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Li K, Lin C, Hu YH, Wang J, Jin Z, Zeng ZL, Tang YZ. Design, Synthesis, Biological Evaluation, and Molecular Docking Studies of Pleuromutilin Derivatives Containing Thiazole. ACS Infect Dis 2024. [PMID: 38703116 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized a series of pleuromutilin derivatives containing thiazole. The in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of these synthesized compounds was examined by using four strains. Compared with tiamulin (MIC = 0.25 μg/mL), compound 14 exhibited potency in inhibiting MRSA growth (MIC = 0.0625 μg/mL) in these derivatives. Meanwhile, the time-killing kinetics further demonstrated that compound 14 could efficiently inhibit the MRSA growth. After exposure at 4 × MIC, the postantibiotic effect (PAE) of compound 14 was 1.29 h. Additionally, in thigh-infected mice, compound 14 exhibited a more potent antibacterial efficacy (-1.78 ± 0.28 log10 CFU/g) in reducing MRSA load compared to tiamulin (-1.21 ± 0.23 log10 CFU/g). Moreover, the MTT assay on RAW 264.7 cells demonstrated that compound 14 (8 μg/mL) had no significant cytotoxicity. Docking studies indicated the strong affinity of compound 14 toward the 50S ribosomal subunit, with a binding free energy of -9.63 kcal/mol. Taken together, it could be deduced that compound 14 was a promising candidate for treating MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Chao Lin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Han Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Zhang J, Liu Q, Zhao H, Li G, Yi Y, Shang R. Design and Synthesis of Pleuromutilin Derivatives as Antibacterial Agents Using Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationship Model. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2256. [PMID: 38396934 PMCID: PMC10888563 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2024] [Revised: 02/07/2024] [Accepted: 02/08/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The quantitative structure-activity relationship (QSAR) is one of the most popular methods for the virtual screening of new drug leads and optimization. Herein, we collected a dataset of 955 MIC values of pleuromutilin derivatives to construct a 2D-QSAR model with an accuracy of 80% and a 3D-QSAR model with a non-cross-validated correlation coefficient (r2) of 0.9836 and a cross-validated correlation coefficient (q2) of 0.7986. Based on the obtained QSAR models, we designed and synthesized pleuromutilin compounds 1 and 2 with thiol-functionalized side chains. Compound 1 displayed the highest antimicrobial activity against both Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 (S. aureus) and Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) < 0.0625 μg/mL. These experimental results confirmed that the 2D and 3D-QSAR models displayed a high accuracy of the prediction function for the discovery of lead compounds from pleuromutilin derivatives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaming Zhang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Qinqin Liu
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
| | - Haoxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
| | - Guiyu Li
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
| | - Yunpeng Yi
- Shandong Provincial Animal and Poultry Green Health Products Creation Engineering Laboratory, Institute of Poultry Science, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Science, Jinan 250023, China
| | - Ruofeng Shang
- Key Laboratory of New Animal Drug Project, Gansu Province/Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutical Development, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs/Lanzhou Institute of Husbandry and Pharmaceutical Sciences of CAAS, Lanzhou 730050, China (G.L.)
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Wang W, Yu J, Ji X, Xia X, Ding H. Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration of amphenmulin: a novel pleuromutilin derivative against Mycoplasma gallisepticum. Microbiol Spectr 2024; 12:e0367523. [PMID: 38112481 PMCID: PMC10846240 DOI: 10.1128/spectrum.03675-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Amphenmulin is a novel pleuromutilin derivative with great anti-mycoplasma potential. The present study evaluated the action characteristics of amphenmulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum using pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (PK/PD) modeling approaches. Following intravenous administration, amphenmulin exhibited an elimination half-life of 2.13 h and an apparent volume of distribution of 3.64 L/kg in healthy broiler chickens, demonstrating PK profiles of extensive distribution and rapid elimination. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of amphenmulin against M. gallisepticum was determined to be 0.0039 µg/mL using the broth microdilution method, and the analysis of the static time-kill curves through the sigmoid Emax model showed a highly correlated relationship (R ≥ 0.9649) between the kill rate and drug concentrations (1-64 MIC). A one-compartment open model with first-order elimination was implemented to simulate the in vivo anti-mycoplasma effect of amphenmulin, and it was found that bactericidal levels were reached with continuous administration for 3 days at doses exceeding 0.8 µg/mL. Furthermore, the area under the concentration-time curve divided by MIC (AUC/MIC) correlated well with the anti-mycoplasma effect of amphenmulin within 24 h after each administration, with a target value of 904.05 h for predicting a reduction of M. gallisepticum by 1 Log10CFU/mL. These investigations broadened the antibacterial spectrum of amphenmulin and revealed its characteristics of action against M. gallisepticum, providing a theoretical basis for further clinical development.IMPORTANCEMycoplasma has long been recognized as a significant pathogen causing global livestock production losses and public health concerns, and the use of antimicrobial agents is currently one of the mainstream strategies for its prevention and control. Amphenmulin is a promising candidate pleuromutilin derivative that was designed, synthesized, and screened by our laboratory in previous studies. Moreover, this study further confirms the excellent antibacterial activity of amphenmulin against Mycoplasma gallisepticum and reveals its action characteristics and model targets on M. gallisepticum by establishing an in vitro pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic synchronization model. These findings can further broaden the pharmacological theoretical basis of amphenmulin and serve as data support for its clinical development, which is of great significance for the discovery of new antimicrobial drugs and the control of bacterial diseases in humans and animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxiang Wang
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiao Yu
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xuan Ji
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xirui Xia
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Huanzhong Ding
- Guangdong Key Laboratory for Veterinary Drug Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Sue K, Cadelis MM, Hainsworth K, Rouvier F, Bourguet-Kondracki ML, Brunel JM, Copp BR. Preliminary SAR of Novel Pleuromutilin-Polyamine Conjugates. Microorganisms 2023; 11:2791. [PMID: 38004802 PMCID: PMC10673369 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms11112791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
While pleuromutilin (1) and its clinically available derivatives (2-6) are highly effective against Gram-positive bacteria, they remain inactive against many pathogenic Gram-negative bacteria due to the efflux pump AcrAB-TolC. In an effort to broaden the spectrum of activity of pleuromutilin (1), we developed a series of novel pleuromutilin-polyamine conjugates (9a-f) which exhibited promising intrinsic antimicrobial properties, targeting both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, including Staphylococcus aureus, methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA), and Escherichia coli, along with the fungal strain Cryptococcus neoformans, and were devoid of cytotoxic and hemolytic properties with the exception of one conjugate. Furthermore, this series displayed moderate to low antibiotic potentiation of legacy antibiotics doxycycline and erythromycin, with three conjugates enhancing the activity four-fold in combination with doxycycline. In comparison to pleuromutilin (1) and tiamulin (2), one of the conjugates exhibited an expanded spectrum of activity, including Gram-negative bacteria and fungi, making it a promising option for combating microbial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kenneth Sue
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Melissa M. Cadelis
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
- School of Medical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Kerrin Hainsworth
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
| | - Florent Rouvier
- Membranes et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universite, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Lise Bourguet-Kondracki
- Laboratoire Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, UMR 7245 CNRS, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, 57 rue Cuvier (C.P. 54), 75005 Paris, France
| | - Jean Michel Brunel
- Membranes et Cibles Thérapeutiques, INSERM, Aix-Marseille Universite, 27 bd Jean Moulin, 13385 Marseille, France
| | - Brent R. Copp
- School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Private Bag 92019, Auckland 1142, New Zealand
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Zhang QW, Ren J, Lu JX, Chen XY, He XJ, Wang Q, Zhou ZD, Jin Z, Zeng ZL, Tang YZ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing benzimidazoles as effective anti-MRSA agents. Drug Dev Res 2023; 84:1437-1452. [PMID: 37534779 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22095] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/04/2023]
Abstract
A series of pleuromutilin derivatives containing benzimidazole were designed, synthesized, and evaluated for their antibacterial activities against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in this study. The in vitro antibacterial activities of the synthesized derivatives against four strains of S. aureus (MRSA ATCC 43300, S. aureus ATCC 29213, S. aureus 144, and S. aureus AD3) were determined by the broth dilution method. Among these derivatives, compound 58 exhibited superior in vitro antibacterial effect against MRSA (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 0.0625 μg/mL) than tiamulin (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL). Compound 58 possessed a faster bactericidal kinetic and a longer post-antibiotic effect time against MRSA than tiamulin. Meanwhile, at 8 μg/mL concentration, compound 58 did not display obviously cytotoxic effect on the RAW 264.7 cells. In addition, compound 58 (-2.04 log10 CFU/mL) displayed superior in vivo antibacterial efficacy than tiamulin (-1.02 log10 CFU/mL) in reducing MRSA load in mice thigh infection model. In molecular docking study, compound 58 can successfully attach to the 50S ribosomal active site (the binding free energy is -8.11 kcal/mol). Therefore, compound 58 was a potential antibacterial candidate for combating MRSA infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Wen Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Ren
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jia-Xun Lu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiao-Ying Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xian-Jin He
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zi-Dan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen-Ling Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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Xia J, Li Y, He C, Yong C, Wang L, Fu H, He XL, Wang ZY, Liu DF, Zhang YY. Synthesis and Biological Activities of Oxazolidinone Pleuromutilin Derivatives as a Potent Anti-MRSA Agent. ACS Infect Dis 2023; 9:1711-1729. [PMID: 37610012 DOI: 10.1021/acsinfecdis.3c00162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/24/2023]
Abstract
A series of pleuromutilin derivatives containing an oxazolidinone skeleton were synthesized and evaluated in vitro and in vivo as antibacterial agents. Most of the synthesized derivatives exhibited potent antibacterial activities against three strains of Staphylococcus aureus (including MRSA ATCC 33591, MRSA ATCC 43300, and MSSA ATCC 29213) and two strains of Staphylococcus epidermidis (including MRSE ATCC 51625 and MSSE ATCC 12228). Compound 28 was the most active antibacterial agent in vitro (MIC = 0.008-0.125 μg·mL-1) and exhibited a significant bactericidal effect, low cytotoxicity, and weak inhibition (IC50 = 20.66 μmol·L-1) for CYP3A4, as well as exhibited less possibility to cause bacterial resistance. Furthermore, in vivo activities indicated that the compound was effective in reducing MRSA load in a murine thigh infection model. Moreover, it clearly facilitated the healing of MRSA skin infection and inhibited the secretion of the TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1 inflammatory factors in serum. These results suggest that oxazolidinone pleuromutilin is a promising therapeutic candidate for drug-resistant bacterial infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Xia
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Yun Li
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Cailu He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Can Yong
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Huan Fu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
| | - Xiao-Long He
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Zhou-Yu Wang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Dong-Fang Liu
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu 610039, China
- Asymmetric Synthesis and Chiral Technology Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Chengdu 610041, China
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Wang J, Hu YH, Zhou KX, Wang W, Li F, Li K, Zhang GY, Tang YZ. Design, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Novel Pleuromutilin Derivatives Containing 6-Chloro-1-R-1 H-pyrazolo[3,4- d]pyrimidine-4-amino Side Chain. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28093975. [PMID: 37175382 PMCID: PMC10180054 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28093975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2023] [Revised: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 05/03/2023] [Indexed: 05/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Two series of pleuromutilin derivatives were designed and synthesized as inhibitors against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). 6-chloro-4-amino-1-R-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine or 4-(6-chloro-1-R-1H-pyrazolo[3,4-d]pyrimidine-4-yl)amino-phenylthiol were connected to pleuromutilin. A diverse array of substituents was introduced at the N-1 position of the pyrazole ring. The in vitro antibacterial activities of these semisynthetic derivatives were evaluated against two standard strains, Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 43300, Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus), ATCC 29213 and two clinical S. aureus strains (144, AD3) using the broth dilution method. Compounds 12c, 19c and 22c (MIC = 0.25 μg/mL) manifested good in vitro antibacterial ability against MRSA which was similar to that of tiamulin (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL). Among them, compound 22c killed MRSA in a time-dependent manner and performed faster bactericidal kinetics than tiamulin in time-kill curves. In addition, compound 22c exhibited longer PAE than tiamulin, and showed no significant inhibition on the cell viability of RAW 264.7, Caco-2 and 16-HBE cells at high doses (≤8 μg/mL). The neutropenic murine thigh infection model study revealed that compound 22c displayed more effective in vivo bactericidal activity than tiamulin in reducing MRSA load. The molecular docking studies indicated that compound 22c was successfully localized inside the binding pocket of 50S ribosomal, and four hydrogen bonds played important roles in the binding of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Yu-Han Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ke-Xin Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Wei Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Fei Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ke Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Guangzhou 510642, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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Zhou ZD, Hu YH, Wang Q, Xu H, Xi GL, Liu Y, Gu L, Jin Z, Tang YZ. Design, synthesis, and biological evaluation of pleuromutilin derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole linker. Drug Dev Res 2023. [PMID: 36896715 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.22050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2022] [Revised: 02/13/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023]
Abstract
A series of thioether pleuromutilin derivatives containing 1,2,4-triazole on the side chain of C14 were designed and synthesized. The in vitro antibacterial activities experiments of the synthesized derivatives showed that compounds 72 and 73 displayed superior in vitro antibacterial effect against MRSA minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC = 0.0625 μg/mL) than tiamulin (MIC = 0.5 μg/mL). The results of time-kill study and postantibiotic effect study indicated that compound 72 could inhibit the growth of MRSA quickly (-2.16 log10 CFU/mL) and showed certain postantibiotic effect (PAE) time (exposure to 2 × MIC and 4 × MIC for 2 h, the PAE was 1.30 and 1.35 h) against MRSA. Furthermore, the binding mode between compound 72 and 50S ribosome of MRSA was explored by molecular docking and five hydrogen bonds were formed between compound 72 and 50S ribosome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zi-Dan Zhou
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yu-Han Hu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Heng Xu
- Technology Center for China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Gao-Lei Xi
- Technology Center for China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Yan Liu
- Guangdong Province Department of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Guangdong Centre for Agricultural Products Quality and Safety, Guangzhou, China
| | - Liang Gu
- Technology Center for China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
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Shi Z, Zhang J, Tian L, Xin L, Liang C, Ren X, Li M. A Comprehensive Overview of the Antibiotics Approved in the Last Two Decades: Retrospects and Prospects. Molecules 2023; 28. [PMID: 36838752 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28041762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 02/08/2023] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to the overuse of antibiotics, bacterial resistance has markedly increased to become a global problem and a major threat to human health. Fortunately, in recent years, various new antibiotics have been developed through both improvements to traditional antibiotics and the discovery of antibiotics with novel mechanisms with the aim of addressing the decrease in the efficacy of traditional antibiotics. This manuscript reviews the antibiotics that have been approved for marketing in the last 20 years with an emphasis on the antibacterial properties, mechanisms, structure-activity relationships (SARs), and clinical safety of these antibiotics. Furthermore, the current deficiencies, opportunities for improvement, and prospects of antibiotics are thoroughly discussed to provide new insights for the design and development of safer and more potent antibiotics.
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Zhang ZQ, Liu J, Zhang GY, Li B, Li K, Jin Z, Bai X, Tang YZ. Design, synthesis, antibacterial activity evaluation and molecular docking study of pleuromutilin derivatives bearing amide side chains. Chem Biol Drug Des 2022; 100:564-579. [PMID: 35730249 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.14106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2022] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A seize of pleuromutilin derivatives containing amide side chains were designed and synthesized as potential antibiotics against Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA). Among all target compounds (compounds 11-30), compound 25 was found to have the strongest antibacterial activity against MRSA (minimum inhibitory concentration = 0.5 μg/ml). The result of the time-kill curves indicated that compound 25 could repress the growth of MRSA in vitro obviously (-3.72 log10 CFU/ml reduction). Furthermore, molecular docking studies demonstrated that compound 25 was localized in the binding pocket of 50S ribosomal subunit (ΔGb = -8.99 kcal/mol). Besides, compound 25 displayed low cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. The results suggested that compound 25 might be further developed into a novel antimicrobial agent against MRSA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuo-Qi Zhang
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Yu Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xu Bai
- The Center for Combinatorial Chemistry and Drug Discovery of Jilin University, The School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, Guangzhou, China
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou, China
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11
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Paukner S, Moran GJ, Sandrock C, File TM, Vidal JE, Waites KB, Gelone SP, Yu K. A plain language summary of how lefamulin alone can be used to treat pneumonia caught outside of the hospital due to common bacterial causes, including drug-resistant bacteria. Future Microbiol 2022; 17:397-410. [PMID: 35285291 PMCID: PMC9096602 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2021-0276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
What is this summary about? Bacterial pneumonia is an infection of the lung caused by bacteria that is potentially deadly, costly, and affects millions of people worldwide every year. Treatment is becoming more challenging—many current treatments no longer work well because some strains of bacteria that cause pneumonia have become resistant to current antibiotics. Many of the antibiotics that do still work have undesirable side effects. Therefore, new antibiotics that work differently are needed to treat bacterial pneumonia. Lefamulin (brand name, Xenleta®) is an antibiotic that was approved to treat bacterial pneumonia caught outside a hospital (also called community-acquired bacterial pneumonia, or CABP) based on results of two clinical studies. In both studies, participants started treatment with lefamulin before the type of bacteria causing the infection was known. Lefamulin was well tolerated and worked well in 5 to 7 days to kill the bacteria causing the infection and to improve symptoms in almost all participants with CABP. What were the results? After the studies were completed, the researchers looked back at what kinds of bacteria were identified from the study participants. Lefamulin worked well to kill bacteria and to improve CABP symptoms for most kinds of infecting bacteria, including bacteria resistant to many current antibiotics. What do the results mean? These results suggest that lefamulin, by itself, provides a much-needed treatment option for CABP that covers most of the key bacteria causing this infection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gregory J Moran
- Department of Emergency Medicine & Division of Infectious Diseases, Olive View-UCLA Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Christian Sandrock
- Department of Internal Medicine, UC Davis School of Medicine, Sacramento, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M File
- Infectious Disease Division, Summa Health, Akron, OH, USA
| | - Jorge E Vidal
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Kalvin Yu
- Becton, Dickinson & Company, Franklin Lakes, NJ, USA
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12
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Fang HQ, Zeng J, Wang SK, Wang X, Chen F, Li B, Liu J, Jin Z, Liu YH, Tang YZ. Discovery of Novel Pleuromutilin Derivatives as Potent Antibacterial Agents for the Treatment of MRSA Infection. Molecules 2022; 27:931. [PMID: 35164203 PMCID: PMC8838415 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27030931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 01/22/2022] [Accepted: 01/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing nitrogen groups on the side chain of C14 were synthesized under mild conditions. Most of the synthesized derivatives displayed potent antibacterial activities. Compound 9 was found to be the most active antibacterial derivative against MRSA (MIC = 0.06 μg/mL). Furthermore, the result of time-kill curves showed that compound 9 had a certain inhibitory effect against MRSA in vitro. Moreover, according to a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) study, compound 9 (KD = 1.77 × 10-8 M) showed stronger affinity to the 50S ribosome than tiamulin (KD = 2.50 × 10-8 M). The antibacterial activity of compound 9 was further evaluated in an MRSA-infected murine thigh model. Compared to the negative control group, tiamulin reduced MRSA load (~0.7 log10 CFU/mL), and compound 9 performed a treatment effect (~1.3 log10 CFU/mL). In addition, compound 9 was evaluated in CYP450 inhibition assay and showed only moderate in vitro CYP3A4 inhibition (IC50 = 2.92 μg/mL).
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Affiliation(s)
- Han-Qing Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Jie Zeng
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Shou-Kai Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Xiao Wang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Fang Chen
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Bo Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Jie Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Ya-Hong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - You-Zhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (H.-Q.F.); (J.Z.); (S.-K.W.); (X.W.); (F.C.); (B.L.); (J.L.); (Z.J.); (Y.-H.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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13
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Abstract
Lefamulin is a novel antibiotic agent within the pleuromutilin derivative class approved for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) by the United States Food and Drug Administration and the European Commission in 2019 and 2020, respectively. The objective of this article is to provide a summary of clinically relevant data underlying lefamulin and to provide recommendations for its place in therapy. In vitro data establish lefamulin's activity against a number of Gram-positive, Gram-negative and atypical organisms relevant in the treatment of CABP, including Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Moraxella catarrhalis, Legionella pneumophila, Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Chlamydophila pneumoniae. Two phase-3 studies, the Lefamulin Evaluation Against Pneumonia trials, established non-inferiority of lefamulin against moxifloxacin in the treatment of CABP, including the sequential transition from intravenous to oral therapy and across a broad set of patient demographics and severities. Pooled and post hoc analyses have confirmed these effects for a variety of subgroups and secondary endpoints. Real-world study data post-approval have largely not yet emerged for lefamulin, and there is a need for further investigation into safety/efficacy for off-label indications such as acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections and sexually transmitted infections. Further data regarding tolerability, particularly with long-term use, as well as the emergence of resistance over time, are still undefined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan R Covvey
- Division of Pharmaceutical, Administrative and Social Sciences, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Anthony J Guarascio
- Division of Pharmacy Practice, Duquesne University School of Pharmacy, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
- Department of Pharmacy, Allegheny General Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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14
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Thai Le S, Páll D, Rőth E, Tran T, Debreczeni N, Bege M, Bereczki I, Ostorházi E, Milánkovits M, Herczegh P, Borbás A, Csávás M. The Very First Modification of Pleuromutilin and Lefamulin by Photoinitiated Radical Addition Reactions-Synthesis and Antibacterial Studies. Pharmaceutics 2021; 13:2028. [PMID: 34959310 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13122028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 11/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Pleuromutilin is a fungal diterpene natural product with antimicrobial properties, semisynthetic derivatives of which are used in veterinary and human medicine. The development of bacterial resistance to pleuromutilins is known to be very slow, which makes the tricyclic diterpene skeleton of pleuromutilin a very attractive starting structure for the development of new antibiotic derivatives that are unlikely to induce resistance. Here, we report the very first synthetic modifications of pleuromutilin and lefamulin at alkene position C19–C20, by two different photoinduced addition reactions, the radical thiol-ene coupling reaction, and the atom transfer radical additions (ATRAs) of perfluoroalkyl iodides. Pleuromutilin were modified with the addition of several alkyl- and aryl-thiols, thiol-containing amino acids and nucleoside and carbohydrate thiols, as well as perfluoroalkylated side chains. The antibacterial properties of the novel semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivatives were investigated on a panel of bacterial strains, including susceptible and multiresistant pathogens and normal flora members. We have identified some novel semisynthetic pleuromutilin and lefamulin derivatives with promising antimicrobial properties.
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15
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Spiller-Boulter O, Paukner S, Boostrom I, Sands K, Portal EAR, Spiller OB. Determination of In Vitro Antimicrobial Susceptibility for Lefamulin (Pleuromutilin) for Ureaplasma Spp. and Mycoplasma hominis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10111370. [PMID: 34827308 PMCID: PMC8614837 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10111370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Lefamulin is the first of the pleuromutilin class of antimicrobials to be available for therapeutic use in humans. Minimum inhibitory concentrations of lefamulin were determined by microbroth dilution for 90 characterised clinical isolates (25 Ureaplasma parvum, 25 Ureaplasma urealyticum, and 40 Mycoplasma hominis). All Mycoplasma hominis isolates possessed lefamulin MICs of ≤0.25 mg/L after 48 h (MIC50/90 of 0.06/0.12 mg/L), despite an inherent resistance to macrolides; while Ureaplasma isolates had MICs of ≤2 mg/L after 24 h (MIC50/90 of 0.25/1 mg/L), despite inherent resistance to clindamycin. Two U. urealyticum isolates with additional A2058G mutations of 23S rRNA, and one U. parvum isolate with a R66Q67 deletion (all of which had a combined resistance to macrolides and clindamycin) only showed a 2-fold increase in lefamulin MIC (1–2 mg/L) relative to macrolide-susceptible strains. Lefamulin could be an effective alternative antimicrobial for treating Ureaplasma spp. and Mycoplasma hominis infections irrespective of intrinsic or acquired resistance to macrolides, lincosamides, and ketolides. Based on this potent in vitro activity and the known good, rapid, and homogenous tissue penetration of female and male urogenital tissues and glands, further exploration of clinical efficacy of lefamulin for the treatment of Mycoplasma and Ureaplasma urogenital infections is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ian Boostrom
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University, 6th Floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (I.B.); (K.S.); (E.A.R.P.)
| | - Kirsty Sands
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University, 6th Floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (I.B.); (K.S.); (E.A.R.P.)
- Department of Zoology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3RE, UK
| | - Edward A. R. Portal
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University, 6th Floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (I.B.); (K.S.); (E.A.R.P.)
- Bacterial Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5DF, UK
| | - Owen B. Spiller
- Division of Infection and Immunity, Department of Medical Microbiology, Cardiff University, 6th Floor University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff CF14 4XN, UK; (I.B.); (K.S.); (E.A.R.P.)
- Bacterial Reference Department, UK Health Security Agency, London NW9 5DF, UK
- Correspondence:
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16
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Taylor RM, Karlowsky JA, Baxter MR, Adam HJ, Walkty A, Lagacé-Wiens P, Zhanel GG. In vitro susceptibility of common bacterial pathogens causing respiratory tract infections in Canada to lefamulin, a new pleuromutilin. J Assoc Med Microbiol Infect Dis Can 2021; 6:149-162. [PMID: 36341032 PMCID: PMC9608697 DOI: 10.3138/jammi-2020-0043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is a significant global health concern. Pathogens causing CAP demonstrate increasing resistance to commonly prescribed empiric treatments. Resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, the most prevalent bacterial cause of CAP, has been increasing worldwide, highlighting the need for improved antibacterial agents. Lefamulin, a novel pleuromutilin, is a recently approved therapeutic agent highly active against many lower respiratory tract pathogens. However, to date minimal data are available to describe the in vitro activity of lefamulin against bacterial isolates associated with CAP. METHODS Common bacterial causes of CAP obtained from both lower respiratory and blood specimen isolates cultured by hospital laboratories across Canada were submitted to the annual CANWARD study's coordinating laboratory in Winnipeg, Canada, from January 2015 to October 2018. A total of 876 bacterial isolates were tested against lefamulin and comparator agents using the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI) reference broth microdilution method, and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were interpreted using accepted breakpoints. RESULTS All S. pneumoniae isolates tested from both respiratory (n = 315) and blood specimens (n = 167) were susceptible to lefamulin (MIC ≤0.5 μg/mL), including isolates resistant to penicillins, clarithromycin, doxycycline, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. Lefamulin also inhibited 99.0% of Haemophilus influenzae isolates (regardless of β-lactamase production) (99 specimens; MIC ≤2 μg/mL) and 95.7% of methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus (MSSA) (MIC ≤0.25 μg/mL; 70 specimens) at their susceptible breakpoints. Conclusions: Lefamulin demonstrated potent in vitro activity against all respiratory isolates tested and may represent a significant advancement in empiric treatment options for CAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Taylor
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - James A Karlowsky
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Melanie R Baxter
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Heather J Adam
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Andrew Walkty
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - Philippe Lagacé-Wiens
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
- Shared Health Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - George G Zhanel
- Max Rady College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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17
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de Mattos-Shipley KMJ, Foster GD, Bailey AM. Cprp-An Unusual, Repetitive Protein Which Impacts Pleuromutilin Biosynthesis in the Basidiomycete Clitopilus passeckerianus. Front Fungal Biol 2021; 2:655323. [PMID: 37744150 PMCID: PMC10512284 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.655323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Interrogation of an EST database for Clitopilus passeckerianus identified a putative homolog to the unusual stress response gene from yeast; ddr48, as being upregulated under pleuromutilin production conditions. Silencing of this gene, named cprp, produced a population of transformants which demonstrated significantly reduced pleuromutilin production. Attempts to complement a Saccharomyces cerevisiae ddr48 mutant strain (strain Y16748) with cprp were hampered by the lack of a clearly identifiable mutant phenotype, but interestingly, overexpression of either ddr48 or cprp in S. cerevisiae Y16748 led to a conspicuous and comparable reduction in growth rate. This observation, combined with the known role of DDR48 proteins from a range of fungal species in nutrient starvation and stress responses, raises the possibility that this family of proteins plays a role in triggering oligotrophic growth. Localization studies via the production of a Cprp:GFP fusion protein in C. passeckerianus showed clear localization adjacent to the hyphal septa and, to a lesser extent, cell walls, which is consistent with the identification of DDR48 as a cell wall-associated protein in various yeast species. To our knowledge this is the first study demonstrating that a DDR48-like protein plays a role in the regulation of a secondary metabolite, and represents the first DDR48-like protein from a basidiomycete. Potential homologs can be identified across much of the Dikarya, suggesting that this unusual protein may play a central role in regulating both primary and secondary metabolism in fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Andy M. Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
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18
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Chiang YM, Lin TS, Chang SL, Ahn G, Wang CCC. An Aspergillus nidulans Platform for the Complete Cluster Refactoring and Total Biosynthesis of Fungal Natural Products. ACS Synth Biol 2021; 10:173-182. [PMID: 33375785 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fungal natural products (NPs) comprise a vast number of bioactive molecules with diverse activities, and among them are many important drugs. However, the yields of fungal NPs from native producers are usually low, and total synthesis of structurally complex NPs is challenging. As such, downstream derivatization and optimization of lead fungal NPs can be impeded by the high cost of obtaining sufficient starting material. In recent years, reconstitution of NP biosynthetic pathways in heterologous hosts has become an attractive alternative approach to produce complex NPs. Here, we present an efficient, cloning-free strategy for the cluster refactoring and total biosynthesis of fungal NPs in Aspergillus nidulans. Our platform places our genes of interest (GOIs) under the regulation of the robust asperfuranone afo biosynthesis gene machinery, allowing for their concerted activation upon induction. We demonstrated the utility of our system by creating strains that can synthesize high-value NPs, citreoviridin (1), mutilin (2), and pleuromutilin (3), with good to high yield and purity. This platform can be used not only for producing NPs of interests (i.e., total biosynthesis) but also for elucidating cryptic biosynthesis pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ming Chiang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Pharmacy, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Tzu-Shyang Lin
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Shu-Lin Chang
- Department of Cosmetic Science, Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science, Tainan 71710, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Green Ahn
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
| | - Clay C C Wang
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
- Department of Chemistry, Dornsife College of Letters, Arts, and Sciences, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California 90089, United States
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19
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the pharmacology, microbiology, efficacy, and safety of lefamulin. DATA SOURCES A literature search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar (2010 to end-April 2020) with the search terms BC-3781 and lefamulin. Other resources included abstracts presented at recent conferences, prescribing information, and the manufacturer's and Food and Drug Administration websites. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All relevant English-language articles of studies assessing the efficacy and safety of lefamulin were included. DATA SYNTHESIS Lefamulin is a pleuromutilin antibiotic with activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pneumoniae, and atypical bacteria. Lefamulin, given at the dose of 150 mg intravenously or 600 mg orally on an empty stomach every 12 hours for 5 to 7 days, was proven noninferior to moxifloxacin for the treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). Common adverse reactions include injection site reactions, hepatic enzyme elevation, gastrointestinal upset, hypokalemia, insomnia, and headache. Lefamulin is associated with QT prolongation, and concomitant use with CYP3A substrates that prolong the QT interval is contraindicated. Lefamulin may cause fetal harm. RELEVANCE TO PATIENT CARE AND CLINICAL PRACTICE Lefamulin is a novel antibiotic with a unique mechanism of action. It represents an alternative option to β-lactams and macrolides in the treatment of adults with CABP and an alternative option to amoxicillin and doxycycline in the outpatient setting given the rise in resistance to macrolides and safety concerns with fluoroquinolones. Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea may limit the tolerability of the oral formulation. CONCLUSIONS Lefamulin is the first systemic pleuromutilin antibiotic that has proven safe and effective for adults with CABP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elias B Chahine
- Lloyld L. Gregory School of Pharmacy, Palm Beach Atlantic University, West Palm Beach, FL, USA
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20
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Xie C, Zhang S, Zhang W, Wu C, Yong C, Sun Y, Zeng Z, Zhang Q, Huang Z, Chen T, Zhang Y. Synthesis, biological activities, and docking study of novel chalcone- pleuromutilin derivatives. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 96:836-849. [PMID: 32271987 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The issue of antibiotic resistance is becoming progressively serious these days, and the feasible solution to address it is to develop and discover novel antibiotics. The diterpene natural pleuromutilin is a prominent candidate for its special mode of action by inhibiting protein synthesis. In this study, a series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives with chalcone moiety was designed and synthesized, and their antibacterial activities were assessed in vitro. As suggested from the results, most of compounds exhibited potent activities against two methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) ATCC 33591 and 43300. The further modification of the chalcone structure, aza-cyclic derivatives were afforded and then assessed, and potent activities against the tested strains were reported. The preliminary docking studies were conducted to explore the interactions between target molecules and binding site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan Xie
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Siyu Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chunxia Wu
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Can Yong
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuhao Sun
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | | | - Qian Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
| | - Zixin Huang
- School of Science, Xihua University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tian Chen
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Chengdu Medical College, Chengdu, China
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21
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Na G, Hu X, Sun Y, Kwee S, Xing G, Xing Y, Zhang G. A highly sensitive monoclonal antibody-based paper sensor for simultaneously detecting valnemulin and tiamulin in porcine liver. J Food Sci 2020; 85:1681-1688. [PMID: 32418205 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.15136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Valnemulin (VAL) and tiamulin (TIA) are pleuromutilin antibiotics used primarily for treating bacterial infections in swine or other food animals. Furthermore, VAL and TIA are also employed as feed additives to promote animal growth. However, the illegal use of VAL and TIA could cause a series of hazards to consumers. Here, VAL was designed to be conjugated with bovine serum protein to prepare immunogen. A highly sensitive monoclonal antibody that recognized both VAL and TIA has been successfully produced. Moreover, an immunochromatographic strip assay for rapidly screening VAL and TIA in porcine liver was established with visual detection limits (cutoff values) of 50 and 25 ng/g, respectively. The IC50 values calculated from the equation of the standard curve were 6.06 and 3.45 ng/g and the limits of detection were 0.96 and 0.29 ng/g for VAL and TIA. According to the recovery experiment results, the test strip exhibited acceptable accuracy and precision. Generally, the proposed strip provided a practical tool for the detection of VAL and TIA. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: We produced a highly sensitive monoclonal antibody and developed an immunoassay strip for simultaneously monitoring TIA and VAL. Additionally it was preliminarily confirmed that the rapid detection tool was suitable for screening TIA and VAL in porcine liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanqiong Na
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Xiaofei Hu
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yaning Sun
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Sharon Kwee
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, U.S.A
| | - Guangxu Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Yunrui Xing
- Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China
| | - Gaiping Zhang
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu, 214122, China.,Key Laboratory for Animal Immunology of the Ministry of Agriculture, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Henan Agricultural University, Zhengzhou, 450002, China.,Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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22
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Falcó V, Burgos J, Almirante B. An overview of lefamulin for the treatment of community acquired bacterial pneumonia. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2020; 21:629-636. [PMID: 31958020 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2020.1714592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Lefamulin is a novel antibiotic that belongs to the pleuromutilin class with excellent activity against all microorganisms, including atypical pathogens, that cause community-acquired pneumonia (CAP). AREAS COVERED This article reviews the spectrum of activity, the main pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic characteristics of lefamulin as well as its clinical efficacy and safety in the treatment of CAP in adult patients. EXPERT OPINION The clinical efficacy of lefamulin in patients with non severe CAP has been demonstrated in 2 randomized clinical trials. Precisely one of the limitations of the phase 3 trials is that the proportion of severe CAP cases is very low. Its particular mechanism of action, affecting ribosomal protein synthesis, provides a low probability of cross-resistance to other commonly used antibiotics in CAP. These findings, together with the antimicrobial activity of lefamulin, its pharmacokinetic parameters and safety profile make it a good alternative for outpatient treatment of CAP. In patients hospitalized with CAP, lefamulin can be used as a potential oral step-down agent after an intravenous regimen with beta-lactams, or as a therapeutic alternative in patients with β-lactam allergies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicenç Falcó
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Burgos
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
| | - Benito Almirante
- Infectious Diseases Department, University Hospital Vall d'Hebron, Autonomous University of Barcelona , Barcelona, Spain
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23
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Zuo X, Fang X, Zhang Z, Jin Z, Xi G, Liu Y, Tang Y. Antibacterial Activity and Pharmacokinetic Profile of a Promising Antibacterial Agent: 22-(2-Amino-phenylsulfanyl)-22-Deoxy pleuromutilin. Molecules 2020; 25:E878. [PMID: 32079232 PMCID: PMC7071076 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25040878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/14/2020] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
A new pleuromutilin derivative, 22-(2-amino-phenylsulfanyl)-22-deoxypleuromutilin (amphenmulin), has been synthesized and proved excellent in vitro and in vivo efficacy than that of tiamulin against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), suggesting this compound may lead to a promising antibacterial agent to treat MRSA infections. In this study, the effectiveness and safety of amphenmulin were further investigated. Amphenmulin showed excellent antibacterial activity against MRSA (minimal inhibitory concentration = 0.0156~8 µg/mL) and performed time-dependent growth inhibition and a concentration-dependent postantibiotic effect (PAE). Acute oral toxicity test in mice showed that amphenmulin was a practical non-toxic drug and possessed high security as a new drug with the 50% lethal dose (LD50) above 5000 mg/kg. The pharmacokinetic properties of amphenmulin were then measured. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life (T1/2), total body clearance (Clβ), and area under curve to infinite time (AUC0→∞) were 1.92 ± 0.28 h, 0.82 ± 0.09 L/h/kg, and 12.23 ± 1.35 μg·h/mL, respectively. After intraperitoneal administration, the T1/2, Clβ/F and AUC0→∞ were 2.64 ± 0.72 h, 4.08 ± 1.14 L/h/kg, and 2.52 ± 0.81 μg·h/mL, respectively, while for the oral route were 2.91 ± 0.81 h, 6.31 ± 2.26 L/h/kg, 1.67 ± 0.66 μg·h/mL, respectively. Furthermore, we evaluated the antimicrobial activity of amphenmulin in an experimental model of MRSA wound infection. Amphenmulin enhanced wound closure and promoted the healing of wound, which inhibited MRSA bacterial counts in the wound and decreased serum levels of the pro-inflammatory cytokines TNF-α, IL-6, and MCP-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiangyi Zuo
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (Y.L.)
| | - Xi Fang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhaosheng Zhang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (Y.L.)
| | - Zhen Jin
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (Y.L.)
| | - Gaolei Xi
- Technology Center for China Tobacco Henan Industrial Limited Company, No. 8 The Third Street, Economic & Technology Development District, Zhengzhou 450000, China
| | - Yahong Liu
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
| | - Youzhi Tang
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Veterinary Pharmaceutics Development and Safety Evaluation, College of Veterinary Medicine, South China Agricultural University, No. 483 Wushan Road, Tianhe District, Guangzhou 510642, China; (X.Z.); (X.F.); (Z.Z.); (Z.J.); (Y.L.)
- Guangdong Laboratory for Lingnan Modern Agriculture, Guangzhou 510642, China
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24
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File TM, Goldberg L, Das A, Sweeney C, Saviski J, Gelone SP, Seltzer E, Paukner S, Wicha WW, Talbot GH, Gasink LB. Efficacy and Safety of Intravenous-to-oral Lefamulin, a Pleuromutilin Antibiotic, for the Treatment of Community-acquired Bacterial Pneumonia: The Phase III Lefamulin Evaluation Against Pneumonia (LEAP 1) Trial. Clin Infect Dis 2019; 69:1856-1867. [PMID: 30722059 PMCID: PMC6853694 DOI: 10.1093/cid/ciz090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2018] [Accepted: 01/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Lefamulin, a pleuromutilin antibiotic, is active against pathogens commonly causing community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP). The Lefamulin Evaluation Against Pneumonia (LEAP 1) study was a global noninferiority trial to evaluate the efficacy and safety of lefamulin for the treatment of CABP. METHODS In this double-blind study, adults with CABP of Pneumonia Outcomes Research Team risk class ≥III were randomized 1:1 to receive lefamulin at 150 mg intravenously (IV) every 12 hours or moxifloxacin at 400 mg IV every 24 hours. After 6 doses, patients could be switched to an oral study drug if prespecified improvement criteria were met. If methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus was suspected, either linezolid or placebo was added to moxifloxacin or lefamulin, respectively. The US Food and Drug Administration primary endpoint was an early clinical response (ECR) 96 ± 24 hours after the first dose of the study drug in the intent-to-treat (ITT) population (noninferiority margin, 12.5%). The European Medicines Agency co-primary endpoints were an investigator assessment of clinical response (IACR) 5-10 days after the last dose of the study drug in the modified ITT (mITT) and clinically evaluable (CE) populations (noninferiority margin, 10%). RESULTS There were 551 patients randomized (n = 276 lefamulin; n = 275 moxifloxacin). Lefamulin was noninferior to moxifloxacin for ECR (87.3% vs 90.2%, respectively; difference -2.9%, 95% confidence interval [CI] g -8.5 to 2.8) and IACR (mITT, 81.7% vs 84.2%, respectively; difference -2.6%, 95% CI -8.9 to 3.9; CE, 86.9% vs 89.4%, respectively; difference -2.5%, 95% CI -8.4 to 3.4). Rates of study drug discontinuation due to treatment-emergent adverse events were 2.9% for lefamulin and 4.4% for moxifloxacin. CONCLUSIONS Lefamulin was noninferior to moxifloxacin for the primary efficacy endpoints and was generally safe and well tolerated. CLINICAL TRIALS REGISTRATION NCT02559310.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lisa Goldberg
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Anita Das
- Das Consulting, Guerneville, California
| | - Carolyn Sweeney
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - John Saviski
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven P Gelone
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
| | | | | | | | | | - Leanne B Gasink
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania
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25
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Gajdács M. The Continuing Threat of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antibiotics (Basel) 2019; 8:E52. [PMID: 31052511 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics8020052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2019] [Revised: 04/28/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus has been an exceptionally successful pathogen, which is still relevant in modern age-medicine due to its adaptability and tenacity. This bacterium may be a causative agent in a plethora of infections, owing to its abundance (in the environment and in the normal flora) and the variety of virulence factors that it possesses. Methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) strains—first described in 1961—are characterized by an altered penicillin-binding protein (PBP2a/c) and resistance to all penicillins, cephalosporins, and carbapenems, which makes the β-lactam armamentarium clinically ineffective. The acquisition of additional resistance determinants further complicates their eradication; therefore, MRSA can be considered as the first representative of multidrug-resistant bacteria. Based on 230 references, the aim of this review is to recap the history, the emergence, and clinical features of various MRSA infections (hospital-, community-, and livestock-associated), and to summarize the current advances regarding MRSA screening, typing, and therapeutic options (including lipoglycopeptides, oxazolidinones, anti-MRSA cephalosporins, novel pleuromutilin-, tetracycline- and quinolone-derivatives, daptomycin, fusidic acid, in addition to drug candidates in the development phase), both for an audience of clinical microbiologists and infectious disease specialists.
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26
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Paukner S, Gelone SP, Arends SJR, Flamm RK, Sader HS. Antibacterial Activity of Lefamulin against Pathogens Most Commonly Causing Community-Acquired Bacterial Pneumonia: SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program (2015-2016). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2019; 63:e02161-18. [PMID: 30670415 PMCID: PMC6437505 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02161-18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Lefamulin, the first semisynthetic pleuromutilin antibacterial for intravenous and oral treatment of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP), and comparators were evaluated for in vitro activity against a global collection of pathogens commonly causing CABP (n = 8595) from the 2015 and 2016 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program. Lefamulin was highly active against the pathogens Streptococcus pneumoniae, including multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant strains (MIC50/90 for total and resistant subsets, 0.06/0.12 μg/ml; 100% inhibited at ≤1 μg/ml), Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA; both MIC50/90, 0.06/0.12 μg/ml; 99.8% and 99.6% inhibited at ≤1 μg/ml, respectively), Haemophilus influenzae (MIC50/90, 0.5/1 μg/ml; 93.8% inhibited at ≤1 μg/ml), and Moraxella catarrhalis (MIC50/90, 0.06/0.12 μg/ml; 100% inhibited at ≤0.25 μg/ml), and its activity was unaffected by resistance to other antibacterial classes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Steven P Gelone
- Nabriva Therapeutics US, Inc., King of Prussia, Pennsylvania, USA
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27
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Deng Y, Tang D, Wang QR, Huang S, Fu LZ, Li CH. Semi-synthesis, antibacterial activity, and molecular docking study of novel pleuromutilin derivatives bearing cinnamic acids moieties. Arch Pharm (Weinheim) 2019; 352:e1800266. [PMID: 30536467 DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201800266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
To develop new antibiotics owning a special mechanism, we used the molecular assembly method to synthesize a series of novel pleuromutilin derivatives containing a cinnamic acid scaffold at the C-14 side chain. We evaluated their antibacterial activity and used in silico molecular docking to study their binding mode with the target. The structure-activity relationship (SAR) study suggested that compounds with NO2 (13e), OH (13u), and NH2 (13y) appeared more active (0.0625-2 µg/mL) in vitro against several penicillin-resistant Gram-positive bacteria and the position of the substituent on the benzene ring would affect the activity. The in vivo efficacy investigation of 13e, 13u, and 13y with once daily intragastric (i.g.) administration at 40 mg/kg for 3 consecutive days in a mouse systemic infection model showed that 13u had equal activity as valnemulin providing the mice with 60% survival, while 13e and 13y gave 30 and 40% survival, respectively. The molecular docking studies indicated that π-π stacking and hydrogen bond formation played important roles in improving the antibacterial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Deng
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Da Tang
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Qiu-Ru Wang
- West China School of Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sheng Huang
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Li-Zhi Fu
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
| | - Cheng-Hong Li
- Institute of Veterinary Sciences and Pharmaceuticals, Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Rongchang, China
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28
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Abstract
The emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance have led to a global public health emergency requiring development of new antimicrobial classes. Lefamulin (formally BC-3781) is a novel pleuromutilin antibiotic currently undergoing Food and Drug Administration review for community-acquired bacterial pneumonia (CABP) as intravenous (IV) and oral (PO) formulations. Although pleuromutilin antibiotics were first developed in the 1950s, lefamulin is the first to be used for systemic treatment of bacterial infections in humans. Lefamulin exhibits a unique mechanism of action through inhibition of protein synthesis by binding to the peptidyl transferase center of the 50S bacterial ribosome, thus preventing the binding of transfer RNA for peptide transfer. Lefamulin displays activity against gram-positive and atypical organisms associated with CABP (i.e., Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, and Chlamydophila pneumoniae), with an expanded gram-positive spectrum including Staphylococcus aureus (i.e., methicillin-resistant, vancomycin-intermediate, and heterogeneous strains) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium. Lefamulin was also shown to retain activity against multidrug-resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Mycoplasma genitalium. Lefamulin exhibits time-dependent killing, and the pharmacodynamic target best associated with antibacterial activity is ƒAUC0-24 /MIC (minimum inhibitory concentration [MIC]). Preclinical and phase II trials indicate that lefamulin concentrates in lung tissue are well tolerated at an IV dose of 150 mg twice/day over 1 hour or a PO dose of 600 mg twice/day, and preliminary phase III data suggest similar efficacy when compared with moxifloxacin with or without linezolid in CABP. Documented resistance and cross-resistance with other gram-positive antibacterials remains low. Additional published in vitro, in vivo, and preclinical trial data suggest further exploration of lefamulin in various infectious disease states (e.g., acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections, and sexually transmitted infections). This review discusses the pertinent bacterial spectrum of activity, preclinical and ongoing clinical data, and potential roles in therapy for lefamulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Veve
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Translational Science, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Knoxville, Tennessee
| | - Jamie L Wagner
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, University of Mississippi, Jackson, Mississippi
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29
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Card RM, Stubberfield E, Rogers J, Nunez-Garcia J, Ellis RJ, AbuOun M, Strugnell B, Teale C, Williamson S, Anjum MF. Identification of a New Antimicrobial Resistance Gene Provides Fresh Insights Into Pleuromutilin Resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae, Aetiological Agent of Swine Dysentery. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1183. [PMID: 29971045 PMCID: PMC6018095 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/15/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the aetiological agent of swine dysentery, a globally distributed disease that causes profound economic loss, impedes the free trade and movement of animals, and has significant impact on pig health. Infection is generally treated with antibiotics of which pleuromutilins, such as tiamulin, are widely used for this purpose, but reports of resistance worldwide threaten continued effective control. In Brachyspira hyodysenteriae pleuromutilin resistance has been associated with mutations in chromosomal genes encoding ribosome-associated functions, however the dynamics of resistance acquisition are poorly understood, compromising stewardship efforts to preserve pleuromutilin effectiveness. In this study we undertook whole genome sequencing (WGS) and phenotypic susceptibility testing of 34 UK field isolates and 3 control strains to investigate pleuromutilin resistance in Brachyspira hyodysenteriae. Genome-wide association studies identified a new pleuromutilin resistance gene, tva(A) (tiamulin valnemulin antibiotic resistance), encoding a predicted ABC-F transporter. In vitro culture of isolates in the presence of inhibitory or sub-inhibitory concentrations of tiamulin showed that tva(A) confers reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility that does not lead to clinical resistance but facilitates the development of higher-level resistance via mutations in genes encoding ribosome-associated functions. Genome sequencing of antibiotic-exposed isolates identified both new and previously described mutations in chromosomal genes associated with reduced pleuromutilin susceptibility, including the 23S rRNA gene and rplC, which encodes the L3 ribosomal protein. Interesting three antibiotic-exposed isolates harboured mutations in fusA, encoding Elongation Factor G, a gene not previously associated with pleuromutilin resistance. A longitudinal molecular epidemiological examination of two episodes of swine dysentery at the same farm indicated that tva(A) contributed to development of tiamulin resistance in vivo in a manner consistent with that seen experimentally in vitro. The in vitro studies further showed that tva(A) broadened the mutant selection window and raised the mutant prevention concentration above reported in vivo antibiotic concentrations obtained when administered at certain doses. We show how the identification and characterisation of tva(A), a new marker for pleuromutilin resistance, provides evidence to inform treatment regimes and reduce the development of resistance to this class of highly important antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roderick M Card
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Emma Stubberfield
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Jon Rogers
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Javier Nunez-Garcia
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J Ellis
- Central Sequencing Unit, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Manal AbuOun
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
| | - Ben Strugnell
- Farm Post Mortems Ltd., Bishop Auckland, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher Teale
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Shrewsbury, Shrewsbury, United Kingdom
| | - Susanna Williamson
- APHA Veterinary Investigation Centre Bury St. Edmunds, Bury St Edmunds, United Kingdom
| | - Muna F Anjum
- Department of Bacteriology, Animal and Plant Health Agency (APHA), Addlestone, United Kingdom
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30
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Paukner S, Gruss A, Jensen JS. In Vitro Activity of Lefamulin against Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Pathogens. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018; 62:e02380-17. [PMID: 29530863 PMCID: PMC5923106 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02380-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The pleuromutilin antibiotic lefamulin demonstrated in vitro activity against the most relevant bacterial pathogens causing sexually transmitted infections (STI), including Chlamydia trachomatis (MIC50/90, 0.02/0.04 mg/liter; n = 15), susceptible and multidrug-resistant Mycoplasma genitalium (MIC range, 0.002 to 0.063 mg/liter; n = 6), and susceptible and resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae (MIC50/90, 0.12/0.5 mg/liter; n = 25). The results suggest that lefamulin could be a promising first-line antibiotic for the treatment of STI, particularly in populations with high rates of resistance to standard-of-care antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jørgen Skov Jensen
- Statens Serum Institut, Microbiology and Infection Control, Copenhagen, Denmark
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31
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Jacobsson S, Paukner S, Golparian D, Jensen JS, Unemo M. In Vitro Activity of the Novel Pleuromutilin Lefamulin (BC-3781) and Effect of Efflux Pump Inactivation on Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Neisseria gonorrhoeae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e01497-17. [PMID: 28893785 PMCID: PMC5655042 DOI: 10.1128/aac.01497-17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the activity of the novel semisynthetic pleuromutilin lefamulin, inhibiting protein synthesis and growth, and the effect of efflux pump inactivation on clinical gonococcal isolates and reference strains (n = 251), including numerous multidrug-resistant and extensively drug-resistant isolates. Lefamulin showed potent activity against all gonococcal isolates, and no significant cross-resistance to other antimicrobials was identified. Further studies of lefamulin are warranted, including in vitro selection and mechanisms of resistance, pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics, optimal dosing, and performance in randomized controlled trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susanne Jacobsson
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | | | - Daniel Golparian
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
| | - Jörgen S Jensen
- Department of Microbiology and Infection Control, Sexually Transmitted Infections, Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Magnus Unemo
- WHO Collaborating Centre for Gonorrhoea and Other Sexually Transmitted Infections, National Reference Laboratory for Pathogenic Neisseria, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, Örebro, Sweden
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32
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Abstract
Clitopilus passeckerianus is the fungal species responsible for the production of pleuromutilin, a diterpene antibiotic that is gaining in commercial interest. Production of the antibiotic is constrained by the low titers typically obtained from isolates. We therefore set out to investigate the possibility of using classical breeding techniques coupled with genetic manipulation as a means to develop such fungi. We show that the original production strain of C. passeckerianus is able to fruit under laboratory conditions, giving viable haploid meiotic basidiospores. The derived progeny displayed the typical physiological and genetic characteristics of a tetrapolar mating system. The monokaryon haploids produced pleuromutilin and haploid lines were amenable to genetic manipulation. Together this shows that the basic requirements for a classical breeding approach are present and the tools required to undertake directed genetic engineering on haploid strains are available, demonstrating that strain improvement may be feasible in this fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gary D Foster
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
| | - Andy M Bailey
- School of Biological Sciences, Life Sciences Building, University of BristolBristol, United Kingdom
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33
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Waites KB, Crabb DM, Duffy LB, Jensen JS, Liu Y, Paukner S. In Vitro Activities of Lefamulin and Other Antimicrobial Agents against Macrolide-Susceptible and Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae from the United States, Europe, and China. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2017; 61:e02008-16. [PMID: 27855075 PMCID: PMC5278710 DOI: 10.1128/aac.02008-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Lefamulin, an investigational pleuromutilin, was tested against a collection of 18 macrolide-susceptible and 42 macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae strains, and the results were compared with those of azithromycin, erythromycin, tetracycline, doxycycline, and moxifloxacin testing. Lefamulin was highly active against all strains tested, with all MICs at ≤0.008 μg/ml. The lefamulin MIC90 (0.002 μg/ml) for macrolide-resistant strains was the lowest among all drugs tested. Minimum bactericidal concentrations were within 2 dilutions of the MIC values, indicating a bactericidal effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken B Waites
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Donna M Crabb
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Lynn B Duffy
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
| | - Jorgen S Jensen
- Sexually Transmitted Bacterial Infections, Research and Development, Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Yang Liu
- Institute of Antibiotics, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, and China Key Laboratory of Clinical Pharmacology of Antibiotics, Ministry of Health, Shanghai, China
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Yang S, Shi W, Hu D, Zhang S, Zhang H, Wang Z, Cheng L, Sun F, Shen J, Cao X. In vitro and in vivo metabolite profiling of valnemulin using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometry. J Agric Food Chem 2014; 62:9201-10. [PMID: 25156794 PMCID: PMC4166035 DOI: 10.1021/jf5012402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Valnemulin, a semisynthetic pleuromutilin derivative related to tiamulin, is broadly used to treat bacterial diseases of animals. Despite its widespread use, metabolism in animals has not yet been fully investigated. To better understand valnemulin biotransformation, in this study, metabolites of valnemulinin in in vitro and in vivo rats, chickens, swines, goats, and cows were identified and elucidated using ultraperformance liquid chromatography-quadrupole/time-of-flight hybrid mass spectrometry (UPLC-Q/TOF-MS). As a result, there were totally 7 metabolites of valnemulin identified in vitro and 75, 61, and 74 metabolites detected in in vivo rats, chickens, and swines, respectively, and the majority of metabolites were reported for the first time. The main metabolic pathways of valnemulin were found to be hydroxylation in the mutilin part (the ring system) and the side chain, oxidization on the sulfur of the side chain to form S-oxides, hydrolysis of the amido bond, and acetylization in the amido of the side chain. In addition, hydroxylation in the mutilin part was proposed to be the primary metabolic route. Furthermore, the results revealed that 2β-hydroxyvalnemulin (V1) and 8α-hydroxyvalnemulin (V2) were the major metabolites for rats and swines and S-oxides (V6) in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shupeng Yang
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weimin Shi
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dingfei Hu
- Department
of Civil and Environmental Engineering, The University of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa 52242, United States
| | - Suxia Zhang
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Huiyan Zhang
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhanhui Wang
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Linli Cheng
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feifei Sun
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianzhong Shen
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xingyuan Cao
- College
of Veterinary Medicine, China Agricultural University, Beijing Laboratory for Food Quality and Safety and
Beijing Key Laboratory of Detection Technology for Animal-Derived
Food Safety, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- Key
Laboratory of Detection for Veterinary Drug Residue and Illegal Additive, Ministry of Agriculture, Beijing 100193, People’s Republic of China
- (X.C.) Phone: +86-10-6273-1201. Fax: +86-10-6273-1032. E-mail:
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Abstract
The incidence of antimicrobial resistance is on continued rise with a threat to return to the “pre-antibiotic” era. This has led to emergence of such bacterial infections which are essentially untreatable by the current armamentarium of available treatment options. Various efforts have been made to develop the newer antimicrobials with novel modes of action which can act against these multi-drug resistant strains. This review aims to focus on these newly available and investigational antibacterials approved after year 2000, their mechanism of actions/resistance, and spectrum of activity and their phases of clinical trials. Newer unexploited targets and strategies for the next generation of antimicrobial drugs for combating the drug resistance and emerging pathogens in the 21st century have also been reviewed in the present article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaswant Rai
- Department of Pharmacology, Govt. Medical College, Amritsar, Punjab, India
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Abstract
The fatal encephalopathy associated with M. gallisepticum strain S6 in turkey poults was completely curable by treatment with tylosin or pleuromutilin. The lesions of cerebral polyarteritis disappeared after therapy. Polyarthritis developed in some birds after recovery from encephalitis. Immunofluorescent studies revealed that intravenously injected organisms became localized as microcolonies within the walls of cerebral and periarticular arteries, and in the glomeruli. Turkey IgG deposition was demonstrated on the glomerular basement membranes, but not in the arterial lesions. The results suggest that the pathologic changes caused by this microorganism are due to selective localization and growth in arteries.
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