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del Viso F, Puebla AF, Fusari CM, Casabuono AC, Couto AS, Pontis HG, Hopp HE, Heinz RA. Molecular Characterization of a Putative Sucrose:Fructan 6-Fructosyltransferase (6-SFT) of the Cold-Resistant Patagonian Grass Bromus pictus Associated With Fructan Accumulation Under Low Temperatures. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009; 50:489-503. [DOI: 10.1093/pcp/pcp008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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Hisano H, Kanazawa A, Yoshida M, Humphreys MO, Iizuka M, Kitamura K, Yamada T. Coordinated expression of functionally diverse fructosyltransferase genes is associated with fructan accumulation in response to low temperature in perennial ryegrass. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2008; 178:766-780. [PMID: 18346102 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
* Fructan is the major nonstructural carbohydrate reserve in temperate grasses. To understand regulatory mechanisms in fructan synthesis and adaptation to cold environments, the isolation, functional characterization and genetic mapping of fructosyltransferase (FT) genes in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) are described. * Six cDNAs (prft1-prft6) encoding FTs were isolated from cold-treated ryegrass plants, and three were positioned on a perennial ryegrass linkage map. Recombinant proteins were produced in Pichia pastoris and enzymatic activity was characterized. Changes in carbohydrate levels and mRNA levels of FT genes during cold treatment were also analysed. * One gene encodes sucrose-sucrose 1-fructosyltransferase (1-SST), and two gene encode fructan-fructan 6G-fructosyltransferase (6G-FFT). Protein sequences for the other genes (prfts 1, 2 and 6) were similar to sucrose-fructan 6-fructosyltransferase (6-SFT). The 1-SST and prft1 genes were colocalized with an invertase gene on the ryegrass linkage map. The mRNA levels of prft1 and prft2 increased gradually during cold treatment, while those of the 1-SST and 6G-FFT genes first increased, but then decreased before increasing again during a longer period of cold treatment. * Thus at least two different patterns of gene expression have developed during the evolution of functionally diverse FT genes, which are associated in a coordinated way with fructan synthesis in a cold environment.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Carbohydrate Metabolism
- Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid
- Chromosome Mapping
- Clone Cells
- Cold Temperature
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- DNA, Complementary/isolation & purification
- DNA, Plant/metabolism
- Fructans/metabolism
- Gene Dosage
- Gene Expression Regulation, Plant
- Genes, Plant
- Hexosyltransferases/chemistry
- Hexosyltransferases/genetics
- Lolium/enzymology
- Lolium/genetics
- Models, Biological
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Phylogeny
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sequence Analysis, DNA
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Hisano
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Akira Kanazawa
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Midori Yoshida
- National Agricultural Research Center for Hokkaido Region, Hitsujigaoka, Sapporo 062-8555, Japan
| | - Mervyn O Humphreys
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth, Ceredigion SY23 3EB, UK
| | - Masaru Iizuka
- Graduate School of Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Osaka 558-8585, Japan
| | - Keisuke Kitamura
- Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-8589, Japan
| | - Toshihiko Yamada
- Field Science Center for Northern Biosphere, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0811, Japan
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Ponting RC, Drayton MC, Cogan NOI, Dobrowolski MP, Spangenberg GC, Smith KF, Forster JW. SNP discovery, validation, haplotype structure and linkage disequilibrium in full-length herbage nutritive quality genes of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). Mol Genet Genomics 2007; 278:585-97. [PMID: 17647019 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-007-0275-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2007] [Revised: 06/20/2007] [Accepted: 06/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Development of accurate high-throughput molecular marker systems such as SNPs permits evaluation and selection of favourable gene variants to accelerate elite varietal production. SNP discovery in perennial ryegrass has been based on PCR amplification and sequencing of multiple amplicons designed to scan all components of the transcriptional unit. Full-length genes (with complete intron-exon structure and promoter information) corresponding to well-defined biochemical functions such as lignin biosynthesis and oligosaccharide metabolism are ideal for complete SNP haplotype determination. Multiple SNPs at regular intervals across the transcriptional unit were detected within and between the heterozygous parents and validated in the progeny of the F (1)(NA(6) x AU(6)) genetic mapping family. Haplotype structures in the parental genotypes were defined and haplotypic abundance, structure and variation were assessed in diverse germplasm sources. Decay of LD to r (2) values of c. 0.2 typically occurs over 500-3,000 bp, comparable with gene length and with little apparent variation between diverse, ecotypic and varietal population sub-groups. Similar patterns were revealed as limited blocks of intragenic LD. The results are compatible with the reproductive biology of perennial ryegrass and the effects of large ancestral population size. This analysis provides crucial information to validate strategies for correlation of haplotypic diversity and phenotypic variation through association mapping.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca C Ponting
- Primary Industries Research Victoria, Victorian AgriBiosciences Centre, La Trobe Research and Development Park, Bundoora, VIC, 3083, Australia
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Humphreys MW, Yadav RS, Cairns AJ, Turner LB, Humphreys J, Skøt L. A changing climate for grassland research. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:9-26. [PMID: 16390415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Here, we review the current genetic approaches for grass improvement and their potential for the enhanced breeding of new varieties appropriate for a sustainable agriculture in a changing global climate. These generally out-breeding, perennial, self-incompatible species present unique challenges and opportunities for genetic analysis. We emphasise their distinctiveness from model species and from the in-breeding, annual cereals. We describe the modern genetic approaches appropriate for their analysis, including association mapping. Sustainability traits discussed here include stress resistance (drought, cold and pathogeneses) and favourable agronomic characters (nutrient use efficiency, carbohydrate content, fatty acid content, winter survival, flowering time and biomass yield). Global warming will predictably affect temperature-sensitive traits such as vernalisation, and these traits are under investigation. Grass biomass utilisation for carbon-neutral energy generation may contribute to reduced atmospheric carbon emissions. Because the wider potential outcomes of climate change are unpredictable, breeders must be reactive to events and have a range of well-characterised germplasm available for new applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Humphreys
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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Turner LB, Cairns AJ, Armstead IP, Ashton J, Skøt K, Whittaker D, Humphreys MO. Dissecting the regulation of fructan metabolism in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) with quantitative trait locus mapping. THE NEW PHYTOLOGIST 2006; 169:45-57. [PMID: 16390418 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-8137.2005.01575.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Quantitative trait locus (QTL) mapping, which can be a useful tool for dissecting complex traits, has been used here to study the regulation of fructan metabolism in temperate forage grasses. An F2 mapping family, derived from a high water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) x low WSC cross, was used to map fructans and the other components of WSC (sucrose, glucose and fructose) in leaves and tiller bases of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne) in spring and autumn. To characterize regions of the genome that control basic carbohydrate metabolism, a strategy to minimize the impact of genotype (G) x environment (E), and E-effects on the characterization of G-effects, was adopted. Most traits were highly variable within the family. There was also considerable year-to-year environmental variation. However, significant genetic effects were detected, and several traits had high broad-sense heritability. QTL were identified on chromosomes 1, 2, 5 and 6. Leaf and tiller base QTL did not coincide. Individual QTL explained between 8 and 59% of the total phenotypic variation in the traits. Fructan turnover, metabolism and their genetic control, and the effect of environment, are discussed in the context of the results.
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Affiliation(s)
- L B Turner
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
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Chalmers J, Lidgett A, Cummings N, Cao Y, Forster J, Spangenberg G. Molecular genetics of fructan metabolism in perennial ryegrass. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2005; 3:459-74. [PMID: 17173633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-7652.2005.00148.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Fructans are the main storage carbohydrates of temperate grasses, sustaining regrowth immediately after defoliation, as well as contributing to the nutritive value of feed. Fructan metabolism is based on the substrate sucrose and involves fructosyltransferases (FTs) for biosynthesis and fructan exohydrolases (FEHs) for degradation. Sucrose is also utilized by invertases (INVs), which hydrolyse it into its constituent monosaccharides for use in metabolism. The isolation, molecular characterization, functional analysis, and phylogenetic relationships of genes encoding FTs, FEHs, and INVs from temperate grasses are reviewed, with an emphasis on perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The roles these enzymes play in fructan accumulation and remobilization, and future biotechnological applications in molecular plant breeding are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaye Chalmers
- Plant Biotechnology Centre, Primary Industries Research Victoria, Department of Primary Industries and Molecular Plant Breeding CRC, La Trobe University, Victoria 3086, Australia
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Cogan NOI, Smith KF, Yamada T, Francki MG, Vecchies AC, Jones ES, Spangenberg GC, Forster JW. QTL analysis and comparative genomics of herbage quality traits in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2005; 110:364-380. [PMID: 15558228 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1848-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 10/13/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Genetic control of herbage quality variation was assessed through the use of the molecular marker-based reference genetic map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). The restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP), amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) and genomic DNA-derived simple sequence repeat-based (SSR) framework marker set was enhanced, with RFLP loci corresponding to genes for key enzymes involved in lignin biosynthesis and fructan metabolism. Quality traits such as crude protein (CP) content, estimated in vivo dry matter digestibility (IVVDMD), neutral detergent fibre content (NDF), estimated metabolisable energy (EstME) and water soluble carbohydrate (WSC) content were measured by near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) analysis of herbage harvests. Quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis was performed using single-marker regression, simple interval mapping and composite interval mapping approaches, detecting a total of 42 QTLs from six different sampling experiments varying by developmental stage (anthesis or vegetative growth), location or year. Coincident QTLs were detected on linkage groups (LGs) 3, 5 and 7. The region on LG3 was associated with variation for all measured traits across various experimental datasets. The region on LG7 was associated with variation for all traits except CP, and is located in the vicinity of the lignin biosynthesis gene loci xlpomt1 (caffeic acid-O-methyltransferase), xlpccr1 (cinnamoyl CoA-reductase) and xlpssrcad 2.1 (cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase). Comparative genomics analysis of these gene classes with wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) provides evidence for conservation of gene order over evolutionary time and the basis for cross-specific genetic information transfer. The identification of co-location between QTLs and functionally associated genetic markers is critical for the implementation of marker-assisted selection programs and for linkage disequilibrium studies, which will enable future improvement strategies for perennial ryegrass.
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Affiliation(s)
- N O I Cogan
- Primary Industries Research Victoria, Plant Biotechnology Centre, La Trobe University, and Molecular Plant Breeding Cooperative Research Centre, Bundoora, VIC, 3086, Australia
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Faville MJ, Vecchies AC, Schreiber M, Drayton MC, Hughes LJ, Jones ES, Guthridge KM, Smith KF, Sawbridge T, Spangenberg GC, Bryan GT, Forster JW. Functionally associated molecular genetic marker map construction in perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.). TAG. THEORETICAL AND APPLIED GENETICS. THEORETISCHE UND ANGEWANDTE GENETIK 2004; 110:12-32. [PMID: 15526086 DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1785-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2004] [Accepted: 07/30/2004] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
A molecular marker-based map of perennial ryegrass (Lolium perenne L.) has been constructed through the use of polymorphisms associated with expressed sequence tags (ESTs). A pair-cross between genotypes from a North African ecotype and the cultivar Aurora was used to generate a two-way pseudo-testcross population. A selection of 157 cDNAs assigned to eight different functional categories associated with agronomically important biological processes was used to detect polymorphic EST-RFLP loci in the F(1)(NA(6) x AU(6)) population. A comprehensive set of EST-SSR markers was developed from the analysis of 14,767 unigenes, with 310 primer pairs showing efficient amplification and detecting 113 polymorphic loci. Two parental genetic maps were produced: the NA(6) genetic map contains 88 EST-RFLP and 71 EST-SSR loci with a total map length of 963 cM, while the AU(6) genetic map contains 67 EST-RFLP and 58 EST-SSR loci with a total map length of 757 cM. Bridging loci permitted the alignment of homologous chromosomes between the parental maps, and a sub-set of genomic DNA-derived SSRs was used to relate linkage groups to the perennial ryegrass reference map. Regions of segregation distortion were identified, in some instances in common with other perennial ryegrass maps. The EST-derived marker-based map provides the basis for in silico comparative genetic mapping, as well as the evaluation of co-location between QTLs and functionally associated genetic loci.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Faville
- Grasslands Research Centre, AgResearch Ltd., Private Bag 11008, Palmerston North, New Zealand
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