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Kolicka M, Dabert M, Olszanowski Z, Dabert J. Sweet or salty? The origin of freshwater gastrotrichs (Gastrotricha, Chaetonotida) revealed by molecular phylogenetic analysis. Cladistics 2021; 36:458-480. [PMID: 34618974 DOI: 10.1111/cla.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaetonotidae is the most diverse and widely distributed family of the order Chaetonotida (Gastrotricha) and includes both marine and freshwater species. Although the family is regarded as a sister taxon to the exclusively marine Xenotrichulidae, the type of environment, marine or freshwater, where Chaetonotidae originated is still not known. Here, we reconstructed the phylogeny of the family based on molecular sequence data and mapped both morphological and ecological characters to determine the ancestral environment of the first members of the family. Our results revealed that the freshwater genus Bifidochaetus is the earliest branching lineage in the paraphyletic Chaetonotidae (encompassing Dasydytidae and Neogosseidae). Moreover, we reconstructed Lepidochaetus-Cephalionotus clade as a monophyletic sister group to the remaining chaetonotids, which supports Kisielewski's morphological based hypothesis concerning undifferentiated type of body scales as a most primary character in Chaetonotidae. We also found that reversals to marine habitats occurred independently in different Chaetonotidae lineages, thus marine species in the genera Heterolepidoderma, Halichaetonotus, Aspidiophorus and subgenera Chaetonotus (Schizochaetonotus) or Chaetonotus (Marinochaetus) should be assumed as having secondarily invaded the marine environment. Character mapping revealed a series of synapomorphies that define the clade that includes Chaetonotidae (with Dasydytidae and Neogosseidae), the most important of which may be those linked to reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Kolicka
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Miroslawa Dabert
- Molecular Biology Techniques Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Ziemowit Olszanowski
- Department of Animal Taxonomy and Ecology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
| | - Jacek Dabert
- Department of Animal Morphology, Institute of Environmental Biology, Faculty of Biology, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznań, Uniwersytetu Poznańskiego 6, Poznań, 61-614, Poland
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Kånneby T, Wicksten MK. First record of the enigmatic genusRedudasysKisielewski, 1987 (Gastrotricha: Macrodasyida) from the Northern hemisphere. ZOOSYSTEMA 2014. [DOI: 10.5252/z2014n4a2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Todaro MA, Leasi F, Hochberg R. A new species, genus and family of marine Gastrotricha from Jamaica, with a phylogenetic analysis of Macrodasyida based on molecular data. SYST BIODIVERS 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/14772000.2014.942718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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KÅNNEBY TOBIAS, TODARO MANTONIO, JONDELIUS ULF. Phylogeny of Chaetonotidae and other Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and the colonization of aquatic ecosystems. ZOOL SCR 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2012.00558.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Todaro MA, Dal Zotto M, Jondelius U, Hochberg R, Hummon WD, Kånneby T, Rocha CEF. Gastrotricha: a marine sister for a freshwater puzzle. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31740. [PMID: 22348127 PMCID: PMC3279426 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Within an evolutionary framework of Gastrotricha Marinellina flagellata and Redudasys fornerise bear special interest, as they are the only Macrodasyida that inhabit freshwater ecosystems. Notwithstanding, these rare animals are poorly known; found only once (Austria and Brazil), they are currently systematised as incertae sedis. Here we report on the rediscovery of Redudasys fornerise, provide an account on morphological novelties and present a hypothesis on its phylogenetic relationship based on molecular data. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Specimens were surveyed using DIC microscopy and SEM, and used to obtain the 18 S rRNA gene sequence; molecular data was analyzed cladistically in conjunction with data from 42 additional species belonging to the near complete Macrodasyida taxonomic spectrum. Morphological analysis, while providing new information on taxonomically relevant traits (adhesive tubes, protonephridia and sensorial bristles), failed to detect elements of the male system, thus stressing the parthenogenetic nature of the Brazilian species. Phylogenetic analysis, carried out with ML, MP and Bayesian approaches, yielded topologies with strong nodal support and highly congruent with each other. Among the supported groups is the previously undocumented clade showing the alliance between Redudasys fornerise and Dactylopodola agadasys; other strongly sustained clades include the densely sampled families Thaumastodermatidae and Turbanellidae and most genera. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE A reconsideration of the morphological traits of Dactylopodola agadasys in light of the new information on Redudasys fornerise makes the alliance between these two taxa very likely. As a result, we create Anandrodasys gen. nov. to contain members of the previously described D. agadasys and erect Redudasyidae fam. nov. to reflect this novel relationship between Anandrodasys and Redudasys. From an ecological perspective, the derived position of Redudasys, which is deeply nested within the Macrodasyida clade, unequivocally demonstrates that invasion of freshwater by gastrotrichs has taken place at least twice, in contrast with the single event hypothesis recently put forward.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Antonio Todaro
- Department of Biology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy.
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Kieneke A, Martínez Arbizu PM, Fontaneto D. Spatially structured populations with a low level of cryptic diversity in European marine Gastrotricha. Mol Ecol 2012; 21:1239-54. [PMID: 22257178 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-294x.2011.05421.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Species of the marine meiofauna such as Gastrotricha are known to lack dispersal stages and are thus assumed to have low dispersal ability and low levels of gene flow between populations. Yet, most species are widely distributed, and this creates a paradox. To shed light on this apparent paradox, we test (i) whether such wide distribution may be due to misidentification and lumping of cryptic species with restricted distributions and (ii) whether spatial structures exist for the phylogeography of gastrotrichs. As a model, we used the genus Turbanella in NW Europe. DNA taxonomy using a mitochondrial and a nuclear marker supports distinctness of four traditional species (Turbanella ambronensis, T. bocqueti, T. mustela and T. cornuta) and provides evidence for two cryptic species within T. hyalina. An effect of geography on the within-species genetic structure is indeed present, with the potential for understanding colonization processes and for performing phylogeographic inference from microscopic animals. On the other hand, the occurrence of widely distributed haplotypes indicates long-distance dispersal as well, despite the assumed low dispersal ability of gastrotrichs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kieneke
- Senckenberg am Meer Wilhelmshaven, German Centre for Marine Biodiversity Research, Südstrand 44, Wilhelmshaven, Germany.
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Paps J, Riutort M. Molecular phylogeny of the phylum Gastrotricha: new data brings together molecules and morphology. Mol Phylogenet Evol 2011; 63:208-12. [PMID: 22198640 DOI: 10.1016/j.ympev.2011.12.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2011] [Revised: 11/03/2011] [Accepted: 12/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Gastrotricha is a species-rich phylum of microscopical animals that contains two main orders, Chaetonotida and Macrodasyida. Gastrotrichs are important members of the aquatic environment and significant players in the study of animal evolution. In spite of their ecological and evolutionary importance, their internal relationships are not yet well understood. We have produced new sequences for the 18S rDNA gene to improve both the quality and quantity of taxon sampling for the gastrotrichs. Our phylogeny recovers the monophyly of the two main Gastrotricha clades, in contrast to recent studies with similar sampling, but in agreement with morphology based analyses. However, our topology is not able to resolve the first branches of the macrodasyidans or settle the position of the puzzling Neodasys, a controversial genus classified as a chaetonotidan on morphological grounds but placed within macrodasyidans by molecular studies. This analysis is the most exhaustive molecular phylogeny of the phylum to date, and significantly increases our knowledge of gastrotrich evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Paps
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Tinbergen Building, Oxford OX13PS, United Kingdom.
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A new species of Lepidodasys (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida) from Panama with a description of its peptidergic nervous system using CLSM, anti-FMRFamide and anti-SCPB. ZOOL ANZ 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcz.2010.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Rothe BH, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Kieneke A. The nervous system of Neodasys chaetonotoideus (Gastrotricha: Neodasys) revealed by combining confocal laserscanning and transmission electron microscopy: evolutionary comparison of neuroanatomy within the Gastrotricha and basal Protostomia. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2011. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-011-0123-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Garraffoni AR, Araújo TQ. Chave de identificação de Gastrotricha de águas continentais e marinhas do Brasil. PAPÉIS AVULSOS DE ZOOLOGIA 2010. [DOI: 10.1590/s0031-10492010003300001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Os Gastrotricha são microinvertebrados de vida livre, caracterizados por um estilo de vida meiobentônico em ambientes marinhos e de água doce. Apesar de este grupo ser abundante e ecologicamente importante nas teias alimentares, o seu conhecimento no Brasil é muito subestimado. Com este estudo, considerando a importância dos Gastrotricha nas comunidades bênticas intersticiais, esperamos ajudar e estimular novas pesquisas com este grupo no Brasil. Assim, esse trabalho fornece uma chave dicotômica para todas as espécies previamente reportadas em águas continentais brasileiras. Além disso, apresentamos informações sobre métodos de coleta, técnicas de preservação e de fotografias dos Gastrotricha. As terminologias, em português, das principais características morfológicas utilizadas para distinguir as espécies são apresentas na forma de um glossário.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Thiago Q. Araújo
- Universidade Federal dos Vales do Jequitinhonha e Mucuri, Brasil
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Kieneke A, Ahlrichs WH, Arbizu PM. Morphology and function of reproductive organs inNeodasys chaetonotoideus(Gastrotricha:Neodasys) with a phylogenetic assessment of the reproductive system in Gastrotricha. ZOOL SCR 2009. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2009.00388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Rothe BH, Schmidt-Rhaesa A. Architecture of the nervous system in two Dactylopodola species (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida). ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-008-0077-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Kieneke A, Riemann O, Ahlrichs WH. Novel implications for the basal internal relationships of Gastrotricha revealed by an analysis of morphological characters. ZOOL SCR 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2008.00334.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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LEASI FRANCESCA, TODARO MANTONIO. The muscular system of Musellifer delamarei (Renaud-Mornant, 1968) and other chaetonotidans with implications for the phylogeny and systematization of the Paucitubulatina (Gastrotricha). Biol J Linn Soc Lond 2008. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1095-8312.2008.00974.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Kieneke A, Ahlrichs WH, Martínez Arbizu P, Bartolomaeus T. Ultrastructure of protonephridia in Xenotrichula carolinensis syltensis and Chaetonotus maximus (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida): comparative evaluation of the gastrotrich excretory organs. ZOOMORPHOLOGY 2007. [DOI: 10.1007/s00435-007-0051-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Kieneke A, Arbizu PM, Ahlrichs WH. Ultrastructure of the protonephridial system in Neodasys chaetonotoideus (Gastrotricha: Chaetonotida) and in the ground pattern of Gastrotricha. J Morphol 2007; 268:602-13. [PMID: 17440954 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.10536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The taxon Neodasys has a basal position within Gastrotricha. This makes it very interesting for phylogenetic considerations in this group. To complete the reconstruction of the nephridial system in the stem species of Gastrotricha started earlier, we have studied the whole protonephridial system of Neodasys chaetonotoideus by means of complete sets of ultrathin sections and TEM. In many characters, protonephridia of N. chaetonotoideus resemble those of macrodasyidan gastrotrich species. For example, each of the six protonephridia, arranged in three pairs, consists of three distinct cells that constitute the continuous protonephridial lumen. Especially, the terminal cell of the protonephridia of N. chaetonotoideus shows a striking pattern: The perforation of the filter region is a meandering cleft that is continuous with the seam of the enfolded lumen of that cell. With the results presented here and that of former TEM studies, we give a comprehensive idea of the excretory organs in the ground pattern of Gastrotricha. Moreover, we can elaborate on the hypothesized protonephridial system in the stem species of Bilateria. We suggest that a meandering filtration cleft is a feature of the ground pattern of the Bilateria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Kieneke
- Zoosystematik & Morphologie, Institut für Biologie und Umweltwissenschaften, Carl von Ossietzky Universität Oldenburg, 26111 Oldenburg, Germany.
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Petrov NB, Pegova AN, Manylov OG, Vladychenskaya NS, Mugue NS, Aleshin VV. Molecular phylogeny of Gastrotricha on the basis of a comparison of the 18S rRNA genes: Rejection of the hypothesis of a relationship between Gastrotricha and Nematoda. Mol Biol 2007. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893307030107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Leasi F, Rothe BH, Schmidt-Rhaesa A, Todaro MA. The musculature of three species of gastrotrichs surveyed with confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM). ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6395.2006.00230.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Todaro MA, Telford MJ, Lockyer AE, Littlewood DTJ. Interrelationships of the Gastrotricha and their place among the Metazoa inferred from 18S rRNA genes. ZOOL SCR 2006. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1463-6409.2006.00228.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Guidi L, Pierboni L, Ferraguti M, Todaro MA, Balsamo M. Spermatology of the genus Lepidodasys Remane, 1926 (Gastrotricha, Macrodasyida): towards a revision of the family Lepidodasyidae Remane, 1927. ACTA ZOOL-STOCKHOLM 2005. [DOI: 10.1111/j.0001-7272.2004.00172.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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