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Varone L, Faltlhauser A, Fuentes Corona M, Garrido S, Cichón L, Cecere MC, Hight SD, Bruzzone O. Lethal effect of Goniozus legneri on Cactoblastis cactorum: A potential biocontrol agent for inundative releases. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2024; 114:149-158. [PMID: 38268111 DOI: 10.1017/s000748532300069x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
Cactoblastis cactorum (Berg) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), the cactus moth, is native to South America with a widespread distribution in Argentina. The larvae consume the interior of Opuntia spp. (Cactaceae) plants. The moth was used as a biocontrol agent against invasive non-native Opuntia spp. in many countries around the world. The cactus moth arrived unintentionally in Florida, USA, expanded its range and threatened Opuntia-based agriculture and natural ecosystems in southern North America. The insect is also a pest of cultivated O. ficus-indica L. in Argentina. An endemic South American parasitoid, Goniozus legneri Gordth (Hymenoptera: Bethylidae), is used in inundative biological control programmes against lepidopteran pests. The goal of this work was to evaluate G. legneri as a biocontrol agent to be used in inundative releases against C. cactorum. Mortality of C. cactorum by G. legneri was assessed at different spatial scales, as well as the interactions with Apanteles opuntiarum Martínez & Berta (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), a common Argentine natural enemy of C. cactorum. The ability of G. legneri to paralyse, parasitise and kill C. cactorum was confirmed. The paralysis inflicted on C. cactorum larvae reduced larval damage to the plants by 85%. Using two parasitoid species increased the mortality of C. cactorum larvae, but it was highly dependent on the order of their arrival. The combined mortality caused by both parasitoids was higher than a single one, in particular when G. legneri arrived first (56 ± 1%), suggesting asymmetric competition due to the preference of G. legneri attacking previously parasitised larvae. Goniozus legneri has potential as an inundative biocontrol agent of C. cactorum, but its interaction with the classical biocontrol agent A. opuntiarum needs to be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura Varone
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Ana Faltlhauser
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Malena Fuentes Corona
- Fundación para el Estudio de Especies Invasivas, Hurlingham, Buenos Aires, Argentina
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - Silvina Garrido
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, INTA - Alto Valle, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - Liliana Cichón
- Estación Experimental Agropecuaria, INTA - Alto Valle, General Roca, Río Negro, Argentina
| | - María Carla Cecere
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
- FCEyN-EGE-IEGEBA. Universidad de Buenos Aires, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | - Octavio Bruzzone
- Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
- IFAB, Instituto de Investigaciones Forestales y Agropecuarias Bariloche, Bariloche, Argentina
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Hood GR, Blankinship D, Doellman MM, Feder JL. Temporal resource partitioning mitigates interspecific competition and promotes coexistence among insect parasites. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2021; 96:1969-1988. [PMID: 34041840 DOI: 10.1111/brv.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A key to understanding life's great diversity is discerning how competing organisms divide limiting resources to coexist in diverse communities. While temporal resource partitioning has long been hypothesized to reduce the negative effects of interspecific competition, empirical evidence suggests that time may not often be an axis along which animal species routinely subdivide resources. Here, we present evidence to the contrary in the world's most biodiverse group of animals: insect parasites (parasitoids). Specifically, we conducted a meta-analysis of 64 studies from 41 publications to determine if temporal resource partitioning via variation in the timing of a key life-history trait, egg deposition (oviposition), mitigates interspecific competition between species pairs sharing the same insect host. When competing species were manipulated to oviposit at (or near) the same time in or on a single host in the laboratory, competition was common, and one species was typically inherently superior (i.e. survived to adulthood a greater proportion of the time). In most cases, however, the inferior competitor could gain a survivorship advantage by ovipositing earlier (or in a smaller number of cases later) into shared hosts. Moreover, this positive (or in a few cases negative) priority advantage gained by the inferior competitor increased as the interval between oviposition times became greater. The results from manipulative experiments were also correlated with patterns of life-history timing and demography in nature: the more inherently competitively inferior a species was in the laboratory, the greater the interval between oviposition times of taxa in co-occurring populations. Additionally, the larger the interval between oviposition times of competing taxa, the more abundant the inferior species was in populations where competitors were known to coexist. Overall, our findings suggest that temporal resource partitioning via variation in oviposition timing may help to facilitate species coexistence and structures diverse insect communities by altering demographic measures of species success. We argue that the lack of evidence for a more prominent role of temporal resource partitioning in promoting species coexistence may reflect taxonomic differences, with a bias towards larger-sized animals. For smaller species like parasitic insects that are specialized to attack one or a group of closely related hosts, have short adult lifespans and discrete generation times, compete directly for limited resources in small, closed arenas and have life histories constrained by host phenology, temporal resource subdivision via variation in life history may play a critical role in allowing species to coexist by alleviating the negative effects of interspecific competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Glen Ray Hood
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A.,Department of Biological Sciences, Wayne State University, 5047 Gullen Mall, Detroit, MI, 48202, U.S.A
| | - Devin Blankinship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A
| | - Meredith M Doellman
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A
| | - Jeffrey L Feder
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Notre Dame, 100 Galvin Life Sciences Center, Notre Dame, IN, 46556, U.S.A
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Tan X, Hu N, Zhang F, Ramirez-Romero R, Desneux N, Wang S, Ge F. Mixed release of two parasitoids and a polyphagous ladybird as a potential strategy to control the tobacco whitefly Bemisia tabaci. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28245. [PMID: 27312174 PMCID: PMC4911563 DOI: 10.1038/srep28245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A mixed species release of parasitoids is used to suppress outbreaks of tobacco whitefly, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae); however, this biocontrol may be inhibited by interspecific interactions. We investigated the effects of mixed releases of natural enemies of B. tabaci on predation rates, parasite performance and adult parasitoid emergence under greenhouse conditions. We tested the polyphagous predatory ladybird Harmonia axyridis (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and two whitefly-specific parasitoids, namely Encarsia formosa and Encarsia sophia (both, Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae). Harmonia axyridis exhibited the lowest rates of predation when released with each parasitoid than with both parasitoid species together and showed a significant preference for non-parasitized nymphs as prey. Both E. formosa and E. sophia parasitized more B. tabaci when released with the ladybird than when the wasps were released either alone or mixed with the other parasitoid. We also found that the presence of H. axyridis significantly reduced adult parasitoid emergence; the highest rate of adult emergence was obtained with parasitoids released alone. Our results indicate that different combinations of natural enemies can influence observed rates of predation, parasitism, and parasitoid emergence. Therefore, the combination of natural enemies to be used for a particular biological control program should depend on the specific objectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoling Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Institute of Plant & Environment Protection, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing, 100097, China
| | - Nana Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
- Department of Plant Protection, Guizhou University, Guiyang, 550025, China
| | - Fan Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Ricardo Ramirez-Romero
- Departamento de Producción Agrícola, CUCBA, Universidad de Guadalajara, Zapopan, 45100, Jalisco, México
| | - Nicolas Desneux
- French National Institute for Agricultural Research (INRA), Univ. Nice Sophia Antipolis, CNRS, UMR 1355-7254, Institut Sophia Agrobiotech, 06903 Sophia Antipolis, France
| | - Su Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Feng Ge
- State Key Laboratory of Integrated management of Pest Insects and Rodents, Institute of zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
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Zhang YB, Castañé C, Gabarra R, Albajes R, Wan FH. Host selection by the autoparasitoid Encarsia pergandiella on primary (Bemisia tabaci) and secondary (Eretmocerus mundus) hosts. INSECT SCIENCE 2015; 22:793-802. [PMID: 24992443 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/05/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
In autoparasitoids, females are generally primary endoparasitoids of Hemiptera, while males are hyperparasitoids developing in or on conspecific females or other primary parasitoids. Female-host acceptance can be influenced by extrinsic and/or intrinsic factors. In this paper, we are concerned with intrinsic factors such as nutritional status, mating status, etc. We observed the behavior of Encarsia pergandiella Howard (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) females when parasitizing primary (3rd instar larvae of Bemisia tabaci Gennadius [Homoptera: Aleyrodidae]) and secondary hosts (3rd instar larvae and pupae of Eretmocerus mundus Mercet [Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae]) for a period of 1 h. Females had different reproductive (virgin or mated younger) and physiological (fed elder or mated elder) status. Virgin females killed a large number of secondary hosts while investing a long time per host. However, they did not feed upon them. Mated females killed a lower number of secondary hosts and host feeding was observed in both consuming primary and secondary hosts. It was common to observe host examining females of all physiological statues tested repeatedly stinging the same hosts when parasitizing, killing or rejecting them. Fed elder females parasitized more B. tabaci larvae than E. mundus larvae or pupae, while investing less time on the primary host than on the secondary host. They also parasitized more B. tabaci larvae than mated elder females, while investing less time per host. The access of females to honey allowed them to lay more eggs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Bo Zhang
- Sustainable Plant Protection Department, Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture (IRTA), 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Cristina Castañé
- Sustainable Plant Protection Department, Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture (IRTA), 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona
| | - Rosa Gabarra
- Sustainable Plant Protection Department, Institute for Research and Technology in Agriculture (IRTA), 08348 Cabrils, Barcelona
| | - Ramon Albajes
- Agrotecnio Center, Universitat de Lleida, Rovira Roure 191, 25198 Lleida, Spain
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, 100193, China
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Liu TX, Stansly PA, Gerling D. Whitefly parasitoids: distribution, life history, bionomics, and utilization. ANNUAL REVIEW OF ENTOMOLOGY 2015; 60:273-292. [PMID: 25341095 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-ento-010814-021101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Whiteflies are small hemipterans numbering more than 1,550 described species, of which about 50 are agricultural pests. Adults are free-living, whereas late first to fourth instars are sessile on the plant. All known species of whitefly parasitoids belong to Hymenoptera; two genera, Encarsia and Eretmocerus, occur worldwide, and others are mostly specific to different continents. All parasitoid eggs are laid in-or in Eretmocerus, under-the host. They develop within whitefly nymphs and emerge from the fourth instar, and in Cales, from either the third or fourth instar. Parasitized hosts are recognized by conspecifics, but super- and hyperparasitism occur. Dispersal flights are influenced by gender and mating status, but no long-range attraction to whitefly presence on leaves is known. Studies on En. formosa have laid the foundation for behavioral studies and biological control in general. We review past and ongoing studies of whitefly parasitoids worldwide, updating available information on species diversity, biology, behavior, tritrophic interactions, and utilization in pest management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Xian Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Crop Stress Biology for Arid Areas, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, Shaanxi 712100, China;
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Xu HY, Yang NW, Wan FH. Competitive interactions between parasitoids provide new insight into host suppression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82003. [PMID: 24312394 PMCID: PMC3842984 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the dynamics of potential inter- and intraspecific competition in parasitoid communities is crucial in the screening of efficient parasitoid species and for utilization of the best parasitoid species combinations. In this respect, the host-parasitoid systems, Bemisia tabaci and two parasitoids, Eretmocerus hayati (exotic) and Encarsia sophia (existing) were studied under laboratory conditions to investigate whether interference competition between the exotic and existing species occurs as well as the influence of potential interference competition on the suppression of the host B. tabaci. Studies on interspecific-, intraspecific- and self-interference competition in two parasitoid species were conducted under both rich and limited host resource conditions. Results showed that (1) both parasitoid species negatively affect the progeny production of the other under both rich and limited host resource conditions; (2) both parasitoid species interfered intraspecifically on conspecific parasitized hosts when the available hosts are scarce and; 3) the mortality of B. tabaci induced by parasitoids via parasitism, host-feeding or both parasitism and host-feeding together varied among treatments under different host resource conditions, but showed promise for optimizing control strategies. As a result of our current findings, we suggest a need to investigate the interactions between the two parasitoids on continuous generations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yun Xu
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Nian-Wan Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Fang-Hao Wan
- State Key Laboratory for Biology of Plant Diseases and Insect Pests, Institute of Plant Protection, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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Kenyon SG, Hunter MS. Manipulation of oviposition choice of the parasitoid wasp, Encarsia pergandiella, by the endosymbiotic bacterium Cardinium. J Evol Biol 2007; 20:707-16. [PMID: 17305836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1420-9101.2006.01238.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive manipulations of hosts by maternally inherited bacterial endosymbionts often result in an increase in the proportion of infected female hosts in the population. When this involves the conversion of incipient males to genetic or functional females, it presents unique difficulties for symbionts invading hosts with sex-specific reproductive behaviours, such as the autoparasitic Encarsia pergandiella. In sexual forms of this species, female eggs are laid in whitefly nymphs and male eggs are laid in conspecific or heterospecific parasitoids developing within the whitefly cuticle. Further, eggs laid in the 'wrong' host do not ordinarily complete development. This study explored the role of a bacterial symbiont, Cardinium, in manipulating oviposition behaviour in a thelytokous population of E. pergandiella. Oviposition choice was measured by the number and location of eggs deposited by both infected and uninfected adult waSPS in arenas containing equal numbers of hosts suitable for the development of male and female waSPS. Uninfected waSPS included antibiotic-treated female waSPS and (untreated) daughters of antibiotic-treated female waSPS. The choices of waSPS in the thelytokous population treatments were compared with those of a conspecific sexual population. We found that offspring of antibiotic-cured thelytokous waSPS reverted to the behaviour of unmated sexual waSPS, laying their few eggs almost exclusively in hosts appropriate for male eggs. Infected thelytokous waSPS distributed their eggs approximately evenly between host types, much like mated sexual female waSPS. The antibiotic-treated female waSPS exhibited choices intermediate to waSPS in the other two treatments. The change in the observed behaviour appears sufficient to allow invasion and persistence of Cardinium in sexual populations. Lastly, our results suggest a reduction in host discrimination as a possible mechanism by which Cardinium influences this change.
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Affiliation(s)
- S G Kenyon
- Université de Neuchâtel, Institut de Zoologie, Neuchâtel, Switzerland.
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Wang XG, Messing RH. Two different life-history strategies determine the competitive outcome between Dirhinus giffardii (Chalcididae) and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae (Pteromalidae), ectoparasitoids of cyclorrhaphous Diptera. BULLETIN OF ENTOMOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2004; 94:473-480. [PMID: 15385067 DOI: 10.1079/ber2004318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Dirhinus giffardii Silvestri and Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae Rondani are solitary parasitoids attacking puparia of many cyclorrhaphous flies. They are not typical ectoparasitoids, as they feed on host pupae within puparia that develop from the exoskeleton of host larvae. Dirhinus giffardii did not kill its host until the parasitoid egg developed into a larva, while P. vindemmiae permanently paralysed its host at the time of oviposition. As a result, ovipositing into a young host puparium (< 1 day old) in which the host pupa has not yet fully formed resulted in complete death of offspring in P. vindemmiae, but D. giffardii, although suffering higher mortality than in older host puparia, still showed a level of successful development. In a choice experiment, both parasitoids preferred to attack 2- to 3-day-old puparia in which the host pupae had fully formed, rather than 1-day-old host puparia. Pachycrepoideus vindemmiae always prevailed in competition because it injected venom that not only paralysed the host, but also caused the death of D. giffardii larvae in multi-parasitized hosts. Dirhinus giffardii preferred to attack unparasitized hosts rather than hosts previously parasitized by P. vindemmiae, while P. vindemmiae did not show a preference between unparasitized hosts and hosts previously parasitized by D. giffardii.
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Affiliation(s)
- X G Wang
- Department of Plant and Environmental Protection Sciences, University of Hawaii, 7370 Kuamoo Road, Kapaa, HI 96822, USA.
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Pedata PA, Garonna AP, Zabatta A, Zeppa P, Romani R, Isidoro N. Development and morphology of teratocytes in Encarsia berlesei and Encarsia citrina: first record for Chalcidoidea. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2003; 49:1063-1071. [PMID: 14568584 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2003.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
In several species of hymenopteran parasitoids of the superfamilies of Ichneumonoidea and Platygastroidea, the membrane enveloping the parasitoid embryo dissociates at hatching into a number of cells, called teratocytes, which autonomously develop in the host haemolymph. In this work we report for Encarsia berlesei and Encarsia citrina (Hymenoptera: Chalcidoidea), the dissociation of the extraembryonic membrane into cells whose morphological and embryological features correspond to those of teratocytes. In E. berlesei the membrane dissociated at hatching into 4-9 larger cells (100 microm diameter) and about 10 smaller cells (60 microm), which scarcely doubled their size during maturation. In E. citrina the membrane dissociated into five large cells (250 microm) which did not grow appreciably. Ultrastructural investigation of the dissociated cells in E. berlesei revealed that their surface was covered by microvilli, whose density and length increased from the egg stage to the 12 h following hatching. During the same period, rough endoplasmic reticulum evolved from a parallel profile to that of the cisternal type, while abundant vesicles represented the dominant cytological feature. The ploidy level of these cells ranged between 8c and 140c at hatching, but increased to 40c-350c at maturation. These findings provide the first clear evidences for the presence of teratocytes in the superfamily Chalcidoidea.
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Affiliation(s)
- P A Pedata
- Istituto per la Protezione delle Piante (IPP), CNR, Sezione di Portici, via Università 133, 80055, Portici, Napoli, Italy.
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