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Li T, Wang Z, Guo J, de la Fuente-Nunez C, Wang J, Han B, Tao H, Liu J, Wang X. Bacterial resistance to antibacterial agents: Mechanisms, control strategies, and implications for global health. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2023; 860:160461. [PMID: 36435256 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.160461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Revised: 11/19/2022] [Accepted: 11/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The spread of bacterial drug resistance has posed a severe threat to public health globally. Here, we cover bacterial resistance to current antibacterial drugs, including traditional herbal medicines, conventional antibiotics, and antimicrobial peptides. We summarize the influence of bacterial drug resistance on global health and its economic burden while highlighting the resistance mechanisms developed by bacteria. Based on the One Health concept, we propose 4A strategies to combat bacterial resistance, including prudent Application of antibacterial agents, Administration, Assays, and Alternatives to antibiotics. Finally, we identify several opportunities and unsolved questions warranting future exploration for combating bacterial resistance, such as predicting genetic bacterial resistance through the use of more effective techniques, surveying both genetic determinants of bacterial resistance and the transmission dynamics of antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Li
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China; State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Biotechnology, No. 20, Dongda Street, Fengtai District, Beijing 100071, PR China
| | - Zhenlong Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jianhua Guo
- Australian Centre for Water and Environmental Biotechnology (ACWEB, formerly AWMC), The University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland 4072, Australia.
| | - Cesar de la Fuente-Nunez
- Machine Biology Group, Departments of Psychiatry and Microbiology, Institute for Biomedical Informatics, Institute for Translational Medicine and Therapeutics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Departments of Bioengineering and Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America; Penn Institute for Computational Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, United States of America.
| | - Jinquan Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Bing Han
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Hui Tao
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Jie Liu
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China
| | - Xiumin Wang
- Institute of Feed Research, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, PR China; Key Laboratory of Feed Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Beijing 100081, PR China.
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Antimicrobial resistance in the food chain: a review. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:2643-69. [PMID: 23812024 PMCID: PMC3734448 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10072643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 06/14/2013] [Accepted: 06/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistant zoonotic pathogens present on food constitute a direct risk to public health. Antimicrobial resistance genes in commensal or pathogenic strains form an indirect risk to public health, as they increase the gene pool from which pathogenic bacteria can pick up resistance traits. Food can be contaminated with antimicrobial resistant bacteria and/or antimicrobial resistance genes in several ways. A first way is the presence of antibiotic resistant bacteria on food selected by the use of antibiotics during agricultural production. A second route is the possible presence of resistance genes in bacteria that are intentionally added during the processing of food (starter cultures, probiotics, bioconserving microorganisms and bacteriophages). A last way is through cross-contamination with antimicrobial resistant bacteria during food processing. Raw food products can be consumed without having undergone prior processing or preservation and therefore hold a substantial risk for transfer of antimicrobial resistance to humans, as the eventually present resistant bacteria are not killed. As a consequence, transfer of antimicrobial resistance genes between bacteria after ingestion by humans may occur. Under minimal processing or preservation treatment conditions, sublethally damaged or stressed cells can be maintained in the food, inducing antimicrobial resistance build-up and enhancing the risk of resistance transfer. Food processes that kill bacteria in food products, decrease the risk of transmission of antimicrobial resistance.
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Wen S, Yang J, Tan T. Full-length single-stranded PCR product mediated chromosomal integration in intact Bacillus subtilis. J Microbiol Methods 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2012.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Rizzi A, Raddadi N, Sorlini C, Nordgrd L, Nielsen KM, Daffonchio D. The Stability and Degradation of Dietary DNA in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Mammals: Implications for Horizontal Gene Transfer and the Biosafety of GMOs. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2012; 52:142-61. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2010.499480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Wilcks A, Jacobsen BB. Lack of detectable DNA uptake by transformation of selected recipients in mono-associated rats. BMC Res Notes 2010; 3:49. [PMID: 20193062 PMCID: PMC2845597 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-3-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 03/01/2010] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background An important concern revealed in the public discussion of the use of genetically modified (GM) plants for human consumption, is the potential transfer of DNA from these plants to bacteria present in the gastrointestinal tract. Especially, there is a concern that antibiotic resistance genes used for the construction of GM plants end up in pathogenic bacteria, eventually leading to untreatable disease. Findings Three different bacterial species (Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, Streptococcus gordonii), all natural inhabitants of the food and intestinal tract environment were used as recipients for uptake of DNA. As source of DNA both plasmid and genomic DNA from GM plants were used in in vitro and in vivo transformation studies. Mono-associated rats, creating a worst-case scenario, did not give rise to any detectable transfer of DNA. Conclusion Although we were unable to detect any transformation events in our experiment, it cannot be ruled out that this could happen in the GI tract. However, since several steps are required before expression of plant-derived DNA in intestinal bacteria, we believe this is unlikely, and antibiotic resistance development in this environment is more in danger by the massive use of antibiotics than the consumption of GM food harbouring antibiotic resistance genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Wilcks
- Division of Microbiology and Risk Assessment, National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade 19, DK-2860 Søborg, Denmark.
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Brigulla M, Wackernagel W. Molecular aspects of gene transfer and foreign DNA acquisition in prokaryotes with regard to safety issues. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2010; 86:1027-41. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-010-2489-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2009] [Revised: 12/18/2009] [Accepted: 01/31/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Shedova E, Albrecht C, Zverlov VV, Schwarz WH. Stimulation of bacterial DNA transformation by cattle saliva: implications for using genetically modified plants in animal feed. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-008-9910-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Foodborne antimicrobial resistance as a biological hazard - Scientific Opinion of the Panel on Biological Hazards. EFSA J 2008. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2008.765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
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Detection of feed-derived maize DNA in goat milk and evaluation of the potential of horizontal transfer to bacteria. Eur Food Res Technol 2008. [DOI: 10.1007/s00217-008-0896-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Walsh C, Duffy G, Nally P, O’Mahony R, McDowell D, Fanning S. Transfer of ampicillin resistance from Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 to Escherichia coli K12 in food. Lett Appl Microbiol 2007; 46:210-5. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1472-765x.2007.02288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Bauer T, Hammes WP, Haase NU, Hertel C. Effect of food components and processing parameters on DNA degradation in food. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 3:215-23. [PMID: 16028798 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2005005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
The effect of food components on degradation of DNA by DNase I (EC 3.1.21.1) was monitored by electrotransformation of Escherichia coil, making it possible to determine the number of plasmid molecules capable of giving rise to transformed cells. The transformation frequency increased linearly with the plasmid number within the range of 2 x 10(6) to 2 x 10(10). DNA degradation was reduced by one order of magnitude in the presence of 0.05% (w.v(-1)) maltol or 1 mM putrescine. Complete inhibition of degradation was observed with > or = 0.2% (w.v(-1)) maltol, > or = 0.01% (w.v(-1)) octyl gallate or > or = 0.5 mM of spermine. To monitor degradation of plant DNA during food processing, a real-time PCR system was established. The ratio of copy numbers of a potato gbss DNA fragment of 325 bp and a nested 96 bp fragment was determined. The latter served as internal reference for normalization. The system made it possible to exclude process-dependent changes of DNA concentration in the food matrix. Processing of genetically modified potatoes to dried potato sticks, crisps or flakes was studied and drying steps were shown to exert the strongest effect on DNA degradation, resulting in a drop of the ratio from 0.73 to 0.16.
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Affiliation(s)
- Torsten Bauer
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Hohenheim, 70593 Stuttgart, Germany
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Alpert CA, Mater DDG, Muller MC, Ouriet MF, Duval-Iflah Y, Corthier G. Worst-case scenarios for horizontal gene transfer from Lactococcus lactis carrying heterologous genes to Enterococcus faecalis in the digestive tract of gnotobiotic mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 2:173-80. [PMID: 15612415 DOI: 10.1051/ebr:2003010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Since genetically modified (GM) lactic acid bacteria (LAB) might be released in open environments for future nutritional and medical applications, the purpose of this study was to determine an upper limit for the horizontal gene transfer (HGT) in the digestive tract (DT) from Lactococcus lactis carrying heterologous genes (lux genes encoding a bacterial luciferase) to Enterococcus faecalis. Two enterococcal wide host-range conjugative model systems were used: (i) a system composed of a mobilizable plasmid containing the heterologous lux genes and a native conjugative helper plasmid; and (ii) a Tn916-lux transposon. Both systems were tested under the most transfer-prone conditions, i.e. germfree mice mono-associated with the recipient E. faecalis. No transfer was observed with the transposon system. Transfers of the mobilizable plasmid carrying heterologous genes were below 10(2) transconjugants per g of faeces for a single donor dose and reached between 10(3) and 10(4) transconjugants per g of faeces when continuous inoculation of the donor strain was used. Once established in mice, transconjugants persisted at low levels in the mouse DT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carl-Alfred Alpert
- Unité d'Ecologie et de Physiologie du Système digestif, INRA, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France
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Kharazmi M, Sczesny S, Blaut M, Hammes WP, Hertel C. Marker rescue studies of the transfer of recombinant DNA to Streptococcus gordonii in vitro, in foods and gnotobiotic rats. Appl Environ Microbiol 2004; 69:6121-7. [PMID: 14532070 PMCID: PMC201193 DOI: 10.1128/aem.69.10.6121-6127.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A plasmid marker rescue system based on restoration of the nptII gene was established in Streptococcus gordonii to study the transfer of bacterial and transgenic plant DNA by transformation. In vitro studies revealed that the marker rescue efficiency depends on the type of donor DNA. Plasmid and chromosomal DNA of bacteria as well as DNA of transgenic potatoes were transferred with efficiencies ranging from 8.1 x 10(-6) to 5.8 x 10(-7) transformants per nptII gene. Using a 792-bp amplification product of nptII the efficiency was strongly decreased (9.8 x 10(-9)). In blood sausage, marker rescue using plasmid DNA was detectable (7.9 x 10(-10)), whereas in milk heat-inactivated horse serum (HHS) had to be added to obtain an efficiency of 2.7 x 10(-11). No marker rescue was detected in extracts of transgenic potatoes despite addition of HHS. In vivo transformation of S. gordonii LTH 5597 was studied in monoassociated rats by using plasmid DNA. No marker rescue could be detected in vivo, although transformation was detected in the presence of saliva and fecal samples supplemented with HHS. It was also shown that plasmid DNA persists in rat saliva permitting transformation for up to 6 h of incubation. It is suggested that the lack of marker rescue is due to the absence of competence-stimulating factors such as serum proteins in rat saliva.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kharazmi
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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Kharazmi M, Bauer T, Hammes WP, Hertel C. Effect of Food Processing on the Fate of DNA with Regard to Degradation and Transformation Capability in Bacillus subtilis. Syst Appl Microbiol 2003; 26:495-501. [PMID: 14666975 DOI: 10.1078/072320203770865774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Soymilk, tofu, corn masa, and cooked potato were produced from transgenic raw materials and the effect of processing on the degradation of DNA was studied. Major degrading factors were for soymilk and tofu the mechanical treatment of soaked soybeans and for corn masa and cooked potatoes the thermal treatment. In the processed foods no DNA fragments > 1.1 kb were detected. We included in our studies the effect of the size of donor DNA and length of the homologous sequence on the marker rescue transformation of B. subtilis LTH 5466, which was monitored by restoration of deleted nptII. When DNA fragments (168, 414, 658, and 792 bp) of nptII and linearized plasmid DNA (pGEM-T-1, 3168 bp and pGEM-T-2, 3792 bp) containing the 168 bp or 792 bp fragments, respectively, were used as donor DNA, it was observed that the efficiency of marker rescue decreased with decreasing length of homologous sequence. The use of a larger plasmid (pMR2, 5786 bp) containing the 792 bp fragment revealed higher efficiency of marker rescue compared to pGEM-T-2. The nptII fragments resulted in lower efficiencies compared to plasmid DNA containing the same fragment. For the 792 bp fragment and the linearized plasmid pMR2 a first-order dependency of the frequency of marker rescue transformation on the DNA concentration was observed. Based on the acquired data, the hypothetical frequency of transformation of transgenic DNA to B. subtilis in cooked potatoes was calculated to be equal to 8.5 x 10(-19) and 1.2 x 10(-27) for homologous and illegitimate recombination, respectively. These data permit to roughly estimate the time after which a person (10(8) years) or the world population (15 days) is exposed to one transformant generated by homologous recombination event, when the daily consumption per person is 130 g of cooked potatoes.
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MESH Headings
- Bacillus subtilis/genetics
- Bacillus thuringiensis Toxins
- Bacterial Proteins/genetics
- Bacterial Toxins
- DNA, Plant/analysis
- DNA, Plant/genetics
- DNA, Plant/isolation & purification
- Endotoxins/genetics
- Food Handling
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Transfer, Horizontal
- Genes, Bacterial
- Genes, Plant/genetics
- Hemolysin Proteins
- Kanamycin Kinase/genetics
- Plants, Genetically Modified/chemistry
- Plants, Genetically Modified/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction/methods
- Recombination, Genetic
- Transformation, Bacterial
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitra Kharazmi
- Institute of Food Technology, University of Hohenheim, Stuttgart, Germany
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