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Cybulski P, Gajda A, Bilecka M, Jabłoński A. Determination of Tiamulin Concentration in Sow Milk and in Sera of Suckling Piglets. Molecules 2023; 28:6940. [PMID: 37836783 PMCID: PMC10574117 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28196940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2023] [Revised: 10/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/02/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Although modern analytical methods developed for monitoring antibiotics in several biological matrices are easily available, none of them have been applied to evaluate the transfer of tiamulin into sow milk. Therefore, this work was intended to analyse the concentrations of tiamulin in milk samples collected from lactating sows during and after a treatment consisting of three consecutive intramuscular applications of the antibiotic. The second aim of this investigation was to determine tiamulin concentrations in serum samples obtained from suckling piglets ingesting milk contaminated with the compound. Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (UHPLC-MS/MS) was used to quantify the analyte in both matrices. Our investigation proved tiamulin was transmitted into the milk of lactating sows. The mean concentration of the antibiotic among samples collected 3 h after administration was 1043 μg/L. The mean level of tiamulin on days 1 and 2 was 876 μg/L and 902 μg/L, respectively. The highest mean concentration of the antibiotic (1061 μg/L) was observed in samples collected on day 3. The mean concentration of the antibiotic in serum samples collected from 3-day-old piglets was 22.2 μg/L. The association between their body weight and serum tiamulin concentration was not statistically significant (p = 0.456).
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Affiliation(s)
- Piotr Cybulski
- Goodvalley Agro S.A., Dworcowa 25, 77-320 Przechlewo, Poland
| | - Anna Gajda
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (A.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Magdalena Bilecka
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, National Veterinary Research Institute, Partyzantow 57, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; (A.G.); (M.B.)
| | - Artur Jabłoński
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159C, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
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Kulathunga DGRS, Harding JCS, Rubin JE. Antimicrobial susceptibility of western Canadian Brachyspira isolates: Development and standardization of an agar dilution susceptibility test method. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0286594. [PMID: 37390052 PMCID: PMC10313021 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0286594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 07/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The re-emergence of Brachyspira-associated disease in pigs since the late 2000s has illuminated some of the diagnostic challenges associated with this genus; notably, the lack of standardized antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) methods and interpretive criteria. Consequently, laboratories have relied heavily on highly variable in-house developed methods. There are currently no published investigations describing the antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira isolates collected from pigs in Canada. The first objective of this study was therefore to develop a standardized protocol for conducting agar dilution susceptibility testing of Brachyspira spp., including determining the optimal standardized inoculum density, a key test variable that impacts test performance. The second objective was to determine the susceptibility of a collection of western Canadian Brachyspira isolates using the standardized methodology. After assessing multiple media, an agar dilution test was standardized in terms of starting inoculum (1-2 × 108 CFU/ml), incubation temperature and time, and assessed for repeatability. The antimicrobial susceptibility of a collection of clinical porcine Brachyspira isolates (n = 87) collected between 2009-2016 was then determined. This method was highly reproducible; repeat susceptibility testing yielded identical results 92% of the time. Although most of the isolates had very low MICs to the commonly used antimicrobials to treat Brachyspira-associated infections, several isolates with elevated MICs (>32 μg/ml) for tiamulin, valnemulin, tylosin, tylvalosin, and lincomycin were identified. Overall, this study underscores the importance of establishing CLSI approved clinical breakpoints for Brachyspira to facilitate the interpretation of test results and support the evidence-based selection of antimicrobials in swine industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. G. R. S. Kulathunga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - John C. S. Harding
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
| | - Joseph E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada
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3
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Predictive Power of Long-Read Whole-Genome Sequencing for Rapid Diagnostics of Multidrug-Resistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae Strains. Microbiol Spectr 2023; 11:e0412322. [PMID: 36602320 PMCID: PMC9927316 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.04123-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Infections with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of swine dysentery, result in major economic losses in the pig industry worldwide. Even though microbial differentiation of various Brachyspira species can be obtained via PCR, no quick diagnostics for antimicrobial susceptibility testing are in place, which is mainly due to the time-consuming (4 to 7 days) anaerobic growth requirements of these organisms. Veterinarians often rely on a clinical diagnosis for initiating antimicrobial treatment. These treatments are not always effective, which may be due to high levels of acquired resistance in B. hyodysenteriae field isolates. By using long-read-only whole-genome sequencing and a custom-trained Bonito base-calling model, 81 complete B. hyodysenteriae genomes with median Q51 scores and 99% completeness were obtained from 86 field strains. This allowed the assessment of the predictive potential of genetic markers in relation to the observed acquired resistance phenotypes obtained via agar dilution susceptibility testing. Multidrug resistance was observed in 77% and 21% of the tested strains based on epidemiological cutoff and clinical breakpoint values, respectively. The predictive power of genetic hallmarks (genes and/or gene mutations) for antimicrobial susceptibility testing was promising. Sensitivity and specificity for tiamulin [tva(A) and 50SL3N148S, 99% and 67%], valnemulin [tva(A), 97% and 92%), lincomycin (23SA2153T/G and lnuC, 94% and 100%), tylvalosin (23SA2153T/G, 99% and 93%), and doxycycline (16SG1026C, 93% and 87%) were determined. The predictive power of these genetic hallmarks is promising for use in sequencing-based workflows to speed up swine dysentery diagnostics in veterinary medicine and determine proper antimicrobial use. IMPORTANCE Diagnostics for swine dysentery rely on the identification of Brachyspira species using molecular techniques. Nevertheless, no quick diagnostic tools are available for antimicrobial susceptibility testing due to extended growth requirements (7 to 14 days). To enable practitioners to tailor antimicrobial treatment to specific strains, long-read sequencing-based methods are expected to lead to rapid methods in the future. Nevertheless, their potential implementation should be validated extensively. This mainly implies assessing sequencing accuracy and the predictive power of genetic hallmarks in relation to their observed (multi)resistance phenotypes.
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Koutsoumanis K, Allende A, Alvarez‐Ordóñez A, Bolton D, Bover‐Cid S, Chemaly M, Davies R, De Cesare A, Herman L, Hilbert F, Lindqvist R, Nauta M, Ru G, Simmons M, Skandamis P, Suffredini E, Andersson DI, Bampidis V, Bengtsson‐Palme J, Bouchard D, Ferran A, Kouba M, López Puente S, López‐Alonso M, Nielsen SS, Pechová A, Petkova M, Girault S, Broglia A, Guerra B, Innocenti ML, Liébana E, López‐Gálvez G, Manini P, Stella P, Peixe L. Maximum levels of cross-contamination for 24 antimicrobial active substances in non-target feed. Part 8: Pleuromutilins: tiamulin and valnemulin. EFSA J 2021; 19:e06860. [PMID: 34729088 PMCID: PMC8546795 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The specific concentrations of tiamulin and valnemulin in non-target feed for food-producing animals, below which there would not be an effect on the emergence of, and/or selection for, resistance in bacteria relevant for human and animal health, as well as the specific antimicrobial concentrations in feed which have an effect in terms of growth promotion/increased yield were assessed by EFSA in collaboration with EMA. Details of the methodology used for this assessment, associated data gaps and uncertainties, are presented in a separate document. To address antimicrobial resistance, the Feed Antimicrobial Resistance Selection Concentration (FARSC) model developed specifically for the assessment was applied. However, due to the lack of data on the parameters required to calculate the FARSC, it was not possible to conclude the assessment until further experimental data become available. To address growth promotion, data from scientific publications obtained from an extensive literature review were used. Levels in feed that showed to have an effect on growth promotion/increased yield were reported for tiamulin, while for valnemulin no suitable data for the assessment were available. It was recommended to carry out studies to generate the data that are required to fill the gaps which prevented the calculation of the FARSC for these two antimicrobials.
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Liang Y, Hu D, Yan Y, Chen D, Xie S. Preparation and evaluation of valnemulin hydrochloride taste-masking granules. Curr Drug Deliv 2021; 19:337-346. [PMID: 34477518 DOI: 10.2174/1567201818666210903151658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 07/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The bitter taste and strong irritation of valnemulin hydrochloride limit its wide clinical application in pigs by oral. METHOD In order to improve its palatability and residence time in the body, the valnemulin hydrochloride taste-masking granules with sustained-release were prepared by combining solid dispersion based on fatty acid with wet granulation. The formulation was screened by orthogonal test with content, yield, grain size and angle of repose as evaluation indexes. RESULT The results showed that the optimal granules were composed of corn starch, sucrose, citric acid, valnemulin hydrochloride and myristic acid at a ratio of 40: 20: 20: 11: 19. The daily feed intake of pigs in the optimum taste-masking granule groups was similar to that of its self-control, and significantly higher than that in the valnemulin hydrochloride active ingredient group, suggesting that the optimum granules have satisfactory palatability. The prepared granules improved the oral bioavailability of valnemulin hydrochloride by 3.04 folds and extended its mean residence time (MRT) by 2.33 folds. CONCLUSION The granules developed in this study could obviously improve the palatability and sustained release of valnemulin hydrochloride. The producing method of granules by combining solid dispersion powder with wet granulation can provide ideas for other drugs with poor palatability and a short half-life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongjie Liang
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Danlei Hu
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Yuanyuan Yan
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Dongmei Chen
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
| | - Shuyu Xie
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (HZAU) and MAO Key Laboratory for Detection of Veterinary Drug Residues MOA Laboratory for Risk Assessment of Quality and Safety of Livestock and Poultry Products, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, Hubei 430070, China
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6
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Hampson DJ, Lugsomya K, La T, Phillips ND, Trott DJ, Abraham S. Antimicrobial resistance in Brachyspira - An increasing problem for disease control. Vet Microbiol 2018; 229:59-71. [PMID: 30642599 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetmic.2018.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2018] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Across all bacterial species the continuing reduction in susceptibility to antimicrobial agents is a critical and increasing threat for disease control. This mini-review outlines the extent of this problem amongst anaerobic intestinal spirochaetes of the genus Brachyspira, of which there are currently nine officially recognised species. These include some important pathogens that may cause colitis with diarrhoea and/or dysentery in various mammalian and avian species, but most notably in pigs and in adult chickens. The most economically significant pathogen is Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, the spirochaete which causes swine dysentery in countries throughout the world. Control of infections with Brachyspira species has long relied on the prophylactic or therapeutic use of antimicrobials, but increasingly strains with reduced susceptibility and sometimes multidrug resistance to previously effective antimicrobial agents are being encountered. In this mini-review we outline these problems and explain the extent and molecular basis of the emerging resistance. Future control will rely on developing and applying standardised methods for measuring antimicrobial susceptibility; improving surveillance of resistance using traditional phenotypic as well as genomic analysis of known resistance determinants; improving understanding of the molecular basis of resistance to different drug classes; improving farmer and veterinarian education about prudent antimicrobial use so as to reduce selective pressure on the emergence of resistance; and developing alternatives to antimicrobials as a means to control these infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- David J Hampson
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region; School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia.
| | - Kittitat Lugsomya
- Jockey Club College of Veterinary Medicine and Life Sciences, City University of Hong Kong, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region
| | - Tom La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Nyree Dale Phillips
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
| | - Darren J Trott
- Australian Centre for Antimicrobial Resistance Ecology, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, the University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, 5371, South Australia, Australia
| | - Sam Abraham
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, Western Australia, 6150, Australia
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Card RM, Stubberfield E, Rogers J, Nunez-Garcia J, Ellis RJ, AbuOun M, Strugnell B, Teale C, Williamson S, Anjum MF. Identification of a New Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Provides Fresh Insights Into Pleuromutilin Resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Aetiological Agent of Swine Dysentery. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1183. [PMID: 29971045 PMCID: PMC6018095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the aetiological agent of swine dysentery, a globally distributed disease that causes profound economic loss, impedes the free trade and movement of animals, and has significant impact on pig health. Infection is generally treated with antibiotics of which pleuromutilins, such as tiamulin, are widely used for this purpose, but reports of resistance worldwide threaten continued effective control. In Brachyspira hyodysenteriae pleuromutilin resistance has been associated with mutations in chromosomal genes encoding ribosome-associated functions, however the dynamics of resistance acquisition are poorly understood, compromising stewardship efforts to preserve pleuromutilin effectiveness. In this study we undertook whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic susceptibility testing of 34 UK field isolates and 3 control strains to investigate pleuromutilin resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Genome-wide association studies identified a new pleuromutilin resistance gene, tva(A) (tiamulin valnemulin antibiotic resistance), encoding a predicted ABC-F transporter. In vitro culture of isolates in the presence of inhibitory or sub-inhibitory concentrations of tiamulin showed that tva(A) confers reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility that does not lead to clinical resistance but facilitates the development of higher-level resistance via mutations in genes encoding ribosome-associated functions. Genome sequencing of antibiotic-exposed isolates identified both new and previously described mutations in chromosomal genes associated with reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility, including the 23S rRNA gene and rplC, which encodes the L3 ribosomal protein. Interesting three antibiotic-exposed isolates harboured mutations in fusA, encoding Elongation Factor G, a gene not previously associated with pleuromutilin resistance. A longitudinal molecular epidemiological examination of two episodes of swine dysentery at the same farm indicated that tva(A) contributed to development of tiamulin resistance in vivo in a manner consistent with that seen experimentally in vitro. The in vitro studies further showed that tva(A) broadened the mutant selection window and raised the mutant prevention concentration above reported in vivo antibiotic concentrations obtained when administered at certain doses. We show how the identification and characterisation of tva(A), a new marker for pleuromutilin resistance, provides evidence to inform treatment regimes and reduce the development of resistance to this class of highly important antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Stubberfield
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Rogers
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ellis
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Strugnell
- Farm Post Mortems Ltd., Bishop Auckland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Teale
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Williamson
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
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Kulathunga D, Rubin J. A review of the current state of antimicrobial susceptibility test methods for Brachyspira. Can J Microbiol 2017; 63:465-474. [DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2016-0756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The re-emergence of swine dysentery (Brachyspira-associated muco-haemorrhagic colitis) since the late 2000s has illuminated diagnostic challenges associated with this genus. The methods used to detect, identify, and characterize Brachyspira from clinical samples have not been standardized, and laboratories frequently rely heavily on in-house techniques. Particularly concerning is the lack of standardized methods for determining and interpreting the antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira spp. The integration of laboratory data into a treatment plan is a critical component of prudent antimicrobial usage. Therefore, the lack of standardized methods is an important limitation to the evidence-based use of antimicrobials. This review will focus on describing the methodological limitations and inconsistencies between current susceptibility testing schemes employed for Brachyspira, provide an overview of what we do know about the susceptibility of these organisms, and suggest future directions to improve and standardize diagnostic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- D.G.R.S. Kulathunga
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
| | - J.E. Rubin
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK S7N 5B4, Canada
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9
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Alban L, Ellis-Iversen J, Andreasen M, Dahl J, Sönksen UW. Assessment of the Risk to Public Health due to Use of Antimicrobials in Pigs-An Example of Pleuromutilins in Denmark. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:74. [PMID: 28603717 PMCID: PMC5445126 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Antibiotic consumption in pigs can be optimized by developing treatment guidelines, which encourage veterinarians to use effective drugs with low probability of developing resistance of importance for human health. In Denmark, treatment guidelines for use in swine production are currently under review at the Danish Veterinary and Food Administration. Use of pleuromutilins in swine has previously been associated with a very low risk for human health. However, recent international data and sporadic findings of novel resistance genes suggest a change of risk. Consequently, a reassessment was undertaken inspired by a risk assessment framework developed by the European Medicines Agency. Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus of clonal complex 398 (MRSA CC398) and enterococci were identified as relevant hazards. The release assessment showed that the probability of development of pleuromutilin resistance was high in MRSA CC398 (medium uncertainty) and low in enterococci (high uncertainty). A relatively small proportion of Danes has an occupational exposure to pigs, and foodborne transmission was only considered of relevance for enterococci, resulting in an altogether low exposure risk. The human consequences of infection with pleuromutilin-resistant MRSA CC398 or enterococci were assessed as low for the public in general but high for vulnerable groups such as hospitalized and immunocompromised persons. For MRSA CC398, the total risk was estimated as low (low uncertainty), among other due to the current guidelines on prevention of MRSA in place at Danish hospitals, which include screening of patients with daily contact to pigs on admittance. Moreover, MRSA CC398 has a medium human–human transmission potential. For enterococci, the total risk was estimated as low due to low prevalence of resistance, low probability of spread to humans, low virulence, but no screening of hospitalized patients, high ability of acquiring resistance genes, and a limited number of alternative antimicrobials (high uncertainty). This assessment reflects the current situation and should be repeated if pleuromutilin consumption increases substantially, resulting in increased prevalence of mobile, easily transmissible resistance mechanisms. Continuous monitoring of pleuromutilin resistance in selected human pathogens should therefore be considered. This also includes monitoring of linezolid resistance, since resistance mechanisms for pleuromutilins and oxazolidones are often coupled.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lis Alban
- Risk Assessment Group, Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | | | - Margit Andreasen
- Danish Association of the Veterinary Pharmaceutical Industry, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jan Dahl
- Risk Assessment Group, Department for Food Safety and Veterinary Issues, Danish Agriculture and Food Council, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ute W Sönksen
- Department for Bacteria, Parasites and Fungi, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
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10
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Casas V, Rodríguez-Asiain A, Pinto-Llorente R, Vadillo S, Carrascal M, Abian J. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli Proteins Recognized by Sera of Challenged Pigs. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:723. [PMID: 28522991 PMCID: PMC5415613 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00723] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The spirochetes Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli are pig intestinal pathogens that are the causative agents of swine dysentery (SD) and porcine intestinal spirochaetosis (PIS), respectively. Although some inactivated bacterin and recombinant vaccines have been explored as prophylactic treatments against these species, no effective vaccine is yet available. Immunoproteomics approaches hold the potential for the identification of new, suitable candidates for subunit vaccines against SD and PIS. These strategies take into account the gene products actually expressed and present in the cells, and thus susceptible of being targets of immune recognition. In this context, we have analyzed the immunogenic pattern of two B. pilosicoli porcine isolates (the Spanish farm isolate OLA9 and the commercial P43/6/78 strain) and one B. hyodysenteriae isolate (the Spanish farm V1). The proteins from the Brachyspira lysates were fractionated by preparative isoelectric focusing, and the fractions were analyzed by Western blot with hyperimmune sera from challenged pigs. Of the 28 challenge-specific immunoreactive bands detected, 21 were identified as single proteins by MS, while the other 7 were shown to contain several major proteins. None of these proteins were detected in the control immunoreactive bands. The proteins identified included 11 from B. hyodysenteriae and 28 from the two B. pilosicoli strains. Eight proteins were common to the B. pilosicoli strains (i.e., elongation factor G, aspartyl-tRNA synthase, biotin lipoyl, TmpB outer membrane protein, flagellar protein FlaA, enolase, PEPCK, and VspD), and enolase and PEPCK were common to both species. Many of the identified proteins were flagellar proteins or predicted to be located on the cell surface and some of them had been previously described as antigenic or as bacterial virulence factors. Here we report on the identification and semiquantitative data of these immunoreactive proteins which constitute a unique antigen collection from these bacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa Casas
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPSBarcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
| | | | | | - Santiago Vadillo
- Departamento Sanidad Animal, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de ExtremaduraCáceres, Spain
| | | | - Joaquin Abian
- CSIC/UAB Proteomics Laboratory, IIBB-CSIC, IDIBAPSBarcelona, Spain.,Faculty of Medicine, Autonomous University of BarcelonaBarcelona, Spain
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11
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Daniel AG, Sato JP, Gabardo MP, Resende TP, Barcellos DED, Pereira CE, Vannucci FA, Guedes RM. Minimum inhibitory concentration of Brazilian Brachyspira hyodysenteriae strains. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2017. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2017000400006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT: The objectives of this study were to characterize Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates and to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of strains obtained from pigs in Brazil based on the minimal inhibitory concentration test (MIC). The MIC was performed for 22 B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from 2011 to 2013 using the following antimicrobial drugs: tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin and tylvalosin. Outbreaks of swine dysentery were diagnosed based on clinical presentation, bacterial isolation, gross and microscopic lesions, duplex PCR for B. hyodysenteriae and B. pilosicoli and nox gene sequencing. All obtained MIC values were consistently higher or equal to the microbiological cut-off described in the literature. The MIC 90 values for the tested drugs were 8μg/ml for doxycycline, >4μg/ml for valnemulin, 8μg/ml for tiamulin, 32μg/ml for tylvalosin, >64μg/ml for lincomycin and >128μg/ml for tylosin. These results largely corroborate those reported in the literature. Tiamulin, doxycycline and tylvalosin showed the lowest MIC results. All of the samples subjected to phylogenetic analysis based on the nox gene sequence exhibited similar results, showing 100% identity to B. hyodysenteriae. This is the first study describing the MIC pattern of B. hyodysenteriae isolated in Brazil.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Fábio A. Vannucci
- Microvet-Microbiologia Veterinária Especial, Brasil; University of Minnesota, USA
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12
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Le Roy CI, Passey JL, Woodward MJ, La Ragione RM, Claus SP. Metabonomics-based analysis of Brachyspira pilosicoli's response to tiamulin reveals metabolic activity despite significant growth inhibition. Anaerobe 2017; 45:71-77. [PMID: 28373121 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2017.03.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Pathogenic anaerobes Brachyspira spp. are responsible for an increasing number of Intestinal Spirochaetosis (IS) cases in livestock against which few approved treatments are available. Tiamulin is used to treat swine dysentery caused by Brachyspira spp. and recently has been used to handle avian intestinal spirochaetosis (AIS). The therapeutic dose used in chickens requires further evaluation since cases of bacterial resistance to tiamulin have been reported. In this study, we evaluated the impact of tiamulin at varying concentrations on the metabolism of B. pilosicoli using a 1H-NMR-based metabonomics approach allowing the capture of the overall bacterial metabolic response to antibiotic treatment. Based on growth curve studies, tiamulin impacted bacterial growth even at very low concentration (0.008 μg/mL) although its metabolic activity was barely affected 72 h post exposure to antibiotic treatment. Only the highest dose of tiamulin tested (0.250 μg/mL) caused a major metabolic shift. Results showed that below this concentration, bacteria could maintain a normal metabolic trajectory despite significant growth inhibition by the antibiotic, which may contribute to disease reemergence post antibiotic treatment. Indeed, we confirmed that B. pilosicoli remained viable even after exposition to the highest antibiotic dose. This paper stresses the need to ensure new evaluation of bacterial viability post bacteriostatic exposure such as tiamulin to guarantee treatment efficacy and decrease antibiotic resistance development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Ivanne Le Roy
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK6 6AP, UK
| | - Jade Louise Passey
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Martin John Woodward
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK6 6AP, UK
| | - Roberto Marcello La Ragione
- Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Surrey, Guilford, Surrey GU2 7XH, UK
| | - Sandrine Paule Claus
- Department of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, Reading, UK6 6AP, UK.
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Paukner S, Riedl R. Pleuromutilins: Potent Drugs for Resistant Bugs-Mode of Action and Resistance. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2017; 7:a027110. [PMID: 27742734 PMCID: PMC5204327 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a027110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pleuromutilins are antibiotics that selectively inhibit bacterial translation and are semisynthetic derivatives of the naturally occurring tricyclic diterpenoid pleuromutilin, which received its name from the pleuromutilin-producing fungus Pleurotus mutilus Tiamulin and valnemulin are two established derivatives in veterinary medicine for oral and intramuscular administration. As these early pleuromutilin drugs were developed at a time when companies focused on major antibacterial classes, such as the β-lactams, and resistance was not regarded as an issue, interest in antibiotic research including pleuromutilins was limited. Over the last decade or so, there has been a resurgence in interest to develop this class for human use. This has resulted in a topical derivative, retapamulin, and additional derivatives in clinical development. The most advanced compound is lefamulin, which is in late-stage development for the intravenous and oral treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia and acute bacterial skin infections. Overall, pleuromutilins and, in particular, lefamulin are characterized by potent activity against Gram-positive and fastidious Gram-negative pathogens as well as against mycoplasmas and intracellular organisms, such as Chlamydia spp. and Legionella pneumophila Pleuromutilins are unaffected by resistance to other major antibiotic classes, such as macrolides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, β-lactam antibiotics, and others. Furthermore, pleuromutilins display very low spontaneous mutation frequencies and slow, stepwise resistance development at sub-MIC in vitro. The potential for resistance development in clinic is predicted to be slow as confirmed by extremely low resistance rates to this class despite the use of pleuromutilins in veterinary medicine for >30 years. Although rare, resistant strains have been identified in human- and livestock-associated environments and as with any antibiotic class, require close monitoring as well as prudent use in veterinary medicine. This review focuses on the structural characteristics, mode of action, antibacterial activity, and resistance development of this potent and novel antibacterial class for systemic use in humans.
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Antimicrobial Susceptibility Patterns of Brachyspira Species Isolated from Swine Herds in the United States. J Clin Microbiol 2016; 54:2109-19. [PMID: 27252458 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.00834-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of swine dysentery, caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae and the recently discovered "Brachyspira hampsonii," have reoccurred in North American swine herds since the late 2000s. Additionally, multiple Brachyspira species have been increasingly isolated by North American diagnostic laboratories. In Europe, the reliance on antimicrobial therapy for control of swine dysentery has been followed by reports of antimicrobial resistance over time. The objectives of our study were to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility trends of four Brachyspira species originating from U.S. swine herds and to investigate their associations with the bacterial species, genotypes, and epidemiological origins of the isolates. We evaluated the susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae, B. hampsonii, Brachyspira pilosicoli, and Brachyspira murdochii to tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin, and tylosin by broth microdilution and that to carbadox by agar dilution. In general, Brachyspira species showed high susceptibility to tiamulin, valnemulin, and carbadox, heterogeneous susceptibility to doxycycline, and low susceptibility to lincomycin and tylosin. A trend of decreasing antimicrobial susceptibility by species was observed (B. hampsonii > B. hyodysenteriae > B. murdochii > B. pilosicoli). In general, Brachyspira isolates from the United States were more susceptible to these antimicrobials than were isolates from other countries. Decreased antimicrobial susceptibility was associated with the genotype, stage of production, and production system from which the isolate originated, which highlights the roles of biosecurity and husbandry in disease prevention and control. Finally, this study also highlights the urgent need for Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute-approved clinical breakpoints for Brachyspira species, to facilitate informed therapeutic and control strategies.
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Zhou YF, Yu Y, Sun J, Tao MT, Zhou WJ, Li X, Liao XP, Liu YH. Ex vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic relationship of valnemulin against Clostridium perfringens in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits. Anaerobe 2016; 39:150-7. [PMID: 27060276 DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2016.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pharmacokinetic (PK) and ex vivo pharmacodynamic (PD) of valnemulin against Clostridium perfringens were investigated in plasma, the small intestinal and caecal contents of rabbits following intravenous (IV) or oral administration at 3 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). The postantibiotic effect (PAE) and postantibiotic sub-MIC effect (PA-SME) of valnemulin against C. perfringens ATCC13124 were also determined. The time-kill curves were established in vitro and ex vivo to evaluate the antibacterial activity of valnemulin against C. perfringens. The elimination half-lives (T1/2λz) of valnemulin in the jejunal fluids (7.82 h) or caecal contents (14.8 h) of rabbits was significantly longer than that in plasma (2.94 h). The MIC values of valnemulin against C. perfringens ATCC13124 were both 0.063 μg/mL in the artificial medium and jejunal fluids. The PAEs of valnemulin against C. perfringens were 2.9 h (1 × MIC) and 5.03 h (4 × MIC), and the PA-SMEs ranged from 7.9 h to 11.1 h. Valnemulin exhibited rapid, time-dependent killing feature, and the ex vivo dose-response profile was closely fitted to sigmoid Emax model (r(2) = 0.9985). The surrogate index of AUC24 h/MIC ratios required to achieve the bactericidal and virtual bacterial elimination effects were 57.5 and 90.1 h, respectively. Accordingly, the calculated daily dosage regimens of valnemulin for the bactericidal activity (1.96 mg/kg) and bacterial elimination (3.08 mg/kg) would be therapeutically effective in rabbits against C. perfringens with MIC ≤0.5 μg/mL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Feng Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yang Yu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jian Sun
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Meng-Ting Tao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Wen-Jie Zhou
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao Li
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liao
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- National Risk Assessment Laboratory for Antimicrobial Resistance of Animal Original Bacteria, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China; Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China; Jiangsu Co-Innovation Centre for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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Mirajkar NS, Gebhart CJ. Comparison of agar dilution and antibiotic gradient strip test with broth microdilution for susceptibility testing of swine Brachyspira species. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 28:133-43. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716629154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Production-limiting diseases in swine caused by Brachyspira are characterized by mucohemorrhagic diarrhea ( B. hyodysenteriae and “ B. hampsonii”) or mild colitis ( B. pilosicoli), while B. murdochii is often isolated from healthy pigs. Emergence of novel pathogenic Brachyspira species and strains with reduced susceptibility to commonly used antimicrobials has reinforced the need for standardized susceptibility testing. Two methods are currently used for Brachyspira susceptibility testing: agar dilution (AD) and broth microdilution (BMD). However, these tests have primarily been used for B. hyodysenteriae and rarely for B. pilosicoli. Information on the use of commercial susceptibility testing products such as antibiotic gradient strips is lacking. Our main objective was to validate and compare the susceptibility results, measured as the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC), of 6 antimicrobials for 4 Brachyspira species ( B. hyodysenteriae, “ B. hampsonii”, B. pilosicoli, and B. murdochii) by BMD and AD (tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, tylosin, and carbadox) or antibiotic gradient strip (doxycycline) methods. In general, the results of a high percentage of all 4 Brachyspira species differed by ±1 log2 dilution or less by BMD and AD for tiamulin, valnemulin, lincomycin, and tylosin, and by BMD and antibiotic gradient strip for doxycycline. The carbadox MICs obtained by BMD were 1–5 doubling dilutions different than those obtained by AD. BMD for Brachyspira was quicker to perform with less ambiguous interpretation of results when compared with AD and antibiotic gradient strip methods, and the results confirm the utility of BMD in routine diagnostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nandita S. Mirajkar
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Mirajkar, Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
| | - Connie J. Gebhart
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences (Mirajkar, Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (Gebhart), College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, Saint Paul, MN
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17
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In vivo pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic profiles of valnemulin in an experimental intratracheal Mycoplasma gallisepticum infection model. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2015; 59:3754-60. [PMID: 25845865 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00200-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 03/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Valnemulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibiotic derivative, is greatly active against Mycoplasma. The objective of our study was to evaluate the effectiveness of valnemulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum in a neutropenic intratracheal model in chickens using a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK-PD) method. The PK of valnemulin after intramuscular (i.m.) administration at doses of 1, 10, and 20 mg/kg of body weight in M. gallisepticum-infected neutropenic chickens was evaluated by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). Real-time PCR (RT-PCR) was used for quantitative detection of M. gallisepticum. The ratio of the 24-h area under the concentration-time curve divided by the MIC (AUC24/MIC) correlated well with the in vivo antibacterial effectiveness of valnemulin (R(2) = 0.9669). The AUC24/MIC ratios for mycoplasmastasis (a reduction of 0 log10 color-changing unit [CCU] equivalents/ml), a reduction of 1 log10 CCU equivalents/ml, and a reduction of 2.5 log10 CCU equivalents/ml are 28,820, 38,030, and 56,256, respectively. In addition, we demonstrated that valnemulin at a dose of 6.5 mg/kg resulted in a reduction of 2.5 log10 CCU equivalents/ml. These investigations provide a solid foundation for the usage of valnemulin in poultry with M. gallisepticum infections.
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Xiao X, Sun J, Chen Y, Zou M, Zhao DH, Liu YH. Ex vivo pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic analysis of valnemulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum S6 in Mycoplasma gallisepticum and Escherichia coli co-infected chickens. Vet J 2015; 204:54-9. [PMID: 25744809 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 01/06/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) indices against Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) S6 were investigated in an ex vivo PK/PD model following oral administration of valnemulin to chickens co-infected with M. gallisepticum and Escherichia coli. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for valnemulin against MG S6 in artificial medium and chicken serum were determined. In vitro time-killing curves were established according to a series of multiples of the MIC value in an artificial medium, and ex vivo time-killing curves were established in serum samples obtained from infected chickens at different time points after oral administration with an initial titer of 1 × 10(6) color change units (CCU)/mL MG S6. The sigmoid Emax model was used to provide 24 h area under concentration-time curve/minimum inhibitory concentration ratios (AUC0-24h/MIC) for mycoplasmastasis, mycoplasmacidal activity and mycoplasmal elimination, respectively. The inoculum size and micro or macro methods exhibited little effect on MIC determination of MG, whereas matrix had a large effect. The rapid killing activity observed in in vitro time-killing curves seems to indicate that valnemulin was mycoplasmacidal and concentration dependent against MG. The AUC0-24h/MIC ratio for mycoplasmacidal activity and mycoplasmal elimination was 1321 h and 1960 h, respectively. A dosage regimen of 12.4 mg/kg/day and 18.3 mg/kg/day valnemulin was calculated for mycoplasmacidal activity and mycoplasmal elimination against MG S6, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Xiao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Jian Sun
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yi Chen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Mengting Zou
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Dong-Hao Zhao
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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19
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Rugna G, Bonilauri P, Carra E, Bergamini F, Luppi A, Gherpelli Y, Magistrali CF, Nigrelli A, Alborali GL, Martelli P, La T, Hampson DJ, Merialdi G. Sequence types and pleuromutilin susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from Italian pigs with swine dysentery: 2003-2012. Vet J 2015; 203:115-9. [PMID: 25486860 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.10.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Revised: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Swine dysentery is a mucohaemorrhagic colitis of pigs caused by infection with Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. The disease can be controlled by treatment with antimicrobial agents, with the pleuromutilins tiamulin and valnemulin being widely used. In recent years, the occurrence of B. hyodysenteriae with reduced susceptibility to these drugs has been increasing. The aim of this study was to determine temporal changes in genetic groups and pleuromutilin susceptibility amongst B. hyodysenteriae isolates from Italy. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) was performed on 108 isolates recovered from 87 farms in different regions of Italy from 2003 to 2012, and their minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for tiamulin and valnemulin were determined. Logistic regression was performed to assess associations between susceptibility to the two antimicrobial agents and genetic group, year and region of isolation. The isolates were allocated to 23 sequence types (STs), with five clonal clusters (Ccs) and seven singletons. More than 50% of isolates were resistant to both pleuromutilins (MIC >2.0 µg/mL for tiamulin and >1.0 µg/mL for valnemulin). All 10 isolates in ST 83 were resistant; these were first isolated in 2011 and came from nine farms, suggesting recent widespread dissemination of a resistant strain. Significant associations were found between the proportion of pleuromutilin susceptible isolates and the genetic group and year of isolation. Although resistant isolates were found in all Ccs, isolates in Ccs 2 and 7 were over five times more likely to be susceptible than those in the other Ccs. A significant trend in the reduction of susceptibility over time also was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Rugna
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy.
| | - P Bonilauri
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - E Carra
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - F Bergamini
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - A Luppi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - Y Gherpelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - C F Magistrali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale Umbria e Marche, Via G. Salvemini 1, 06126 Perugia, Italy
| | - A Nigrelli
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - G L Alborali
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
| | - P Martelli
- Department of Veterinary Science, University of Parma, Via del Taglio 10, 43126 Parma, Italy
| | - T La
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - D J Hampson
- School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, Murdoch, WA 6150, Australia
| | - G Merialdi
- Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale della Lombardia e dell'Emilia Romagna, Via Bianchi 9, 25124 Brescia, Italy
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20
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van Duijkeren E, Greko C, Pringle M, Baptiste KE, Catry B, Jukes H, Moreno MA, Pomba MCMF, Pyörälä S, Rantala M, Ružauskas M, Sanders P, Teale C, Threlfall EJ, Torren-Edo J, Törneke K. Pleuromutilins: use in food-producing animals in the European Union, development of resistance and impact on human and animal health. J Antimicrob Chemother 2014; 69:2022-31. [PMID: 24793902 DOI: 10.1093/jac/dku123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Pleuromutilins (tiamulin and valnemulin) are antimicrobial agents that are used mainly in veterinary medicine, especially for swine and to a lesser extent for poultry and rabbits. In pigs, tiamulin and valnemulin are used to treat swine dysentery, spirochaete-associated diarrhoea, porcine proliferative enteropathy, enzootic pneumonia and other infections where Mycoplasma is involved. There are concerns about the reported increases in the MICs of tiamulin and valnemulin for porcine Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from different European countries, as only a limited number of antimicrobials are available for the treatment of swine dysentery where resistance to these antimicrobials is already common and widespread. The loss of pleuromutilins as effective tools to treat swine dysentery because of further increases in resistance or as a consequence of restrictions would present a considerable threat to pig health, welfare and productivity. In humans, only one product containing pleuromutilins (retapamulin) is authorized currently for topical use; however, products for oral and intravenous administration to humans with serious multidrug-resistant skin infections and respiratory infections, including those caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are being developed. The objective of this review is to summarize the current knowledge on the usage of pleuromutilins, resistance development and the potential impact of this resistance on animal and human health.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Helen Jukes
- Veterinary Medicines Directorate, Addlestone, UK
| | - Miguel A Moreno
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Satu Pyörälä
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Merja Rantala
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Modestas Ružauskas
- Veterinary Institute, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Pascal Sanders
- Agence Nationale de Sécurité Sanitaire (ANSES), Fougères, France
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Zhao DH, Zhou YF, Yu Y, Shi W, Yang X, Xiao X, Deng H, Qiao GG, Fang BH, Liu YH. Integration of pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic indices of valnemulin in broiler chickens after a single intravenous and intramuscular administration. Vet J 2014; 201:109-15. [PMID: 24906499 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2014.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2013] [Revised: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The antibacterial efficacy of valnemulin against Staphylococcus aureus was studied ex vivo in broiler chickens after intravenous and intramuscular administration at a dose of 10 mg/kg bodyweight (BW). The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of valnemulin against S. aureus strains ATCC 25923 in broth and serum were 0.12 and 1 µg/mL, respectively. The MIC50 and MIC90 of valnemulin against all susceptible S. aureus strains isolated from chickens in the test population were 0.06 and 0.12 μg/mL, respectively. Protein binding, which greatly influences the efficacy of valnemulin, was assayed by equilibrium dialysate in vitro. A high binding fraction of 86.2% was found, which seems in good agreement with the difference of bacterial susceptibility tests observed in broth and serum. The surrogate index of AUC0-24/MIC required for the lowest bacteriostatic effect, and 2 log10CFU reduction in bacterial count were 24.4 h and 38.0 h, respectively. The required daily dose of valnemulin for a bacteriostatic activity was calculated to be 15 mg/kg BW based on the MIC90 of 0.12 µg/mL. Considering the slow disposition process of valnemulin and an AUC0-24 h value of more than 10-fold obtained from diseased animals, a suggested dose of 3 mg/kg BW is sufficient to achieve a satisfactory therapeutic efficacy in infected broilers. Due to the time-dependent antibacterial characteristics of valnemulin, the recommended daily dose should be split into two or three sub-doses to achieve the highest effectiveness while diminishing the risk of development of bacterial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hao Zhao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yu-Feng Zhou
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Yang Yu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Wei Shi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Xia Xiao
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Hui Deng
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Guilin Gary Qiao
- 8725, John J Kingman Rd, MS 6201, Ft Belvoir, VA, 22060-6201, USA
| | - Bing-Hu Fang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmacology, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, 510642, China.
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22
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Antibiotic susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates from Czech swine farms: a 10-year follow-up study. ACTA VET BRNO 2014. [DOI: 10.2754/avb201483010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery. Loss of clinical efficacy of some antimicrobial agents authorized for treating swine dysentery was observed on certain Czech pig farms. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antimicrobial sensitivity of six antibiotics using a set of 202 randomly selected B. hyodysenteriae isolates obtained from farms in the Czech Republic between years 1997 and 2006. Minimum inhibitory concentration of antibiotics tylosin, lincomycin, tylvalosin, chlortetracyclin, tiamulin and valnemulin were tested, using an agar dilution method. All antibiotics tested showed an increase in minimal inhibitory concentrations. Continual decrease in susceptibility of B. hyodysenteriae isolates to tiamulin and valnemulin was observed. Multiresistant B. hyodysenteriae were isolated more frequently in the past years. Only a careful use of antibiotics can ensure their efficacy, especially in case of pleuromutilins, in the strategic therapy of swine dysentery. This rare study demonstrates the minimal inhibitory concentration changes of selected antidysenterics among Czech isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae during a ten-year period.
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Herbst W, Schlez K, Heuser J, Baljer G. Antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae determined by a broth microdilution method. Vet Rec 2014; 174:382. [PMID: 24659031 DOI: 10.1136/vr.102169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- W Herbst
- Institute for Hygiene and Infectious Diseases of Animals, Justus-Liebig-Universität Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 89, 35392 Giessen, Germany
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Zhao DH, Yu Y, Zhou YF, Shi W, Deng H, Liu YH. Postantibiotic effect and postantibiotic sub-minimum inhibitory concentration effect of valnemulin against Staphylococcus aureus isolates from swine and chickens. Lett Appl Microbiol 2013; 58:150-5. [PMID: 24117872 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2013] [Revised: 09/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED The postantibiotic effect (PAE) and postantibiotic sub-minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) effect (PA-SME) of valnemulin against Staphylococcus aureus were investigated in vitro using a spectrophotometric technique and classic viable count method. A standard curve was constructed by regression analysis of the number of colonies and the corresponding optical density (OD) at 630 nm of the inoculum. After exposure to valnemulin at different concentrations for an hour, the antibiotic was removed by centrifuging and washing. The PA-SMEs were measured after initial exposure to valnemulin at 4 × the MIC, and then, valnemulin was added to reach corresponding desired concentrations in the resuspended culture. Samples were collected hourly until the culture became turbid. The results were calculated by converting the OD values into the counts of bacteria in accordance with the curve. The MIC of valnemulin against eight strains was identically 0.125 μg ml(-1) . The mean PAEs were 2.12 h (1 × MIC) and 5.06 h (4 × MIC), and the mean PA-SMEs were 6.85 h (0.1 × MIC), 9.12 h (0.2 × MIC) and 10.8 h (0.3 × MIC). The results showed that the strains with identical MICs exhibited different PAEs and PA-SMEs. Valnemulin produced prolonged PAE and PA-SME periods for Staph. aureus, supporting a longer dosing interval while formulating a daily administration dosage. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY In this study, valnemulin demonstrated prolonged postantibiotic effects and postantibiotic sub-MIC effects on strains of Staphylococcus aureus. The strains with identical MICs of valnemulin exhibited different PAEs and PA-SMEs. Staphylococcus aureus isolated from different species has little impact on the postantibiotic effect of valnemulin. The result suggests a longer dosing interval while formulating a daily administration dosage, and it may play a valuable role of valnemulin in treating Staph. aureus infections in animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Swine dysentery: aetiology, pathogenicity, determinants of transmission and the fight against the disease. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2013; 10:1927-47. [PMID: 23665849 PMCID: PMC3709357 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph10051927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 04/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/23/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Swine Dysentery (SD) is a severe mucohaemorhagic enteric disease of pigs caused by Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, which has a large impact on pig production and causes important losses due to mortality and sub-optimal performance. Although B. hyodysenteriae has been traditionally considered a pathogen mainly transmitted by direct contact, through the introduction of subclinically infected animals into a previously uninfected herd, recent findings position B. hyodysenteriae as a potential threat for indirect transmission between farms. This article summarizes the knowledge available on the etiological agent of SD and its virulence traits, and reviews the determinants of SD transmission. The between-herds and within-herd transmission routes are addressed. The factors affecting disease transmission are thoroughly discussed, i.e., environmental survival of the pathogen, husbandry factors (production system, production stage, farm management), role of vectors, diet influence and interaction of the microorganism with gut microbiota. Finally, prophylactic and therapeutic approaches to fight against the disease are briefly described.
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Zhao DH, Zhang Z, Zhang CY, Liu ZC, Deng H, Yu JJ, Guo JP, Liu YH. Population pharmacokinetics of valnemulin in swine. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2013; 37:59-65. [PMID: 23617793 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
This study was carried out in 121 pigs to develop a population pharmacokinetic (PPK) model by oral (p.o.) administration of valnemulin at a single dose of 10 mg/kg. Serum biochemistry parameters of each pig were determined prior to drug administration. Three to five blood samples were collected at random time points, but uniformly distributed in the absorption, distribution, and elimination phases of drug disposition. Plasma concentrations of valnemulin were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS). The concentration-time data were fitted to PPK models using nonlinear mixed effect modeling (NONMEM) with G77 FORTRAN compiler. NONMEM runs were executed using Wings for NONMEM. Fixed effects of weight, age, sex as well as biochemistry parameters, which may influence the PK of valnemulin, were investigated. The drug concentration-time data were adequately described by a one-compartmental model with first-order absorption. A random effect model of valnemulin revealed a pattern of log-normal distribution, and it satisfactorily characterized the observed interindividual variability. The distribution of random residual errors, however, suggested an additive model for the initial phase (<12 h) followed by a combined model that consists of both proportional and additive features (≥ 12 h), so that the intra-individual variability could be sufficiently characterized. Covariate analysis indicated that body weight had a conspicuous effect on valnemulin clearance (CL/F). The featured population PK values of Ka , V/F and CL/F were 0.292/h, 63.0 L and 41.3 L/h, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Zhao
- National Reference Laboratory of Veterinary Drug Residues (SCAU), College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolated from 21 Polish farms. Pol J Vet Sci 2012; 15:259-65. [PMID: 22844703 DOI: 10.2478/v10181-011-0143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Swine dysentery (SD) is a common disease among pigs worldwide, which contributes to major production losses. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of B. hyodysenteriae, the etiological agent of SD, is mainly performed by the agar dilution method. This method has certain limitations due to difficulties in interpretation of results. The aim of this study was the analysis of antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae (B. hyodysenteriae) Polish field isolates by broth microdilution procedure. The study was performed on 21 isolates of B. hyodysenteriae, collected between January 2006 to December 2010 from cases of swine dysentery. VetMIC Brachyspira panels with antimicrobial agents (tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, lincomycin, tylosin and ampicillin) were used for susceptibility testing of B. hyodysenteriae. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was determined by the broth dilution procedure. The lowest antimicrobial activity was demonstrated for tylosin and lincomycin, with inhibition of bacterial growth using concentrations > 128 microg/ml and 32 microg/ml, respectively. In the case of doxycycline, the MIC values were < or = 2.0 microg/ml. No decreased susceptibility to tiamulin was found among the Polish isolates and MIC values for this antibiotic did not exceed 1.0 microg/ml. The results of the present study confirmed that Polish B. hyodysenteriae isolates were susceptible to the main antibiotics (tiamulin and valnemulin) used in treatment of swine dysentery. Further studies are necessary to evaluate a possible slow decrease in susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin of B. hyodysenteriae strains in Poland.
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Verlinden M, Boyen F, Pasmans F, Garmyn A, Haesebrouck F, Martel A. Antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of Brachyspira intermedia isolates from European layers. Microb Drug Resist 2011; 17:485-8. [PMID: 21663534 DOI: 10.1089/mdr.2011.0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
A broth microdilution method was used to determine the antimicrobial susceptibility of 20 Brachyspira intermedia isolates obtained from different layer flocks in Belgium and The Netherlands between 2008 and 2010. The antimicrobial agents used were tylosin, tilmicosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, doxycycline, and lincomycin. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) distribution patterns of tylosin, tilmicosin, lincomycin, and doxycycline were bimodal, demonstrating acquired resistance against doxycycline in three strains, against the macrolides in two strains, and against lincomycin in one strain. The MICs of tiamulin and valnemulin showed a monomodal distribution, but with tailing toward the higher MIC values, possibly suggesting low-level acquired resistance in six isolates. Sequencing revealed a G1058C mutation in the 16S rRNA gene in all doxycycline-resistant strains. The strain resistant to tylosin, tilmicosin, and lincomycin had an A2058T mutation in the 23S rRNA gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc Verlinden
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology, and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium.
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WANG R, YUAN LG, HE LM, ZHU LX, LUO XY, ZHANG CY, YU JJ, FANG BH, LIU YH. Pharmacokinetics and bioavailability of valnemulin in broiler chickens. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2011; 34:247-51. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2885.2010.01215.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Šperling D, Smola J, Čížek A. Characterisation of multiresistant Brachyspira hyodysenteriae
isolates from Czech pig farms. Vet Rec 2011; 168:215. [DOI: 10.1136/vr.c4247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. Šperling
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - J. Smola
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
| | - A. Čížek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences; Brno Czech Republic
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31
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Hidalgo A, Carvajal A, García-Feliz C, Osorio J, Rubio P. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Spanish field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Res Vet Sci 2008; 87:7-12. [PMID: 19084246 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2008.10.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2008] [Revised: 10/30/2008] [Accepted: 10/31/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
This study is the first conducted in Spain to evaluate antimicrobial susceptibility of field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. One hundred and eight isolates of the bacterium, recovered from different Spanish swine farms between 2000 and 2007, were investigated. The minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) of erythromycin, tylosin, tiamulin, valnemulin, clindamycin and lincomycin were determined using a broth microdilution technique. Most of the isolates showed poor susceptibility to erythromycin (MIC(90)>256 microg/ml), tylosin (MIC(90)>256 microg/ml), clindamycin (MIC(90)>4 microg/ml) and lincomycin (MIC(90)=128 microg/ml). Reduced susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin was observed with a MIC>2 microg/ml in 17.6% and 7.41% of the B. hyodysenteriae isolates, respectively. Moreover, a survival analysis permitted the detection of an increasing trend in the MIC values for almost all the antimicrobials used in the treatment of swine dysentery when comparing recent isolates (from 2006 to 2007) with those recovered in earlier years (between 2000 and 2004).
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hidalgo
- Department of Animal Health (Infectious Diseases and Epidemiology), Veterinary Faculty, University of León, Spain.
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32
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Long KS, Hansen LH, Jakobsen L, Vester B. Interaction of pleuromutilin derivatives with the ribosomal peptidyl transferase center. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2006; 50:1458-62. [PMID: 16569865 PMCID: PMC1426994 DOI: 10.1128/aac.50.4.1458-1462.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2005] [Revised: 11/02/2005] [Accepted: 01/13/2006] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiamulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic that is used in veterinary medicine. The recently published crystal structure of a tiamulin-50S ribosomal subunit complex provides detailed information about how this drug targets the peptidyl transferase center of the ribosome. To promote rational design of pleuromutilin-based drugs, the binding of the antibiotic pleuromutilin and three semisynthetic derivatives with different side chain extensions has been investigated using chemical footprinting. The nucleotides A2058, A2059, G2505, and U2506 are affected in all of the footprints, suggesting that the drugs are similarly anchored in the binding pocket by the common tricyclic mutilin core. However, varying effects are observed at U2584 and U2585, indicating that the side chain extensions adopt distinct conformations within the cavity and thereby affect the rRNA conformation differently. An Escherichia coli L3 mutant strain is resistant to tiamulin and pleuromutilin, but not valnemulin, implying that valnemulin is better able to withstand an altered rRNA binding surface around the mutilin core. This is likely due to additional interactions made between the valnemulin side chain extension and the rRNA binding site. The data suggest that pleuromutilin drugs with enhanced antimicrobial activity may be obtained by maximizing the number of interactions between the side chain moiety and the peptidyl transferase cavity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine S Long
- Institute of Molecular Biology and Physiology, University of Copenhagen, Sølvgade 83 H, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark.
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Pringle M, Landén A, Franklin A. Tiamulin resistance in porcine Brachyspira pilosicoli isolates. Res Vet Sci 2006; 80:1-4. [PMID: 16253666 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2005.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2004] [Revised: 01/17/2005] [Accepted: 02/16/2005] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
There are few studies on antimicrobial susceptibility of Brachyspira pilosicoli, therefore this study was performed to investigate the situation among isolates from pigs. The tiamulin and tylosin susceptibility was determined by broth dilution for 93 and 86 porcine B. pilosicoli isolates, respectively. The isolates came from clinical samples taken in Swedish pig herds during the years 2002 and 2003. The tylosin minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) was >16 microg/ml for 50% (n=43) of the isolates tested. A tiamulin MIC >2 microg/ml was obtained for 14% (n=13) of the isolates and these were also tested against doxycycline, salinomycin, valnemulin, lincomycin and aivlosin. For these isolates the susceptibility to salinomycin and doxycycline was high but the MICs for aivlosin varied. The relationship between the 13 tiamulin resistant isolates was analyzed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Among the 13 isolates 10 different PFGE patterns were identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Pringle
- Department of Antibiotics, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Pringle M, Poehlsgaard J, Vester B, Long KS. Mutations in ribosomal protein L3 and 23S ribosomal RNA at the peptidyl transferase centre are associated with reduced susceptibility to tiamulin in Brachyspira spp. isolates. Mol Microbiol 2005; 54:1295-306. [PMID: 15554969 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2004.04373.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The pleuromutilin antibiotic tiamulin binds to the ribosomal peptidyl transferase centre. Three groups of Brachyspira spp. isolates with reduced tiamulin susceptibility were analysed to define resistance mechanisms to the drug. Mutations were identified in genes encoding ribosomal protein L3 and 23S rRNA at positions proximal to the peptidyl transferase centre. In two groups of laboratory-selected mutants, mutations were found at nucleotide positions 2032, 2055, 2447, 2499, 2504 and 2572 of 23S rRNA (Escherichia coli numbering) and at amino acid positions 148 and 149 of ribosomal protein L3 (Brachyspira pilosicoli numbering). In a third group of clinical B. hyodysenteriae isolates, only a single mutation at amino acid 148 of ribosomal protein L3 was detected. Chemical footprinting experiments show a reduced binding of tiamulin to ribosomal subunits from mutants with decreased susceptibility to the drug. This reduction in drug binding is likely the resistance mechanism for these strains. Hence, the identified mutations located near the tiamulin binding site are predicted to be responsible for the resistance phenotype. The positions of the mutated residues relative to the bound drug advocate a model where the mutations affect tiamulin binding indirectly through perturbation of nucleotide U2504.
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Affiliation(s)
- Märit Pringle
- Department of Antibiotics, National Veterinary Institute, SE-75189 Uppsala, Sweden
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Prapasarakul N, Ochi K, Adachi Y. In vitro susceptibility and a new point mutation associated with tylosin-resistance in Japanese canine intestinal spirochetes. J Vet Med Sci 2004; 65:1275-80. [PMID: 14709813 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.65.1275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro susceptibilities of six commonly used antimicrobial agents against 29 isolates of intestinal spirochetes isolated from dogs in Japan were examined by the agar dilution technique. In addition, the genetic basis of tylosin resistance in in vitro selected resistant mutants of two reference strains and three tylosin-susceptible field isolates obtained by three successive subcultures on blood agar containing 1 microg/ml of tylosin was investigated. Carbadox was the most active (MIC: < 0.00625) of all the antimicrobial agents. Although all the isolates were susceptible to tylosin, some were resistant to erythromycin. Tiamulin, lincomycin and dimetridazole were also very active against the isolates. All the resistant isolates did not harbor any plasmids. In vitro selected tylosin-resistant mutants of previously tylosin-susceptible isolates showed a new mutation in which their adenine at the base position equivalent to 2062 of 23S rDNA of Escherichia coli has been replaced by cytosine. These findings may both provide guidance towards the proper choice of antimicrobial agents for the treatment of canine intestinal spirochetosis, and add to the understanding of the genetic basis of tylosin resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nuvee Prapasarakul
- Animal Health Laboratory, School of Agriculture, Ibaraki University, Ibaraki, Japan
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Lobová D, Smola J, Cizek A. Decreased susceptibility to tiamulin and valnemulin among Czech isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:287-291. [PMID: 15017284 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05407-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The agar dilution method was used to investigate the sensitivity to pleuromutilins of 100 isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolated from 63 pig farms between 1997 and 2001. In the period under investigation, MICs to both tiamulin and valnemulin increased, with differences between the periods 1997-98 and 1999-2001 being statistically significant (P < 0.001 for tiamulin and P < 0.0001 for valnemulin). Between 1997 and 2001, the MIC50 and MIC90 of tiamulin increased from 0.062 and 0.25 microg ml, respectively, to 1.0 and 4.0 microg ml. Valnemulin MIC50 and MIC90 were < or = 0.031 microg ml in 1997 and by 2001 were respectively, 2.0 and 8.0 microg ml. The increase in MICs of tiamulin and valnemulin demonstrated in this study reflect the intensity of pleuromutilin use in the treatment of swine dysentery in the Czech Republic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Lobová
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Section of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiri Smola
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Section of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alois Cizek
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Section of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Veterinary and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Palackého 1-3, 612 42 Brno, Czech Republic
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Karlsson M, Aspán A, Landén A, Franklin A. Further characterization of porcine Brachyspira hyodysenteriae isolates with decreased susceptibility to tiamulin. J Med Microbiol 2004; 53:281-285. [PMID: 15017283 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.05395-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the causative agent of swine dysentery, a severe diarrhoeal disease in pigs. Few drugs are available to treat the disease, owing to both antimicrobial resistance and withdrawal of drugs authorized for use in pigs. Tiamulin is the drug of choice in many countries, but isolates with decreased susceptibility have recently been reported. The mechanism of tiamulin resistance in B. hyodysenteriae is not known and this facet is essential to understand the dissemination of the trait. To study the resistance epidemiology of B. hyodysenteriae, further characterization of a set of isolates from Germany (n = 16) and the UK (n = 6) with decreased susceptibility to tiamulin was performed. The relatedness between the isolates was studied by comparing PFGE patterns, and the in vitro susceptibility to five other antimicrobials (aivlosin, doxycycline, salinomycin, chloramphenicol and avilamycin) was also determined. For comparison of the antimicrobial-susceptibility pattern, Swedish (n = 20) and British (n = 4) tiamulin-susceptible isolates were tested. The German isolates represented several different PFGE patterns, indicating that tiamulin usage has been sufficient to select clones with decreased tiamulin susceptibility at different farms in Germany. The PFGE pattern for the six British isolates with decreased tiamulin susceptibility was identical to that of the German isolates, and they had a similar antimicrobial-susceptibility pattern, except for resistance to aivlosin, which was only found in a few German isolates. No other co-resistance with tiamulin was found.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlsson
- Department of Antibiotics1 and Department of Bacteriology2, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Aspán
- Department of Antibiotics1 and Department of Bacteriology2, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Landén
- Department of Antibiotics1 and Department of Bacteriology2, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - A Franklin
- Department of Antibiotics1 and Department of Bacteriology2, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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Bøsling J, Poulsen SM, Vester B, Long KS. Resistance to the peptidyl transferase inhibitor tiamulin caused by mutation of ribosomal protein l3. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:2892-6. [PMID: 12936991 PMCID: PMC182624 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.9.2892-2896.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The antibiotic tiamulin targets the 50S subunit of the bacterial ribosome and interacts at the peptidyl transferase center. Tiamulin-resistant Escherichia coli mutants were isolated in order to elucidate mechanisms of resistance to the drug. No mutations in the rRNA were selected as resistance determinants using a strain expressing only a plasmid-encoded rRNA operon. Selection in a strain with all seven chromosomal rRNA operons yielded a mutant with an A445G mutation in the gene coding for ribosomal protein L3, resulting in an Asn149Asp alteration. Complementation experiments and sequencing of transductants demonstrate that the mutation is responsible for the resistance phenotype. Chemical footprinting experiments show a reduced binding of tiamulin to mutant ribosomes. It is inferred that the L3 mutation, which points into the peptidyl transferase cleft, causes tiamulin resistance by alteration of the drug-binding site. This is the first report of a mechanism of resistance to tiamulin unveiled in molecular detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob Bøsling
- Institute of Molecular Biology, University of Copenhagen, DK-1307 Copenhagen K, Denmark
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Karlsson M, Fellström C, Gunnarsson A, Landén A, Franklin A. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of porcine Brachyspira (Serpulina) species isolates. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41:2596-604. [PMID: 12791886 PMCID: PMC156507 DOI: 10.1128/jcm.41.6.2596-2604.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
No standardized method for susceptibility testing of Brachyspira spp. is currently available. A broth dilution procedure was evaluated and used to test the activities of six antimicrobial agents for 108 isolates of Swedish porcine Brachyspira spp. representing biochemical groups I, II, and III. Group I corresponds to Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, group II corresponds to B. intermedia, and group III corresponds to B. murdochii and B. innocens. A panel was designed with the antimicrobial agents dried in tissue culture trays with wells that allowed a liquid volume of 0.5 ml in each and agitation of the broth when incubated on a shaker. The MICs were determined by using brain heart infusion broth with 10% fetal calf serum. For 10 isolates, the results obtained in broth were compared to the MICs obtained on two different types of agar. Different inoculum densities and incubation times were also compared. The concentrations at which 90% of the B. hyodysenteriae isolates (n = 72) were inhibited in the broth dilution test by tiamulin (0.25 micro g/ml), tylosin (>256 micro g/ml), erythromycin (>256 micro g/ml), clindamycin (>4 micro g/ml), virginiamycin (4 micro g/ml), and carbadox (0.06 micro g/ml) were determined. The MICs tended to be lower in broth than on agar. Differences in inoculum densities and incubation times had little influence on the MICs. The evaluated broth dilution test was simple to perform, the end points were easily read, and the results were reproducible and reliable. No isolates with decreased susceptibility to tiamulin were found among the Swedish isolates tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Karlsson
- Department of Antibiotics, National Veterinary Institute, Uppsala, Sweden
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Karlsson M, Oxberry SL, Hampson DJ. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing of Australian isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae using a new broth dilution method. Vet Microbiol 2002; 84:123-33. [PMID: 11731165 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-1135(01)00444-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The antimicrobial susceptibilities of 76 field isolates of Brachyspira hyodysenteriae from different states of Australia were tested in a newly developed broth dilution procedure. The antimicrobial agents used were tiamulin, valnemulin, tylosin, erythromycin, lincomycin and clindamycin. The results from the broth dilution susceptibility testing of 39 of the isolates were compared with results obtained for the same isolates using the agar dilution method. Amongst the isolates tested by broth dilution, 17 were from three farms and had been collected over a number of years. Their pulsed field gel electrophoresis pattern previously had been determined. The broth dilution technique was simple to use, less labor intensive than agar dilution, and gave clear end points. The results obtained using the two methods generally corresponded well, although in a few cases the MIC obtained by broth dilution were lower than those with agar dilution. For the 76 isolates tested by broth dilution, the MIC(90) (mg/l) was: tiamulin, 1; valnemulin, 0.5; tylosin>256; erythromycin>256; lincomycin, 64 and clindamycin, 16. Only minor differences in susceptibility patterns were found amongst isolates from different Australian states. Over all the isolates, and also amongst the isolates obtained from different years on the three farms, there was no trend for the susceptibility of the isolates to alter with time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Märit Karlsson
- Department of Antibiotics, National Veterinary Institute, SE-751 89 Uppsala, Sweden
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