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Srirengaraj V, Razafindralambo HL, Rabetafika HN, Nguyen HT, Sun YZ. Synbiotic Agents and Their Active Components for Sustainable Aquaculture: Concepts, Action Mechanisms, and Applications. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:1498. [PMID: 38132324 PMCID: PMC10740583 DOI: 10.3390/biology12121498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2023] [Revised: 11/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/05/2023] [Indexed: 12/23/2023]
Abstract
Aquaculture is a fast-emerging food-producing sector in which fishery production plays an imperative socio-economic role, providing ample resources and tremendous potential worldwide. However, aquatic animals are exposed to the deterioration of the ecological environment and infection outbreaks, which represent significant issues nowadays. One of the reasons for these threats is the excessive use of antibiotics and synthetic drugs that have harmful impacts on the aquatic atmosphere. It is not surprising that functional and nature-based feed ingredients such as probiotics, prebiotics, postbiotics, and synbiotics have been developed as natural alternatives to sustain a healthy microbial environment in aquaculture. These functional feed additives possess several beneficial characteristics, including gut microbiota modulation, immune response reinforcement, resistance to pathogenic organisms, improved growth performance, and enhanced feed utilization in aquatic animals. Nevertheless, their mechanisms in modulating the immune system and gut microbiota in aquatic animals are largely unclear. This review discusses basic and current research advancements to fill research gaps and promote effective and healthy aquaculture production.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Hary L. Razafindralambo
- ProBioLab, 5004 Namur, Belgium;
- BioEcoAgro Joint Research Unit, TERRA Teaching and Research Centre, Sustainable Management of Bio-Agressors & Microbial Technologies, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech—Université de Liège, 5030 Gembloux, Belgium
| | | | - Huu-Thanh Nguyen
- Department of Biotechnology, An Giang University, Long Xuyen City 90000, Vietnam;
| | - Yun-Zhang Sun
- Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen 361021, China;
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Ta HP, Clarisse C, Maes E, Yamakawa N, Guérardel Y, Krzewinski F, Zarzycka W, Touboul D, Girardeau A, Fonseca F, Kermarrec A, Viau M, Riaublanc A, Ropers MH. Membrane lipid composition of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum CNCM I-3298, a highly cryoresistant lactic bacterium. Chem Phys Lipids 2023; 255:105326. [PMID: 37414116 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2023.105326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/30/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/08/2023]
Abstract
The growing consumption of fermented products has led to an increasing demand for lactic acid bacteria (LAB), especially for LAB tolerant to freezing/thawing conditions. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum is a psychrotrophic and freeze-thawing resistant lactic acid bacterium. The membrane is the primary site of damage during the cryo-preservation process and requires modulation to improve cryoresistance. However, knowledge about the membrane structure of this LAB genus is limited. We presented here the first study of the membrane lipid composition of C. maltaromaticum CNCM I-3298 including the polar heads and the fatty acid compositions of each lipid family (neutral lipids, glycolipids, phospholipids). The strain CNCM I-3298 is principally composed of glycolipids (32%) and phospholipids (55%). About 95% of glycolipids are dihexaosyldiglycerides while less than 5% are monohexaosyldiglycerides. The disaccharide chain of dihexaosyldiglycerides is composed of α-Gal(1-2)-α-Glc chain, evidenced for the first time in a LAB strain other than Lactobacillus strains. Phosphatidylglycerol is the main phospholipid (94%). All polar lipids are exceptionally rich in C18:1 (from 70% to 80%). Regarding the fatty acid composition, C. maltaromaticum CNCM I-3298 is an atypical bacterium within the genus Carnobacterium due to its high C18:1 proportion but resemble the other Carnobacterium strains as they mostly do not contain cyclic fatty acids.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Ta
- INRAE, BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France.
| | - C Clarisse
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UAR 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - E Maes
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UAR 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - N Yamakawa
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, INSERM, CHU Lille, Institut Pasteur de Lille, US 41-UAR 2014-PLBS, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Y Guérardel
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France; Institute for Glyco-core Research (iGCORE), Gifu University, Gifu, Japan
| | - F Krzewinski
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576 - UGSF - Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - W Zarzycka
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - D Touboul
- Université Paris-Saclay, CNRS, Institut de Chimie des Substances Naturelles, UPR 2301, 91198, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - A Girardeau
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | - F Fonseca
- Université Paris-Saclay, INRAE, AgroParisTech, UMR SayFood, F-91120 Palaiseau, France
| | | | - M Viau
- INRAE, BIA, F-44316 Nantes, France
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Lo CKL, Sheth PM. Carnobacterium inhibens isolated in blood culture of an immunocompromised, metastatic cancer patient: a case report and literature review. BMC Infect Dis 2021; 21:403. [PMID: 33933029 PMCID: PMC8088058 DOI: 10.1186/s12879-021-06095-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carnobacterium species are lactic acid-producing Gram-positive bacteria that have been approved by the US Food and Drug Administration and Health Canada for use as a food bio-preservative. The use of live bacteria as a food additive and its potential risk of infections in immunocompromised patients are not well understood. CASE PRESENTATION An 81-year-old male with a history of metastatic prostate cancer on androgen deprivation therapy and chronic steroids presented to our hospital with a 2-week history of productive cough, dyspnea, altered mentation, and fever. Extensive computed tomography imaging revealed multifocal pneumonia without other foci of infection. He was diagnosed with pneumonia and empirically treated with ceftriaxone and vancomycin. Blood cultures from admission later returned positive for Carnobacterium inhibens. He achieved clinical recovery with step-down to oral amoxicillin/clavulanic acid for a total 7-day course of antibiotics. CONCLUSIONS This is the fourth reported case of bacteremia with Carnobacterium spp. isolated from humans. This case highlights the need to better understand the pathogenicity and disease spectrum of bacteria used in the food industry for bio-preservation, especially in immunocompromised patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carson Ka-Lok Lo
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Juravinski Cancer Centre, McMaster University Infectious Diseases Residency Program, 699 Concession Street, Hamilton, Ontario, L8V 5C2, Canada.
| | - Prameet M Sheth
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. .,Division of Microbiology, Kingston Health Sciences Centre, 76 Stuart Street, Kingston, Ontario, K7L 2V7, Canada.
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Pastorino P, Colussi S, Pizzul E, Varello K, Menconi V, Mugetti D, Tomasoni M, Esposito G, Bertoli M, Bozzetta E, Dondo A, Acutis PL, Prearo M. The unusual isolation of carnobacteria in eyes of healthy salmonids in high-mountain lakes. Sci Rep 2021; 11:2314. [PMID: 33504925 PMCID: PMC7840770 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82133-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Carnobacteria are common bacteria in cold and temperate environments; they are also reported during fish mortality events. In a previous study, carnobacteria were isolated from the eyes of healthy wild salmonids from a high-mountain lake. To better understand these findings, salmonids were captured from three high-mountain lakes (Lower and Upper Balma Lake, Rouen Lake; northwest Italy) during August 2019 and subjected to bacteriological and histological examination. Although all were healthy, 8.7% (Lower Balma Lake), 24% (Upper Balma Lake), and 32.6% (Rouen Lake) were positive for carnobacteria colonization of the eyes. A Trojan-horse effect was hypothesized to explain carnobacteria isolation in the eye. This immune-escaping macrophage-mediated mechanism has been identified in other Gram-positive bacteria. Biochemical, molecular, and phylogenetic analysis were carried out on isolated bacteria (Carnobacterium maltaromaticum and C. divergens). Based on previous references for carnobacteria isolated from fish, C. maltaromaticum strains were tested for the pisA precursor gene of the bacteriocin piscicolin 126. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains were found to display genotypic heterogeneity and a low percentage of pisA positive amplification. Features of geomorphology, geographic isolation, and microbiota common to the three lakes are thought to be possibly related to our findings. Moreover, terrestrial insects collected from the lake shoreline and the stomach contents were screened for the presence of carnobacteria. The salmonids in these high-mountain environments feed mainly on terrestrial insects, which are considered possible vectors for carnobacteria that might catabolize the exoskeleton chitin. All insects tested negative for carnobacteria, but as a small number of samples were analyzed, their role as possible vectors of infection cannot be excluded. Further studies are needed to corroborate our research hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Pastorino
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy.
| | - Silvia Colussi
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Elisabetta Pizzul
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Katia Varello
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Vasco Menconi
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Davide Mugetti
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Mattia Tomasoni
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Sassari, via Vienna 2, 07100, Sassari, Italy
| | - Marco Bertoli
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, via L. Giorgieri 10, 34127, Trieste, Italy
| | - Elena Bozzetta
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Dondo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Pier Luigi Acutis
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
| | - Marino Prearo
- The Veterinary Medical Research Institute for Piemonte, Liguria and Valle d'Aosta, via Bologna 148, 10154, Turin, Italy
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Hoseinifar SH, Sun YZ, Wang A, Zhou Z. Probiotics as Means of Diseases Control in Aquaculture, a Review of Current Knowledge and Future Perspectives. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2429. [PMID: 30369918 PMCID: PMC6194580 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 09/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Along with the intensification of culture systems to meet the increasing global demands, there was an elevated risk for diseases outbreak and substantial loss for farmers. In view of several drawbacks caused by prophylactic administration of antibiotics, strict regulations have been established to ban or minimize their application in aquaculture. As an alternative to antibiotics, dietary administration of feed additives has received increasing attention during the past three decades. Probiotics, prebiotics, synbiotics and medicinal plants were among the most promising feed supplements for control or treatments of bacterial, viral and parasitic diseases of fish and shellfish. The present review summarizes and discusses the topic of potential application of probiotics as a means of disease control with comprehensive look at the available literature. The possible mode of action of probiotics (Strengthening immune response, competition for binding sites, production of antibacterial substances, and competition for nutrients) in providing protection against diseases is described. Besides, we have classified different pathogens and separately described the effects of probiotics as protective strategy. Furthermore, we have addressed the gaps of existing knowledge as well as the topics that merit further investigations. Overall, the present review paper revealed potential of different probiont to be used as protective agent against various pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyed Hossein Hoseinifar
- Department of Fisheries, Faculty of Fisheries and Environmental Sciences, Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources, Gorgan, Iran
| | - Yun-Zhang Sun
- Key Laboratory of Healthy Mariculture for the East China Sea, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries College, Jimei University, Xiamen, China
| | - Anran Wang
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Zhigang Zhou
- Key Laboratory for Feed Biotechnology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Feed Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Zhou J, He H, Wang X, Lu J, Zhou X, Cai M, Zhang Y. Optimization of nutrients for dinactin production by a marine Streptomyces sp. from the high latitude Arctic. BIOTECHNOL BIOPROC E 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s12257-015-0050-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Bourouni OC, El Bour M, Calo-Mata P, Mraouna R, Abedellatif B, Barros-Velàzquez J. Phylogenetic analysis of antimicrobial lactic acid bacteria from farmed seabass Dicentrarchus labrax. Can J Microbiol 2012; 58:463-74. [DOI: 10.1139/w2012-014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The use of lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the prevention or reduction of fish diseases is receiving increasing attention. In the present study, 47 LAB strains were isolated from farmed seabass ( Dicentrarchus labrax ) and were phenotypically and phylogenetically analysed by 16S rDNA and randomly amplified polymorphic DNA – polymerase chain reaction (RAPD–PCR). Their antimicrobial effect was tested in vitro against a wide variety of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria. Most of the strains isolated were enterococci belonging to the following species: Enterococcus faecium (59%), Enterococcus faecalis (21%), Enterococcus sanguinicola (4 strains), Enterococcus mundtii (1 strain), Enterococcus pseudoavium (1 strain), and Lactococcus lactis (1 strain). An Aerococcus viridans strain was also isolated. The survey of their antimicrobial susceptibility showed that all isolates were sensitive to vancomycin and exhibited resistance to between 4 and 10 other antibiotics relevant for therapy in human and animal medicine. Different patterns of resistance were noted for skin and intestines isolates. More than 69% (32 strains) of the isolates inhibited the growth of the majority of pathogenic and spoilage bacteria tested, including Listeria monocytogenes , Staphylococcus aureus , Aeromonas hydrophila , Aeromonas salmonicida , Vibrio anguillarum , and Carnobacterium sp. To our knowledge, this is the first report of bioactive enterococcal species isolated from seabass that could potentially inhibit the undesirable bacteria found in food systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ouissal Chahad Bourouni
- Institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer (INSTM), rue 2 Mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô; Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Monia El Bour
- Institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer (INSTM), rue 2 Mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô; Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Pilar Calo-Mata
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, LHICA, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Radhia Mraouna
- Institut national des sciences et technologies de la mer (INSTM), rue 2 Mars 1934, 2025 Salammbô; Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Boudabous Abedellatif
- Laboratoire de microorganismes et biomolécules actives, Faculté des Sciences, Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Jorge Barros-Velàzquez
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Nutrition and Food Science, LHICA, School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Santiago de Compostela, E-27002 Lugo, Spain
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Spoilage-related activity of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum strains in air-stored and vacuum-packed meat. Appl Environ Microbiol 2011; 77:7382-93. [PMID: 21784913 DOI: 10.1128/aem.05304-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
One hundred three isolates of Carnobacterium spp. from raw meat were analyzed by random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and PCR and were identified by 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Forty-five strains of Carnobacterium maltaromaticum were characterized for their growth capabilities at different temperatures, NaCl concentrations, and pH values and for in vitro lipolytic and proteolytic activities. Moreover, their spoilage potential in meat was investigated by analyzing the release of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in meat stored in air or vacuum packs. Almost all the strains were able to grow at 4, 10, and 20°C, at pH values of 6 to 9, and in the presence of 2.5% NaCl. The release of VOCs by each strain in beef stored at 4°C in air and vacuum packs was evaluated by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME)-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis. All the meat samples inoculated and stored in air showed higher numbers of VOCs than the vacuum-packed meat samples. Acetoin, 1-octen-3-ol, and butanoic acid were the compounds most frequently found under both storage conditions. The contaminated meat samples were evaluated by a sensory panel; the results indicated that for all sensory odors, no effect of strain was significant (P > 0.05). The storage conditions significantly affected (P < 0.05) the perception of dairy, spoiled-meat, and mozzarella cheese odors, which were more intense in meat stored in air than in vacuum packs but were never very intense. In conclusion, different strains of C. maltaromaticum can grow efficiently in meat stored at low temperatures both in air and in vacuum packs, producing volatile molecules with low sensory impacts, with a negligible contribution to meat spoilage overall.
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Pérez-Sánchez T, Balcázar JL, García Y, Halaihel N, Vendrell D, de Blas I, Merrifield DL, Ruiz-Zarzuela I. Identification and characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (Walbaum), with inhibitory activity against Lactococcus garvieae. JOURNAL OF FISH DISEASES 2011; 34:499-507. [PMID: 21535012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2761.2011.01260.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
A study was conducted to evaluate the probiotic properties of endogenous rainbow trout microbiota against pathogenic Lactococcus garvieae. A total of 335 bacterial strains were isolated from rainbow trout and screened for antagonistic activity against L. garvieae using an agar spot assay. Antagonistic strains were grouped by PCR amplification of repetitive bacterial DNA elements (rep-PCR) and identified by 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis. The results revealed that the antagonistic strains belonged to the genera Lactobacillus, Lactococcus and Leuconostoc. Further probiotic characteristics, such as specific growth rate, doubling time, resistance to biological barriers, antibiotic resistance, hydrophobicity and production of antimicrobial substances, were also studied. These strains were able to survive low pH and high bile concentrations, showed good adherence characteristics and a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance. The antagonistic efficacy was maintained after sterile filtration and was sensitive to proteinase K, indicating that proteinaceous extracellular inhibitory compounds were at least partially responsible for pathogen antagonism. Based on these results, these strains should be further studied to explore their probiotic effects in challenge experiments in vivo. This study shows clear evidence that the indigenous trout-associated microbiota may provide a defensive barrier against L. garvieae.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Pérez-Sánchez
- Laboratory of Fish Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Kim DH, Austin B. Characterization of probiotic carnobacteria isolated from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. Lett Appl Microbiol 2009; 47:141-7. [PMID: 19552776 DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2008.02401.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To characterize two probiotic carnobacterial isolates, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (B26) and C. divergens (B33), derived from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) intestine. METHODS AND RESULTS Both cultures, which were able to colonize the fish gut mucosal layer, comprised nonsporogenous, nonmotile, Gram-positive, catalase and oxidase-negative rods. The growth of both carnobacteria occurred between 0 and 37 degrees C, in 0-10% (w/v) NaCl and at pH 5-10. Specifically, strain B26 grew in nutrient broth supplemented with 15% (w/v) NaCl. The most abundant cellular fatty acid of both cultures was 9-octadecenoic acid (18 : 1 n-9) (B26 = 52.6%; B33 = 40.6%), which was characteristic of Carnobacterium. Both cultures were inhibitory to Aeromonas salmonicida, Aer. hydrophila, Streptococcus iniae and Vibrio anguillarum, and strain B33 inhibited Listeria monocytogenes. Both carnobacteria, which did not contain plasmids, produced inhibitory compounds against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. CONCLUSIONS Both probiotic cultures, B26 and B33, had unique phenotypic characteristics and showed a broad spectrum of antibiotic resistance against varying pathogenic bacteria. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The results of this study contribute to new information and significance of carnobacterial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Kim
- Department of Aqualife Medicine, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, South Korea
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Gatesoupe FJ. Updating the importance of lactic acid bacteria in fish farming: natural occurrence and probiotic treatments. J Mol Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 14:107-14. [PMID: 17957117 DOI: 10.1159/000106089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Many recent papers have deepened the state of knowledge about lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in fish gut. In spite of high variability in fish microbiota, LAB are sometimes abundant in the intestine, notably in freshwater fish. Several strains of Streptococcus are pathogenic to fish. Streptococcus iniae and Lactococcus garvieae are major fish pathogens, against which commercial vaccines are available. Fortunately, most LAB are harmless, and some strains have been reported for beneficial effects on fish health. A major step forward in recent years was the converging evidence that LAB can stimulate the immune system in fish. An open question is whether viability can affect immunostimulation. The issue is crucial to commercialize live probiotics rather than inactivated preparations or extracts. There has been a regain of interest in allochthonous strains used as probiotics for terrestrial animals or humans, due to economical and regulatory constraints, but the short survival in sea water may limit application to marine fish. If viability is required, alternative treatments may include the incorporation of prebiotics in feed, and other dietary manipulations that could promote intestinal LAB. Antagonism to pathogens is the other main feature of candidate probiotics, and there are many reports concerning mainly carnobacteria and Enterococcus. Some bacteriocins were characterized which may be of interest not only for aquaculture, but also for food preservation.
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Affiliation(s)
- François-Joël Gatesoupe
- INRA-Ifremer, Joint Research Unit for Fish Nutrition, Aquaculture and Genomics, Plouzané, France.
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Kim DH, Brunt J, Austin B. Microbial diversity of intestinal contents and mucus in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). J Appl Microbiol 2007; 102:1654-64. [PMID: 17578431 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2006.03185.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIMS The aim of this study was to understand the microbial community of intestinal contents and mucosal layer in the intestine of rainbow trout by means of culture-dependent conventional and independent molecular techniques. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-one culturable microbial phylotypes, and 39 sequences from 16S rRNA and two from 18S rRNA genes, were retrieved. Aeromonadaceae, Enterobacteriaceae and Pseudomonadaceae representatives were the dominant cultured bacteria. Genomic DNA isolated from intestinal contents and mucus was used to generate 104 random clones, which were grouped into 32 phylotypes at 99% minimum similarity, most of which were affiliated with Proteobacteria (>70% of the total). However, unlike library C (intestinal contents), the phyla Bacteroidetes and Fusobacteria were not found in intestinal mucus (library M), indicating that the microbiota in the gut mucus was different from that of the intestinal contents. Twelve sequences were retrieved from denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis, and dominant bands were mostly related to Clostridium. CONCLUSIONS Many novel sequences that have not been previously recognized as part of the intestinal flora of rainbow trout were retrieved. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fish gut harbours a larger bacterial diversity than previously recognized, and the diversity of gut mucus is different from that of intestinal contents.
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Affiliation(s)
- D-H Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Heriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, UK
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Leisner JJ, Laursen BG, Prévost H, Drider D, Dalgaard P. Carnobacterium: positive and negative effects in the environment and in foods. FEMS Microbiol Rev 2007; 31:592-613. [PMID: 17696886 PMCID: PMC2040187 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.2007.00080.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genus Carnobacterium contains nine species, but only C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum are frequently isolated from natural environments and foods. They are tolerant to freezing/thawing and high pressure and able to grow at low temperatures, anaerobically and with increased CO2 concentrations. They metabolize arginine and various carbohydrates, including chitin, and this may improve their survival in the environment. Carnobacterium divergens and C. maltaromaticum have been extensively studied as protective cultures in order to inhibit growth of Listeria monocytogenes in fish and meat products. Several carnobacterial bacteriocins are known, and parameters that affect their production have been described. Currently, however, no isolates are commercially applied as protective cultures. Carnobacteria can spoil chilled foods, but spoilage activity shows intraspecies and interspecies variation. The responsible spoilage metabolites are not well characterized, but branched alcohols and aldehydes play a partial role. Their production of tyramine in foods is critical for susceptible individuals, but carnobacteria are not otherwise human pathogens. Carnobacterium maltaromaticum can be a fish pathogen, although carnobacteria are also suggested as probiotic cultures for use in aquaculture. Representative genome sequences are not yet available, but would be valuable to answer questions associated with fundamental and applied aspects of this important genus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jørgen J Leisner
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Grønnegårdsvej 15, DK-1870 Frederiksberg C., Denmark.
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Ringø E, Salinas I, Olsen RE, Nyhaug A, Myklebust R, Mayhew TM. Histological changes in intestine of Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) following in vitro exposure to pathogenic and probiotic bacterial strains. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 328:109-16. [PMID: 17120052 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-006-0323-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2006] [Accepted: 08/08/2006] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Furunculosis and vibriosis are diseases that cause severe economic losses in the fish-farming industry. The foregut of the Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar L.) was exposed in vitro to two fish pathogens, Aeromonas salmonicida (causative agent of furunculosis) and Vibrio anguillarum (causative agent of vibriosis), and to one probiotic strain, Carnobacterium divergens, at 6 x 10(4) or 6 x 10(6) viable bacteria per milliliter. Histological changes following bacterial exposure were assessed by light and electron microscopy. Control samples (foregut exposed to Ringer's solution only) and samples exposed only to C. divergens had a similar appearance to intact intestinal mucosal epithelium, with no signs of damage. However, exposure of the foregut to the pathogenic bacteria resulted in damaged epithelial cells, cell debris in the lumen, and disorganization of the microvilli. Co-incubation of the foregut with a pathogen and C. divergens did not reverse the damaging effects caused by the pathogen, although these were alleviated when probiotic bacteria were used. Based on these results, we suggest that the probiotic bacterium, C. divergens, is able to prevent, to some extent, pathogen-induced damage in the Atlantic salmon foregut.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Ringø
- Section of Arctic Veterinary Medicine, Department of Food Safety and Infection Biology, Norwegian School of Veterinary Science, 9292 Tromsø, Norway.
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Seppola M, Olsen RE, Sandaker E, Kanapathippillai P, Holzapfel W, Ringø E. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) typing of carnobacteria isolated from hindgut chamber and large intestine of Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua l.). Syst Appl Microbiol 2006; 29:131-7. [PMID: 16464694 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2005.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Autochthonous and allochthonous bacteria were isolated from hindgut chamber and large intestine of fed and starved Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua L.). All bacterial strains isolated from hindgut chamber belong to carnobacteria. However, only 10.2% of the bacteria strains from the large intestine belong to carnobacteria. Random amplification of polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis using three selective primers, was performed to further identify the carnobacteria strains. Nine of these were isolated from hindgut chamber contents, ten associated with epithelial cells of the hindgut chamber, and six isolated from the large intestines of fed and starved fish. The 25 isolates segregated into eight clusters. The major cluster comprised nine strains isolated from the hindgut chamber of both fed and starved fish showing low similarity with the reference strains. The other strains isolated from the hindgut were located in clusters showing high similarity with Carnobacterium gallinarum or Carnobacterium piscicola. Strains isolated from large intestine appeared more divergent and were located in five different clusters. Autochthonous (indigenous) bacteria were clearly demonstrated in the hindgut chamber as transmission electron microscopy revealed rod-shaped bacteria between adjacent microvilli. Endocytosis of bacteria by epithelial cells was observed in the hindgut chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marit Seppola
- Norwegian Institute of Fisheries and Aquaculture, N-9291 Tromsø, Norway
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Laursen BG, Bay L, Cleenwerck I, Vancanneyt M, Swings J, Dalgaard P, Leisner JJ. Carnobacterium divergens and Carnobacterium maltaromaticum as spoilers or protective cultures in meat and seafood: phenotypic and genotypic characterization. Syst Appl Microbiol 2005; 28:151-64. [PMID: 15830808 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2004.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Carnobacterium, a genus of lactic acid bacteria, frequently dominate the microflora of chilled vacuum- or modified atmosphere-packed meat and seafood. In this study Carnobacterium isolates were characterized by phenotypic and molecular methods in order to investigate the association of species and intra-species groups with distinct kinds of meat and seafood. Of 120 test strains, 50 originated from meat (beef and pork products, including 44 strains isolated during this study and 6 strains obtained from culture collections) and 52 from seafoods (cod, halibut, salmon, shrimps and roe products). In addition, 9 reference strains of Carnobacterium spp from other sources than meat and fish and 9 reference strains of lactic acid bacteria belonging to other genera than Carnobacterium were included. Numerical taxonomy relying on classical biochemical reactions, carbohydrate fermentation and inhibition tests (temperature, salt, pH, chemical preservatives, antibiotics, bacteriocins), SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins, plasmid profiling, intergenic spacer region (ISR) analysis and examination of amplified-fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) were employed to characterize the strains. The numerical taxonomic approach divided the carnobacteria strains into 24 groups that shared less than 89% similarity. These groups were identified as Carnobacterium divergens with one major cluster (40 strains) and 7 branches of one to four strains, Carnobacterium maltaromaticum (previous C. piscicola) with one major cluster (37 strains) and 9 branches of one to four strains and Carnobacterium mobile (three branches consisting in total of 4 strains). Branches consisting of references strains of the remaining Carnobacterium spp. were separated from clusters and branches of C. divergens, C. maltaromaticum and C. mobile. Isolates from the main clusters of C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum were found both in fresh and lightly preserved meat and seafood products. High phenotypic intra-species variability was observed for C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum but despite this heterogeneity in phenotypic traits a reliable identification to species levels was obtained by SDS-PAGE electrophoresis of whole cell proteins and by ISR based on 16S-23S rDNA intergenic spacer region polymorphism. With AFLP, two distinct clusters were observed for C. divergens but only one for C. maltaromaticum. The two C. divergens clusters were not identical to any of the clusters observed by numerical taxonomy. A limited number of C. divergens and C. maltaromaticum isolates possessed a biopreservative potential due to their production of bacteriocins with a wide inhibition spectrum. This study serves as a base-line for further investigations on the potential role of species of Carnobacterium in foods where they predominate the spoilage microflora.
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Affiliation(s)
- Birgit Groth Laursen
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Royal Veterinary and Agricultural University, Grønnegårdsvej 15, 1870 Frederiksberg (Copenhagen), Denmark
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Ringø E, Schillinger U, Holzapfel W. Chapter 18 Antimicrobial activity of lactic acid bacteria isolated from aquatic animals and the use of lactic acid bacteria in aquaculture. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN GROWING ANIMALS 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/s1877-1823(09)70051-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
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