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Laaß M, Kaestner A. Nasal turbinates of the dicynodont Kawingasaurus fossilis and the possible impact of the fossorial habitat on the evolution of endothermy. J Morphol 2023; 284:e21621. [PMID: 37585231 DOI: 10.1002/jmor.21621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2022] [Revised: 06/28/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 08/17/2023]
Abstract
The nasal region of the fossorial anomodont Kawingasaurus fossilis was virtually reconstructed from neutron-computed tomographic data and compared with the terrestrial species Pristerodon mackayi and other nonmammalian synapsids. The tomography of the Kawingasaurus skull reveals a pattern of maxillo-, naso-, fronto- and ethmoturbinal ridges that strongly resemble the mammalian condition. On both sides of the nasal cavity, remains of scrolled maxilloturbinals were preserved that were still partially articulated with maxilloturbinal ridges. Furthermore, possible remains of the lamina semicircularis as well as fronto- or ethmoturbinals were found. In Kawingasaurus, the maxilloturbinal ridges were longer and stronger than in Pristerodon. Except for the nasoturbinal ridges, no other ridges in the olfactory region and no remains of turbinates were recognized. This supports the hypothesis that naso-, fronto-, ethmo- and maxilloturbinals were a plesiomorphic feature of synapsids, but due to their cartilaginous nature in most taxa were, in almost all cases, not preserved. The well-developed maxilloturbinals in Kawingasaurus were probably an adaptation to hypoxia-induced hyperventilation in the fossorial habitat, maintaining the high oxygen demands of Kawingasaurus' large brain. The surface area of the respiratory turbinates in Kawingasaurus falls into the mammalian range, which suggests that they functioned as a countercurrent exchange system for thermoregulation and conditioning of the respiratory airflow. Our results suggest that the environmental conditions of the fossorial habitat led to specific sensory adaptations, accompanied by a pulse in brain evolution and of endothermy in cistecephalids, ~50 million years before the origin of endothermy in the mammalian stem line. This supports the Nocturnal Bottleneck Theory, in that we found evidence for a similar evolutionary scenario in cistecephalids as proposed for early mammals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Laaß
- Fakultät für Geowissenschaften, Geotechnik und Bergbau, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- FRM II and Physics E21, Technische Universität München, Garching, Germany
| | - Anders Kaestner
- Laboratory for Neutron Scattering and Imaging, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen PSI, Switzerland
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Werneburg I, Ruf I. Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte — A Festschrift on the occasion of the 80th birthday of Prof. Dr. Wolfgang Maier, Tübingen. VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY 2022. [DOI: 10.3897/vz.72.e94711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Following the traditional and holistic concept of Vergleichende Entwicklungsgeschichte, Wolfgang Maier studied different aspects of vertebrate morphology, including dentition, the locomotor apparatus, nasal and ear regions. His work comprises investigations on pre- to postnatal stages of extant species as well as fossils and is mainly based on histological serial sections, but also on µCT data in recent years. This resulted in an integrative research agenda on the evolutionary biology of mammals and other vertebrates. Most of his studies are designed around the interrelationship of ontogenetic and functional adaptations and evolutionary transformations. The present collection in Vertebrate Zoology collates a series of research articles related to and in honor of Wolfgang Maier’s work. Invited colleagues of Maier provide current insights to their own research, in many cases inspired by his scholarship, ranging from mammalian to reptilian and fish comparative anatomy. In total, this volume contains 19 publications. They apply modern and traditional techniques to investigate the diversity of biological form. In so doing, they integrate traditional conceptual frameworks from the earliest days of morphological research more than two centuries ago.
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Hüppi E, Sánchez-Villagra MR, Tzika AC, Werneburg I. Ontogeny and phylogeny of the mammalian chondrocranium: the cupula nasi anterior and associated structures of the anterior head region. ZOOLOGICAL LETTERS 2018; 4:29. [PMID: 30505462 PMCID: PMC6260904 DOI: 10.1186/s40851-018-0112-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The study of chondrocrania has a long tradition with a focus on single specimens and stages. It revealed great interspecific diversity and a notion of intraspecific variation. As an embryonic structure, the chondrocranium is subject to major changes in ontogeny with resorption and ossification of different cartilaginous structures. The cupula nasi anterior is the anteriormost portion of the cartilaginous nasal capsule and is expected to mirror much of the animal's life history and lifestyle. Its diversity in mammals is reflected in the external nasal anatomy of newborns. Marsupials and placentals show marked differences, likely related to breathing and suckling behavior. RESULTS We examined histological sections of five marsupial and three placentals species and traced the development of the cupula nasi anterior and the anterior nasal capsule. We found ontogenetic variation for nearly 50% of the 43 characters defined herein. By comparing to the literature and considering ontogenetic variation, we performed an analysis of character evolution in 70 mammalian species and reconstructed the nasal anatomy of the therian ancestor. CONCLUSIONS At birth, marsupials have a complete but simple cupula nasi anterior, whereas placentals display a more diverse morphology due to reductions and variations of chondrocranial elements. The more compact nasal capsule in marsupials is related to a long and strong fixation to the mother's teat after birth. Within marsupials and placentals, several derived characters distinguish major taxa, probably related to developmental and functional constraints. The reconstructed ancestral anatomy of the cupula nasi anterior supports the hypothesis that the therian ancestor was placental-like and that the marsupial lifestyle is more derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evelyn Hüppi
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Marcelo R. Sánchez-Villagra
- Paläontologisches Institut und Museum der Universität Zürich, Karl-Schmid-Strasse 4, 8006 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Athanasia C. Tzika
- Laboratory of Artificial & Natural Evolution (LANE), Department of Genetics & Evolution, University of Geneva, Quai E. Ansermet 30, 1205 Genève, Switzerland
| | - Ingmar Werneburg
- Senckenberg Center for Human Evolution and Palaeoenvironment (HEP) at Eberhard Karls Universität, Sigwartstraße 10, 72076 Tübingen, Germany
- Fachbereich Geowissenschaften der Eberhard-Karls-Universität Tübingen, Hölderlinstraße 12, 72074 Tübingen, Germany
- Museum für Naturkunde, Leibniz-Institut für Evolutions- & Biodiversitätsforschung an der Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Invalidenstraße 43, 10115 Berlin, Germany
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Forasiepi AM, MacPhee RDE, Del Pino SH, Schmidt GI, Amson E, Grohé C. Exceptional Skull of Huayqueriana (Mammalia, Litopterna, Macraucheniidae) From the Late Miocene of Argentina: Anatomy, Systematics, and Paleobiological Implications. BULLETIN OF THE AMERICAN MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY 2016. [DOI: 10.1206/0003-0090-404.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Ruf I, Maier W, Rodrigues PG, Schultz CL. Nasal anatomy of the non-mammaliaform cynodont Brasilitherium riograndensis (Eucynodontia, Therapsida) reveals new insight into mammalian evolution. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:2018-30. [PMID: 25312362 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The mammalian nasal cavity is characterized by a unique anatomy with complex internal features. The evolution of turbinals was correlated with endothermic and macrosmatic adaptations in therapsids and in early mammals, which is still apparent in their twofold function (warming and moistening of air, olfaction). Fossil evidence for the transformation from the nonmammalian to the mammalian nasal cavity pattern has been poor and inadequate. Ossification of the cartilaginous nasal capsule and turbinals seems to be a feature that occurred only very late in synapsid evolution but delicate ethmoidal bones are rarely preserved. Here we provide the first µCT investigation of the nasal cavity of the advanced non-mammaliaform cynodont Brasilitherium riograndensis from the Late Triassic of Southern Brazil, a member of the sister-group of mammaliaforms, in order to elucidate a critical anatomical transition in early mammalian evolution. Brasilitherium riograndensis already had at least partially ossified turbinals as remnants of the nasoturbinal and the first ethmoturbinal are preserved. The posterior nasal septum is partly ossified and contributes to a mesethmoid. The nasal cavity is posteriorly expanded and forms a distinctive pars posterior (ethmoidal recess) that is ventrally separated from the nasopharyngeal duct by a distinct lamina terminalis. Thus, our observations clearly demonstrate that principal features of the mammalian nasal cavity were already present in the sister-group of mammaliaforms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina Ruf
- Steinmann-Institut für Geologie, Mineralogie und Paläontologie, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Nussallee 8, 53115, Bonn, Germany; Senckenberg Forschungsinstitut und Naturmuseum Frankfurt, Abteilung Paläoanthropologie und Messelforschung, Sektion Mammalogie, Senckenberganlage 25, 60325, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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Maier W, Ruf I. Morphology of the nasal capsule of primates--with special reference to Daubentonia and Homo. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2015; 297:1985-2006. [PMID: 25312360 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2014] [Accepted: 06/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Primitive mammals are considered macrosmatic. They have very large and complicated nasal capsules, nasal cavities with extensive olfactory epithelia, and relatively large olfactory bulbs. The complicated structures of the nasal capsule follow a relatively conservative "bauplan," which is normally easy to see in earlier fetal stages; especially in altricial taxa it differentiates well into postnatal life. As anteriormost part of the chondrocranium, the nasal capsule is at first cartilaginous. Most of it ossifies endochondrally, but "appositional bone" ("Zuwachsknochen") is also common. Many fetal structures become resorbed. Together, all surviving bone structures form the ethmoid bone, but cartilages of the external nose and of the vomeronasal complex can persist throughout life. We describe in detail the anatomy of Daubentonia madagascariensis based on a fetal stage (41 mm HL) and an adult skull was analyzed by µCT. We found that the nasal capsule of this species is by far the most complicated one of all extant Primates. We also describe older fetuses of Homo sapiens (35 and 63 mm HL) as representative of a derived primate. The most significant feature of man--and probably of all anthropoids--is the complete loss of the recessus frontoturbinalis and its associated structures. It can be demonstrated that the evolutionary reductions within the primate nasal capsule mainly affect those structures associated with olfaction, whereas cartilages that are important for the biomechanics of the facial skull of the fetus persist.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wolfgang Maier
- Institut für Evolution und Oekologie, Fachbereich Biologie der Universität, Auf der Morgenstelle 28, D - 772076, Tübingen, Germany
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Haidarliu S, Kleinfeld D, Deschênes M, Ahissar E. The Musculature That Drives Active Touch by Vibrissae and Nose in Mice. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2014; 298:1347-58. [PMID: 25408106 DOI: 10.1002/ar.23102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Revised: 10/21/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Coordinated action of facial muscles during whisking, sniffing, and touching objects is an important component of active sensing in rodents. Accumulating evidence suggests that the anatomical schemes that underlie active sensing are similar across the majority of whisking rodents. Intriguingly, however, muscle architecture in the mystacial pad of the mouse was reported to be different, possessing only one extrinsic vibrissa protracting muscle (M. nasalis) in the rostral part of the snout. In this study, the organization of the muscles that move the nose and the mystacial vibrissae in mice was re-examined and compared with that reported previously in other rodents. We found that muscle distribution within the mystacial pad and around the tip of the nose in mice is isomorphic with that found in other whisking rodents. In particular, in the rostral part of the mouse snout, we describe both protractors and retractors of the vibrissae. Nose movements are controlled by the M. dilator nasi and five subunits of the M. nasolabialis profundus, with involvement of the nasal cartilaginous skeleton as a mediator in the muscular effort translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haidarliu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics and Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Martin Deschênes
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Laval University, Québec City, Canada
| | - Ehud Ahissar
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Haidarliu S, Kleinfeld D, Ahissar E. Mediation of muscular control of rhinarial motility in rats by the nasal cartilaginous skeleton. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2013; 296:1821-32. [PMID: 24249396 PMCID: PMC4157211 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The rhinarium is the rostral-most area of the snout that surrounds the nostrils, and is hairless in most mammals. In rodents, it participates in coordinated behaviors, active tactile sensing, and active olfactory sensing. In rats, the rhinarium is firmly connected to the nasal cartilages, and its motility is determined by movements of the rostral end of the nasal cartilaginous skeleton (NCS). Here, we demonstrate the nature of different cartilaginous regions that form the rhinarium and the nasofacial muscles that deform these regions during movements of the NCS. These muscles, together with the dorsal nasal cartilage that is described here, function as a rhinarial motor plant.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haidarliu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - David Kleinfeld
- Department of Physics and Section of Neurobiology, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ehud Ahissar
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Haidarliu S, Golomb D, Kleinfeld D, Ahissar E. Dorsorostral snout muscles in the rat subserve coordinated movement for whisking and sniffing. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2012; 295:1181-91. [PMID: 22641389 DOI: 10.1002/ar.22501] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2011] [Revised: 04/02/2012] [Accepted: 05/03/2012] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Histochemical examination of the dorsorostral quadrant of the rat snout revealed superficial and deep muscles that are involved in whisking, sniffing, and airflow control. The part of M. nasolabialis profundus that acts as an intrinsic (follicular) muscle to facilitate protraction and translation of the vibrissae is described. An intraturbinate and selected rostral-most nasal muscles that can influence major routs of inspiratory airflow and rhinarial touch through their control of nostril configuration, atrioturbinate and rhinarium position, were revealed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Haidarliu
- Department of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel.
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Distribution, habitat utilization and conservation of the Vulnerable bush dog Speothos venaticus in northern Brazil. ORYX 2009. [DOI: 10.1017/s0030605307002347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
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Goswami A, Prochel J. Ontogenetic Morphology and Allometry of the Cranium in the Common European Mole (Talpa europaea). J Mammal 2007. [DOI: 10.1644/06-mamm-a-315r.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Variations in scent-marking behaviour of European badgersMeles meles in the vicinity of their setts. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2004. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03192523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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