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Setayesh L, Pourreza S, Zeinali Khosroshahi M, Asbaghi O, Bagheri R, Rezaei Kelishadi M, Wong A, Clark CCT, Larky DA, Suzuki K, Ghanavati M. The effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile in adults: a GRADE-assessed systematic review, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis of randomised placebo-controlled trials. Br J Nutr 2023; 129:1703-1713. [PMID: 35837742 DOI: 10.1017/s0007114522002136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Recent meta-analytic work indicated that guar gum supplementation might improve lipid profile markers in different populations. However, critical methodological limitations such as the use of some unreliable data and the lack of inclusion of several relevant studies, and the scarcity in assessments of regression and dose-specific effects make it difficult to draw meaningful conclusions from the meta-analysis. Therefore, current evidence regarding the effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile remains unclear. The present systematic review, meta-regression and dose-response meta-analysis aimed to examine the effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile (total cholesterol (TC), LDL, TAG and HDL) in adults. Relevant studies were obtained by searching the PubMed, SCOPUS, Embase and Web of Science databases (from inception to September 2021). Weighted mean differences (WMD) and 95 % CI were estimated via a random-effects model. Heterogeneity, sensitivity analysis and publication bias were reported using standard methods. Pooled analysis of nineteen randomised controlled trials (RCT) revealed that guar gum supplementation led to significant reductions in TC (WMD: -19·34 mg/dl, 95 % CI -26·18, -12·49, P < 0·001) and LDL (WMD: -16·19 mg/dl, 95 % CI -25·54, -6·83, P = 0·001). However, there was no effect on TAG and HDL among adults in comparison with control group. Our outcomes suggest that guar gum supplementation lowers TC and LDL in adults. Future large RCT on various populations are needed to show further beneficial effects of guar gum supplementation on lipid profile and establish guidelines for clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leila Setayesh
- Department of Nutrition and Health Sciences, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA
| | - Sanaz Pourreza
- Department of Clinical Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Omid Asbaghi
- Cancer Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Reza Bagheri
- Department of Exercise Physiology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Mahnaz Rezaei Kelishadi
- Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food Science, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Alexei Wong
- Department of Health and Human Performance, Marymount University, Arlington, USA
| | - Cain C T Clark
- Centre for Intelligent Healthcare, Coventry University, CoventryCV1 5FB, UK
| | - Damoon Ashtary Larky
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Katsuhiko Suzuki
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, 2-579-15 Mikajima, Tokorozawa359-1192, Japan
| | - Matin Ghanavati
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition Sciences and Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology, Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Pectin in Metabolic Liver Disease. Nutrients 2022; 15:nu15010157. [PMID: 36615814 PMCID: PMC9824118 DOI: 10.3390/nu15010157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in the composition of the gut microbiota (dysbiosis) are observed in nutritional liver diseases, including non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD) and have been shown to be associated with the severity of both. Editing the composition of the microbiota by fecal microbiota transfer or by application of probiotics or prebiotics/fiber in rodent models and human proof-of-concept trials of NAFLD and ALD have demonstrated its possible contribution to reducing the progression of liver damage. In this review, we address the role of a soluble fiber, pectin, in reducing the development of liver injury in NAFLD and ALD through its impact on gut bacteria.
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Zhang S, Waterhouse GIN, Xu F, He Z, Du Y, Lian Y, Wu P, Sun-Waterhouse D. Recent advances in utilization of pectins in biomedical applications: a review focusing on molecular structure-directing health-promoting properties. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021:1-34. [PMID: 34637646 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1988897] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The numerous health benefits of pectins justify their inclusion in human diets and biomedical products. This review provides an overview of pectin extraction and modification methods, their physico-chemical characteristics, health-promoting properties, and pharmaceutical/biomedical applications. Pectins, as readily available and versatile biomolecules, can be tailored to possess specific functionalities for food, pharmaceutical and biomedical applications, through judicious selection of appropriate extraction and modification technologies/processes based on green chemistry principles. Pectin's structural and physicochemical characteristics dictate their effects on digestion and bioavailability of nutrients, as well as health-promoting properties including anticancer, immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, intestinal microflora-regulating, immune barrier-strengthening, hypercholesterolemia-/arteriosclerosis-preventing, anti-diabetic, anti-obesity, antitussive, analgesic, anticoagulant, and wound healing effects. HG, RG-I, RG-II, molecular weight, side chain pattern, and degrees of methylation, acetylation, amidation and branching are critical structural elements responsible for optimizing these health benefits. The physicochemical characteristics, health functionalities, biocompatibility and biodegradability of pectins enable the construction of pectin-based composites with distinct properties for targeted applications in bioactive/drug delivery, edible films/coatings, nano-/micro-encapsulation, wound dressings and biological tissue engineering. Achieving beneficial synergies among the green extraction and modification processes during pectin production, and between pectin and other composite components in biomedical products, should be key foci for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shikai Zhang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | | | - Fangzhou Xu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Ziyang He
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yuyi Du
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Yujing Lian
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Peng Wu
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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Pezzali JG, Shoveller AK, Ellis J. Examining the Effects of Diet Composition, Soluble Fiber, and Species on Total Fecal Excretion of Bile Acids: A Meta-Analysis. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:748803. [PMID: 34692814 PMCID: PMC8529021 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.748803] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 09/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Bile acids (BA) are produced in the liver and conjugated with glycine or taurine before being released into the small intestine to aid with lipid digestion. However, excessive BA losses through feces can occur due to several dietary factors that in turn require greater production of BA by the liver due to a reduction in BA recycling. Consequently, net utilization of taurine and/or glycine is increased. To quantify this impact, we conducted a meta-analysis to investigate the effect of soluble fiber, diet composition, and species on fecal excretion of BA. After a systematic review of the literature, twelve studies met all inclusion criteria. Dietary carbohydrate, protein, fat, cellulose, cholesterol, soluble fiber and animal species were tested as independent variables. Mixed models were developed treating study as a random effect, and fixed effect variables were retained at P < 0.05 significance and where collinearity was absent between multiple X variables. A total of ten studies comprised of four species [(rat = 5), hamster (n = 1), guinea pig (n = 3) and dog (n = 1)], and 30 observations were evaluated in the final models after outlier removal. Model evaluation was based on the corrected Akaike Information Criteria, the concordance correlation coefficient and the root mean square prediction error. Three base models were developed, examining carbohydrate, protein and fat impacts separately. The best fitting models included the fixed effect of species and the interaction between soluble fiber (yes/no) and dietary carbohydrate, protein or fat (%, as-fed). Increased concentrations of dietary protein and fat resulted in greater fecal excretion of BA (P < 0.05). Conversely, increasing levels of dietary carbohydrate led to lower excretions of BA (P < 0.05). Increased dietary soluble fiber containing ingredients resulted in greater excretion of BA in all models (P < 0.05). Rats had greater excretion of BA compared to hamsters and guinea pigs (P < 0.05) in all models, and also compared to dogs (P < 0.05) in the carbohydrate model. The findings from this meta-analysis indicate that not only soluble fiber, but also increasing levels of dietary fat and protein may result in greater fecal excretion of BA, potentially altering taurine and/or glycine metabolism and affecting the need for diet delivery of these AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Guazzelli Pezzali
- Department of Animal Biosciences, Centre for Nutrition Modelling, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada
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Acute whole apple consumption did not influence postprandial lipaemia: a randomised crossover trial. Br J Nutr 2020; 123:807-817. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114519003441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractWhole apples are a source of pectin and polyphenols, both of which show potential to modulate postprandial lipaemia (PPL). The present study aimed to explore the effects of whole apple consumption on PPL, as a risk factor for CVD, in generally healthy but overweight and obese adults. A randomised, crossover acute meal trial was conducted with seventeen women and nine men (mean BMI of 34·1 (sem0·2) kg/m2). Blood samples were collected for 6 h after participants consumed an oral fat tolerance test meal that provided 1 g fat/kg body weight and 1500 mg acetaminophen per meal for estimating gastric emptying, with and without three whole raw Gala apples (approximately 200 g). Plasma TAG (with peak postprandial concentration as the primary outcome), apoB48, chylomicron-rich fraction particle size and fatty acid composition, glucose, insulin and acetaminophen were analysed. Differences between with and without apples were identified by ANCOVA. Apple consumption did not alter postprandial TAG response, chylomicron properties, glucose or acetaminophen (P> 0·05), but did lead to a higher apoB48 peak concentration and exaggerated insulin between 20 and 180 min (P< 0·05). Overall, as a complex food matrix, apples did not modulate postprandial TAG when consumed with a high-fat meal in overweight and obese adults, but did stimulate insulin secretion, potentially contributing to an increased TAG-rich lipoprotein production.
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Ling Y, Shi Z, Yang X, Cai Z, Wang L, Wu X, Ye A, Jiang J. Hypolipidemic effect of pure total flavonoids from peel of Citrus (PTFC) on hamsters of hyperlipidemia and its potential mechanism. Exp Gerontol 2019; 130:110786. [PMID: 31760082 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Citrus is a group of popular fruit that includes oranges, lemons, limes and grapefruit but research of its peel on hyperlipidemia and its mechanism is rare reported. We examined the effect of pure total flavonoids from peel of Citrus (PTFC), an extract from the peel of Citrus Changshan-huyou which is a popular fruit in China, on hamsters with hyperlipoidemia induced by high-fat diet (HFD). We found that PTFC significantly reduced levels of serum cholesterol (TC), triglyceride (TG) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c) and improved levels of alanine transaminase (ALT), aspartate transaminase (AST) and Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) which associated with liver function in golden hamsters. Liver pathological results confirmed that the liver pathological section of golden hamster treated with PTFC was significantly improved compared with that of HFD group. The content of main cholesterol metabolic enzymes Cholesterol 7a-hydroxylase (CYP7A1) in liver was obviously recovered with PTFC treatment. Further studies shown that PTFC attenuated oxidative stress and free radical damage through superoxide dismutase (SOD) and malonyldialdehyde (MDA) tests and inflammatory injury by levels of Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) both in serum and hepatocyte of golden hamsters. Moreover, PTFC increased levels of RNA and protein expression of Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-α (PPAR-α) and PPAR-γ in liver, fat and skeletal muscle of hyperlipidemia golden hamster, significantly. Our results suggested that PTFC could play a hypolipidemic role through improvement of liver function by antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in hyperlipoidemia hamsters, its mechanism of action may through activating of PPARα and PPARγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Ling
- Animal Experimental Research Center, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Shi
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Xingliang Yang
- Changshan Huyou Research Institute, Quzhou 324200, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhaowei Cai
- Animal Experimental Research Center, Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, People's Republic of China
| | - Lixia Wang
- Changshan Huyou Research Institute, Quzhou 324200, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuming Wu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China
| | - Aiqin Ye
- Wenzhou Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Wenzhou 325000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianping Jiang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310006, People's Republic of China; Zhejiang You-du Biotech Limited Company, Quzhou 324200, People's Republic of China.
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Lin X, Wright AJ. Pectin and gastric pH interactively affect DHA-rich emulsion in vitro digestion microstructure, digestibility and bioaccessibility. Food Hydrocoll 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2017.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Kim H, Wang Q, Shoemaker CF, Zhong F, Bartley GE, Yokoyama WH. Polysaccharide gel coating of the leaves of Brasenia schreberi lowers plasma cholesterol in hamsters. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 5:56-61. [PMID: 26151010 PMCID: PMC4488095 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcme.2014.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Revised: 03/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Brasenia schreberi (蓴菜 chún cài) is an invasive aquatic weed found in the USA, but the plant has economic value in Asia where it is cultivated for food. The young leaves of B. schreberi are coated with gelatinous water-insoluble mucilage. This mucilage is a polysaccharide composed of galactose, mannose, fucose, and other monosaccharides. Because some carbohydrate gels are hypocholesterolemic, we evaluated their cholesterol-lowering properties in male hamsters fed hypercholesterolemic diets containing 2% gel coat from B. schreberi (GEL), or 1% cholestyramine (CA), or 5% hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and compared them to 5% microcrystalline cellulose (control) for 3 weeks. We found that very-low-density lipoprotein-, low-density lipoprotein-, and total-cholesterol concentrations in plasma were significantly lowered by GEL, CA, and HPMC compared to control. High-density lipoprotein-cholesterol concentration was lowered by CA and HPMC. Body weights and abdominal adipose tissue weight of GEL and control group animals were greater than those of the CA and HPMC groups. Fecal lipid excretion was greater in the CA and HPMC groups than in the control group. Expression of hepatic CYP51 and CYP7A1 mRNA was upregulated by CA, HPMC, and GEL, indicating increased hepatic cholesterol and bile acid synthesis. Expression of low-density lipoprotein receptor mRNA was upregulated by all treatments. These results suggest that modulation of hepatic expression of cholesterol and bile acid metabolism-regulated genes contributes to the cholesterol-lowering effects of GEL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsook Kim
- Department of Nutrition, University of California, Davis, CA, USA ; Department of Physiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Konkuk University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Qian Wang
- Department of Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Charles F Shoemaker
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, CA, USA
| | - Fang Zhong
- Department of Food Science, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Glenn E Bartley
- USDA, ARS, Western Regional Research Center, Albany, CA, USA
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Hosaka T, Sasaga S, Yamasaka Y, Nii Y, Edazawa K, Tsutsumi R, Shuto E, Okahisa N, Iwata S, Tomotake H, Sakai T. Treatment with buckwheat bran extract prevents the elevation of serum triglyceride levels and fatty liver in KK-A y mice. THE JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INVESTIGATION 2014; 61:345-52. [DOI: 10.2152/jmi.61.345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toshio Hosaka
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
- Third Department of Internal Medicine, Kyorin University School of Medicine
| | - Sayaka Sasaga
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Yukiko Yamasaka
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Yoshitaka Nii
- Food Technology Division, Tokushima Prefectural Industrial Technology Center
| | | | - Rie Tsutsumi
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Emi Shuto
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
| | - Naoki Okahisa
- Food Technology Division, Tokushima Prefectural Industrial Technology Center
| | - Shinya Iwata
- Food Technology Division, Tokushima Prefectural Industrial Technology Center
| | | | - Tohru Sakai
- Department of Public Health and Applied Nutrition, Institute of Health Biosciences, University of Tokushima Graduate School
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Pande S, Srinivasan K. Potentiation of the hypolipidemic influence of dietary tender cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba) by garlic in cholesterol fed rats. Food Chem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.01.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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11
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Cholesterol-lowering properties of different pectin types in mildly hyper-cholesterolemic men and women. Eur J Clin Nutr 2011; 66:591-9. [DOI: 10.1038/ejcn.2011.208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Tomotake H, Yamamoto N, Yanaka N, Ohinata H, Yamazaki R, Kayashita J, Kato N. High protein buckwheat flour suppresses hypercholesterolemia in rats and gallstone formation in mice by hypercholesterolemic diet and body fat in rats because of its low protein digestibility. Nutrition 2006; 22:166-73. [PMID: 16459229 DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2005.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 01/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study evaluated the physiologic properties of high protein buckwheat flour (PBF) by examining its effects on serum cholesterol and body fat in rats and on cholesterol gallstone formation in mice. METHODS Animals were fed experimental diets that contained casein, buckwheat protein extract (BWP), or PBF as a protein source (net protein content 200 g/kg). RESULTS In experiment 1, consumption of PBF and BWP for 10 d caused 33% and 31% decreases, respectively, in serum cholesterol of rats fed cholesterol-enriched diets when compared with consumption of casein (P < 0.05). Dietary PBF caused a significant decrease in liver cholesterol, whereas dietary BWP caused only a slight decrease (P > 0.05). Fecal excretion of neutral and acidic steroids in the PBF group was significantly higher than those in the BWP and casein groups. In experiment 2, consumption of PBF for 10 d significantly suppressed adipose tissue weight and hepatic activity of fatty acid synthase in rats fed cholesterol-free diets compared with consumption of casein (P < 0.05), whereas that of BWP for this period caused only a slight decrease in adipose tissue weight (P > 0.05). In experiment 3, dietary PBF and BWP significantly decreased the incidence of cholesterol gallstones and lithogenic index in mice fed cholesterol-enriched diets for 27 d, which was associated with increased fecal excretion of acidic steroids. CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that PBF has strong activities against hypercholesterolemia, obesity, and gallstone formation, suggesting a potential usefulness of PBF as functional ingredient.
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Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL. Long-term intake of dietary fiber and decreased risk of cholecystectomy in women. Am J Gastroenterol 2004; 99:1364-70. [PMID: 15233680 DOI: 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2004.30153.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Epidemiologic studies on the relationship between dietary fiber and gallstone disease are inconclusive, and the effects of different types of dietary fiber are not clear. METHODS We examined the association between long-term intake of dietary fiber as well as fiber from different sources and risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of 69,778 women who were aged from 35 to 61 years in 1984 and had no history of gallstone disease. As part of the Nurses' Health Study, the women reported on questionnaires mailed to them every two years both their fiber intake and whether they had undergone cholecystectomy. RESULTS During 16 yr of follow-up, we documented 5,771 cases of cholecystectomy. After adjusting for age and other known or suspected risk factors in a multivariate model, compared with women in the lowest quintile of total dietary fiber intake, the relative risk of choleystectomy for those in the highest quintile was 0.87 (95% CI, 0.78-0.96, p for trend = 0.005). For a 5-g increase in total fiber intake, the multivariate relative risk was 0.94 (95% CI, 0.90-0.98). Insoluble fiber, taking soluble fiber into account in the multivariate model, was significantly associated with a reduced risk. The multivariate relative risk was 0.83 (95% CI, 0.73-0.94, p for trend = 0.009) for insoluble fiber, and was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.89-1.15, p for trend = 0.9) for soluble fiber, when extreme quintiles were compared. For a 5-g increase in intake, the relative risk was 0.90 (95% CI, 0.84-0.97) for insoluble fiber, and was 1.01 (95% CI, 0.83-1.23) for soluble fiber. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that increased long-term consumption of dietary fiber, particularly insoluble fiber, can reduce risk of cholecystectomy in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Jyi Tsai
- Channing Laboratory, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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14
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Sensory evaluation of a milk formulation supplemented with n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and soluble fibres. Food Chem 2004. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00456-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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15
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Effects of diet supplementation with three soluble polysaccharides on serum lipid levels of hypercholesterolemic rats. Food Chem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0308-8146(02)00267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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16
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Grizard D, Dalle M, Barthomeuf C. Changes in insulin and corticosterone levels may partly mediate the hypolipidemic effect of guar gum and low-molecular weight pectin in rats. Nutr Res 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0271-5317(01)00316-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Seal CJ, Mathers JC. Comparative gastrointestinal and plasma cholesterol responses of rats fed on cholesterol-free diets supplemented with guar gum and sodium alginate. Br J Nutr 2001; 85:317-24. [PMID: 11299077 DOI: 10.1079/bjn2000250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The present study investigated the digestion and cholesterol-lowering effects of the water-soluble NSP guar gum (GG) and sodium alginate (SA) in laboratory animals. Groups of five male Wistar strain rats were fed semi-purified cholesterol-free diets containing 0, 50 or 100 g NSP source/kg for 21 d which comprised a 14-d adaptation period followed by a 7-d balance period. Weight gain over the balance period and food conversion ratio decreased linearly with increasing NSP intake ( and respectively). DM digestibility decreased with increasing NSP intake and this effect was greater for SA-containing diets compared with GG-containing diets At the lower inclusion rate, 0.9-1.0 of the additional NSP was digested, but this value fell to 0.8 for both NSP sources at the 100 g/kg inclusion rate, implying that the capacity for near complete digestion of the test NSP had been exceeded. Intestinal tissue mass was increased in response to inclusion of both NSP sources. Caecal digesta pH decreased linearly with additional GG, but increased slightly with consumption of SA. Total caecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations (micromol/g caecal contents) increased markedly with 50 g GG/kg but did not increase further with 100 g GG/kg, and were slightly lower than control values in rats consuming SA. Plasma cholesterol concentration fell linearly with increasing NSP in the diet and the effect was similar for both GG and SA. Total output of faecal bile acids rose in rats fed 50 g GG/kg and 50 g SA/kg (59 micromol/7 d v. 24 micromol/7 d for control rats) with no further increase at the higher inclusion rate. These results show that SA has a strong hypocholesterolaemic effect in rats which is similar to that of GG, and that this effect is most likely to be mediated through an interruption in the entero-hepatic circulation of bile acids and not through increased hepatic supply of propionate from fermentation of the NSP in the large bowel.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Seal
- Human Nutrition Research Centre, Department of Biological and Nutritional Sciences, University of Newcastle, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE1 7RU, UK.
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Moriceau S, Besson C, Levrat MA, Moundras C, Rémésy C, Morand C, Demigné C. Cholesterol-lowering effects of guar gum: changes in bile acid pools and intestinal reabsorption. Lipids 2000; 35:437-44. [PMID: 10858029 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-000-542-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Soluble fibers such as guar gum (GG) may exert cholesterol-lowering effects. It is generally accepted that bile acid (BA) reabsorption in portal blood is reduced, thus limiting the capacity of BA to down-regulate liver cholesterol 7alpha-hydroxylase, the rate-limiting enzyme of BA synthesis. In the present work, rats were adapted to fiber-free (FF) or 5% GG diets (supplemented or not with 0.25% cholesterol), to investigate various aspects of enterohepatic BA cycling. GG in the diet at a level of 5% elicited a significant lowering of plasma cholesterol during the absorptive period, in cholesterol-free (-13%) or 0.25% cholesterol (-20%) diet conditions. In rats adapted to the GG diets, the small intestinal and cecal BA pools and the ileal vein-artery difference for BA were markedly enhanced; reabsorption in the cecal vein was also enhanced in these rats. [14C]Taurocholate absorption, determined in perfused ileal segments, was not significantly different in rats adapted to the FF or GG diet, suggesting that a greater flux of BA in the ileum might support a greater ileal BA reabsorption in rats adapted to the GG diet. In contrast, capacities for [14C]cholate absorption from the cecum at pH 6.5 were higher in rats adapted to the GG diet than to the FF diet. Acidification of the bulk medium in isolated cecum (from pH 7.1 down to pH 6.5 or 5.8) or addition of 100 mM volatile fatty acids was also found to stimulate cecal [14C]cholate absorption. These factors could contribute to accelerated cecal BA absorption in rats fed the GG diet. The effects of GG on steroid fecal excretion thus appear to accompany a greater intestinal BA absorption and portal flux to the liver. These results suggest that some mechanisms invoked to explain cholesterol-lowering effect of fibers should be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Moriceau
- Unité Maladies Métaboliques & Micronutriments, INRA de Theix, St-Genès-Champanelle, France
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Trautwein EA, Rieckhoff D, Kunath-Rau A, Erbersdobler HF. Psyllium, not pectin or guar gum, alters lipoprotein and biliary bile acid composition and fecal sterol excretion in the hamster. Lipids 1998; 33:573-82. [PMID: 9655372 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Different soluble dietary fibers known to alter cholesterol metabolism were fed to golden Syrian hamsters, and their specific impact on lipoproteins, biliary bile acid profile, and fecal sterol excretion was evaluated. Semipurified diets containing 20% fat; 0.12% cholesterol; and 8% of psyllium (PSY); high (hePE) and low (lePE) esterified pectin; or high (hvGG) and low (lvGG) viscous guar gum were fed for 5 wk. Compared to control, PSY caused a significant reduction in plasma cholesterol (2.9 +/- 0.5 vs. 5.5 +/- 0.5 mmol/L), whereas hePE, lePE, hvGG, or lvGG had no apparent effect on plasma lipids. Hepatic total and esterified cholesterol were substantially decreased with PSY, pectin and guar gum, whereby PSY produced the most pronounced effect. Distinctive changes existed in the bile acid profile related to the different fibers. In contrast to pectin and guar gum, PSY caused a significant increase in the cholate:chenodeoxycholate and the glycine:taurine conjugation ratio. Pectin and guar gum did not alter daily fecal neutral sterol excretion while PSY caused a 90% increase due to a higher fecal output. Daily fecal bile acid excretion and total fecal bile acid concentration were significantly increased by PSY, whereas hePE, lePE, hvGG, and lvGG revealed no or only minor effects. Taken together, the disparate hypocholesterolemic effects of PSY, pectin, and guar gum on cholesterol and bile acid metabolism in the hamster are possibly related to different physicochemical properties, e.g., viscosity and susceptibility to fermentation, affecting the fiber-mediated action in the intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Trautwein
- Institute of Human Nutrition and Food Science, University of Kiel, Germany.
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