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Gholamalizadeh M, Tajadod S, Majidi N, Aghakhaninejad Z, Mahmoudi Z, Mousavi Z, Amjadi A, Alami F, Torkaman M, Saeedirad Z, Doaei S, Shafaei H, Kalantari N. Associations between diet and nutritional supplements and colorectal cancer: A systematic review. JGH Open 2024; 8:e13108. [PMID: 39027159 PMCID: PMC11256152 DOI: 10.1002/jgh3.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2023] [Revised: 05/21/2024] [Accepted: 05/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
Background and Aim Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most prevalent cancers around the world. The link between nutrients and the likelihood of developing CRC remains uncertain. The primary objective of the present study was to investigate the potential connection between dietary intake/dietary supplements and the occurrence of CRC through a literature review. Methods A comprehensive online search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library from January 1990 to March 2023 using appropriate keywords. A systematic search was conducted for clinical trials and cohort studies in order to determine the relationship between dietary components/supplements and CRC. Results The intake of long-chain n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs), consisting of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), has the potential to decrease the likelihood of developing CRC (eight studies found positive effects and four studies found no association). Some other dietary components such as probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics may contribute to suppressing CRC development (three studies found positive effects, whereas three studies did not find any association). There is inconclusive evidence that supplementation with certain micronutrients including vitamin D (one trial found positive effects and another trial reported no association), folate, zinc, and selenium may reduce the risk of CRC. Conclusion Some dietary supplements such as n-3 LCPUFAs and probiotics have the potential to reduce the risk of developing CRC. Further studies are necessary to validate these results and understand the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Gholamalizadeh
- Student Research Committee, Cancer Research CenterShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Shirin Tajadod
- Department of Nutrition, School of Public Health, International CampusIran University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Nazanin Majidi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Zohreh Aghakhaninejad
- Department of Nutrition and Biochemistry, School of HealthKerman University of Medical SciencesKermanIran
| | - Zahra Mahmoudi
- Department of Nutrition, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Zahra Mousavi
- Nursing and Midwifery schoolShahed University. TehranIran
| | - Arezoo Amjadi
- School of Nutritional Sciences and Food TechnologyKermanshah University of Medical SciencesKermanshahIran
| | - Farkhondeh Alami
- Student Research Committee, Department of Nutrition, Faculty of MedicineUrmia University of Medical SciencesUrmiaIran
| | - Mahdie Torkaman
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Science and Research BranchIslamic Azad UniversityTehranIran
| | - Zahra Saeedirad
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food TechnologyShahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Saeid Doaei
- Departments of Community Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food TechnologyNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
| | - Hanieh Shafaei
- Shahid Beheshti College of MidwiferyGilan University of Medical SciencesRashtIran
| | - Naser Kalantari
- Departments of Community Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Nutrition and Food TechnologyNational Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical SciencesTehranIran
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2
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Masheghati F, Asgharzadeh MR, Jafari A, Masoudi N, Maleki-Kakelar H. The role of gut microbiota and probiotics in preventing, treating, and boosting the immune system in colorectal cancer. Life Sci 2024; 344:122529. [PMID: 38490297 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2024.122529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 12/03/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024]
Abstract
The gut microbiome plays a significant role in developing colorectal cancer (CRC). The gut microbiome usually acts as a protective barrier against harmful pathogens and infections in the intestine, while also regulating inflammation by affecting the human immune system. The gut microbiota and probiotics play a role not only in intestinal inflammation associated with tumor formation but also in regulating anti-cancer immune response. As a result, they associated with tumor progression and the effectiveness of anti-cancer therapies. Research indicates that gut microbiota and probiotics can be used as biomarkers to predict the impact of immunotherapy and enhance its efficacy in treating CRC by regulating it. This review examines the importance of gut microbiota and probiotics in the development and progression of CRC, as well as their synergistic impact on anti-cancer treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Forough Masheghati
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | | | - Abbas Jafari
- Cellular and Molecular Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Naser Masoudi
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran; Department of General Surgery, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Hadi Maleki-Kakelar
- Solid Tumor Research Center, Cellular and Molecular Medicine Research Institute, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran.
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3
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Khan M, Shah S, Shah W, Khan I, Ali H, Ali I, Ullah R, Wang X, Mehmood A, Wang Y. Gut microbiome as a treatment in colorectal cancer. Int Rev Immunol 2024; 43:229-247. [PMID: 38343353 DOI: 10.1080/08830185.2024.2312294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2024] [Indexed: 06/13/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gut microbiome plays a role in the development and progression of colorectal cancer (CRC). AIM AND OBJECTIVE This review focuses on whether the gut microbiome is involved in the development and regulation of the host immune system. METHODS The gut microbiome can influence the production and activity of immune cells and molecules that help to maintain the integrity of the intestinal barrier and prevent inflammation. Gut microbiota modulates the anti-cancer immune response. The gut microbiota can influence the function of immune cells, like T cells, that recognize and eliminate cancer cells. Gut microbiota can affect various aspects of cancer progression and the efficacy of various anti-cancer treatments. RESULTS Gut microbiota provide promise as a potential biomarker to identify the effect of immunotherapy and as a target for modulation to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy in CRC treatment. CONCLUSION The potential synergistic effect between the gut microbiome and anti-cancer treatment modalities provides an interest in developing strategies to modulate the gut microbiome to improve the efficacy of anti-cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Murad Khan
- International Joint Research Center of Human-machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, School of Pharmacy & The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
| | - Suleman Shah
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Wahid Shah
- Translational Medicine Research Center, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, China
| | - Ikram Khan
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Department of Genetics, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, Gansu, China
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, Kuwait
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Xiufang Wang
- Department of Genetics, Hebei Medical University, Hebei Key Lab of Laboratory Animal, Shijiazhuang, Hebei Province, China
| | - Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, City Shijiazhuang, Province Hebei, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Wang
- International Joint Research Center of Human-machine Intelligent Collaborative for Tumor Precision Diagnosis and Treatment of Hainan Province, School of Pharmacy & The First Affiliated Hospital, Hainan Medical University, Haikou, Hainan, China
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4
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Tian S, Paudel D, Hao F, Neupane R, Castro R, Patterson AD, Tiwari AK, Prabhu KS, Singh V. Refined fiber inulin promotes inflammation-associated colon tumorigenesis by modulating microbial succinate production. Cancer Rep (Hoboken) 2023; 6:e1863. [PMID: 37489647 PMCID: PMC10644334 DOI: 10.1002/cnr2.1863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM There is an increased risk of colon cancer associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Dietary fibers (DFs) naturally present in vegetables and whole grains offer numerous beneficial effects on intestinal health. However, the effects of refined DFs on intestinal health remain unclear. Therefore, we elucidated the impact of the refined DF inulin on colonic inflammation and tumorigenesis. METHODS Four-week-old wild-type (WT) mice were fed diets containing insoluble DF cellulose (control) or refined DF inulin for 4 weeks. A subgroup of mice was then switched to drinking water containing dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 1.4% wt/vol) for colitis induction. In another subgroup of mice, colitis-associated colorectal cancer (CRC) was initiated with three 7-day alternate cycles of DSS following an initial dose of mutagenic substance azoxymethane (AOM; 7.5 mg/kg body weight; i.p.). Post 7 weeks of AOM treatment, mice were euthanized and examined for CRC development. RESULTS Mice consuming inulin-containing diet exhibited severe colitis upon DSS administration, as evidenced by more body weight loss, rectal bleeding, and increased colonic inflammation than the DSS-treated control group. Correspondingly, histological analysis revealed extensive disruption of colon architecture and massive infiltration of immune cells in the inulin-fed group. We next examined the effect of inulin on CRC development. Surprisingly, significant mortality (~50%) was observed in the inulin-fed but not in the control group during the DSS cycle. Consequently, the remaining inulin-fed mice, which completed the study exhibited extensive colon tumorigenesis. Immunohistochemical characterization showed comparatively high expression of the cell proliferation marker Ki67 and activation of the Wnt signaling in tumor sections obtained from the inulin-fed group. Gut microbiota and metabolite analysis revealed expansion of succinate producers and elevated cecal succinate in inulin-fed mice. Human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT116) proliferated more rapidly when supplemented with succinate in an inflamed environment, suggesting that elevated luminal succinate may contribute to tumorigenesis. CONCLUSIONS Our study uncovers that supplementation of diet with refined inulin induces abnormal succinate accumulation in the intestinal lumen, which in part contributes to promoting colon inflammation and tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangshan Tian
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Devendra Paudel
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Fuhua Hao
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Rabin Neupane
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
| | - Rita Castro
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental TherapeuticsUniversity of ToledoToledoOhioUSA
| | - K. Sandeep Prabhu
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
| | - Vishal Singh
- Department of Nutritional SciencesThe Pennsylvania State UniversityUniversity ParkPennsylvaniaUSA
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5
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Prospect of bacteria for tumor diagnosis and treatment. Life Sci 2022; 312:121215. [PMID: 36414093 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2022.121215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 11/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent decades, the comprehensive cancer treatments including surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy have improved the overall survival rate and quality of life of many cancer patients. However, we are still facing many difficult problems in the cancer treatment, such as unpredictable side effects, high recurrence rate, and poor curative effect. Therefore, the better intervention strategies are needed in this field. In recent years, the role and importance of microbiota in a variety of diseases were focused on as a hot research topic, and the role of some intracellular bacteria of cancer cells in carcinogenesis has recently been discovered. The impact of bacteria on cancer is not limited to their contribution to tumorigenesis, but the overall susceptibility of bacteria to subsequent tumor progression, the development of concurrent infections, and the response to anti-cancer therapy have also been found to be affected. Concerns about the contribution of bacteria in the anti-cancer response have inspired researchers to develop bacteria-based anti-cancer treatments. In this paper, we reviewed the main roles of bacteria in the occurrence and development of tumors, and summarized the mechanism of bacteria in the occurrence, development, and clinical anti-tumor treatment of tumors, providing new insights for the in-depth study of the role of bacteria in tumor diagnosis and treatment. This review aims to provide a new perspective for the development of new technologies based on bacteria to enhance anti-tumor immunotherapy.
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6
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Alam Z, Shang X, Effat K, Kanwal F, He X, Li Y, Xu C, Niu W, War AR, Zhang Y. The potential role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in adjuvant cancer therapy especially colorectal cancer. J Food Biochem 2022; 46:e14302. [PMID: 35816322 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.14302] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2022] [Accepted: 06/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a global health issue that is rising swiftly with younger people and an increased number of patients. The role of human microbiota in the pathophysiology of tumors has been paid more and more attention. Microecologics including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics are among the best validated/proven resources for the application of microbiological prophylaxis and therapy. There is strong evidence that microecologics have anti-cancer activity and their potential association with cancer is significant. In this review, we will focus on the role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in tumor suppression in maintaining the colon barrier, metabolism, immune regulation, inhibition of host tumor cell proliferation, and epidemiological-based recommendations. Besides, other signs illuminate the role of microecological agents to adjunct the cancer treatment and counter the toxic side effects of cancer drugs. In addition, we will explore their role in chemotherapy, where these probiotics can be used as an adjunct to chemotherapy, counteracting the toxic side effects of chemotherapy drugs to minimize or optimize the therapeutic effect. In the treatment of cancer, we can see the role of prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics, and their application in cancer patients, and the effectiveness effect can be considered as a clinical benefit. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: A large number of studies have shown that microecologics including prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics play an important role in regulating intestinal microecology and contribute to the prevention and treatment of cancer, indicating that prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics have the potential to be used as microecological modulators in the adjuvant therapy of cancer. However, it is not clear what is the anti-tumor mechanism of these microecologics and how they antagonize the side effects of cancer chemotherapy and protect normal cells. This paper reviews the role of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in tumor suppression in maintaining the colon barrier, metabolism, immune regulation, and prevention of rapid growth of host cells, as well as their potential role in cancer chemotherapy. This review helps to better understand the relationship between prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics with immune regulation, intestinal microecology, metabolic regulation, and cell proliferation and provides strong evidence for their potential application as microecologics in cancer adjuvant therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahoor Alam
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoya Shang
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Khansa Effat
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Freeha Kanwal
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xiaoqin He
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanye Li
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Chunlan Xu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Weining Niu
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Abdul Rouf War
- School of Life Sciences, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Surgical Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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7
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Qiu Z, Qiao Y, Zhang B, Sun-Waterhouse D, Zheng Z. Bioactive polysaccharides and oligosaccharides from garlic (Allium sativum L.): Production, physicochemical and biological properties, and structure-function relationships. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2022; 21:3033-3095. [PMID: 35765769 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12972] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Garlic is a common food, and many of its biological functions are attributed to its components including functional carbohydrates. Garlic polysaccharides and oligosaccharides as main components are understudied but have future value due to the growing demand for bioactive polysaccharides/oligosaccharides from natural sources. Garlic polysaccharides have molecular weights of 1 × 103 to 2 × 106 Da, containing small amounts of pectins and fructooligosaccharides and large amounts of inulin-type fructans ((2→1)-linked β-d-Fruf backbones alone or with attached (2→6)-linked β-d-Fruf branched chains). This article provides a detailed review of research progress and identifies knowledge gaps in extraction, production, composition, molecular characteristics, structural features, physicochemical properties, bioactivities, and structure-function relationships of garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides. Whether the extraction processes, synthesis approaches, and modification methods established for other non-garlic polysaccharides are also effective for garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (to preserve their desired molecular structures and bioactivities) requires verification. The metabolic processes of ingested garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides (as food ingredients/dietary supplements), their modes of action in healthy humans or populations with chronic conditions, and molecular/chain organization-bioactivity relationships remain unclear. Future research directions related to garlic polysaccharides/oligosaccharides are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhichang Qiu
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Yiteng Qiao
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
| | - Dongxiao Sun-Waterhouse
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China.,School of Chemical Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Zhenjia Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Food Processing Technology and Quality Control of Shandong Higher Education Institutes, College of Food Science and Engineering, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, China
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8
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Dey P, Ray Chaudhuri S. Cancer-Associated Microbiota: From Mechanisms of Disease Causation to Microbiota-Centric Anti-Cancer Approaches. BIOLOGY 2022; 11:757. [PMID: 35625485 PMCID: PMC9138768 DOI: 10.3390/biology11050757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2022] [Revised: 05/08/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Helicobacter pylori infection is the only well-established bacterial cause of cancer. However, due to the integral role of tissue-resident commensals in maintaining tissue-specific immunometabolic homeostasis, accumulated evidence suggests that an imbalance of tissue-resident microbiota that are otherwise considered as commensals, can also promote various types of cancers. Therefore, the present review discusses compelling evidence linking tissue-resident microbiota (especially gut bacteria) with cancer initiation and progression. Experimental evidence supporting the cancer-causing role of gut commensal through the modulation of host-specific processes (e.g., bile acid metabolism, hormonal effects) or by direct DNA damage and toxicity has been discussed. The opportunistic role of commensal through pathoadaptive mutation and overcoming colonization resistance is discussed, and how chronic inflammation triggered by microbiota could be an intermediate in cancer-causing infections has been discussed. Finally, we discuss microbiota-centric strategies, including fecal microbiota transplantation, proven to be beneficial in preventing and treating cancers. Collectively, this review provides a comprehensive understanding of the role of tissue-resident microbiota, their cancer-promoting potentials, and how beneficial bacteria can be used against cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyankar Dey
- Department of Biotechnology, Thapar Institute of Engineering and Technology, Patiala 147004, India
| | - Saumya Ray Chaudhuri
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), Institute of Microbial Technology, Chandigarh 160036, India;
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9
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Antitumor bioactivity and gut microbiota modulation of polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) in a rat animal model for colorectal cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2022; 203:638-649. [PMID: 35090944 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2022.01.112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 01/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Polyhydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a non-toxic polyhydroxyalkanoate polymer produced by several microorganisms, widely used as a biological substitute for plastics derived from fossil hydrocarbons. In this work, PHB polymer has been tested in an animal model for colorectal cancer. In the animal model, PHB has been able to reduce the number of polyps by 48,1%, and the tumoral extension area by 58,1%. Also, PHB induces a selective increase in beneficial gut bacterial taxons in this animal model, and a selective reduction in pro-inflammatory taxons, demonstrating its value as a nutraceutical compound. This antitumor effect is caused by gut production of 3-hydroxybutyrate and butyrate. In this animal model, 3-hydroxybutyrate is also observed in plasma and in brain tissue, after PHB consumption, making PHB supplementation interesting as a bioactive compound in other extraintestinal conditions, as 3-hydroxybutyrate has been reported to enhance brain and cognitive function, cardiac performance, appetite suppression and diabetes. Therefore, PHB could be postulated as an interesting non-polysaccharide antitumor prebiotic, paving the way towards its future use in functional foods.
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10
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de Souza JB, Brelaz-de-Castro MCA, Cavalcanti IMF. Strategies for the treatment of colorectal cancer caused by gut microbiota. Life Sci 2021; 290:120202. [PMID: 34896161 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.120202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 11/19/2021] [Accepted: 11/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC), also named as colon and rectal or bowel cancer, is one of the leading neoplasia diagnosed in the world. Genetic sequencing studies of microorganisms from the intestinal microbiota of patients with CRC revealed that changes in its composition occur with the development of the disease, which can play a fundamental role in its development, being mediated by the production of metabolites and toxins that damage enterocytes. Some microorganisms are frequently reported in the literature as the main agents of this process, such as the bacteria Fusobacterium nucleatum, Escherichia coli and Bacteroides fragilis. Thus, understanding the mechanisms and function of each microorganism in CRC is essential for the development of treatment tools that focus on the gut microbiota. This review verifies current research aimed at evaluating the microorganisms present in the microbiota that can influence the development of CRC, as well as possible forms of treatment that can prevent the initiation and/or spread of this disease. Due to the incidence of CRC, alternatives have been launched considering factors beyond those already known in the disease development, such as diet, fecal microbiota transplantation, use of probiotics and antibiotics, which have been widely studied for this purpose. However, despite being promising, the studies that focus on the development of new therapeutic approaches targeting the microorganisms that cause CRC still need to be improved and better developed, involving new techniques to elucidate the effectiveness and safety of these new methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaqueline Barbosa de Souza
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil
| | | | - Isabella Macário Ferro Cavalcanti
- Laboratory of Immunopathology Keizo Asami (LIKA), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Recife, PE, Brazil; Laboratory of Microbiology and Immunology, Academic Center of Vitória (CAV), Federal University of Pernambuco (UFPE), Vitória de Santo Antão, PE, Brazil.
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11
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de Moura NA, Caetano BFR, Bidinotto LT, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Synbiotic supplementation attenuates the promoting effect of indole-3-carbinol on colon tumorigenesis. Benef Microbes 2021; 12:493-501. [PMID: 34463193 DOI: 10.3920/bm2020.0209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Indole-3 carbinol (I3C) has shown dual effects on the promotion and progression stages of colon carcinogenesis while synbiotics (Syn) have exerted anti-carcinogenic activities in most rodent studies. This study aimed to investigate the effects of I3C given alone or together with a Syn intervention on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH)-induced colon carcinogenesis. All animals were given four subcutaneous DMH injections (4×40 mg/kg bodyweight, twice a week for two weeks) and then received either basal diet (G1), basal diet containing I3C (1g/kg chow) (G2) or basal diet containing I3C+Syn (I3C + inulin 50g/kg chow + Bifidobacterium lactis BB-12®), 2.5×1010 cfu/g of basal diet), (G3) for 21 weeks. Dietary I3C (G2) significantly increased tumour volume and cell proliferation when compared to the DMH control group (G1). Syn intervention (G3) significantly reduced tumour volume and cell proliferation when compared to I3C (G2). The colon tumours found were classified into well-differentiated tubular adenomas or adenocarcinomas. Dietary I3C or I3C+Syn did not significantly affect the incidence and the multiplicity of tumours in comparison with the DMH control group. Furthermore, Syn intervention (G3) increased Gstm1 and reduced Mapk9 gene expression in colonic tumours. The findings of the present study show that the dietary I3C shows a weak promoting activity, while the combination with Syn ameliorates I3C effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- N A de Moura
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - B F R Caetano
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L T Bidinotto
- Molecular Oncology Research Center, Barretos Cancer Hospital, Barretos, SP, Brazil.,Barretos School of Health Sciences, Dr. Paulo Prata - FACISB, Barretos, SP, Brazil.,Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - M A M Rodrigues
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - L F Barbisan
- Department of Structural and Functional Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Sao Paulo State University (UNESP), Prof. Dr. Antônio Celso Wagner Zanin 250, Distrito de Rubião Junior, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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12
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Ren L, Ye J, Zhao B, Sun J, Cao P, Yang Y. The Role of Intestinal Microbiota in Colorectal Cancer. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:674807. [PMID: 33959032 PMCID: PMC8093878 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.674807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is a multifactorial disease involving genetic, environmental, and lifestyle risk factors. Intestinal microbiota plays an important role in the occurrence and development of colorectal cancer. Studies have shown that the behavior of intestinal microbiota can lead to pathological changes in the host intestine, which can be divided into epigenetic changes and carcinogenic changes at the gene level, and ultimately promote the formation and development of colorectal cancer. Intestinal microbiota is mainly distributed in the intestinal epithelium, which is composed of a large number of microorganisms interacting with the host intestinal cells. It can affect the immune-inflammation and metabolism of the gastrointestinal tract, and may be used as a biomarker for disease diagnosis. Regulation of gut microbiota is a promising strategy for the prevention and treatment of colorectal cancer. This article reviews the role of intestinal microbiota in the development of colorectal cancer, including the related mechanisms of intestinal microbiota promoting colorectal cancer, the use of intestinal microbiota in the diagnosis of colorectal cancer, and the regulation of intestinal microbiota in the prevention or treatment of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Ren
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Juan Ye
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Bing Zhao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Jinbing Sun
- Department of General Surgery, Changshu No. 1 People's Hospital, Affiliated Changshu Hospital of Soochow University, Changshu, China
| | - Peng Cao
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Affiliated Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Jiangsu Key Laboratory for Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Chinese Materia Medica, Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, China.,Yangtze River Pharmaceutical Group, Taizhou, China
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13
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Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka K, Daca A, Fic M, van de Wetering T, Folwarski M, Makarewicz W. Therapeutic methods of gut microbiota modification in colorectal cancer management - fecal microbiota transplantation, prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics. Gut Microbes 2020; 11:1518-1530. [PMID: 32453670 PMCID: PMC7524363 DOI: 10.1080/19490976.2020.1764309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The link between gut microbiota and the development of colorectal cancer has been investigated. An imbalance in the gut microbiota promotes the progress of colorectal carcinogenesis via multiple mechanisms, including inflammation, activation of carcinogens, and tumorigenic pathways as well as damaging host DNA. Several therapeutic methods are available with which to alter the composition and the activity of gut microbiota, such as administration of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics; these can confer various benefits for colorectal cancer patients. Nowadays, fecal microbiota transplantation is the most modern way of modulating the gut microbiota. Even though data regarding fecal microbiota transplantation in colorectal cancer patients are still rather limited, it has been approved as a clinical method of treatment-recurrent Clostridium difficile infection, which may also occur in these patients. The major benefits of fecal microbiota transplantation include modulation of immunotherapy efficacy, amelioration of bile acid metabolism, and restoration of intestinal microbial diversity. Nonetheless, more studies are needed to assess the long-term effects of fecal microbiota transplantation. In this review, the impact of gut microbiota on the efficiency of anti-cancer therapy and colorectal cancer patients' overall survival is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland,CONTACT Karolina Kaźmierczak-Siedlecka ul. Smoluchowskiego 17, 80-214 Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Daca
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Rheumatology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Mateusz Fic
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Biochemistry, Pomeranian Medical University Szczecin, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Thierry van de Wetering
- Department of Medical Laboratory Diagnostics - Biobank, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Marcin Folwarski
- Department of Clinical Nutrition and Dietetics, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
| | - Wojciech Makarewicz
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Gdańsk, Poland
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14
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Structure and Function of Bovine Whey Derived Oligosaccharides Showing Synbiotic Epithelial Barrier Protective Properties. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12072007. [PMID: 32640639 PMCID: PMC7400958 DOI: 10.3390/nu12072007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Revised: 06/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Commensal gut microbiota and probiotics have numerous effects on the host’s metabolic and protective systems, which occur primarily through the intestinal epithelial cell interface. Prebiotics, like galacto-oligosaccharides (GOS) are widely used to modulate their function and abundance. However, important structure–function relations may exist, requiring a detailed structural characterization. Here, we detailed the structural characterization of bovine whey derived oligosaccharide preparations enriched with GOS or not, dubbed GOS-enriched milk oligosaccharides (GMOS) or MOS, respectively. We explore GMOS’s and MOS’s potential to improve intestinal epithelial barrier function, assessed in a model based on barrier disruptive effects of the Clostridioides difficile toxin A. GMOS and MOS contain mainly GOS species composed of β1-6- and β1-3-linked galactoses, and 3′- and 6′-sialyllactose. Both GMOS and MOS, combined with lactobacilli, like Lactobacillus rhamnosus (LPR, NCC4007), gave synergistic epithelial barrier protection, while no such effect was observed with Bifidobacterium longum (BL NCC3001), Escherichia coli (Nissle) or fructo-oligosaccharides. Mechanistically, for barrier protection with MOS, (i) viable LPR was required, (ii) acidification of growth medium was not enough, (iii) LPR did not directly neutralize toxin A, and (iv) physical proximity of LPR with the intestinal epithelial cells was necessary. This is the first study, highlighting the importance of structure–function specificity and the necessity of the simultaneous presence of prebiotic, probiotic and host cell interactions required for a biological effect.
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15
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Seesaha PK, Chen X, Wu X, Xu H, Li C, Jheengut Y, Zhao F, Liu L, Zhang D. The interplay between dietary factors, gut microbiome and colorectal cancer: a new era of colorectal cancer prevention. Future Oncol 2020; 16:293-306. [PMID: 32067473 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2019-0552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer is the third most common cancer in the world and its incidence is on the rise. Dietary intervention has emerged as an attractive strategy to curtail its occurrence and progression. Diet is known to influence the gut microbiome, as dietary factors and gut bacteria can act in concert to cause or protect from colorectal cancer. Several studies have presented evidence for such interactions and have pointed out the different ways by which the diet and gut microbiome can be altered to produce beneficial effects. This review article aims to summarize the interrelationship between diet, gut flora and colorectal cancer so that a better preventive approach can be applied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poshita Kumari Seesaha
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Chen
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Xiaofeng Wu
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Hongxia Xu
- Department of Nutrition, Third Military Medical University Daping Hospital & Research Institute of Surgery, Chongqing 400042, Sichuan, PR China
| | - Changxian Li
- Hepatobiliary Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yogesh Jheengut
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Fengjiao Zhao
- Oncology Department, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Li Liu
- School of Public Health, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, PR China
| | - Diancai Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, Jiangsu, PR China
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16
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Barathikannan K, Chelliah R, Rubab M, Daliri EBM, Elahi F, Kim DH, Agastian P, Oh SY, Oh DH. Gut Microbiome Modulation Based on Probiotic Application for Anti-Obesity: A Review on Efficacy and Validation. Microorganisms 2019; 7:microorganisms7100456. [PMID: 31623075 PMCID: PMC6843309 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms7100456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2019] [Revised: 09/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The growing prevalence of obesity has become an important problem worldwide as obesity has several health risks. Notably, factors such as excessive food consumption, a sedentary way of life, high sugar consumption, a fat-rich diet, and a certain genetic profile may lead to obesity. The present review brings together recent advances regarding the significance of interventions involving intestinal gut bacteria and host metabolic phenotypes. We assess important biological molecular mechanisms underlying the impact of gut microbiota on hosts including bile salt metabolism, short-chain fatty acids, and metabolic endotoxemia. Some previous studies have shown a link between microbiota and obesity, and associated disease reports have been documented. Thus, this review focuses on obesity and gut microbiota interactions and further develops the mechanism of the gut microbiome approach related to human obesity. Specifically, we highlight several alternative diet treatments including dietary changes and supplementation with probiotics. The future direction or comparative significance of fecal transplantation, synbiotics, and metabolomics as an approach to the modulation of intestinal microbes is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaliyan Barathikannan
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Ramachandran Chelliah
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Momna Rubab
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Eric Banan-Mwine Daliri
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Fazle Elahi
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Dong-Hwan Kim
- Kangwon Institute of Inclusive Technology, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
| | - Paul Agastian
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, Loyola College, Chennai 600-034, India.
| | - Seong-Yoon Oh
- Three & Four Co., Ltd., 992-15, Jusan-ri, Hojeo-myeon, Wonju-si 26460, Korea.
| | - Deog Hwan Oh
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do 24341, Korea.
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17
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Fernández J, Ledesma E, Monte J, Millán E, Costa P, de la Fuente VG, García MTF, Martínez-Camblor P, Villar CJ, Lombó F. Traditional Processed Meat Products Re-designed Towards Inulin-rich Functional Foods Reduce Polyps in Two Colorectal Cancer Animal Models. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14783. [PMID: 31616028 PMCID: PMC6794276 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-51437-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2019] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Inulin-rich foods exert a prebiotic effect, as this polysaccharide is able to enhance beneficial colon microbiota populations, giving rise to the in situ production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) such as propionic and butyric acids. These SCFAs are potent preventive agents against colorectal cancer due to their histone deacetylases inhibitory properties, which induce apoptosis in tumor colonocytes. As colorectal cancer is the fourth most common neoplasia in Europe with 28.2 new cases per 100,000 inhabitants, a cost-effective preventive strategy has been tested in this work by redesigning common porcine meat products (chorizo sausages and cooked ham) consumed by a substantial proportion of the population towards potential colorectal cancer preventive functional foods. In order to test the preventive effect of these inulin-rich meat products against colorectal cancer, an animal model (Rattus norvegicus F344) was used, involving two doses of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) and two treatments with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) during a 20-week assay period. Control feed, control sausages, functional sausages (15.7% inulin), control cooked ham and functional cooked ham (10% inulin) were used to feed the corresponding animal cohorts. Then, the animals were sacrificed and their digestive tract tissues were analyzed. The results showed a statistically significant 49% reduction in the number of colon polyps in the functional meat products cohorts with respect to the control meat products animals, as well as an increase in the cecum weight (an indicator of a diet rich in prebiotic fiber), a 51.8% increase in colon propionate production, a 39.1% increase in colon butyrate concentrations, and a reduction in the number of hyperplastic Peyer's patches. Metagenomics studies also demonstrated colon microbiota differences, revealing a significant increase in Bacteroidetes populations in the functional meat products (mainly due to an increase in Bacteroidaceae and Prevotellaceae families, which include prominent propionate producers), together with a reduction in Firmicutes (especially due to lower Lachnospiraceae populations). However, functional meat products showed a remarkable increase in the anti-inflammatory and fiber-fermentative Blautia genus, which belongs to this Lachnospiraceae family. The functional meat products cohorts also presented a reduction in important pro-inflammatory bacterial populations, such as those of the genus Desulfovibrio and Bilophila. These results were corroborated in a genetic animal model of CRC (F344/NSlc-Apc1588/kyo) that produced similar results. Therefore, processed meat products can be redesigned towards functional prebiotic foods of interest as a cost-effective dietary strategy for preventing colorectal cancer in human populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Estefanía Ledesma
- El Hórreo Healthy Foods SL. Polígono de Granda 17, 33199, Siero, Spain
| | - Joaquín Monte
- El Hórreo Healthy Foods SL. Polígono de Granda 17, 33199, Siero, Spain
| | - Enric Millán
- COSFER SA, C/Isaac Peral 2, Can Castells, 08420, Canovelles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro Costa
- COSFER SA, C/Isaac Peral 2, Can Castells, 08420, Canovelles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Vanessa García de la Fuente
- Molecular Histopathology Unit in Animal Models for Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - María Teresa Fernández García
- Molecular Histopathology Unit in Animal Models for Cancer, Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias (IUOPA), Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Pablo Martínez-Camblor
- Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth, Dartmouth College, Hannover, NH, 03755, New Hampshire, USA
| | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo. Avda. Julián Clavería, 7, 33006, Oviedo, Spain.
- IUOPA (Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain.
- ISPA (Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias), Oviedo, Spain.
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18
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Arora M, Baldi A, Kapila N, Bhandari S, Jeet K. Impact of Probiotics and Prebiotics on Colon Cancer: Mechanistic Insights and Future Approaches. CURRENT CANCER THERAPY REVIEWS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1573394714666180724122042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Colon cancer is one of the most common and most diagnosed types of cancer. It is a
major cause of increased rate of morbidity and mortality across the globe. Currently, the focus has
been shifted towards natural remedies for the treatment of colon cancer. These new methods of
treatment include prebiotics and probiotics, as they offer great potential for alleviating symptoms
of cancer. These are more promising and have lesser side effects than existing medications. Probiotics
are living organisms which confer health benefits when ingested into adequate amounts.
Prebiotics are non-digestible ingredients which promote the growth of beneficial bacteria, which
produce metabolites for stimulation of apoptosis of colonic cancer cell lines. Apart from it,
prebiotics are helpful to modify the activity of enzymes to be produced by beneficial bacteria as
well as for inhibition of several bacteria able to produce carcinogenic enzymes. This review has
been collated to present tremendous benefits and future potential of pro- and prebiotics in the
treatment of colon cancer and to overview the mechanisms of probiotic actions along with their
impact on humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Arora
- Multi Disciplinary Research Unit, Guru Gobind Singh Medical College and Hospital, Faridkot, Punjab, India
| | - Ashish Baldi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Technology, Maharaja Ranjit Singh Punjab Technical University, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Nitesh Kapila
- Department of Quality Assurance, Faculty of Pharmacy, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Saurav Bhandari
- Department of Quality Assurance, Faculty of Pharmacy, I.S.F. College of Pharmacy, Moga, Punjab, India
| | - Kamal Jeet
- IKG Punjab Technical University, Jalandhar, Punjab, India
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19
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Gavresea F, Vagianos C, Korontzi M, Sotiropoulou G, Dadioti P, Triantafillidis JK, Papalois AE. Beneficial effect of synbiotics on experimental colon cancer in rats. TURKISH JOURNAL OF GASTROENTEROLOGY 2019; 29:494-501. [PMID: 30249566 DOI: 10.5152/tjg.2018.17469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of a synbiotic preparation (a mixture of six probiotics and a prebiotic) on aberrant crypt foci (ACF) formation, dysplasia, inflammation, and colitis-like lesions in experimental colon cancer in rats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Sixty male rats were categorized into three groups of 20 animals each. Group A was administered 1,2-dimethylydrazine, 15 mg/kg body weight (BW), once a week for 2 weeks. Group B was administered 1,2-dimethylydrazine at the same dose plus synbiotic, started after the second dose of carcinogen and lasted for 5 weeks. Group C was administered synbiotic plus carcinogen from the beginning of the experiment and lasted for 7 weeks. Animals were killed at the end of week 7. RESULTS At the end of the experiment, the animals that received carcinogen plus the synbiotic had 100%, whereas the animals that received only carcinogen has 70% survival. Animals of groups B and C had significantly lower percentage of inflammation, colitis-like lesions, and ACF dysplasia than animals of group A, whereas those of group C had the least pathological lesions. CONCLUSION Synbiotics seem to protect against the appearance of preneoplastic colon lesions in rats. The results of this experimental study suggest that treatment with a synbiotic preparation exerts significant antimutagenic properties against the development of preneoplastic lesions in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fani Gavresea
- Department of Pathology, Metaxas Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
| | - Costas Vagianos
- Department of Surgery, University of Athens Laiko Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Korontzi
- Experimental-Research Laboratory, ELPEN Pharma, Athens, Greece
| | | | - Petroula Dadioti
- Department of Pathology, Metaxas Cancer Hospital, Piraeus, Greece
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20
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Sharma R, Kumari M, Kumari A, Sharma A, Gulati A, Gupta M, Padwad Y. Diet supplemented with phytochemical epigallocatechin gallate and probiotic Lactobacillus fermentum confers second generation synbiotic effects by modulating cellular immune responses and antioxidant capacity in aging mice. Eur J Nutr 2019; 58:2943-2957. [DOI: 10.1007/s00394-018-01890-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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21
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Fernández J, Moreno FJ, Olano A, Clemente A, Villar CJ, Lombó F. A Galacto-Oligosaccharides Preparation Derived From Lactulose Protects Against Colorectal Cancer Development in an Animal Model. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:2004. [PMID: 30233512 PMCID: PMC6127505 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.02004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common neoplasias worldwide, and its incidence is increasing. Consumption of prebiotics is a useful strategy in order to prevent this important disease. These nutraceutical compounds might exert protective biological functions as antitumors. In order to test the chemopreventive effect of GOS-Lu (galacto-oligosaccharides derived from lactulose) prebiotic preparation against this cancer, an animal model (Rattus norvegicus F344) was used. In this model, two doses of azoxymethane (10 mg/kg) and two treatments with dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) were administered to the animals. Animals were fed for 20 weeks, and either control drinking water or drinking water containing 10% (w/w) GOS-Lu prebiotic preparation was provided to them. Animals were sacrificed after those 20 weeks, and their digestive tract tissues were analyzed. The results revealed a statistically significant reduction in the number of colon tumors in the GOS-Lu cohort with respect to control animals. Metagenomics sequencing was used for studying colon microbiota populations, revealing significant reductions in populations of pro-inflammatory bacteria families and species, and significant increases in interesting beneficial populations, such as Bifidobacterium. Therefore, oral administration of the prebiotic GOS-Lu preparation may be an effective strategy for preventing CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier Fernández
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - F J Moreno
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Agustín Olano
- Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CIAL-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Claudio J Villar
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
| | - Felipe Lombó
- Research Unit "Biotechnology in Nutraceuticals and Bioactive Compounds-BIONUC", Departamento de Biología Funcional, Área de Microbiología, Universidad de Oviedo, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto Universitario de Oncología del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain.,Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Principado de Asturias, Oviedo, Spain
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22
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Rea D, Coppola G, Palma G, Barbieri A, Luciano A, Del Prete P, Rossetti S, Berretta M, Facchini G, Perdonà S, Turco MC, Arra C. Microbiota effects on cancer: from risks to therapies. Oncotarget 2018; 9:17915-17927. [PMID: 29707157 PMCID: PMC5915165 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 02/27/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota, a group of 1014 bacteria, eukaryotes and virus living in gastrointestinal tract, is crucial for many physiological processes in particular plays an important role in inflammatory and immune reactions. Several internal and external factors can influence this population, and shifts in their composition, have been demonstrated to contribute and affect different diseases. During dysbiosis several bacteria related to inflammation, one of the most necessary factors in carcinogenesis; it has been shown that some bacterial strains through deregulation of different signals/pathways may affect tumor development through the production of many factors. Gut microbiota might be considered as a holistic hub point for cancer development: direct and indirect involvements have been studying in several neoplasms such as colon rectal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma and breast cancer. This review discuss over the evidence of crosstalk between gut microbiota and cancer, its ability to modulate chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy, and the possibility that the intestinal microbial is a new target for therapeutic approaches to improve the prognosis and quality of life of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Domenica Rea
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giovanni Coppola
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Palma
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Luciano
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Paola Del Prete
- Direzione Scientifica, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sabrina Rossetti
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Berretta
- Department of Medical Oncology, CRO- Aviano, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gaetano Facchini
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Uro-Gynaecological Oncology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Sisto Perdonà
- Department of Urology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Caterina Turco
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Claudio Arra
- S.S.D Sperimentazione Animale, Istituto Nazionale Tumori, IRCCS, “Fondazione G. Pascale”, Naples, Italy
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RETRACTED CHAPTER: Changing Paradigm of Probiotics from Functional Foods to Biotherapeutic Agents. Microb Biotechnol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-7140-9_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
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Metabolic role of lactobacilli in weight modification in humans and animals. Microb Pathog 2017; 106:182-194. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2016.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Karami M. The effect of zinc and vitamin B12
together with thyme and Aloe vera
extracts on the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus
LA-5®
and physicochemical properties of Iranian yoghurt drink (Doogh). INT J DAIRY TECHNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/1471-0307.12409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Karami
- Faculty of Food Science and Technology; Bu-Ali Sina University of Hamedan; Hamedan 6516613491 Iran
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Colon microbiota fermentation of dietary prebiotics towards short-chain fatty acids and their roles as anti-inflammatory and antitumour agents: A review. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
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Yu AQ, Li L. The Potential Role of Probiotics in Cancer Prevention and Treatment. Nutr Cancer 2016; 68:535-44. [PMID: 27144297 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2016.1158300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The human gut microbiota has a significant effect on many aspects of human physiology such as metabolism, nutrient absorption, and immune function. Imbalance of the microbiota has been implicated in many disorders including inflammatory bowel disease, obesity, asthma, psychiatric illnesses, and cancers. As a kind of functional foods, probiotics have been shown to play a protective role against cancer development in animal models. Clinical application of probiotics indicated that some probiotic strains could diminish the incidence of postoperative inflammation in cancer patients. Chemotherapy or radiotherapy-related diarrhea was relieved in patients who were administered oral probiotics. The present review summarizes the up-to-date studies on probiotic effects and the underlying mechanisms related to cancer. At present, it is commonly accepted that most commercial probiotic products are generally safe and can improve the health of the host. By modulating intestinal microbiota and immune response, some strains of probiotics can be used as an adjuvant for cancer prevention or/and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ai-Qun Yu
- a Institute of Psychology, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,b Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Sciences , Beijing , China.,c Shanghai Lida Polytechnic Institute , Shanghai , China
| | - Lianqin Li
- d Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Yantai Affiliated Hospital of Binzhou Medical University , Yantai , China
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Xie J, Yu Q, Nie S, Fan S, Xiong T, Xie M. Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum NCU116 on Intestine Mucosal Immunity in Immunosuppressed Mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2015; 63:10914-10920. [PMID: 26651209 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.5b04757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The effects of Lactobacillus plantarum (L. plantarum) NCU116 isolated from pickled vegetables on intestine mucosal immunity in cyclophosphamide treated mice were investigated. Animals were divided into six groups: normal group (NIM), immunosuppression group (IM), immunosuppression plus L. plantarum NCU116 groups with three different doses (NCU-H, NCU-M, and NCU-L), and plus Bifidobacterium BB12 as positive control group (BB12). Results showed that the thymus indexes of the four treatment groups were significantly higher than that of the IM group (2.02 ± 0.16) (p < 0.05) and close to the index of the NIM group (2.61 ± 0.37) at 10 days. The level of immune factor IL-2 notably increased (IM, 121 ± 9.0) (p < 0.05) and was close to 65% of NIM group's level (230 ± 10.7). The levels of other immune factors (IFN-γ, IL-10, IL-12p70, and sIgA), the gene expression levels of IL-2 and IFN-γ, and the number of IgA-secreting cells showed similar patterns (p < 0.05). However, the level of immune factor IL-4 remarkably decreased (IM, 128 ± 10.2) (p < 0.05) and was only approximately 50% of the NIM group (154 ± 18.2). The levels of other immune factors (IL-6 and IgE) and the gene expression level of IL-6 at 10 days exhibited similar changes (p < 0.05) but showed a slight recovery at 20 days, accompanied by the altered protein expression levels of T-bet and GATA-3 in the small intestine. These findings suggest that L. plantarum NCU116 enhanced the immunity of the small intestine in the immunosuppressed mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junhua Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Qiang Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Shaoping Nie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Songtao Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Tao Xiong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
| | - Mingyong Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, Nanchang University , 235 Nanjing East Road, Nanchang 330047, China
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Mohania D, Kansal VK, Kruzliak P, Kumari A. Probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum modulates the formation of aberrant crypt foci, mucin-depleted foci, and cell proliferation on 1,2-dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal carcinogenesis in Wistar rats. Rejuvenation Res 2015; 17:325-33. [PMID: 24524423 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2013.1537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-depleted foci (MDF) are pre-neoplastic lesions identified in the colon of carcinogen-treated rodents and in humans at high risk for colon cancer. The present study was carried out to divulge the protective potential of the probiotic Dahi containing Lactobacillus acidophilus LaVK2 and Bifidobacterium bifidum BbVK3 alone or in combination with piroxicam (PXC) on the development of early biomarkers of colorectal carcinogenesis in male Wistar rats administered 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). DMH was injected subcutaneously at the rate of 40 mg/kg body weight per animal twice a week for 2 weeks. A total of 120 male Wistar rats were randomly allocated to five groups, each group having 24 animals. The rats were fed with buffalo milk or probiotic supplement (20 grams) alone or as an adjunct with PXC in addition to a basal diet ad libitum for 32 weeks. Group I was offered buffalo milk (BM) and served as the control group. Group II was administered DMH along with BM and served as the DMH-control group; group III was administered BM-DMH-PXC, in which besides administering BM-DMH, PXC was also offered. Group IV was offered probiotic LaBb Dahi and DMH, and group V was offered both probiotic LaBb Dahi and PXC along with DMH. The rats were euthanized at the 8(th), 16(th), and 32(nd) week of the experiment and examined for development of ACF, aberrant crypts per ACF (AC/ACF), mucin-depleted foci (MDF), large MDF, and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) labeling index. Administration of DMH in rats induced pre-neoplastic lesions (ACF and MDF) and increased the PCNA index in colorectal tissue. A significant (p<0.05) reduction in the number of ACF, AC/ACF, MDF, large MDF, and PCNA labeling index were observed in the probiotic LaBb Dahi group compared with the DMH control group. Feeding rats with LaBb Dahi or treatment with PXC diminished the initiation and progression of DMH-induced pre-neoplastic lesions and the PCNA index, and treatment with LaBb Dahi and PXC combined was significantly more effective. The dietary intervention of probiotics and PXC significantly protects against the development of CRC in the rat-DMH model. These observations suggest that probiotic LaBb Dahi alone or as an adjunct with PXC may have anti-neoplastic and anti-proliferative activities. Moreover, probiotic LaBb Dahi possesses the medicinal properties to prevent colorectal carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dheeraj Mohania
- 1 Animal Biochemistry Division, National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) , Karnal, Haryana, India
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Štofilová J, Szabadosová V, Hrčková G, Salaj R, Bertková I, Hijová E, Strojný L, Bomba A. Co-administration of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 CCM7766 with prebiotic inulin alleviates the intestinal inflammation in rats exposed to N,N-dimethylhydrazine. Int Immunopharmacol 2014; 24:361-368. [PMID: 25536541 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2014.12.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2014] [Revised: 12/09/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the anti-inflammatory effects of preventive administration of a probiotic strain Lactobacillus plantarum LS/07 CCM7766 alone or in combination with prebiotic inulin or with flax-seed oil in the gut of rats, which developed chronic inflammation following administration of the pro-carcinogen N,N-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). After 28weeks administration of probiotic/prebiotic-containing diet, rats were killed and their colons were examined by immunohistological criteria, whereas cytokines were determined in the jejunal mucosa. Application of DMH triggered the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-2, IL-6, IL-17, and TNF-α, expression of pro-inflammatory mediators NF-κB, COX-2 and iNOS and caused depletion of goblet cells. Supplementing the diet with L. plantarum and its combination with the prebiotic abolished DMH-induced inflammatory process in the jejunal mucosa by inhibiting the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines and by stimulation of anti-inflammatory IL-10 cytokine synthesis, whereas concentration of TGF-β1 was not influenced significantly. Diet prevented a decrease in goblet cell numbers but numbers of mast cells were lowered only moderately. However, combined treatment of rats with L. plantarum and flax-seed oil had no significant effect on the parameters examined, except for decreased expression of NF-κB, in comparison with the negative control. Results indicate that the preventive administration of probiotic L. plantarum LS/07 CCM7766 alone or in combination with prebiotic inulin to rats with DMH-induced chronic inflammation can reduce inflammatory process in the jejunal and colon mucosa, probably indirectly, and involves down-regulation of synthesis of pro-inflammatory cytokines and suppression of NF-κB activity in mucosal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Štofilová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Viktória Szabadosová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Gabriela Hrčková
- Department of Experimental Pharmacology, Institute of Parasitology of the Slovak Academy of Sciences, Hlinkova 3, 04001 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Rastislav Salaj
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Izabela Bertková
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Emília Hijová
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Ladislav Strojný
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
| | - Alojz Bomba
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, University of P.J. Šafárik, Trieda SNP 1, 04011 Košice, Slovak Republic
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Vogt L, Meyer D, Pullens G, Faas M, Smelt M, Venema K, Ramasamy U, Schols HA, De Vos P. Immunological Properties of Inulin-Type Fructans. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2014; 55:414-36. [DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2012.656772] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Serban DE. Gastrointestinal cancers: influence of gut microbiota, probiotics and prebiotics. Cancer Lett 2014; 345:258-70. [PMID: 23981580 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2013] [Accepted: 08/13/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract continue to represent a major health problem, despite progress in therapy. Gut microbiota is a key element related to the genesis of GI cancers, countless papers addressing this burning issue across the world. We provide an updated knowledge of the involvement of gut microbiota in GI tumorigenesis, including its underlying mechanisms. We present also a comprehensive review of the evidence from animal and clinical studies using probiotics and/or prebiotics in the prevention and/or therapy of GI tumours, of GI cancer therapy-related toxicity and of post-operative complications. We summarize the anticarcinogenic mechanisms of these biotherapeutics from in vitro, animal and clinical interventions. More research is required to reveal the interactions of microflora with genetic, epigenetic and immunologic factors, diet and age, before any firm conclusion be drawn. Well-designed, randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled human studies using probiotics and/or prebiotics, with adequate follow-up are necessary in order to formulate directions for prevention and therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Elena Serban
- "Iuliu Hatieganu" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Second Pediatric Clinic, Emergency Children's Hospital, Cluj-Napoca, Romania.
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Pericleous M, Mandair D, Caplin ME. Diet and supplements and their impact on colorectal cancer. J Gastrointest Oncol 2013; 4:409-23. [PMID: 24294513 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2078-6891.2013.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2012] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Colorectal cancer is the third commonest cancer and the third leading cause of cancer death among men and women. It has been proposed that dietary factors are responsible for 70-90% of colorectal cancer and diet optimization may prevent most cases. AIM To evaluate the role of dietary components and supplements in colorectal cancer. METHODS Bibliographical searches were performed in Pubmed for the terms "diet and colorectal cancer", "diet and colon cancer", "diet and rectal cancer", "nutrition and colorectal cancer", "probiotics and colorectal cancer", "prebiotics and colorectal cancer", "alcohol and cancer" and "colorectal cancer epidemiology". RESULTS Consumption of processed or red meat, especially when cooked at high temperatures may be associated with increased risk of colorectal cancer. The evidence for dietary fibre is unclear but foods that contain high amounts of fibre are usually rich in polyphenols which have been shown to alter molecular processes that can encourage colorectal carcinogenesis. Meta-analyses provide evidence on the benefits of circulating, diet-derived and supplemented, vitamin D and Calcium. We also found that diets rich in Folate may prevent colorectal carcinoma. The evidence on dietary micronutrients such as Zinc and Selenium in association with colorectal cancer is not conclusive. It has been suggested that there may be a direct association between alcohol intake and colorectal cancer. In vitro and in vivo studies have highlighted a possible protective role of prebiotics and probiotics. CONCLUSIONS The lack of randomized trials and the presence of confounding factors including smoking, physical activity, obesity and diabetes may often yield inconclusive results. Carefully designed randomized trials are recommended.
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Abstract
INTRODUCTION Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract account for 25 % of all cancers and for 9 % of all causes of cancer death in the world, so gastrointestinal cancers represent a major health problem. In the past decades, an emerging role has been attributed to the interactions between the gastrointestinal content and the onset of neoplasia. METHODS Thus, exogenous microbial administration of peculiar bacterial strains (probiotics) has been suggested as having a profound influence on multiple processes associated with a change in cancer risk. Probiotics are mono or mixed cultures of live microorganisms that might beneficially affect the host by improving the characteristics of indigenous microflora. Although the effects of probiotic administration has been intensively investigated in vitro, in animal models, in healthy volunteers, and in some human gastrointestinal diseases, very little is still known about the possible cross-interactions among probiotic administration, changes of intestinal flora, and the neoplastic transformation of gastrointestinal mucosa. RESULTS Theoretically, probiotics are able to reduce cancer risk by a number of mechanisms: (a) binding and degradation of potential carcinogens; (b) quantitative, qualitative and metabolic alterations of the intestinal microflora; (c) production of anti-tumorigenic or anti-mutagenic compounds; (d) competitive action towards pathogenic bacteria; (e) enhancement of the host's immune response; (f) direct effects on cell proliferation. CONCLUSION This review will attempt to highlight the literature on the most widely recognized effects of probiotics against neoplastic transformation of gastrointestinal mucosa and in particular on their effects on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Orlando
- Laboratory of Experimental Biochemistry, National Institute for Digestive Diseases, IRCCS S de Bellis, Via Turi 27, 70013 Castellana Grotte, Bari, Italy
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Vogt L, Ramasamy U, Meyer D, Pullens G, Venema K, Faas MM, Schols HA, de Vos P. Immune modulation by different types of β2→1-fructans is toll-like receptor dependent. PLoS One 2013; 8:e68367. [PMID: 23861894 PMCID: PMC3702581 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0068367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction β2→1-fructans are dietary fibers. Main objectives of this study were 1) to demonstrate direct signalling of β2→1-fructans on immune cells, 2) to study whether this is mediated by the pattern recognition receptors Toll-like receptors (TLRs) and nucleotide-binding oligomerisation domain-containing proteins (NODs), and 3) to relate the observed effects to the chain length differences in β2→1-fructans. Methods Four different β2→1-fructan formulations were characterised for their chain length profile. Human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were stimulated in vitro with β2→1-fructans, and production of IL-1Ra, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-10, IL-12p70, and TNF-α was analysed. Reporter cells for TLRs and NODs were incubated with β2→1-fructans and analysed for NF-κB/AP-1 activation. Results Cytokine production in human PBMCs was dose- and chain length-dependent. Strikingly, short chain enriched β2→1-fructans induced a regulatory cytokine balance compared to long chain enriched β2→1-fructans as measured by IL-10/IL-12 ratios. Activation of reporter cells showed that signalling was highly dependent on TLRs and their adapter, myeloid differentiation primary response protein 88 (MyD88). In human embryonic kidney reporter cells, TLR2 was prominently activated, while TLR4, 5, 7, 8, and NOD2 were mildly activated. Conclusions β2→1-fructans possess direct signalling capacity on human immune cells. By activating primarily TLR2, and to a lesser extent TLR4, 5, 7, 8, and NOD2, β2→1-fructan stimulation results in NF-κB/AP-1 activation. Chain length of β2→1-fructans is important for the induced activation pattern and IL-10/IL-12 ratios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonie Vogt
- Department of Pathology and Medical Biology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Raman M, Ambalam P, Kondepudi KK, Pithva S, Kothari C, Patel AT, Purama RK, Dave J, Vyas B. Potential of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics for management of colorectal cancer. Gut Microbes 2013; 4:181-92. [PMID: 23511582 PMCID: PMC3669163 DOI: 10.4161/gmic.23919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal Cancer (CRC) is the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality and is the fourth most common malignant neoplasm in USA. Escaping apoptosis and cell mutation are the prime hallmarks of cancer. It is apparent that balancing the network between DNA damage and DNA repair is critical in preventing carcinogenesis. One-third of cancers might be prevented by nutritious healthy diet, maintaining healthy weight and physical activity. In this review, an attempt is made to abridge the role of carcinogen in colorectal cancer establishment and prognosis, where special attention has been paid to food-borne mutagens and functional role of beneficial human gut microbiome in evading cancer. Further the significance of tailor-made prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics in cancer management by bio-antimutagenic and desmutagenic activity has been elaborated. Probiotic bacteria are live microorganisms that, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a healthy benefit on the host. Prebiotics are a selectively fermentable non-digestible oligosaccharide or ingredient that brings specific changes, both in the composition and/or activity of the gastrointestinal microflora, conferring health benefits. Synbiotics are a combination of probiotic bacteria and the growth promoting prebiotic ingredients that purport "synergism."
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Raman
- Department of Biotechnology; Bhupat and Jyoti Mehta School of Biosciences and Bioengineering; Indian Institute of Technology; Chennai, India
| | - Padma Ambalam
- Department of Biotechnology; Christ College; Rajkot, India,Correspondence to: Padma Ambalam,
| | | | - Sheetal Pithva
- Department of Biosciences; Saurashtra University; Rajkot, India
| | - Charmy Kothari
- Department of Biotechnology; Christ College; Rajkot, India
| | - Arti T. Patel
- SMC College of Dairy Science; Anand Agricultural University; Anand, India
| | | | | | - B.R.M. Vyas
- Department of Biosciences; Saurashtra University; Rajkot, India
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Foye OT, Huang IF, Chiou CC, Walker WA, Shi HN. Early administration of probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and/or prebiotic inulin attenuates pathogen-mediated intestinal inflammation and Smad 7 cell signaling. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 65:467-80. [PMID: 22524476 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2012.00978.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Revised: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Immaturity of gut-associated immunity may contribute to pediatric mortality associated with enteric infections. A murine model to parallel infantile enteric disease was used to determine the effects of probiotic, Lactobacillus acidophilus (La), prebiotic, inulin, or both (synbiotic, syn) on pathogen-induced inflammatory responses, NF-κB, and Smad 7 signaling. Newborn mice were inoculated bi-weekly for 4 weeks with La, inulin, or syn and challenged with Citrobacter rodentium (Cr) at 5 weeks. Mouse intestinal epithelial cells (CMT93) were exposed to Cr to determine temporal alterations in NF-Kappa B and Smad 7 levels. Mice with pretreatment of La, inulin, and syn show reduced intestinal inflammation following Cr infection compared with controls, which is associated with significantly reduced bacterial colonization in La, inulin, and syn animals. Our results further show that host defense against Cr infection correlated with enhanced colonic IL-10 and transforming growth factor-β expression and inhibition of NF-κB in syn-treated mice, whereas mice pretreated with syn, La, or inulin had attenuation of Cr-induced Smad 7 expression. There was a temporal Smad 7 and NF-κB intracellular accumulation post-Cr infection and post-tumor necrosis factor stimulation in CMT93 cells. These results, therefore, suggest that probiotic, La, prebiotic inulin, or synbiotic may promote host-protective immunity and attenuate Cr-induced intestinal inflammation through mechanisms affecting NF-κB and Smad 7 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ondulla T Foye
- Mucosal Immunology Laboratory, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, MA, USA
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Xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) in combination with inulin modulates both the intestinal environment and immune status in healthy subjects, while XOS alone only shows prebiotic properties. Br J Nutr 2012; 108:1847-58. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114511007252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of the present study was to establish the prebiotic effect of a new xylo-oligosaccharide (XOS) and of an inulin-and-XOS mixture (INU–XOS) and to determine their effect on endotoxaemia (lipopolysaccharides (LPS)) and immune parameters. In this randomised, parallel, placebo-controlled, double-blind study, sixty healthy volunteers were randomly assigned to three groups, receiving either 5 g XOS, INU–XOS (3 g inulin +1 g XOS) or an equivalent weight of wheat maltodextrin (placebo) during 4 weeks. Faecal samples were collected to assess the effects of these products on microbiota, as well as SCFA composition, enzymatic activities and secretory IgA production. Circulating LPS was measured in plasma samples, and whole blood was incubated with LPS to measure cytokine expression. Consumption of XOS alone increased the faecal concentrations of Bifidobacterium and butyrate and activities of α-glucosidase and β-glucuronidase, while decreasing the concentrations of acetate and p-cresol. Consumption of XOS in combination with inulin did not decrease the concentrations of acetate and p-cresol, but increased in addition the faecal concentrations of total SCFA and propionate. Furthermore, consumption of XOS in combination with inulin decreased LPS concentrations in blood and attenuated LPS-induced increases in gene expression in IL-1β and LPS-induced decreases in gene expression in IL-13 in blood. In conclusion, consumption of XOS alone or in combination with inulin results in beneficial albeit different changes in the intestinal microbiome on a high-fat diet. In addition, consumption of XOS in combination with inulin attenuates the proinflammatory effects of a high-fat diet in the blood of healthy subjects.
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Lactobacillus Strain with High Adhesion Stimulates Intestinal Mucin Expression in Broiler. J Poult Sci 2012. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.0110146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Zhu Y, Luo TM, Jobin C, Young HA. Gut microbiota and probiotics in colon tumorigenesis. Cancer Lett 2011; 309:119-27. [PMID: 21741763 PMCID: PMC3148272 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2011] [Revised: 05/31/2011] [Accepted: 06/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The human gastrointestinal tract harbors a complex and abundant microbial community reaching as high as 10(13)-10(14) microorganisms in the colon. This endogenous microbiota forms a symbiotic relationship with their eukaryotic host and this close partnership helps maintain homeostasis by performing essential and non-redundant tasks (e.g. nutrition/energy and, immune system balance, pathogen exclusion). Although this relationship is essential and beneficial to the host, various events (e.g. infection, diet, stress, inflammation) may impact microbial composition, leading to the formation of a dysbiotic microbiota, further impacting on health and disease states. For example, Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis, collectively termed inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD), have been associated with the establishment of a dysbiotic microbiota. In addition, extra-intestinal disorders such as obesity and metabolic syndrome are also associated with the development of a dysbiotic microbiota. Consequently, there is an increasing interest in harnessing the power of the microbiome and modulating its composition as a means to alleviate intestinal pathologies/disorders and maintain health status. In this review, we will discuss the emerging relationship between the microbiota and development of colorectal cancer as well as present evidence that microbial manipulation (probiotic, prebiotic) impacts disease development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanmin Zhu
- Department of Digestive Disease, Beijing University People’s Hospital, Beijing, China
| | | | - Christian Jobin
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of North Carolina Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - Howard A. Young
- Laboratory of Experimental Immunology, Cancer & Inflammation Program, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, Frederick, MD, USA
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Azcárate-Peril MA, Sikes M, Bruno-Bárcena JM. The intestinal microbiota, gastrointestinal environment and colorectal cancer: a putative role for probiotics in prevention of colorectal cancer? Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2011; 301:G401-24. [PMID: 21700901 PMCID: PMC3774253 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00110.2011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most commonly diagnosed cancer in the United States, and, even though 5-15% of the total CRC cases can be attributed to individual genetic predisposition, environmental factors could be considered major factors in susceptibility to CRC. Lifestyle factors increasing the risks of CRC include elevated body mass index, obesity, and reduced physical activity. Additionally, a number of dietary elements have been associated with higher or lower incidence of CRC. In this context, it has been suggested that diets high in fruit and low in meat might have a protective effect, reducing the incidence of colorectal adenomas by modulating the composition of the normal nonpathogenic commensal microbiota. In addition, it has been demonstrated that changes in abundance of taxonomic groups have a profound impact on the gastrointestinal physiology, and an increasing number of studies are proposing that the microbiota mediates the generation of dietary factors triggering colon cancer. High-throughput sequencing and molecular taxonomic technologies are rapidly filling the knowledge gaps left by conventional microbiology techniques to obtain a comprehensive catalog of the human intestinal microbiota and their associated metabolic repertoire. The information provided by these studies will be essential to identify agents capable of modulating the massive amount of gut bacteria in safe noninvasive manners to prevent CRC. Probiotics, defined as "live microorganisms which, when administered in adequate amounts, confer a health benefit on the host" (219), are capable of transient modulation of the microbiota, and their beneficial effects include reinforcement of the natural defense mechanisms and protection against gastrointestinal disorders. Probiotics have been successfully used to manage infant diarrhea, food allergies, and inflammatory bowel disease; hence, the purpose of this review was to examine probiotic metabolic activities that may have an effect on the prevention of CRC by scavenging toxic compounds or preventing their generation in situ. Additionally, a brief consideration is given to safety evaluation and production methods in the context of probiotics efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Andrea Azcárate-Peril
- 1Department of Cell and Molecular Physiology, University of North Carolina School of Medicine, Chapel Hill;
| | - Michael Sikes
- 2Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
| | - José M. Bruno-Bárcena
- 2Department of Microbiology, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina
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Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Gut flora/host interactions are fundamental for the maintenance of homeostasis. Evidence of possible regulatory effect of commensal bacteria on proliferative disorders of the colon is mounting. In this study, we explored the hypothesis that precancerous lesions, such as adenomas, present alteration of the local microflora and lead to an overproduction of antibacterial molecules of the innate immunity, namely α-defensins. Thus, the host-bacteria misbalance could represent a potential procarcinogenic factor. METHODS Biopsies from adenomatous polyps and normal mucosa, in the rectum-sigmoid colon, were collected from 51 patients. Concentration of mucosal bacteria was evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction after extraction of total DNA. Total RNA was also extracted, and the defensin α-1, defensin-5, and defensin-6 gene expressions were evaluated by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Immunohistochemical study has been carried out to evaluate protein production and location. Antibacterial activity of adenomatous polyps mucosa was evaluated in vitro. RESULTS Biopsies from adenomatous polyps had a significant relative reduction of mucosa adherent bacteria compared with normal tissue (20-fold relative reduction, P<0.05). Concomitantly, α-defensin expression and production were significantly increased in adenomas. Adenoma mucosa showed increased antibacterial activity in vitro compared with normal mucosa. CONCLUSIONS Microflora dysbiosis occurs at the mucosal surface in colonic adenomas, and may represent a potential factor for dysplastic cell proliferation. Further studies are needed to confirm and define the role of this mechanism in colon carcinogenesis and the potential applications in the clinical setting.
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Abstract
The different compartments of the gastrointestinal tract are inhabited by populations of micro-organisms. By far the most important predominant populations are in the colon where a true symbiosis with the host exists that is a key for well-being and health. For such a microbiota, 'normobiosis' characterises a composition of the gut 'ecosystem' in which micro-organisms with potential health benefits predominate in number over potentially harmful ones, in contrast to 'dysbiosis', in which one or a few potentially harmful micro-organisms are dominant, thus creating a disease-prone situation. The present document has been written by a group of both academic and industry experts (in the ILSI Europe Prebiotic Expert Group and Prebiotic Task Force, respectively). It does not aim to propose a new definition of a prebiotic nor to identify which food products are classified as prebiotic but rather to validate and expand the original idea of the prebiotic concept (that can be translated in 'prebiotic effects'), defined as: 'The selective stimulation of growth and/or activity(ies) of one or a limited number of microbial genus(era)/species in the gut microbiota that confer(s) health benefits to the host.' Thanks to the methodological and fundamental research of microbiologists, immense progress has very recently been made in our understanding of the gut microbiota. A large number of human intervention studies have been performed that have demonstrated that dietary consumption of certain food products can result in statistically significant changes in the composition of the gut microbiota in line with the prebiotic concept. Thus the prebiotic effect is now a well-established scientific fact. The more data are accumulating, the more it will be recognised that such changes in the microbiota's composition, especially increase in bifidobacteria, can be regarded as a marker of intestinal health. The review is divided in chapters that cover the major areas of nutrition research where a prebiotic effect has tentatively been investigated for potential health benefits. The prebiotic effect has been shown to associate with modulation of biomarkers and activity(ies) of the immune system. Confirming the studies in adults, it has been demonstrated that, in infant nutrition, the prebiotic effect includes a significant change of gut microbiota composition, especially an increase of faecal concentrations of bifidobacteria. This concomitantly improves stool quality (pH, SCFA, frequency and consistency), reduces the risk of gastroenteritis and infections, improves general well-being and reduces the incidence of allergic symptoms such as atopic eczema. Changes in the gut microbiota composition are classically considered as one of the many factors involved in the pathogenesis of either inflammatory bowel disease or irritable bowel syndrome. The use of particular food products with a prebiotic effect has thus been tested in clinical trials with the objective to improve the clinical activity and well-being of patients with such disorders. Promising beneficial effects have been demonstrated in some preliminary studies, including changes in gut microbiota composition (especially increase in bifidobacteria concentration). Often associated with toxic load and/or miscellaneous risk factors, colon cancer is another pathology for which a possible role of gut microbiota composition has been hypothesised. Numerous experimental studies have reported reduction in incidence of tumours and cancers after feeding specific food products with a prebiotic effect. Some of these studies (including one human trial) have also reported that, in such conditions, gut microbiota composition was modified (especially due to increased concentration of bifidobacteria). Dietary intake of particular food products with a prebiotic effect has been shown, especially in adolescents, but also tentatively in postmenopausal women, to increase Ca absorption as well as bone Ca accretion and bone mineral density. Recent data, both from experimental models and from human studies, support the beneficial effects of particular food products with prebiotic properties on energy homaeostasis, satiety regulation and body weight gain. Together, with data in obese animals and patients, these studies support the hypothesis that gut microbiota composition (especially the number of bifidobacteria) may contribute to modulate metabolic processes associated with syndrome X, especially obesity and diabetes type 2. It is plausible, even though not exclusive, that these effects are linked to the microbiota-induced changes and it is feasible to conclude that their mechanisms fit into the prebiotic effect. However, the role of such changes in these health benefits remains to be definitively proven. As a result of the research activity that followed the publication of the prebiotic concept 15 years ago, it has become clear that products that cause a selective modification in the gut microbiota's composition and/or activity(ies) and thus strengthens normobiosis could either induce beneficial physiological effects in the colon and also in extra-intestinal compartments or contribute towards reducing the risk of dysbiosis and associated intestinal and systemic pathologies.
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Potential benefits of pro- and prebiotics on intestinal mucosal immunity and intestinal barrier in short bowel syndrome. Nutr Res Rev 2010; 24:21-30. [PMID: 20961485 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422410000260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The mechanism of impaired gut barrier function in patients with short bowel syndrome (SBS) is poorly understood and includes decreased intestinal motility leading to bacterial overgrowth, a reduction in gut-associated lymphoid tissue following the loss of intestinal length, inhibition of mucosal immunity of the small intestine by intravenous total parental nutrition, and changes in intestinal permeability to macromolecules. Novel therapeutic strategies (i.e. nutritive and surgical) have been introduced in order to prevent the establishment or improve the outcome of this prevalent disease. Pre- and probiotics as a nutritive supplement are already known to be very active in the intestinal tract (mainly in the colon) by maintaining a healthy gut microflora and influencing metabolic, trophic and protective mechanisms, such as the production of SCFA which influence epithelial cell metabolism, turnover and apoptosis. Probiotics have been recommended for patients suffering from SBS in order to decrease bacterial overgrowth and prevent bacterial translocation, two major mechanisms in the pathogenesis of SBS. The present review discusses the research available in the international literature, clinical and experimental, regarding probiotic supplementation for this complicated group of patients based on the clinical spectrum and pathophysiological aspects of the syndrome. The clinical data that were collected for the purposes of the present review suggest that it is difficult to correctly characterise probiotics as a preventive or therapeutic measure. It is very challenging after all to examine the relationship of the bacterial flora, the intestinal barrier and the probiotics as, according to the latest knowledge, demonstrate an interesting interaction.
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Di Criscio T, Fratianni A, Mignogna R, Cinquanta L, Coppola R, Sorrentino E, Panfili G. Production of functional probiotic, prebiotic, and synbiotic ice creams. J Dairy Sci 2010; 93:4555-64. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2010-3355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2010] [Accepted: 06/06/2010] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Fujimura KE, Slusher NA, Cabana MD, Lynch SV. Role of the gut microbiota in defining human health. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2010; 8:435-54. [PMID: 20377338 DOI: 10.1586/eri.10.14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 271] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The human superorganism is a conglomerate of mammalian and microbial cells, with the latter estimated to outnumber the former by ten to one and the microbial genetic repertoire (microbiome) to be approximately 100-times greater than that of the human host. Given the ability of the immune response to rapidly counter infectious agents, it is striking that such a large density of microbes can exist in a state of synergy within the human host. This is particularly true of the distal gastrointestinal (GI) tract, which houses up to 1000 distinct bacterial species and an estimated excess of 1 x 10(14) microorganisms. An ever-increasing body of evidence implicates the GI microbiota in defining states of health and disease. Here, we review the literature in adult and pediatric GI microbiome studies, the emerging links between microbial community structure, function, infection and disease, and the approaches to manipulate this crucial ecosystem to improve host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kei E Fujimura
- Colitis and Crohn's Disease Center, Gastroenterology Division, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Baldwin C, Millette M, Oth D, Ruiz MT, Luquet FM, Lacroix M. Probiotic Lactobacillus acidophilus and L. casei mix sensitize colorectal tumoral cells to 5-fluorouracil-induced apoptosis. Nutr Cancer 2010; 62:371-8. [PMID: 20358475 DOI: 10.1080/01635580903407197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
To assess the potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus and Lactobacillus casei strains to increase the apoptosis of a colorectal cancer cell line in the presence of 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), LS513 colorectal cancer cells were treated for 48 h with increasing concentrations of these lactic acid bacteria (LAB) in the presence of 100 mu g/ml of 5-FU. In the presence of 10(8) CFU/ml of live LAB, the apoptotic efficacy of the 5-FU increased by 40%, and the phenomenon was dose dependent. Moreover, irradiation-inactivated LAB caused the same level of induction, whereas microwave-inactivated LAB reduced the apoptotic capacity of the 5-FU. When cells were treated with a combination of live LAB and 5-FU, a faster activation of caspase-3 protein was observed, and the p21 protein seems to be downregulated. These results suggest that live L. acidophilus and L. casei are able to increase the apoptosis-induction capacity of 5-FU. The mechanisms of action are still not elucidated, and more research is needed to understand them. This is the first set of experiments demonstrating that some strains of LAB can enhance the apoptosis-induction capacity of the 5-FU. Based on these results, it is possible to speculate that LAB or probiotics could be used as an adjuvant treatment during anticancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cindy Baldwin
- INRS-Institut Armand-Frappier, Laval, Québec, Canada
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Vos AP, Knol J, Stahl B, M'Rabet L, Garssen J. Specific prebiotic oligosaccharides modulate the early phase of a murine vaccination response. Int Immunopharmacol 2010; 10:619-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2010.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Revised: 02/17/2010] [Accepted: 02/26/2010] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Vannucci L, Stepankova R, Grobarova V, Kozakova H, Rossmann P, Klimesova K, Benson V, Sima P, Fiserova A, Tlaskalova-Hogenova H. Colorectal carcinoma: Importance of colonic environment for anti-cancer response and systemic immunity. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 6:217-26. [PMID: 19908940 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903334343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal environment is considered to play an important role both in colorectal tumor development and in the evolution and modulation of mucosal immunity. Studies in animals reared in germ-free (GF, without any intestinal microflora) versus conventional (CV, with regular microflora in bowel) conditions can aid in clarifying the influence of bacteria on carcinogenesis and anti-cancer immune responses in situ. The lower incidence of colon cancers and better immunological parameters in GF animals versus CV ones after chemically-induced carcinogenesis raises questions about specific characteristics of the immunological networks in each respective condition. Different levels of tolerance/regulatory mechanisms in the GF versus CV animals may influence the development of immune responses not only at the level of mucosal, but also at the systemic, immunity. We hypothesize that GF animals can better recognize and respond to evolving neoplasias in the bowel as a consequence of their less-tolerogenic immunity (i.e., due to their more limited exposure to antigens to become tolerated against at the intestinal level). In this paper, we review the role of bacteria in modulating gut environment and mucosal immunity, their importance in cancer development, and aspects of immune regulation (both at local and systemic level) that can be modified by bacterial microflora. Lastly, the use of GF animals in comparison with conventionally-raised animals is proposed as a suitable and potent model for understanding the inflammatory network and its effect on cancer immunity especially during colorectal cancer development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Vannucci
- Laboratory of Natural Cell Immunity, Institute of Microbiology of the Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Dias MC, Vieiralves NFL, Gomes MIFV, Salvadori DMF, Rodrigues MAM, Barbisan LF. Effects of lycopene, synbiotic and their association on early biomarkers of rat colon carcinogenesis. Food Chem Toxicol 2009; 48:772-80. [PMID: 20026158 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Revised: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 12/12/2009] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
This study evaluated whether a synergy exists for the combined treatment with lycopene and synbiotic on early biomarkers of colon carcinogenesis. Male Wistar rats received a diet containing 300 mg/kg of lycopene and/or synbiotic (Bifidobacterium lactisplus oligofructose/inulin) or their combination 2 weeks before and during carcinogen treatment with 1,2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Twenty-four hours after the last DMH application, the colons were processed for immunohistochemical analysis of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), p53 protein, hematoxylin-eosin staining for apoptosis analysis and genotoxicity of fecal water by comet assay. Eight weeks after the last DMH application, the colons were analyzed for development of classical aberrant crypt foci (ACF) and mucin-negative ACF. Treatment with lycopene, synbiotic or their combination significantly increased apoptosis, reduced the PCNA and p53 labeling indexes and the development of classical ACF and mucin-negative ACF. Furthermore, a lower genotoxicity of fecal water was also detected in the groups treated with the chemopreventive agents. An additive/synergistic effect of the combined treatment with lycopene/synbiotic was observed only for the fecal water genotoxicity and mucin-negative ACF parameters. These results indicate that an additive/synergistic of the combination of chemopreventive agents on the initiation phase of colon carcinogenesis can be detected using selective early biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcos C Dias
- Department of Morphology, UNESP São Paulo State University, Institute of Biosciences, 18618-000 Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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