bone maintenance and repair. Deciphering the molecular mechanisms that regulate their function is crucial for the successful generation and application of future therapeutics. Here, we pinpoint Hox transcription factors as necessary and sufficient for periosteal stem cell function. Hox genes are transcriptionally enriched in periosteal stem cells and their overexpression in more committed progenitors drives reprogramming to a naïve, self-renewing stem cell-like state. Crucially, individual Hox family members are expressed in a location-specific manner and their stem cell-promoting activity is only observed when the Hox gene is matched to the anatomical origin of the PSPC, demonstrating a role for the embryonic Hox code in adult stem cells. Finally, we demonstrate that Hoxa10 overexpression partially restores the age-related decline in fracture repair. Together, our data highlight the importance of Hox genes as key regulators of PSPC identity in skeletal homeostasis and repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Leclerc
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Lindsey H. Remark
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Malissa Ramsukh
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Anne Marie Josephson
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Laura Palma
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Paulo E. L. Parente
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Margaux Sambon
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Sooyeon Lee
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Institute of Comparative Molecular Endocrinology, Ulm University, Ulm 89081, Germany
| | - Emma Muiños Lopez
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Cell Therapy Area, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, Pamplona 31008, Spain
| | - Sophie M. Morgani
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Philipp Leucht
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
- Department of Cell Biology, NYU Robert I. Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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Cannabis-Derived Compounds Cannabichromene and Δ9-Tetrahydrocannabinol Interact and Exhibit Cytotoxic Activity against Urothelial Cell Carcinoma Correlated with Inhibition of Cell Migration and Cytoskeleton Organization. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26020465. [PMID: 33477303 PMCID: PMC7830447 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26020465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cannabis sativa contains more than 500 constituents, yet the anticancer properties of the vast majority of cannabis compounds remains unknown. We aimed to identify cannabis compounds and their combinations presenting cytotoxicity against bladder urothelial carcinoma (UC), the most common urinary system cancer. An XTT assay was used to determine cytotoxic activity of C. sativa extracts on T24 and HBT-9 cell lines. Extract chemical content was identified by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) was used to determine apoptosis and cell cycle, using stained F-actin and nuclei. Scratch and transwell assays were used to determine cell migration and invasion, respectively. Gene expression was determined by quantitative Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The most active decarboxylated extract fraction (F7) of high-cannabidiol (CBD) C. sativa was found to contain cannabichromene (CBC) and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Synergistic interaction was demonstrated between CBC + THC whereas cannabinoid receptor (CB) type 1 and type 2 inverse agonists reduced cytotoxic activity. Treatments with CBC + THC or CBD led to cell cycle arrest and cell apoptosis. CBC + THC or CBD treatments inhibited cell migration and affected F-actin integrity. Identification of active plant ingredients (API) from cannabis that induce apoptosis and affect cell migration in UC cell lines forms a basis for pre-clinical trials for UC treatment.
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Nakayama T, Nozawa N, Kawada C, Yamamoto S, Ishii T, Ishizuka M, Namikawa T, Ogura SI, Hanazaki K, Inoue K, Karashima T. Mitomycin C-induced cell cycle arrest enhances 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy for bladder cancer. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 31:101893. [PMID: 32592910 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and diagnosis (PDD) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) to control the production of the intracellular photosensitizer protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) are commonly used clinically. Previously, we demonstrated that dormant and drug-induced dormancy-like cancer cells accumulated high PpIX levels, making them sensitive to ALA-PDT. Because EAU Guidelines awarded a level of evidence of 1a to mitomycin C, the drug is widely used to treat bladder cancer. In this study, we investigated that the effect of mitomycin C-induced cell cycle arrest on porphyrin metabolism, including that induced by ALA-PDT. METHODS T24 human urinary bladder carcinoma cells were selected for this research. T24 cells were irradiated using a light-emitting diode emitting red light for the ALA-PDT assay. Cell cycle analysis was conducted by flow cytometry using bromodeoxyuridine. Cell viability was confirmed using the MTT or colony formation assay. Furthermore, mRNA gene expression analysis was performed using our previously reported methods. RESULTS The cell cycle of T24 cells was arrested at G2/M phase by mitomycin C. PpIX accumulation was dramatically increased by mitomycin C treatment. Cell viability after ALA-PDT was remarkably decreased by mitomycin C pretreatment. The gene expression of porphyrin transporters was consistent with the metabolic and morphological results. Finally, we confirmed that ALA-PDT combined with mitomycin C treatment exerted a long-term inhibitory effect on cell proliferation. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated a new approach to enhance the effects of ALA-PDT using drugs that induce a dormancy-like status and upregulate porphyrin metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taku Nakayama
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Naoko Nozawa
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan.
| | - Chiaki Kawada
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Shinkuro Yamamoto
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Takuya Ishii
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan.
| | - Masahiro Ishizuka
- SBI Pharmaceuticals Co., Ltd., 1-6-1 Roppongi, Minato-ku, Tokyo, 106-6020, Japan.
| | - Tsutomu Namikawa
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Department of Surgery I, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Shun-Ichiro Ogura
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; School of Life Science and Technology, Tokyo Institute of Technology, 4259 Nagatsuta-cho, Midori-ku, Yokohama, Kanagawa, 226-8501, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Hanazaki
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Department of Surgery I, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Keiji Inoue
- Center for Photodynamic Medicine, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan; Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
| | - Takashi Karashima
- Department of Urology, Kochi Medical School, Kohasu, Oko-cho, Nankoku-shi, Kochi, 783-8505, Japan.
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Silver BB, Wolf AE, Lee J, Pang MF, Nelson CM. Epithelial tissue geometry directs emergence of bioelectric field and pattern of proliferation. Mol Biol Cell 2020; 31:1691-1702. [PMID: 32520653 PMCID: PMC7521849 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e19-12-0719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Patterns of proliferation are templated by both gradients of mechanical stress as well as by gradients in membrane voltage (Vm), which is defined as the electric potential difference between the cytoplasm and the extracellular medium. Either gradient could regulate the emergence of the other, or they could arise independently and synergistically affect proliferation within a tissue. Here, we examined the relationship between endogenous patterns of mechanical stress and the generation of bioelectric gradients in mammary epithelial tissues. We observed that the mechanical stress gradients in the tissues presaged gradients in both proliferation and depolarization, consistent with previous reports correlating depolarization with proliferation. Furthermore, disrupting the Vm gradient blocked the emergence of patterned proliferation. We found that the bioelectric gradient formed downstream of mechanical stresses within the tissues and depended on connexin-43 (Cx43) hemichannels, which opened preferentially in cells located in regions of high mechanical stress. Activation of Cx43 hemichannels was necessary for nuclear localization of Yap/Taz and induction of proliferation. Together, these results suggest that mechanotransduction triggers the formation of bioelectric gradients across a tissue, which are further translated into transcriptional changes that template patterns of growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian B Silver
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Abraham E Wolf
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Junuk Lee
- Princeton Neuroscience Institute, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Mei-Fong Pang
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544.,Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ 08544
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Application of co-culture technology of epithelial type cells and mesenchymal type cells using nanopatterned structures. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232899. [PMID: 32392240 PMCID: PMC7213697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Various nanopatterning techniques have been developed to improve cell proliferation and differentiation efficiency. As we previously reported, nanopillars and pores are able to sustain human pluripotent stem cells and differentiate pancreatic cells. From this, the nanoscale patterns would be effective environment for the co-culturing of epithelial and mesenchymal cell types. Interestingly, the nanopatterning selectively reduced the proliferative rate of mesenchymal cells while increasing the expression of adhesion protein in epithelial type cells. Additionally, co-cultured cells on the nanopatterning were not negatively affected in terms of cell function metabolic ability or cell survival. This is in contrast to conventional co-culturing methods such as ultraviolet or chemical treatments. The nanopatterning appears to be an effective environment for mesenchymal co-cultures with typically low proliferative rates cells such as astrocytes, neurons, melanocytes, and fibroblasts without using potentially damaging treatments.
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Yamamoto K, Kokubun T, Sato K, Akaishi T, Shimazaki A, Nakamura M, Shiga Y, Tsuda S, Omodaka K, Saya H, Nakazawa T. The DNA topoisomerase II inhibitor amsacrine as a novel candidate adjuvant in a model of glaucoma filtration surgery. Sci Rep 2019; 9:19288. [PMID: 31848363 PMCID: PMC6917768 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-55365-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Treatments for refractory glaucoma include trabeculectomy, in which a filtering bleb is created to reduce aqueous pressure. Mitomycin C (MMC) is often used as an adjuvant to reduce post-trabeculectomy bleb scarring and consequent failure. However, scarring sometimes still occurs. Thus, we searched for more effective trabeculectomy adjuvants with high-throughput screening (HTS) of a library of 1,165 off-patent drug compounds. This revealed that amsacrine (AMSA), a DNA topoisomerase II (TOP2) inhibitor, was the top candidate. Compared to MMC, rabbits that underwent trabeculectomy with 10% AMSA had lower IOP at 42, 56, and 70 days (P < 0.01 at all measurement points) and a higher bleb score at 28, 42, 56, and 70 days (P = < 0.01, 0.04, 0.04, and < 0.01, respectively). Compared to saline, rabbits that received 1% AMSA also had lower IOP and better bleb score at all time points, without a sharp drop in IOP just after surgery (all P < 0.01). Both effects were milder than MMC at 7 days (P = 0.02 and <0.01, respectively). Thus, this study showed that HTS may help identify new, promising uses for off-patent drugs. Furthermore, trabeculectomy with AMSA at a suitable concentration may improve the prognosis after trabeculectomy compared to MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kotaro Yamamoto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Taiki Kokubun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kota Sato
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
- Department of Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takahiro Akaishi
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Atsushi Shimazaki
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Masatsugu Nakamura
- Research and Development Division, Santen Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., Ikoma, Nara, 630-0101, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Shiga
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Satoru Tsuda
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuko Omodaka
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, 35 Shinanomachi, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo, 160-8582, Japan
| | - Toru Nakazawa
- Department of Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Collaborative Program for Ophthalmic Drug Discovery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Retinal Disease Control, Ophthalmology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
- Department of Advanced Ophthalmic Medicine, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8574, Japan.
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12
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Bayarmagnai B, Perrin L, Esmaeili Pourfarhangi K, Graña X, Tüzel E, Gligorijevic B. Invadopodia-mediated ECM degradation is enhanced in the G1 phase of the cell cycle. J Cell Sci 2019; 132:jcs.227116. [PMID: 31533971 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.227116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of tumor cell invasion and metastasis includes assembly of invadopodia, protrusions capable of degrading the extracellular matrix (ECM). The effect of cell cycle progression on invadopodia has not been elucidated. In this study, by using invadopodia and cell cycle fluorescent markers, we show in 2D and 3D cultures, as well as in vivo, that breast carcinoma cells assemble invadopodia and invade into the surrounding ECM preferentially during the G1 phase. The expression (MT1-MMP, also known as MMP14, and cortactin) and localization (Tks5; also known as SH3PXD2A) of invadopodia components are elevated in G1 phase, and cells synchronized in G1 phase exhibit significantly higher ECM degradation compared to the cells synchronized in S phase. The cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor (CKI) p27kip1 (also known as CDKN1B) localizes to the sites of invadopodia assembly. Overexpression and stable knockdown of p27kip1 lead to contrasting effects on invadopodia turnover and ECM degradation. Taken together, these findings suggest that expression of invadopodia components, as well as invadopodia function, are linked to cell cycle progression, and that invadopodia are controlled by cell cycle regulators. Our results caution that this coordination between invasion and cell cycle must be considered when designing effective chemotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Battuya Bayarmagnai
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Louisiane Perrin
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | | | - Xavier Graña
- Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.,Fels Research Institute for Cancer Biology and Molecular Biology, Temple University School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19140, USA
| | - Erkan Tüzel
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Bojana Gligorijevic
- Department of Bioengineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA .,Cancer Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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13
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Pal-Ghosh S, Tadvalkar G, Lieberman VR, Guo X, Zieske JD, Hutcheon A, Stepp MA. Transient Mitomycin C-treatment of human corneal epithelial cells and fibroblasts alters cell migration, cytokine secretion, and matrix accumulation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13905. [PMID: 31554858 PMCID: PMC6761181 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50307-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 08/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A single application of Mitomycin C (MMC) is used clinically in ophthalmology to reduce scarring and enhance wound resolution after surgery. Here we show in vitro that a 3-hour MMC treatment of primary and telomerase immortalized human corneal limbal epithelial (HCLE) cells impacts their migration and adhesion. Transient MMC treatment induces HCLE expression of senescence associated secretory factors, cytokine secretion, and deposition of laminin 332 for several days. Transient MMC treatment also reduces migration and deposition of transforming growth factor-β1 (TGFβ1)-stimulated collagen by corneal fibroblasts. Using conditioned media from control and MMC treated cells, we demonstrate that factors secreted by MMC-treated corneal epithelial cells attenuate collagen deposition by HCFs whereas those secreted by MMC-treated HCFs do not. These studies are the first to probe the roles played by corneal epithelial cells in reducing collagen deposition by corneal fibroblasts in response to MMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonali Pal-Ghosh
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 2300 I St. NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Gauri Tadvalkar
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 2300 I St. NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Verna Rose Lieberman
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 2300 I St. NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA
| | - Xiaoqing Guo
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114-2500, USA
| | - James D Zieske
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114-2500, USA
| | - Audrey Hutcheon
- Schepens Eye Research Institute/Massachusetts Eye and Ear, Department of Ophthalmology, Harvard Medical School, 20 Staniford St, Boston, MA, 02114-2500, USA
| | - Mary Ann Stepp
- George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, 2300 I St. NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA. .,George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Department of Ophthalmology, 2300 I St. NW, Washington, DC, 20037, USA.
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14
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Intraocular application of Mitomycin C to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy in perforating and severe intraocular foreign body injuries. Eye (Lond) 2019; 33:1261-1270. [PMID: 30918327 DOI: 10.1038/s41433-019-0408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 01/17/2019] [Accepted: 03/14/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To assess the long-term anatomical and functional outcomes in addition to complications of a new surgical technique of localized intraocular application of mitomycin C (MMC) to prevent proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR) in eyes with open globe trauma. METHODS Prospective non-comparative interventional case series of 16 consecutive eyes with perforating and deep choroidal impact foreign body injuries presenting over a 2-year period. Patients underwent vitrectomy with intraocular application of MMC at the site of the chorioretinal injury and were followed-up for 1 year. The primary outcome measure was the rate of postoperative PVR. Secondary outcome measures were number of vitreoretinal surgeries (VRS) required, best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), final anatomical success rate and globe survival rate (GSR). RESULTS Patients underwent VRS at a mean time of 8.5 ± 4.6 days after the injury. Postoperative PVR developed in 2 (13 %) eyes and required only one additional VRS each. One other eye underwent further peeling of an epimacular membrane. BCVA improved from mean LogMAR 3.08 ± 0.72 preoperatively to 0.66 ± 0.79 at 1 year. All 10 eyes without a macular injury had a final BCVA of LogMAR 0.40 or better. The final anatomical success rate was 94% and GSR rate was 100%. There were no complications related to the intraocular use of MMC. CONCLUSIONS Vitrectomy and intraocular application of Mitomycin C may have a potential role in reducing the rate of post traumatic PVR and improving anatomical and functional outcomes in eyes with perforating and deep choroidal impact foreign body injuries.
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15
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Gorniewska AM, Kluzek K, Gackowska L, Kubiszewska I, Zdzienicka MZ, Bialkowska A. Distinct cellular phenotype linked to defective DNA interstrand crosslink repair and homologous recombination. Mol Med Rep 2017. [PMID: 28627616 PMCID: PMC5561886 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Repair of DNA interstrand crosslinks (ICLs) predominantly involves the Fanconi anemia (FA) pathway and homologous recombination (HR). The HR repair system eliminates DNA double strand breaks (DSBs) that emerge during ICLs removal. The current study presents a novel cell line, CL-V8B, representing a new complementation group of Chinese hamster cell mutants hypersensitive to DNA crosslinking factors. CL-V8B exhibits increased sensitivity to various DNA-damaging agents, including compounds leading to DSBs formation (bleomycin and 6-thioguanine), and is extremely sensitive to poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (>400-fold), which is typical for HR-defective cells. In addition, this cell line exhibits a reduced number of spontaneous and induced sister chromatid exchanges, which suggests likely impairment of HR in CL-V8B cells. However, in contrast to other known HR mutants, CL-V8B cells do not show defects in Rad51 foci induction, but only slight alterations in the focus formation kinetics. CL-V8B is additionally characterized by a considerable chromosomal instability, as indicated by a high number of spontaneous and MMC-induced chromosomal aberrations, and a twice as large proportion of cells with abnormal centrosomes than that in the wild type cell line. The molecular defect present in CL-V8B does not affect the efficiency and stabilization of replication forks. However, stalling of the forks in response to replication stress is observed relatively rarely, which suggests an impairment of a signaling mechanism. Exposure of CL-V8B to crosslinking agents results in S-phase arrest (as in the wild type cells), but also in larger proportion of G2/M-phase cells and apoptotic cells. CL-V8B exhibits similarities to HR- and/or FA-defective Chinese hamster mutants sensitive to DNA crosslinking agents. However, the unique phenotype of this new mutant implies that it carries a defect of a yet unidentified gene involved in the repair of ICLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra M Gorniewska
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Kluzek
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics, Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan 61‑614, Poland
| | - Lidia Gackowska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Izabela Kubiszewska
- Department of Immunology, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Malgorzata Z Zdzienicka
- Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, Bydgoszcz 85‑094, Poland
| | - Aneta Bialkowska
- Innovative Medical Forum, Franciszek Lukaszczyk Oncology Center, Bydgoszcz 85‑796, Poland
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16
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Chesner LN, Degner A, Sangaraju D, Yomtoubian S, Wickramaratne S, Malayappan B, Tretyakova N, Campbell C. Cellular Repair of DNA-DNA Cross-Links Induced by 1,2,3,4-Diepoxybutane. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18051086. [PMID: 28524082 PMCID: PMC5454995 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18051086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 05/04/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Xenobiotic-induced interstrand DNA–DNA cross-links (ICL) interfere with transcription and replication and can be converted to toxic DNA double strand breaks. In this work, we investigated cellular responses to 1,4-bis-(guan-7-yl)-2,3-butanediol (bis-N7G-BD) cross-links induced by 1,2,3,4-diepoxybutane (DEB). High pressure liquid chromatography electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI+-MS/MS) assays were used to quantify the formation and repair of bis-N7G-BD cross-links in wild-type Chinese hamster lung fibroblasts (V79) and the corresponding isogenic clones V-H1 and V-H4, deficient in the XPD and FANCA genes, respectively. Both V-H1 and V-H4 cells exhibited enhanced sensitivity to DEB-induced cell death and elevated bis-N7G-BD cross-links. However, relatively modest increases of bis-N7G-BD adduct levels in V-H4 clones did not correlate with their hypersensitivity to DEB. Further, bis-N7G-BD levels were not elevated in DEB-treated human clones with defects in the XPA or FANCD2 genes. Comet assays and γ-H2AX focus analyses conducted with hamster cells revealed that ICL removal was associated with chromosomal double strand break formation, and that these breaks persisted in V-H4 cells as compared to control cells. Our findings suggest that ICL repair in cells with defects in the Fanconi anemia repair pathway is associated with aberrant re-joining of repair-induced double strand breaks, potentially resulting in lethal chromosome rearrangements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa N Chesner
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Amanda Degner
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Dewakar Sangaraju
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Shira Yomtoubian
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Susith Wickramaratne
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Bhaskar Malayappan
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Natalia Tretyakova
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Colin Campbell
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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17
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Zhang R, Liu C, Niu Y, Jing Y, Zhang H, Wang J, Yang J, Zen K, Zhang J, Zhang CY, Li D. MicroRNA-128-3p regulates mitomycin C-induced DNA damage response in lung cancer cells through repressing SPTAN1. Oncotarget 2016; 8:58098-58107. [PMID: 28938540 PMCID: PMC5601636 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.12300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response is critical for maintaining genome integrity and preventing damage to DNA due to endogenous and exogenous insults. Mitomycin C (MMC), a potent DNA cross-linker, is used as a chemotherapeutic agent because it causes DNA inter-strand cross-links (DNA ICLs) in cancer cells. While many microRNAs, which may serve as oncogenes or tumor suppressors, are grossly dysregulated in human cancers, little is known about their roles in MMC-treated lung cancer. Here, we report that miR-128-3p can attenuate repair of DNA ICLs by targeting SPTAN1 (αII Sp), resulting in cell cycle arrest and promoting chromosomal aberrations in lung cancer cells treated with MMC. Using computational prediction and experimental validation, SPTAN1 was found to be a conserved target of miR-128-3p. We then found that miR-128-3p caused translational inhibition of SPTAN1, reducing its protein level. SPTAN1 repression via miR-128-3p also induced cell cycle arrest and chromosomal instability. Additionally, miR-128-3p significantly influenced interaction of the αII Sp/FANCA/XPF complex, thus limiting DNA repair. In summary, the results demonstrate that miR-128-3p accelerates cell cycle arrest and chromosomal instability in MMC-treated lung cancer cells by suppressing SPTAN1, and these findings could be applied for adjuvant chemotherapy of lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Yahan Niu
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ying Jing
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Haiyang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Jie Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Junfeng Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Chen-Yu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
| | - Donghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing Advanced Institute for Life Sciences(NAILS), School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China.,Jiangsu Engineering Research Center for microRNA Biology and Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Nanjing University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210093, China
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18
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Chun MJ, Hwang SK, Kim HG, Goh SH, Kim S, Lee CH. Aurora A kinase is required for activation of the Fanconi anemia/BRCA pathway upon DNA damage. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:782-90. [PMID: 27398318 PMCID: PMC4932458 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2016] [Revised: 05/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have linked the DNA damage response to mitotic progression machinery. Mitotic kinases, such as Aurora A kinase and Polo‐like kinase, are involved in the phosphorylation of cell cycle regulators in response to DNA damage. Here, we investigated the potential involvement of Aurora A kinase in the activation of the Fanconi anemia (FA)/BRCA pathway, which participates in cellular response to DNA interstrand cross‐link lesions (ICL). Initially, we detected interactions between Aurora A kinase and FANCA protein, one of the components of the FA nuclear core complex. Silencing of Aurora A kinase led to inhibition of monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and formation of nuclear foci, the final consequences of FA/BRCA pathway activation upon ICL induction. An in vitro kinase assay revealed that Aurora A kinase phosphorylates S165 of FANCA. Moreover, this phosphorylation event was induced by the treatment with mitomycin C (MMC), an ICL‐inducing agent. In cells overexpressing S165A mutant FANCA, monoubiquitination of FANCD2 and nuclear foci formation was impaired and cellular sensitivity to MMC was enhanced. These results suggest that S165 phosphorylation by Aurora A kinase is required for proper activation of the FA/BRCA pathway in response to DNA damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Chun
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Soo Kyung Hwang
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Hyoun Geun Kim
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Sung-Ho Goh
- Precision Medicine Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Sunshin Kim
- Precision Medicine Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
| | - Chang-Hun Lee
- Cancer Cell and Molecular Biology Branch Research Institute National Cancer Center Goyang Gyeonggi Korea
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19
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Ito K, Park SH, Nayak A, Byerly JH, Irie HY. PTK6 Inhibition Suppresses Metastases of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer via SNAIL-Dependent E-Cadherin Regulation. Cancer Res 2016; 76:4406-17. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-15-3445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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20
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Shah ET, Upadhyaya A, Philp LK, Tang T, Skalamera D, Gunter J, Nelson CC, Williams ED, Hollier BG. Repositioning "old" drugs for new causes: identifying new inhibitors of prostate cancer cell migration and invasion. Clin Exp Metastasis 2016; 33:385-99. [PMID: 26932199 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-016-9785-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The majority of prostate cancer (PCa) deaths occur due to the metastatic spread of tumor cells to distant organs. Currently, there is a lack of effective therapies once tumor cells have spread outside the prostate. It is therefore imperative to rapidly develop therapeutics to inhibit the metastatic spread of tumor cells. Gain of cell motility and invasive properties is the first step of metastasis and by inhibiting motility one can potentially inhibit metastasis. Using the drug repositioning strategy, we developed a cell-based multi-parameter primary screening assay to identify drugs that inhibit the migratory and invasive properties of metastatic PC-3 PCa cells. Following the completion of the primary screening assay, 33 drugs were identified from an FDA approved drug library that either inhibited migration or were cytotoxic to the PC-3 cells. Based on the data obtained from the subsequent validation studies, mitoxantrone hydrochloride, simvastatin, fluvastatin and vandetanib were identified as strong candidates that can inhibit both the migration and invasion of PC-3 cells without significantly affecting cell viability. By employing the drug repositioning strategy instead of a de novo drug discovery and development strategy, the identified drug candidates have the potential to be rapidly translated into the clinic for the management of men with aggressive forms of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esha T Shah
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Akanksha Upadhyaya
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Lisa K Philp
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Tiffany Tang
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Dubravka Skalamera
- The University of Queensland Diamantina Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Jennifer Gunter
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Colleen C Nelson
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Brett G Hollier
- Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland, School of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Australia.
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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Agarwal R, Jurney P, Raythatha M, Singh V, Sreenivasan SV, Shi L, Roy K. Effect of shape, size, and aspect ratio on nanoparticle penetration and distribution inside solid tissues using 3D spheroid models. Adv Healthc Mater 2015; 4:2269-80. [PMID: 26376024 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201500441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Revised: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Efficient penetration and uniform distribution of nanoparticles (NPs) inside solid tissues and tumors is paramount to their therapeutic and diagnostic success. While many studies have reported the effect of NP size and charge on intratissue distribution, role of shape, and aspect ratio on NP transport inside solid tissues remain unclear. Here experimental and theoretical studies are reported on how nanoscale geometry of Jet and Flash Imprint Lithography-fabricated, polyethylene-glycol-based anionic nanohydrogels affect their penetration and distribution inside 3D spheroids, a model representing the intervascular region of solid, tumor-like tissues. Unexpectedly, low aspect ratio cylindrical NPs (H/D ≈0.3; disk-like particles, 100 nm height, and 325 nm diameter) show maximal intratissue delivery (>50% increase in total cargo delivered) and more uniform penetration compared to nanorods or smaller NPs of the same shape. This is in contrast to spherical NPs where smaller NP size resulted in deeper, more uniform penetration. Our results provide fundamental new knowledge on NP transport inside solid tissues and further establish shape and aspect ratio as important design parameters in developing more efficient, better penetrating, nanocarriers for drug, or contrast-agent delivery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachit Agarwal
- The Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
| | - Patrick Jurney
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Mansi Raythatha
- Department of Biomedical Engineering; The University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Vikramjit Singh
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | | | - Li Shi
- Department of Mechanical EngineeringThe University of Texas at Austin; Austin TX 78712 USA
| | - Krishnendu Roy
- The Wallace H. Coulter Department of Biomedical Engineering at Georgia Tech and Emory University; Georgia Institute of Technology; Atlanta GA 30332 USA
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22
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Wu TF, Yen TM, Han Y, Chiu YJ, Lin EYS, Lo YH. A light-sheet microscope compatible with mobile devices for label-free intracellular imaging and biosensing. LAB ON A CHIP 2014; 14:3341-8. [PMID: 24989638 DOI: 10.1039/c4lc00257a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
The inner structure, especially the nuclear structure, of cells carries valuable information about disease and health conditions of a person. Here we demonstrate a label-free technique to enable direct observations and measurements of the size, shape and morphology of the cell nucleus. With a microfabricated lens and a commercial CMOS imager, we form a scanning light-sheet microscope to produce a dark-field optical scattering image of the cell nucleus that overlays with the bright-field image produced in a separate regime of the same CMOS sensor. We have used the device to detect nuclear features that characterize the life cycle of cells and have used the nucleus volume as a new parameter for cell classification. The device can be developed into a portable, low-cost, point-of-care device leveraging the capabilities of the CMOS imagers to be pervasive in mobile electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsung-Feng Wu
- Materials Science Program, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California 92093-0418, USA.
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23
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van Rijt SH, Romero-Canelón I, Fu Y, Shnyder SD, Sadler PJ. Potent organometallic osmium compounds induce mitochondria-mediated apoptosis and S-phase cell cycle arrest in A549 non-small cell lung cancer cells. Metallomics 2014; 6:1014-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00034j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Fernandes BF, Nikolitch K, Coates J, Novais G, Odashiro A, Odashiro PP, Belfort RN, Burnier MN. Local chemotherapeutic agents for the treatment of ocular malignancies. Surv Ophthalmol 2013; 59:97-114. [PMID: 24112549 DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2013.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2012] [Revised: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 01/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
We critically analyze available peer-reviewed literature, including clinical trials and case reports, on local ocular cancer treatments. Recent innovations in many areas of ocular oncology have introduced promising new therapies, but, for the most part, the optimal treatment of ocular malignancies remains elusive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bruno F Fernandes
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada.
| | - Katerina Nikolitch
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - James Coates
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Gustavo Novais
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Alexandre Odashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Patricia P Odashiro
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Rubens N Belfort
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
| | - Miguel N Burnier
- Department of Ophthalmology and Pathology, The McGill University Health Center, and Henry C. Witelson Ocular Pathology Laboratory, Montreal, Canada
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Ran C, Liu H, Hitoshi Y, Israel MA. Proliferation-independent control of tumor glycolysis by PDGFR-mediated AKT activation. Cancer Res 2013; 73:1831-43. [PMID: 23322009 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-2460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The differences in glucose metabolism that distinguish most malignant and normal tissues have called attention to the importance of understanding the molecular mechanisms by which tumor energy metabolism is regulated. Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK) pathways that are implicated in proliferation and transformation have been linked to several aspects of tumor glucose metabolism. However, the regulation of glycolysis has invariably been examined under conditions in which proliferation is concomitantly altered. To determine whether RTKs directly regulate glycolysis without prerequisite growth modulation, we first identified a specific RTK signaling pathway, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)/PDGF receptor (PDGFR) that regulates glycolysis in glioma-derived tumor stem-like cells from a novel mouse model. We determined that PDGF-regulated glycolysis occurs independent of PDGF-regulated proliferation but requires the activation of AKT, a known metabolic regulator in tumor. Our findings identifying a key characteristic of brain tumors, aerobic glycolysis, mediated by a pathway with multiple therapeutic targets suggests the possibility of inhibiting tumor energy metabolism while also treating with agents that target other pathways of pathologic significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cong Ran
- Department of Pediatrics and Genetics, Norris Cotton Cancer Center, Hanover, New Hampshire, USA
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Kremer I, Ehrenberg M, Levinger S. Delayed epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy with mitomycin C treatment. Acta Ophthalmol 2012; 90:271-6. [PMID: 20456254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2010.01894.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the epithelial healing following photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) with mitomycin C (MMC) 0.02%. METHODS A total of 1520 eyes of 760 patients with myopia with spherical equivalent between -1.5 and -8.0 dioptres underwent PRK during 2004-2008. The epithelium was removed mechanically, and laser ablation was followed by topical application of MMC (0.02%) for 20 seconds. A therapeutic contact lens (TCL), kept in 4°C, was fitted and worn until complete epithelialization. Antibiotic, steroid and diclofenac drops were instilled during the healing phase. Steroid drops were used for 6-8 weeks and gradually reduced. The results were compared with a retrospective analysis of 500 myopic eyes which underwent PRK without MMC therapy during 2002-2004. RESULTS In 30 MMC treated eyes (2%), epithelial healing was delayed with a stellate defect which healed after 12-14 days. Another fifteen eyes (1%) revealed loose midperipheral epithelium and complete epithelialization took 10-14 days after scraping. Two of these eyes developed recurrent erosion treated by scraping and TCL. Seven eyes (0.5%) revealed delayed healing with paracentral epithelial plaques which were scraped and complete healing took 12-14 days. No final haze was found in the MMC-treated eyes. In comparison, only 0.8% of the eyes which had undergone PRK without MMC revealed epithelial problems. Haze was found in 8% of these eyes. A statistically significant difference was found between the rate of epithelial problems of the two groups (p ≤ 0.002). CONCLUSIONS MMC (0.02%) applied for 20 seconds post-PRK was found to delay epithelial wound healing up to 14 days in 3.5% of patients with myopia compared to 0.8% of PRK eyes without MMC application. Final haze was not found despite delayed epithelialization because of MMC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Israel Kremer
- Department of Ophthalmology, Rabin Medical Center, Beilinson Campus, Petah Tikva, Israel
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Zhou QM, Wang XF, Liu XJ, Zhang H, Lu YY, Su SB. Curcumin enhanced antiproliferative effect of mitomycin C in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells in vitro and in vivo. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2011; 32:1402-10. [PMID: 21986579 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2011.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the efficacy of mitomycin C (MMC) in combination with curcumin in suppressing human breast cancer in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Human breast cancer MCF-7 cells were used. Cell viability was measured using MTT assay. The cell cycle phase was detected with flow cytometric analysis. Cell cycle-associated proteins were examined using Western blot analysis. MCF-7 breast cancer xenografts were established to monitor tumor growth and cell cycle-associated protein expression. RESULTS Curcumin inhibited MCF-7 breast cancer cell viability in a concentration-dependent manner (IC(50) value=40 μmol/L). Similarly, MMC inhibited the cell viability with an IC(50) value of 5 μmol/L. Combined treatment of MMC and curcumin showed a synergistic antiproliferative effect. In the presence of curcumin (40 μmol/L), the IC(50) value of MMC was reduced to 5 μmol/L. In MCF-7 xenografts, combined administration of curcumin (100 mg/kg) and MMC (1-2 mg/kg) for 4 weeks produced significantly greater inhibition on tumor growth than either treatment alone. The combined treatment resulted in significantly greater G(1) arrest than MMC or curcumin alone. Moreover, the cell cycle arrest was associated with inhibition of cyclin D1, cyclin E, cyclin A, cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2) and CDK4, along with the induction of the cell cycle inhibitor p21 and p27 both in MCF-7 cells and in MCF-7 xenografts. These proteins were regulated through p38 MAPK pathway. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the combination of MMC and curcumin inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation and cell cycle progression in vitro and in vivo via the p38 MAPK pathway.
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Gupta R, Yarnall BW, Giuliano EA, Kanwar JR, Buss DG, Mohan RR. Mitomycin C: a promising agent for the treatment of canine corneal scarring. Vet Ophthalmol 2011; 14:304-12. [PMID: 21929607 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2011.00877.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the safety and efficacy of mitomycin C (MMC) in prevention of canine corneal scarring. METHODS With an in vitro approach using healthy canine corneas, cultures of primary canine corneal fibroblasts or myofibroblasts were generated. Primary canine corneal fibroblasts were obtained by growing corneal buttons in minimal essential medium supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum. Canine corneal myofibroblasts were produced by growing cultures in serum-free medium containing transforming growth factor β1 (1 ng/mL). Trypan blue assay and phase-contrast microscopy were used to evaluate the toxicity of three doses of MMC (0.002%, 0.02% and 0.04%). Real-time PCR, immunoblot, and immunocytochemistry techniques were used to determine MMC efficacy to inhibit markers of canine corneal scarring. RESULTS A single 2-min treatment of 0.02% or less MMC did not alter canine corneal fibroblast or keratocyte phenotype, viability, or growth. The 0.02% dose substantially reduced myofibroblast formation (up to 67%; P < 0.001), as measured by the change in RNA and protein expression of fibrosis biomarkers (α-smooth muscle actin and F-actin). CONCLUSION This in vitro study suggests that a single 2-min 0.02% MMC treatment to the canine corneal keratocytes is safe and may be useful in decreasing canine corneal fibrous metaplasia. In vivo studies are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rangan Gupta
- Harry S. Truman Veterans Memorial Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Buss DG, Sharma A, Giuliano EA, Mohan RR. Efficacy and safety of mitomycin C as an agent to treat corneal scarring in horses using an in vitro model. Vet Ophthalmol 2010; 13:211-8. [PMID: 20618797 DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-5224.2010.00782.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitomycin C (MMC) is used clinically to treat corneal scarring in human patients. We investigated the safety and efficacy of MMC to treat corneal scarring in horses by examining its effects at the early and late stages of disease using an in vitro model. PROCEDURE An in vitro model of equine corneal fibroblast (ECF) developed was used. The ECF or myofibroblast cultures were produced by growing primary ECF in the presence or absence of transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGFbeta1) under serum-free conditions. The MMC dose for the equine cornea was defined with dose-dependent trypan blue exclusion and (3-4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assays after applying MMC to the cultures once for 2 min. The efficacy of MMC to control corneal scarring in horses was determined by measuring mRNA and protein expression of corneal scarring markers (alpha-smooth muscle actin and F-actin) with western blotting, immunocytochemistry and/or quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions. RESULTS A single 2-min treatment of 0.02% or less MMC did not alter ECF phenotype, viability, or cellular proliferation whereas 0.05% or higher MMC doses showed mild-to-moderate cellular toxicity. The TGFbeta1 at 1 ng/mL showed significant myofibroblast formation in ECF under serum-free conditions. A single 2-min, 0.02% MMC treatment 24 h (early) after TGFbeta1 stimulation significantly reduced conversion of ECF to myofibroblasts, however, a single 0.02% MMC treatment 11 days after TGFbeta1 stimulation showed moderate myofibroblast inhibition. CONCLUSIONS That MMC safely and effectively reduced scarring in ECF by reducing the degree of transdifferentiation of corneal fibroblasts to myofibroblasts in vitro. Further clinical in vivo investigations are warranted using MMC in horses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dylan G Buss
- Harry S. Truman Memorial Veterans Hospital, Columbia, MO, USA
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Palmeira A, Paiva A, Sousa E, Seca H, Almeida GM, Lima RT, Fernandes MX, Pinto M, Vasconcelos MH. Insights into the in vitro antitumor mechanism of action of a new pyranoxanthone. Chem Biol Drug Des 2010; 76:43-58. [PMID: 20456373 DOI: 10.1111/j.1747-0285.2010.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring xanthones have been documented as having antitumor properties, with some of them presently undergoing clinical trials. In an attempt to improve the biological activities of dihydroxyxanthones, prenylation and other molecular modifications were performed. All the compounds reduced viable cell number in a leukemia cell line K-562, with the fused xanthone 3,4-dihydro-12-hydroxy-2,2-dimethyl-2H,6H-pyrano[3,2-b]xanthen-6-one (5) being the most potent. The pyranoxanthone 5 was particularly effective in additional leukemia cell lines (HL-60 and BV-173). Furthermore, the pyranoxanthone 5 decreased cellular proliferation and induced an S-phase cell cycle arrest. In vitro, the pyranoxanthone 5 increased the percentage of apoptotic cells which was confirmed by an appropriate response at the protein level (e.g., PARP cleavage). Using a computer screening strategy based on the structure of several anti- and pro-apoptotic proteins, it was verified that the pyranoxanthone 5 may block the binding of anti-apoptotic Bcl-xL to pro-apoptotic Bad and Bim. The structure-based screening revealed the pyranoxanthone 5 as a new scaffold that may guide the design of small molecules with better affinity profile for Bcl-xL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Palmeira
- Department of Chemistry, Laboratory of Organic and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Porto, 4050-047 Porto, Portugal
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Wen Y, Golubkov VS, Strongin AY, Jiang W, Reed JC. Interaction of hepatitis B viral oncoprotein with cellular target HBXIP dysregulates centrosome dynamics and mitotic spindle formation. J Biol Chem 2007; 283:2793-803. [PMID: 18032378 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m708419200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis B virus infection is associated with hepatocellular carcinoma, claiming 1 million lives annually worldwide. To understand the carcinogenic mechanism of hepatitis B virus-encoded oncoprotein HBx, we explored the function of HBx interaction with its cellular target HBXIP. Previously, we demonstrated that viral HBx and cellular HBXIP control mitotic spindle formation, regulating centrosome splitting. By using various fragments of HBx, we determined that residues (137)CRHK(140) within HBx are necessary for binding HBXIP. Mutation of the (137)CRHK(140) motif in HBx abolished its ability to bind HBXIP and to dysregulate centrosome dynamics in HeLa and immortal diploid RPE-1 cells. Unlike wild-type HBx, which targets to centrosomes as determined by subcellular fractionation and immunofluorescence microscopy, HBx mutants failed to localize to centrosomes. Overexpression of viral HBx wild-type protein and knockdown of endogenous HBXIP altered centrosome assembly and induced modifications of pericentrin and centrin-2, two essential proteins required for centrosome formation and function, whereas HBXIP nonbinding mutants of HBx did not. Overexpression of HBXIP or fragments of HBXIP that bind HBx neutralized the effects of viral HBx on centrosome dynamics and spindle formation. These results suggest that HBXIP is a critical target of viral HBx for promoting genetic instability through formation of defective spindles and subsequent aberrant chromosome segregation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunfei Wen
- Program on Apoptosis and Cell Death Research, Burnham Institute for Medical Research, 10901 N. Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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Oh J, Jung YS, Kim GS, Oh IK, Rho BK, Huh K. The effect of short-term exposure of triamcinolone acetonide on fibroblasts and retinal pigment epithelial cells. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 85:786-90. [PMID: 17617200 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0420.2007.00942.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the effects of short-term exposure to triamcinolone on cultured choroidal fibroblast (CFB) cells and retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS To evaluate the effect of triamcinolone on cell proliferation, CFB and RPE cells were divided into three groups: a short-term exposure group; a longterm exposure group, and a non-treated control group. Cells in the short-term exposure group were briefly exposed (5, 15 or 30 mins) to triamcinolone (0.01 mg/ml, 1 mg/ml or mitomycin C (0.01 microg/ml, 1 microg/ml). Cells in the longterm exposure group were continuously incubated in culture medium containing the drug until assessment. The control group was cultured without drugs. Cell viability and the number of cells were assessed at day 5 after exposure. To investigate the direct toxicity of triamcinolone on confluent RPE cells, completely confluent cells were exposed to the drugs in the manner as described above. Cell viability was determined on days 0, 3 and 5 after treatment. RESULTS In the short-term exposure group, 1 mg/ml triamcinolone caused a significant reduction in the proliferation of CFB and RPE cells. The proliferation of CFBs decreased even with exposure to 0.01 mg/ml triamcinolone. In the longterm exposure group, triamcinolone and mitomycin C reduced the proliferation of both CFB and RPE cells. Even very short periods of exposure to triamcinolone caused a significant reduction in the viability of completely confluent RPE cells. CONCLUSIONS Even short periods of exposure to triamcinolone inhibited the proliferation of fibroblasts and RPE cells and were significantly toxic to completely confluent RPE cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaeryung Oh
- Department of Ophthalmology, Guro Hospital, Korea University, Seoul, Korea
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Netto MV, Mohan RR, Sinha S, Sharma A, Gupta PC, Wilson SE. Effect of Prophylactic and Therapeutic Mitomycin C on Corneal Apoptosis, Cellular Proliferation, Haze, and Long-term Keratocyte Density in Rabbits. J Refract Surg 2006; 22:562-74. [PMID: 16805119 PMCID: PMC2756017 DOI: 10.3928/1081-597x-20060601-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the mechanism through which topical mitomycin C prevents and treats corneal haze after photorefractive keratectomy (PRK) and to examine the effects of dosage and duration of exposure. METHODS In 224 New Zealand rabbits, -9.0 diopter PRK with mitomycin C or balanced salt solution was performed. Haze level was graded at the slit-lamp. Rabbits were sacrificed at 4 hours, 24 hours, 4 weeks, or 6 months after surgery and immunohistochemistry was performed with TUNEL assay, Ki67, and alpha-SMA. RESULTS TUNEL-positive apoptotic cells marginally increased in all mitomycin C groups whereas Ki67-positive mitotic cells decreased significantly following mitomycin C application. A greater decrease in myofibroblasts was noted with prophylactic mitomycin C treatment than therapeutic mitomycin C treatment. There was, however, an anterior stromal acellular zone (approximately 20% of the total stroma) in eyes treated with mitomycin C, which persisted to the maximum follow-up of 6 months. CONCLUSIONS Mitomycin C treatment induces apoptosis of keratocytes and myofibroblasts, but the predominate effect in inhibiting or treating haze appears to be at the level of blocked replication of keratocytes or other progenitor cells of myofibroblasts. Treatment with 0.002% mitomycin C for 12 seconds to 1 minute appears to be just as effective as higher concentrations for longer duration in the rabbit model. However, a persistent decrease in keratocyte density in the anterior stroma could be a warning sign for future complications and treatment should be reserved for patients with significant risk of developing haze after PRK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcelo V Netto
- The Cole Eye Institute, The Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio 44195, USA
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Artus J, Vandormael-Pournin S, Frödin M, Nacerddine K, Babinet C, Cohen-Tannoudji M. Impaired mitotic progression and preimplantation lethality in mice lacking OMCG1, a new evolutionarily conserved nuclear protein. Mol Cell Biol 2005; 25:6289-302. [PMID: 15988037 PMCID: PMC1168835 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.25.14.6289-6302.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
While highly conserved through evolution, the cell cycle has been extensively modified to adapt to new developmental programs. Recently, analyses of mouse mutants revealed that several important cell cycle regulators are either dispensable for development or have a tissue- or cell-type-specific function, indicating that many aspects of cell cycle regulation during mammalian embryo development remain to be elucidated. Here, we report on the characterization of a new gene, Omcg1, which codes for a nuclear zinc finger protein. Embryos lacking Omcg1 die by the end of preimplantation development. In vitro cultured Omcg1-null blastocysts exhibit a dramatic reduction in the total cell number, a high mitotic index, and the presence of abnormal mitotic figures. Importantly, we found that Omcg1 disruption results in the lengthening of M phase rather than in a mitotic block. We show that the mitotic delay in Omcg1-/- embryos is associated with neither a dysfunction of the spindle checkpoint nor abnormal global histone modifications. Taken together, these results suggest that Omcg1 is an important regulator of the cell cycle in the preimplantation embryo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Artus
- Unité de Biologie du Développement, CNRS URA 2578, Institut Pasteur, 25 rue du Dr Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15, France
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Granada JF, Ensenat D, Keswani AN, Kaluza GL, Raizner AE, Liu XM, Peyton KJ, Azam MA, Wang H, Durante W. Single perivascular delivery of mitomycin C stimulates p21 expression and inhibits neointima formation in rat arteries. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25:2343-8. [PMID: 16141400 DOI: 10.1161/01.atv.0000184779.01822.9d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mitomycin C (MMc) is an antibiotic that exerts a potent antiproliferative effect in tumor cells. Because the proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a prominent role in the development of restenosis after percutaneous coronary interventions, the present study examined the effect of MMc on VSMC proliferation and on neointima formation after arterial balloon injury. METHODS AND RESULTS Treatment of cultured rat aortic VSMCs with MMc (1 nmol to 30 micromol/L) inhibited VSMC proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner. Whereas high concentrations of MMc (1 to 30 micromol/L) induced VSMC apoptosis, as reflected by DNA laddering and caspase-3 activation, lower concentrations of MMc (1 to 300 nmol/L) directly inhibited VSMC growth by arresting cells in the G2/M phase of the cell cycle. The antiproliferative action of MMc was associated with a selective increase in the expression of the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p21, and with a decrease in cyclin B1-cyclin-dependent kinase-1 complex activity. Finally, the local perivascular delivery of MMc immediately after balloon injury of rat carotid arteries induced p21 expression and markedly attenuated neointima formation. CONCLUSIONS These studies demonstrate that MMc exerts a potent inhibitory effect on VSMC proliferation and neointima formation after arterial injury. MMc represents a potentially new therapeutic agent in treating and preventing vasculoproliferative disease.
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MESH Headings
- Angioplasty, Balloon/adverse effects
- Animals
- Antibiotics, Antineoplastic/pharmacology
- Aorta, Thoracic/injuries
- Aorta, Thoracic/pathology
- Aortic Diseases/drug therapy
- Aortic Diseases/etiology
- Aortic Diseases/pathology
- Cell Division/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/genetics
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor p21/metabolism
- Dose-Response Relationship, Drug
- Mitomycin/pharmacology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/cytology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- RNA, Messenger/analysis
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Tunica Intima/pathology
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37
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Chang SW. Early corneal edema following topical application of mitomycin-C. J Cataract Refract Surg 2004; 30:1742-50. [PMID: 15313301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcrs.2003.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/17/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To determine the effect of mitomycin-C (MMC) on the cornea after a single intraoperative application. SETTING Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, Ban-Chiao, Taipei, Taiwan. METHODS Mechanical epithelium debridement of the central 10.0 mm of the cornea was performed in 63 pigmented rabbits. One group of corneas (MMC1, n = 42) was soaked with MMC 0.01% solution for 2 minutes; the second group (MMC2, n = 42) was soaked with MMC 0.02% solution for 2 minutes. Control corneas (n = 42) were soaked with balanced salt solution for 2 minutes. Changes in the central corneal thickness, clarity, epithelial defect size, endothelial cell density, and endothelial apoptosis in the 3 groups were examined on days 0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 14. RESULTS There was a dose-dependent increase in corneal thickness, decrease in corneal clarity, and increase in endothelial apoptosis after a single intraoperative application of MMC. The endothelium was significantly swollen and became pleomorphic and polymegethic with a concomitant decrease in endothelial cell density, also in a dose-dependent manner. CONCLUSIONS A single application of MMC on the corneal surface caused dose-dependent corneal edema and endothelial apoptosis in the rabbit model. Further clinical study of human eyes is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Wen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Far Eastern Memorial Hospital, 21 ZSection 2, Nan-Ya South Road, Ban-Chiao, Taipei 220, Taiwan.
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38
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Tu LC, Melendy T, Beerman TA. DNA damage responses triggered by a highly cytotoxic monofunctional DNA alkylator, hedamycin, a pluramycin antitumor antibiotic. Mol Cancer Ther 2004. [DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.577.3.5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Long-term exposure (72 h) to hedamycin, a monofunctional DNA alkylator of the pluramycin class of antitumor antibiotics, decreased growth of mammalian cells by 50% at subnanomolar concentrations. Short-term treatment (4 h) rapidly reduced DNA synthesis by 50% also at subnanomolar concentrations, but substantially higher levels were needed to block RNA synthesis while protein synthesis even at very high hedamycin concentrations remained unaffected. Hedamycin treatment at concentrations below its growth IC50 induced only a transient and temporary accumulation of cells in G2. Somewhat higher concentrations resulted in substantial S-phase arrest, and at increasing concentrations, complete cell cycle arrest in G1 was observed without the appearance of a sub-G1 cell population. Neither inhibition of cell growth nor cell cycle arrest appeared to be dependent on ataxia and Rad-related kinase expression. DNA damage checkpoint proteins including p53, chk1, and chk2 were differentially activated by hedamycin depending on the concentration and duration of treatment. The level of downstream cell cycle regulators such as cdc25A, E2F1, cyclin E, and p21 were also altered under conditions that induced cell cycle arrest, but atypically, p21 overexpression was observed only in S-phase-arrested cells. Apoptotic indicators were only observed at moderate hedamycin concentrations associated with S-phase arrest, while increasing concentrations, when cells were arrested in G1, resulted in a reduction of these signals. Taken together, the responses of cells to hedamycin are distinct with regard to its effect on cell cycle but also in the unusual concentration-dependent manner of activation of DNA damage and cell cycle checkpoint proteins as well as the induction of apoptotic-associated events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lan Chun Tu
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York and
| | - Thomas Melendy
- 2Witebsky Center for Microbial Pathogenesis and Immunology and Departments of Microbiology and Biochemistry, University at Buffalo School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo, New York
| | - Terry A. Beerman
- 1Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York and
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Wu WC, Kao YH, Tseng HY. The cell cycle distribution of cultured human retinal pigmented epithelial cells under exposure of anti-proliferative drugs. J Ocul Pharmacol Ther 2003; 19:83-90. [PMID: 12648307 DOI: 10.1089/108076803762718141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been well documented that RPE cells play an important role in the formation of proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). We studied the effects of four most widely used anti-proliferative drugs, i.e., 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), daunomycin (DM), mitomycin C (MMC) and dexamethasone (DEX) in an in vitro model system (cultured human RPE). The cells treated with indicated concentrations of drugs for 48 h were harvested for DNA content analysis. In addition, a time course study with constant dosage of drugs was performed. The results revealed that, after incubation for 48 h, an increased percentage (31.1%) of S phase cells was noted with exposure to MMC (10 ng/ml). It was confirmed by 5-bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) incorporation test that this increase does not result from higher transition rate from G1 to S phase. The cells of G2/M phase markedly increased from 13.8% to 29.7% with 10 ng/ml DM. We also demonstrated that 5-FU and MMC treatment led to cell accumulation at S phase and DM treatment resulted in cell accumulation at G2/M phase, These findings were compatible with their pharmacological mechanisms. Development of an in vitro model using cultured human RPE to study the effects of various anti-proliferative drugs on cell cycle can provide a rapid, safe and inexpensive method for selection of drugs used for management of PVR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Chuan Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
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