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Alesci A, Di Paola D, Fumia A, Marino S, D’Iglio C, Famulari S, Albano M, Spanò N, Lauriano ER. Internal Defense System of Mytilus galloprovincialis (Lamarck, 1819): Ecological Role of Hemocytes as Biomarkers for Thiacloprid and Benzo[a]Pyrene Pollution. TOXICS 2023; 11:731. [PMID: 37755742 PMCID: PMC10537264 DOI: 10.3390/toxics11090731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2023] [Revised: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 08/23/2023] [Indexed: 09/28/2023]
Abstract
The introduction of pollutants, such as thiacloprid and benzo[a]pyrene (B[a]P), into the waters of urbanized coastal and estuarine areas through fossil fuel spills, domestic and industrial waste discharges, atmospheric inputs, and continental runoff poses a major threat to the fauna and flora of the aquatic environment and can have a significant impact on the internal defense system of invertebrates such as mussels. Using monoclonal and polyclonal anti-Toll-like receptor 2 (TLR2) and anti-inducible nitric oxide synthetase (iNOS) antibodies for the first time, this work aims to examine hemocytes in the mantle and gills of M. galloprovincialis as biomarkers of thiacloprid and B[a]P pollution and analyze their potential synergistic effect. To pursue this objective, samples were exposed to the pollutants, both individually and simultaneously. Subsequently, oxidative stress biomarkers were evaluated by enzymatic analysis, while tissue changes and the number of hemocytes in the different contaminated groups were assessed via histomorphological and immunohistochemical analyses. Our findings revealed that in comparison to a single exposure, the two pollutants together significantly elevated oxidative stress. Moreover, our data may potentially enhance knowledge on how TLR2 and iNOS work as part of the internal defense system of bivalves. This would help in creating new technologies and strategies, such as biosensors, that are more suitable for managing water pollution, and garnering new details on the condition of the marine ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Davide Di Paola
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico “G. Martino”, 98124 Messina, Italy;
| | - Sebastian Marino
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Claudio D’Iglio
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Sergio Famulari
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168 Messina, Italy;
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical, and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166 Messina, Italy; (A.A.); (D.D.P.); (S.M.); (C.D.); (S.F.)
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Alesci A, Capillo G, Fumia A, Albano M, Messina E, Spanò N, Pergolizzi S, Lauriano ER. Coelomocytes of the Oligochaeta earthworm Lumbricus terrestris (Linnaeus, 1758) as evolutionary key of defense: a morphological study. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2023; 9:5. [PMID: 36871038 PMCID: PMC9985225 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-023-00203-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 01/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Metazoans have several mechanisms of internal defense for their survival. The internal defense system evolved alongside the organisms. Annelidae have circulating coelomocytes that perform functions comparable to the phagocytic immune cells of vertebrates. Several studies have shown that these cells are involved in phagocytosis, opsonization, and pathogen recognition processes. Like vertebrate macrophages, these circulating cells that permeate organs from the coelomic cavity capture or encapsulate pathogens, reactive oxygen species (ROS), and nitric oxide (NO). Furthermore, they produce a range of bioactive proteins involved in immune response and perform detoxification functions through their lysosomal system. Coelomocytes can also participate in lithic reactions against target cells and the release of antimicrobial peptides. Our study immunohistochemically identify coelomocytes of Lumbricus terrestris scattered in the epidermal and the connective layer below, both in the longitudinal and in the smooth muscle layer, immunoreactive for TLR2, CD14 and α-Tubulin for the first time. TLR2 and CD14 are not fully colocalized with each other, suggesting that these coelomocytes may belong to two distinct families. The expression of these immune molecules on Annelidae coelomocytes confirms their crucial role in the internal defense system of these Oligochaeta protostomes, suggesting a phylogenetic conservation of these receptors. These data could provide further insights into the understanding of the internal defense system of the Annelida and of the complex mechanisms of the immune system in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessio Alesci
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy.
| | - Gioele Capillo
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Messina, 98168, Messina, Italy
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164, Messina, Italy
| | - Angelo Fumia
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Messina, Padiglione C, A. O. U. Policlinico "G. Martino", 98124, Messina, Italy
| | - Marco Albano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Emmanuele Messina
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Nunziacarla Spanò
- Institute of Marine Biological Resources and Biotechnology, National Research Council (IRBIM, CNR), 98164, Messina, Italy
- Department of Biomedical, Dental and Morphological and Functional Imaging, University of Messina, 98125, Messina, Italy
| | - Simona Pergolizzi
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
| | - Eugenia Rita Lauriano
- Department of Chemical, Biological, Pharmaceutical and Environmental Sciences, University of Messina, 98166, Messina, Italy
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Canesi L, Auguste M, Balbi T, Prochazkova P. Soluble mediators of innate immunity in annelids and bivalve mollusks: A mini-review. Front Immunol 2022; 13:1051155. [PMID: 36532070 PMCID: PMC9756803 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.1051155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Annelids and mollusks, both in the superphylum of Lophotrochozoa (Bilateria), are important ecological groups, widespread in soil, freshwater, estuarine, and marine ecosystems. Like all invertebrates, they lack adaptive immunity; however, they are endowed with an effective and complex innate immune system (humoral and cellular defenses) similar to vertebrates. The lack of acquired immunity and the capacity to form antibodies does not mean a lack of specificity: invertebrates have evolved genetic mechanisms capable of producing thousands of different proteins from a small number of genes, providing high variability and diversity of immune effector molecules just like their vertebrate counterparts. This diversity allows annelids and mollusks to recognize and eliminate a wide range of pathogens and respond to environmental stressors. Effector molecules can kill invading microbes, reduce their pathogenicity, or regulate the immune response at cellular and systemic levels. Annelids and mollusks are "typical" lophotrochozoan protostome since both groups include aquatic species with trochophore larvae, which unite both taxa in a common ancestry. Moreover, despite their extensive utilization in immunological research, no model systems are available as there are with other invertebrate groups, such as Caenorhabditis elegans or Drosophila melanogaster, and thus, their immune potential is largely unexplored. In this work, we focus on two classes of key soluble mediators of immunity, i.e., antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and cytokines, in annelids and bivalves, which are the most studied mollusks. The mediators have been of interest from their first identification to recent advances in molecular studies that clarified their role in the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Canesi
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Manon Auguste
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Teresa Balbi
- Department of Earth Environment & Life Sciences, University of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Petra Prochazkova
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, Prague, Czechia,*Correspondence: Petra Prochazkova,
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Subbiahanadar Chelladurai K, Selvan Christyraj JD, Azhagesan A, Paulraj VD, Jothimani M, Yesudhason BV, Chellathurai Vasantha N, Ganesan M, Rajagopalan K, Venkatachalam S, Benedict J, John Samuel JK, Selvan Christyraj JRS. Exploring the effect of UV-C radiation on earthworm and understanding its genomic integrity in the context of H2AX expression. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21005. [PMID: 33273505 PMCID: PMC7713072 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-77719-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Maintaining genomic stability is inevitable for organism survival and it is challenged by mutagenic agents, which include ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Whenever DNA damage occurs, it is sensed by DNA-repairing proteins and thereby performing the DNA-repair mechanism. Specifically, in response to DNA damage, H2AX is a key protein involved in initiating the DNA-repair processes. In this present study, we investigate the effect of UV-C on earthworm, Perionyx excavatus and analyzed the DNA-damage response. Briefly, we expose the worms to different doses of UV-C and find that worms are highly sensitive to UV-C. As a primary response, earthworms produce coelomic fluid followed by autotomy. However, tissue inflammation followed by death is observed when we expose worm to increased doses of UV-C. In particular, UV-C promotes damages in skin layers and on the contrary, it mediates the chloragogen and epithelial outgrowth in intestinal tissues. Furthermore, UV-C promotes DNA damages followed by upregulation of H2AX on dose-dependent manner. Our finding confirms DNA damage caused by UV-C is directly proportional to the expression of H2AX. In short, we conclude that H2AX is present in the invertebrate earthworm, which plays an evolutionarily conserved role in DNA damage event as like that in higher animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karthikeyan Subbiahanadar Chelladurai
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Jackson Durairaj Selvan Christyraj
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Ananthaselvam Azhagesan
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India ,grid.412813.d0000 0001 0687 4946Present Address: Centre for Nanobiotechnology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, 632014 Tamilnadu India
| | - Vennila Devi Paulraj
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Muralidharan Jothimani
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India ,grid.411312.40000 0001 0363 9238Present Address: Department of Bioinformatics, Science Campus, Alagappa University, Karaikudi, 630004 Tamilnadu India
| | - Beryl Vedha Yesudhason
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Niranjan Chellathurai Vasantha
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Mijithra Ganesan
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Kamarajan Rajagopalan
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Saravanakumar Venkatachalam
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Johnson Benedict
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
| | - Jemima Kamalapriya John Samuel
- grid.252262.30000 0001 0613 6919Department of Biotechnology, Anna University of Technology, Tiruchirappalli, 620024 Tamilnadu India
| | - Johnson Retnaraj Samuel Selvan Christyraj
- grid.412427.60000 0004 1761 0622Regeneration and Stem Cell Biology Lab, Centre for Molecular and Nanomedical Sciences, International Research Centre, Sathyabama Institute of Science and Technology, Chennai, 600119 Tamilnadu India
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Lau YT, Sussman L, Pales Espinosa E, Katalay S, Allam B. Characterization of hemocytes from different body fluids of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 71:372-379. [PMID: 29042324 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 10/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Bivalve hemocytes are involved in a variety of physiological and immunological functions. Circulating hemocytes in the hemolymph represent the main component of the internal self-defense system while hemocytes present in the extrapallial space (between the mantle and the shell) are actively involved in biomineralization and shell formation. This study focused on the characterization of hemocytes from different body fluids of the eastern oyster Crassostrea virginica. Hemocytes present in the hemolymph were compared to those contained in the extrapallial fluid. Hemocytes associated with the mucus layer covering pallial organs (mantle, gills, body wall) were also investigated because of their potential role as sentinel cells. Hemocytes were characterized using flow cytometry in conjunction with fluorescent epitope markers (clusters of differentiation, lectins) as well as functional assays (i.e. phagocytosis and reactive oxygen species -ROS). Compared with the hemolymph, there was a significantly greater percentage of granulocytes and agranulocytes among extrapallial and pallial hemocytes, respectively. Accounting for the different percentages of hemocyte sub-populations, significant differences in surface carbohydrate and clusters of differentiation signatures were also revealed between the different fluids. Most informative epitope markers included concanavalin A, peanut agglutinin, soybean agglutinin, CD11b and CD14. Functional assays revealed significant differences in phagocytic activity and ROS production between hemocytes from the extrapallial fluid and hemolymph; however, less robust differences were observed between hemolymph cells and hemocytes associated with the pallial mucus. Findings from this study suggest that there are markedly different hemocyte populations in the three body fluids. The role of peripheral cells, particularly those associated with the pallial mucus, requires further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuk-Ting Lau
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Lauren Sussman
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Emmanuelle Pales Espinosa
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Selma Katalay
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States
| | - Bassem Allam
- School of Marine and Atmospheric Sciences, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, NY 11794, United States.
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Park IY, Cha JR, Ok SM, Shin C, Kim JS, Kwak HJ, Yu YS, Kim YK, Medina B, Cho SJ, Park SC. A new earthworm cellulase and its possible role in the innate immunity. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 67:476-480. [PMID: 27614272 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2016] [Revised: 09/06/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
A new endogenous cellulase (Ean-EG) from the earthworm, Eisenia andrei and its expression pattern are demonstrated. Based on a deduced amino acid sequence, the open reading frame (ORF) of Ean-EG consisted of 1368 bps corresponding to a polypeptide of 456 amino acid residues in which is contained the conserved region specific to GHF9 that has the essential amino acid residues for enzyme activity. In multiple alignments and phylogenetic analysis, the deduced amino acid sequence of Ean- EG showed the highest sequence similarity (about 79%) to that of an annelid (Pheretima hilgendorfi) and could be clustered together with other GHF9 cellulases, indicating that Ean-EG could be categorized as a member of the GHF9 to which most animal cellulases belong. The histological expression pattern of Ean-EG mRNA using in situ hybridization revealed that the most distinct expression was observed in epithelial cells with positive hybridization signal in epidermis, chloragogen tissue cells, coelomic cell-aggregate, and even blood vessel, which could strongly support the fact that at least in the earthworm, Eisenia andrei, cellulase function must not be limited to digestive process but be possibly extended to the innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- In Yong Park
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Ju Roung Cha
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Suk-Mi Ok
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Chuog Shin
- Department of Biological Science and Technology, College of Science and Technology, Yonsei University, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Se Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jin Kwak
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yun-Sang Yu
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Kyung Kim
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Brenda Medina
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung-Jin Cho
- Department of Biology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Republic of Korea.
| | - Soon Cheol Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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Mácsik LL, Somogyi I, Opper B, Bovári-Biri J, Pollák E, Molnár L, Németh P, Engelmann P. Induction of apoptosis-like cell death by coelomocyte extracts from Eisenia andrei earthworms. Mol Immunol 2015; 67:213-22. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2015.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 05/15/2015] [Accepted: 05/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Mikami Y, Fukushima A, Kuwada-Kusunose T, Sakurai T, Kitano T, Komiyama Y, Iwase T, Komiyama K. Whole transcriptome analysis using next-generation sequencing of sterile-cultured Eisenia andrei for immune system research. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118587. [PMID: 25706644 PMCID: PMC4338202 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, earthworms have become a useful model for research into the immune system, and it is expected that results obtained using this model will shed light on the sophisticated vertebrate immune system and the evolution of the immune response, and additionally help identify new biomolecules with therapeutic applications. However, for earthworms to be used as a genetic model of the invertebrate immune system, basic molecular and genetic resources, such as an expressed sequence tag (EST) database, must be developed for this organism. Next-generation sequencing technologies have generated EST libraries by RNA-seq in many model species. In this study, we used Illumina RNA-sequence technology to perform a comprehensive transcriptome analysis using an RNA sample pooled from sterile-cultured Eisenia andrei. All clean reads were assembled de novo into 41,423 unigenes using the Trinity program. Using this transcriptome data, we performed BLAST analysis against the GenBank non-redundant (NR) database and obtained a total of 12,285 significant BLAST hits. Furthermore, gene ontology (GO) analysis assigned 78 unigenes to 24 immune class GO terms. In addition, we detected a unigene with high similarity to beta-1,3-glucuronyltransferase 1 (GlcAT-P), which mediates a glucuronyl transfer reaction during the biosynthesis of the carbohydrate epitope HNK-1 (human natural killer-1, also known as CD57), a marker of NK cells. The identified transcripts will be used to facilitate future research into the immune system using E. andrei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshikazu Mikami
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Atsushi Fukushima
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Takao Kuwada-Kusunose
- Department of Liberal Arts (Chemistry), Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1, Sakaecho-Nishi, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Sakurai
- RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, 1-7-22, Suehiro, Tsurumi, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0045, Japan
| | - Taiichi Kitano
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Yusuke Komiyama
- Intensive Care Unit, The University of Tokyo Hospital, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-0033, Japan
| | - Takashi Iwase
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
| | - Kazuo Komiyama
- Department of Pathology, Nihon University School of Dentistry, 1-8-13, Kanda-Surugadai, Chiyoda-ku, Tokyo 101-8310, Japan
- * E-mail:
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Castellanos-Martínez S, Arteta D, Catarino S, Gestal C. De novo transcriptome sequencing of the Octopus vulgaris hemocytes using Illumina RNA-Seq technology: response to the infection by the gastrointestinal parasite Aggregata octopiana. PLoS One 2014; 9:e107873. [PMID: 25329466 PMCID: PMC4199593 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0107873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Octopus vulgaris is a highly valuable species of great commercial interest and excellent candidate for aquaculture diversification; however, the octopus’ well-being is impaired by pathogens, of which the gastrointestinal coccidian parasite Aggregata octopiana is one of the most important. The knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of the immune response in cephalopods, especially in octopus is scarce. The transcriptome of the hemocytes of O. vulgaris was de novo sequenced using the high-throughput paired-end Illumina technology to identify genes involved in immune defense and to understand the molecular basis of octopus tolerance/resistance to coccidiosis. Results A bi-directional mRNA library was constructed from hemocytes of two groups of octopus according to the infection by A. octopiana, sick octopus, suffering coccidiosis, and healthy octopus, and reads were de novo assembled together. The differential expression of transcripts was analysed using the general assembly as a reference for mapping the reads from each condition. After sequencing, a total of 75,571,280 high quality reads were obtained from the sick octopus group and 74,731,646 from the healthy group. The general transcriptome of the O. vulgaris hemocytes was assembled in 254,506 contigs. A total of 48,225 contigs were successfully identified, and 538 transcripts exhibited differential expression between groups of infection. The general transcriptome revealed genes involved in pathways like NF-kB, TLR and Complement. Differential expression of TLR-2, PGRP, C1q and PRDX genes due to infection was validated using RT-qPCR. In sick octopuses, only TLR-2 was up-regulated in hemocytes, but all of them were up-regulated in caecum and gills. Conclusion The transcriptome reported here de novo establishes the first molecular clues to understand how the octopus immune system works and interacts with a highly pathogenic coccidian. The data provided here will contribute to identification of biomarkers for octopus resistance against pathogens, which could improve octopus farming in the near future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Castellanos-Martínez
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Acuicultura. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Spain
| | - David Arteta
- PROGENIKA Biopharma. A Grifols Company. Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia. Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Susana Catarino
- PROGENIKA Biopharma. A Grifols Company. Parque tecnológico de Bizkaia. Derio, Bizkaia, Spain
| | - Camino Gestal
- Departamento de Biotecnología y Acuicultura. Instituto de Investigaciones Marinas, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Vigo, Spain
- * E-mail:
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Irizar A, Izagirre U, Diaz de Cerio O, Marigómez I, Soto M. Zonation in the digestive tract of Eisenia fetida: implications in biomarker measurements for toxicity assessment. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2014; 160:42-53. [PMID: 24291736 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2013.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2013] [Revised: 11/22/2013] [Accepted: 11/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Eisenia fetida is a model species for soil health assessment and different biomarkers that detect either the presence of bioavailable contaminants or their biological effect have been developed. These parameters are performed in a target tissue or whole earthworm, without considering the marked zonation in histological organisation, enzyme activities and gene expression pattern existing along the body. Thus, the present work was aimed at (a) characterising the morphofunctional heterogeneity along the digestive tract of E. fetida in tissue morphology and turnover, lysosomal enzyme markers (β-glucuronidase, β-GUS; hexosaminidase, HEX), lipofuscin contents (LPF) and metallothionein (MT) and catalase (CAT) gene expression; and (b) determining whether the responsiveness to Cd exposure varies among tissues and along the digestive tract. HEX and β-GUS exhibited a heterogeneous distribution pattern along and across the digestive tract and Cd exposure caused a marked decrease of HEX and an increase of β-GUS activity. Likewise, the significant decrease of cell turnover and the induction of MT transcription were was zone-dependent. Therefore, in was concluded that the consideration of the zonation when applying biomarker for toxicity assessment would reduce the intrinsic variability that results from overlooking the marked morphofunctional heterogeneity that exists in annelids along their body axis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Irizar
- Cell Biology & Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PIE) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department (Faculty of Science & Technology), University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - U Izagirre
- Cell Biology & Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PIE) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department (Faculty of Science & Technology), University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - O Diaz de Cerio
- Cell Biology & Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PIE) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department (Faculty of Science & Technology), University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - I Marigómez
- Cell Biology & Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PIE) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department (Faculty of Science & Technology), University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain
| | - M Soto
- Cell Biology & Environmental Toxicology Research Group, Research Centre for Experimental Marine Biology & Biotechnology (PIE) & Zoology & Animal Cell Biology Department (Faculty of Science & Technology), University of the Basque Country, P.O. Box 644, E-48080 Bilbo, Basque Country, Spain.
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Ray M, Bhunia AS, Bhunia NS, Ray S. Density shift, morphological damage, lysosomal fragility and apoptosis of hemocytes of Indian molluscs exposed to pyrethroid pesticides. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 35:499-512. [PMID: 23727281 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2013.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 05/06/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2013] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Bellamya bengalensis (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia) and Lamellidens marginalis (Bivalvia: Eulamellibranchiata) are the molluscs of Indian freshwater ecosystem and important biological resources. These edible species bear economical, ecological, nutritional and medicinal importance. Natural habitat of these organisms is under the ecological threat of contamination by cypermethrin and fenvalerate, the common pyrethroid pesticides of India. Hemocytes are chief immunoeffector cells of molluscs which exhibit responsiveness against environmental toxins and perform diverse immunological functions including phagocytosis, encapsulation and cytotoxicity. Experimental exposure of cypermethrin and fenvalerate resulted in significant shift in density and morphological damage in hemocytes of B. bengalensis and L. marginalis respectively. Pyrethroid induced fragility and destabilization of hemocyte lysosomal membrane was recorded and proposed as an indication of toxin induced stress in molluscs. Apoptosis is an immunologically important cellular response which is modulated by environmental toxins. Pyrethroid exposure suppressed the physiological level of apoptosis and necrosis in hemocytes of B. bengalensis and L. marginalis indicating possible impairment of apoptosis mediated immunoprotection. Differential responses of B. bengalensis and L. marginalis hemocytes may be due to species specificity, toxin specificity, nonidentical immune strategies of Gastropoda and Bivalvia, specific habitat preference and related ecological niches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitali Ray
- Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Zoology, University of Calcutta, 35 Ballygunge Circular Road, Kolkata 700019, West Bengal, India.
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Calisi A, Zaccarelli N, Lionetto MG, Schettino T. Integrated biomarker analysis in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris: application to the monitoring of soil heavy metal pollution. CHEMOSPHERE 2013; 90:2637-2644. [PMID: 23266410 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2012.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Revised: 09/17/2012] [Accepted: 11/24/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
As recently recognized exposure and effect assessment of soil contaminants on soil biota is necessary for decision-making related to ecosystem services and habitat protection, establishment of remediation procedures, or pollution monitoring programs. Therefore, biological approaches to soil monitoring, such as the measurement of biomarkers in soil bioindicator organisms, have recently received increasing attention. The aim of the present work was to assess the performance of a suite of cellular and biochemical biomarkers in native earthworms (Lumbricus terrestris) sampled in heavy metal contaminated sites in view of the validation of this biomarker approach in soil monitoring and assessment. Besides well known and standardized biomarkers such as lysosomal membrane stability, metallothionein tissue concentration and acetylcholinesterase activity, novel potential biomarkers such as changes in blood hemoglobin concentration and granulocyte morphometric alterations were analyzed. Both univariate and multivariate (PCA) statistical analysis applied to the data set revealed that the integrated multi-marker approach in native L. terrestris under field conditions produces a sensitive and cost-effective assessment of heavy metal soil pollution, which could be incorporated as a descriptor of environmental status in future soil biomonitoring programmes.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calisi
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100 Lecce, Italy
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13
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Fiołka MJ, Zagaja MP, Hułas-Stasiak M, Wielbo J. Activity and immunodetection of lysozyme in earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Annelida). J Invertebr Pathol 2012; 109:83-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jip.2011.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Calisi A, Lionetto MG, Schettino T. Biomarker response in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris exposed to chemical pollutants. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2011; 409:4456-4464. [PMID: 21783228 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2011.06.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2011] [Revised: 06/22/2011] [Accepted: 06/26/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are important organisms for the soil ecosystem. They are sensitive to toxic chemicals and represent useful bioindicator organisms for soil biomonitoring. Recently the use of biomarkers in earthworms has been increasingly investigated for soil monitoring and assessment purpose. The aim of the preset paper was to analyze the pollutant-induced response of a suite of cellular and biochemical biomarkers in the earthworm Lumbricus terrestris exposed to copper sulphate or methiocarb in OECD soil at the maximal concentrations recommended in agriculture. These responses were compared to lifecycle parameters such as survival, growth and reproduction. Granulocyte morphometric alteration, lysosomal membrane stability, metallothionein concentration, and acetylcholinesterase activity were considered. In either copper sulphate or methiocarb exposure conditions the mean percentage variation of the pollutant-induced molecular and cellular biomarkers was consistent with the whole organism end-point responses. In particular pollutant-induced granulocyte enlargement, detected in either copper sulphate or methiocarb exposed organisms, showed to be a potential general biomarker that may be directly linked to organism health. Compared to the other biological responses to pollutants, it showed high sensitivity to pollutant exposure suggesting its possible applications as a sensitive, simple, and quick general biomarker for monitoring and assessment applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Calisi
- Dip.to di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali (DiSTeBA), Università del Salento, Via provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, I-73100, Italy
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15
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Calcium is required for coelomocyte activation in earthworms. Mol Immunol 2010; 47:2047-56. [PMID: 20439116 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2010] [Revised: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 04/13/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The role of calcium signaling in activation of both innate and adaptive immunity is basically important, however, the evolutionary aspects are not clarified yet. Currently limited data are available about calcium levels of coelomocytes, cellular mediators of earthworm immunity. We aimed to observe basal and induced Ca(2+) levels of coelomocyte subgroups after various stimulations in Eisenia fetida and Allolobophora caliginosa using a Ca(2+)-sensitive dye. E. fetida chloragocytes had the highest basal Ca(2+) levels among subpopulations; however there was no detectable Ca(2+) influx after any stimuli, while coelomocytes showed strong Ca(2+) increase after ionomycin treatment, which could be attenuated using phorbol ester. A. caliginosa coelomocytes showed a weak response to ionophore, while chloragocytes, similar to those in E. fetida, exhibited no changes after this stimulation. Intracellular calcium is mainly stored in the endoplasmic reticulum of coelomocytes as proved by thapsigargin treatments. Among several mitogens only phytohemagglutinin caused increased Ca(2+) level in E. fetida coelomocytes, but not in A. caliginosa coelomocytes. Moreover, the chemoattractant fMLP revealed calcium influx of Eisenia coelomocytes. For the first time we observed various basal Ca(2+) levels and sensibility to Ca(2+) influx inducers (including mitogens and chemoattractant) of coelomocyte subgroups using flow cytometry. These observations suggest that Ca(2+) influx and signal transduction may play crucial roles in the innate immunity of the earthworm.
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Cooper EL. Evolution of immune systems from self/not self to danger to artificial immune systems (AIS). Phys Life Rev 2010; 7:55-78. [DOI: 10.1016/j.plrev.2009.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Revised: 11/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/18/2009] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Tasiemski A, Salzet M. Leech Immunity: From Brain to Peripheral Responses. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:80-104. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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Bilej M, Procházková P, Silerová M, Josková R. Earthworm immunity. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2010; 708:66-79. [PMID: 21528693 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8059-5_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Earthworms belonging to oligochaete annelids became a model for comparative immunologists in the early sixties with the publication of results from transplantation experiments that proved the existence of self/nonself recognition in earthworms. This initiated extensive studies on the earthworm immune mechanisms that evolved to prevent the invasion of pathogens. In the last four decades important cellular and humoral pathways were described and numerous biologically active compounds were characterized and often cloned.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Bilej
- Institute of Microbiology, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Calisi A, Lionetto MG, Schettino T. Pollutant-induced alterations of granulocyte morphology in the earthworm Eisenia foetida. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2009; 72:1369-1377. [PMID: 19410293 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2008] [Revised: 03/11/2009] [Accepted: 03/15/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Earthworms are considered convenient indicators of land use and soil fertility. Recently the use of biomarkers in earthworms has been increasingly investigated. The aim of this work was to study possible pollutant-induced morphometric alterations in Eisenia foetida granulocytes in view of future applications as a sensitive, simple, and quick biomarker for soil monitoring and assessment applications. Results showed consistent enlargement of earthworm granulocytes induced by exposure to either copper sulfate or methiocarb. The increase of cellular size was time-dependent and was about 100% after 14 days of exposure for both treatments. In order to verify the applicability of morphometric granulocyte alteration, a battery of standardized biomarkers such as lysosomal membrane stability, metallothionein induction, or acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition were also determined. We recommend the use of morphometric alterations of granulocytes as a suitable biomarker of pollutant effect to be included in a multibiomarker strategy including responses at different levels of biological organization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Calisi
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Biologiche e Ambientali, Università del Salento, Via provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, Lecce, Italy
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Cooper EL, Kvell K, Engelmann P, Nemeth P. Still waiting for the toll? Immunol Lett 2006; 104:18-28. [PMID: 16368151 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2005.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2005] [Revised: 11/09/2005] [Accepted: 11/09/2005] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Multicellular organisms including invertebrates and vertebrates live in various habitats that may be aquatic or terrestrial where they are constantly exposed to deleterious pathogens. These include viruses, bacteria, fungi, and parasites. They have evolved various immunodefense mechanisms that may protect them from infection by these microorganisms. These include cellular and humoral responses and the level of differentiation of the response parallels the evolutionary development of the species. The first line of innate immunity in earthworms is the body wall that prevents the entrance of microbes into the coelomic cavity that contains fluid in which there are numerous leukocyte effectors of immune responses. When this first barrier is broken, a series of host responses is set into motion activating the leukocytes and the coelomic fluid. The responses are classified as innate, natural, non-specific, non-anticipatory, non-clonal (germ line) in contrast to the vertebrate capacity that is considered adaptive, induced, specific, anticipatory and clonal (somatic). Specific memory is associated with the vertebrate response and there is information that the innate response of invertebrates may under certain conditions possess specific memory. The invertebrate system when challenged affects phagocytosis, encapsulation, agglutination, opsonization, clotting and lysis. At least two major leukocytes, small and large mediate lytic reactions against several tumor cell targets. Destruction of tumor cells in vitro shows that phagocytosis and natural killer cell responses are distinct properties of these leukocytes. This has prompted newer searches for immune function and regulation in other systems. The innate immune system of the earthworm has been analyzed for more than 40 years with every aspect examined. However, there are no known entire sequences of the earthworm as exists in these other invertebrates. Because the earthworm lives in soil and has been utilized as a successful monitor for pollution, there are studies that reveal up and down regulation of responses in the immune system after exposure to a variety of environmental pollutants. Moreover, there are partial sequences that appear in earthworms after exposure to environmental pollutants such as cadmium and copper. There are now attempts to define the AHR receptor crucial for intracellular signaling after exposure to pollutants, but without linking the signals to changes in the immune system. There are several pathways for signal transduction, including JAK/STAT, TOLL, TRAF PIP3, known in invertebrates and vertebrates. For resistance to pathogens, conserved signal transduction components are required and these include a Toll/IL-1 receptor domain adaptor protein that functions upstream of a conserved p38 MAP kinase pathway. This pathway may be an ancestral innate immune signaling pathway found in a putative common ancestor of nematodes, arthropods and even vertebrates. It could also help us to link pollution, innate immunity and transduction in earthworms.
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Affiliation(s)
- E L Cooper
- Laboratory of Comparative Neuroimmunology, Department of Neurobiology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, University of California, Los Angeles, LA 90095-1763, USA
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Wilhelm M, Koza A, Engelmann P, Németh P, Csoknya M. Evidence for the presence of thyroid stimulating hormone, thyroglobulin and their receptors in Eisenia fetida: a multilevel hormonal interface between the nervous system and the peripheral tissues. Cell Tissue Res 2006; 324:535-46. [PMID: 16468053 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-005-0039-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2005] [Accepted: 06/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The present study describes the localization and distribution of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroglobulin (TGB) and their receptors in Eisenia fetida (Annelida, Oligochaeta) as revealed by immunohistological methods. Immunopositive neuronal and non-neuronal cells are present in both the central nervous system and some peripheral organs (e.g. foregut and coelomocytes). TSH- and TGB-immunopositive neurons in the various ganglia of the central nervous system are differentially distributed. Most of the immunoreactive cells are found in the suboesophageal ganglion. The stained cells also differ in their shapes (round, oval, pear-shaped) and sizes (small, 12-25 microm; medium, 20-35 microm; large, 30-50 microm). In all ganglia of the central nervous system, TSH-positive neurons additionally show gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) immunopositivity. Non-neuronal cells also take part in hormone secretion and transport. Elongated TSH-positive cells have been detected in the capsule of the central ganglia and bear granules or vacuoles in areas lacking neurons. Many of capillaries show immunoreactivity for all four tested antibodies in the entire central nervous system and foregut. Among the coelomocytes, granulocytes and eleocytes stain for TSH and its receptor and for TGB but not for thyroid hormone receptor. Most of the granulocytes are large (25-50 microm) but a population of small cells (10-25 microm) are also immunoreactive. None of the coelomocytes stain for GABA. We therefore suggest that the members of this hormone system can modify both metabolism and immune functions in Eisenia. Coelomocytes might be able to secrete, transport and eliminate hormones in this system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márta Wilhelm
- Institute of Physical Education and Sport Sciences, University of Pécs, Ifjúság u. 6, 7601 Pécs, Hungary.
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Engelmann P, Cooper EL, Németh P. Anticipating innate immunity without a Toll. Mol Immunol 2005; 42:931-42. [PMID: 15829285 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2004.09.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2004] [Accepted: 09/21/2004] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Earthworm innate immunity depends upon small and large leukocytes (coelomocytes) that synthesize and secrete humoral antimicrobial molecules (e.g. lysenin, fetidin, eiseniapore, coelomic cytolytic factor [CCF]; Lumbricin I). Small coelomocytes (cytotoxic) are positive (CD11a, CD45RA, CD45RO, CDw49b, CD54, beta(2)-m and Thy-1 [CD90]; CD24; TNF-alpha) but negative using other mammalian markers. Large coelomocytes (phagocytic) are uniformly negative. Specific earthworm anti-EFCC 1, 2, 3, 4 mAbs are negative for Drosophila melanogaster hemocytes and mammalian cells but positive those of earthworms. Coelomocytes contain several lysosomal enzymes involved in phagocytosis and a pattern recognition molecule (CCF) that may trigger the prophenoloxidase cascade a crucial innate immune response. Earthworms and other invertebrates possess natural, non-specific, non-clonal, and non-anticipatory immune response governed by germ line genes. Toll and Toll-like receptor signaling is essential for phagocytosis and antimicrobial peptide synthesis and secretion in insects and vertebrates but has not yet been shown to be essential in earthworm innate responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, Szigeti u.12, H-7643 Pécs, Hungary.
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Adamowicz A. Morphology and ultrastructure of the earthworm Dendrobaena veneta (Lumbricidae) coelomocytes. Tissue Cell 2005; 37:125-33. [PMID: 15748739 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2004.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2004] [Revised: 10/26/2004] [Accepted: 11/08/2004] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Microscope techniques, light microscope (LM), transmission electron microscope (TEM), scanning electron microscope (SEM) were employed to describe and classify coelomocytes of the oligochaete Dendrobaena veneta. Three main cell types were distinguished in the coelomic fluid: eleocytes, amoebocytes and granulocytes. Eleocytes are large, oval cells containing characteristic granules called chloragosomes. Amoebocytes are most numerous coelomocytes and have been divided into two types (I and II). Both amoebocytes of the types I and II often form aggregations of a few to about a dozen cells. Granulocytes are oval cells with spherical nuclei and cytoplasm containing polymorphic, electron dense granules. Contrary to the amoebocytes, the granulocytes do not form aggregations. Morphology and ultrastructure of coelomocytes are presented on micrographs: similarities and differences are compared to coelomocytes of related species.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Adamowicz
- Department of Animal Physiology, Zoological Institute, Wrocław University, Cybulskiego 30, 50-205 Wrocław, Poland.
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Engelmann P, Pálinkás L, Cooper EL, Németh P. Monoclonal antibodies identify four distinct annelid leukocyte markers. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 29:599-614. [PMID: 15784291 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2004.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Revised: 10/20/2004] [Accepted: 10/25/2004] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes for the first time the production and characterization of a library of monoclonal antibodies (anti-EFCC clones) raised against coelomocyte (leukocyte) markers of Eisenia fetida earthworm. Leukocyte subgroups are components of earthworm innate immunity that require a more precise characterization using immunological markers. Flow cytometry, immunocytochemistry, and immunoprecipitation analyzed and confirmed the specificity of anti-EFCC clones. Anti-EFCC mAbs revealed different leukocyte subpopulations and various staining patterns on tissues. Two functional assays (e.g. phagocytosis and encapsulation) further characterized EFCC clusters revealing a common coelomocyte marker and three subpopulation-specific markers. No crossreactivity was found on human, mouse, rat or cells from Drosophila melanogaster but immunoreactivity was detected on snail (Planorbarius corneus) tissues. Immunohistochemical results suggest mesodermal origin of all coelomocyte subgroups that agree with classical morphological analyses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Péter Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7643, Pécs, Szigeti u.12, Hungary.
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Engelmann P, Kiss J, Csöngei V, Cooper EL, Németh P. Earthworm leukocytes kill HeLa, HEp-2, PC-12 and PA317 cells in vitro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004; 61:215-27. [PMID: 15560938 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbbm.2004.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2003] [Revised: 03/12/2004] [Accepted: 04/04/2004] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Earthworm coelomic fluid contains biologically active molecules and leukocytes that participate in phagocytosis, encapsulation. Presumably they synthesize and secrete several effector modulators of innate immune responses such as antibacterial molecules, cytotoxic proteins and cytokines. Several lytic molecules have been detected in coelomic fluid previously but it is not yet clear which are actually released from the coelomocytes. Our aim was to analyze the cytotoxic effects of coelomocytes on mammalian target cells and to provide evidence that the lytic factors originate from coelomocytes. Cell-free coelomic fluid, supernatants of short-term cultured coelomocytes, and lysates from coelomocytes--derived by mechanical and detergent extraction--were used in cytotoxicity assays performed on different mammalian standard tumor cell lines and mouse fibroblasts. We used native and denaturized (using proteinase K, and trypsin digestions, or heat-inactivation) coelomocyte lysates (CCL). The viability controls of targeted cells were made by measuring photometrically and analyzing by inverted microscopy. According to our results the coelomic fluid, the supernatant of cultured coelomocytes, and the CCL significantly decreased ratios of living cells compared to controls in a dose-dependent manner. Our experiments performed with CCLs suggest that coelomocytes are responsible for the productions of cytotoxic components presumably proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Engelmann
- Department of Immunology and Biotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Pécs, H-7643, Pécs, Szigeti u.12, Hungary.
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