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Wang G, Wang X, Ma Y, Cai S, Yang L, Fan Y, Zeng X, Qiao S. Lactobacillus reuteri improves the development and maturation of fecal microbiota in piglets through mother-to-infant microbe and metabolite vertical transmission. MICROBIOME 2022; 10:211. [PMID: 36461096 PMCID: PMC9717520 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-022-01336-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The immature neonatal fecal microbiota substantially impacts the development of gut health and greatly increases the risk of disease. Developing effective strategies to modulate the development of neonatal fecal microbiota has great significance. Herein, we investigated whether the maternal dietary supplementation and oral administration of Lactobacillus reuteri could effectively promote the development and maturation of the fecal microbiome in piglets from birth to weaning. RESULTS Metagenomic analysis of colostrum showed that maternal dietary L. reuteri supplementation influenced the overall microbiota composition, decreased the abundance of the phylum Proteobacteria and increased that of the species Bifidobacterium choerinum. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that maternal L. reuteri supplementation enriched the lysine biosynthesis and glycolysis/gluconeogenesis pathways and downregulated the bacterial invasion of epithelial cells in the colostrum. In addition, L. reuteri supplementation significantly altered the metabolite features and modules in umbilical cord blood serum based on metabolomics. Further, a significant covariation was observed between these differential metabolites and the species in colostrum. Maternal dietary L. reuteri supplementation also significantly influenced the microbiota composition and increased the meconium abundance of beneficial bacteria (such as Romboutsia, Lactobacillus, Blautia, Butyricicoccus, and Ruminococcus), some of which were markedly associated with several differential metabolites in umbilical cord blood serum between two groups. Notably, both the maternal dietary supplementation and oral intake of L. reuteri had strong impacts on the overall microbial composition and maturation of fecal microbiota in piglets during early life, and these effects were dependent on the growth stage. Oral administration of L. reuteri promoted diarrhea resistance in neonates, while maternal supplementation of L. reuteri enhanced the abilities of antioxidants and decreased inflammation. Moreover, the administration of L. reuteri via both methods in combination improved the growth performances of piglets. CONCLUSION Overall, our data demonstrated that L. reuteri had the ability to modulate the composition of fecal microbiota in newborn piglets by influencing the microbial community and functional composition in the colostrum and by altering several key metabolites in the umbilical cord blood serum. Also, both the maternal dietary supplementation and oral administration of L. reuteri effectively promoted the development and maturation of the fecal microbiome in piglets during early life. Both the maternal dietary supplementation and oral administration of L. reuteri in combination optimized the growth performances of piglets. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gang Wang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xinyu Wang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yonghang Ma
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Lijie Yang
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Yuxin Fan
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- Present Address: State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
- Present Address: Beijing Key Laboratory of Biological Feed Additive, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193 China
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Liu H, Zeng X, Zhang G, Hou C, Li N, Yu H, Shang L, Zhang X, Trevisi P, Yang F, Liu Z, Qiao S. Maternal milk and fecal microbes guide the spatiotemporal development of mucosa-associated microbiota and barrier function in the porcine neonatal gut. BMC Biol 2019; 17:106. [PMID: 31852478 PMCID: PMC6921401 DOI: 10.1186/s12915-019-0729-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/28/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The early-life microbiota exerts a profound and lifelong impact on host health. Longitudinal studies in humans have been informative but are mostly based on the analysis of fecal samples and cannot shed direct light on the early development of mucosa-associated intestinal microbiota and its impact on GI function. Using piglets as a model for human infants, we assess here the succession of mucosa-associated microbiota across the intestinal tract in the first 35 days after birth. RESULTS Although sharing a similar composition and predicted functional profile at birth, the mucosa-associated microbiome in the small intestine (jejunum and ileum) remained relatively stable, while that of the large intestine (cecum and colon) quickly expanded and diversified by day 35. Among detected microbial sources (milk, vagina, areolar skin, and feces of sows, farrowing crate, and incubator), maternal milk microbes were primarily responsible for the colonization of the small intestine, contributing approximately 90% bacteria throughout the first 35 days of the neonatal life. Although maternal milk microbes contributed greater than 90% bacteria to the large intestinal microbiota of neonates upon birth, their presence gradually diminished, and they were replaced by maternal fecal microbes by day 35. We found strong correlations between the relative abundance of specific mucosa-associated microbes, particularly those vertically transmitted from the mother, and the expression levels of multiple intestinal immune and barrier function genes in different segments of the intestinal tract. CONCLUSION We revealed spatially specific trajectories of microbial colonization of the intestinal mucosa in the small and large intestines, which can be primarily attributed to the colonization by vertically transmitted maternal milk and intestinal microbes. Additionally, these maternal microbes may be involved in the establishment of intestinal immune and barrier functions in neonates. Our findings strengthen the notion that studying fecal samples alone is insufficient to fully understand the co-development of the intestinal microbiota and immune system and suggest the possibility of improving neonatal health through the manipulation of maternal microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
- Present Address: Shenzhen Institute of Synthetic Biology, Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, 518055, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Guolong Zhang
- Department of Animal and Food Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, USA
| | - Chengli Hou
- Institute of Food Science and Technology, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Ning Li
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoya Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China
| | - Paolo Trevisi
- Department of Agricultural and Food Science, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Feiyun Yang
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Zuohua Liu
- Chongqing Academy of Animal Science, Chongqing, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Beijing Key Laboratory of Bio-Feed Additives, China Agricultural University, Beijing, China.
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Lin J, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Wang D, Dai J. Effects of supplementation with omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on asthma or wheeze of children: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2018; 33:1792-1801. [PMID: 30253674 DOI: 10.1080/14767058.2018.1529161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To evaluate the effects of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on the incidence of wheeze and asthma of children.Methods: A search was conducted in PubMed, Embase and CENTRAL until September 2017. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the effects of omega-3 fatty acids during pregnancy on wheeze/asthma of children were included. Two investigators independently searched articles, extracted data, and assessed the quality of included studies. Outcomes of relative risks were pooled. Subgroup analyses were conducted.Results: Seven RCTs involving 2047 children were included. The pooled data revealed the supplementation during pregnancy reduced the incidence of wheeze/asthma (risk ratio (RR) 0.81; 95% CI 0.66-0.99; p .04), but the incidence of childhood asthma was not significantly reduced (RR 0.89; 95% CI 0.67-1.17; p .40). Subgroup analyses indicated that the risk of childhood wheeze/asthma was significantly decreased (1) in studies located in Europe (RR 0.67 95% CI 0.51- 0.88), (2) in children whose first-degree relatives were diagnosed with allergic disease (RR 0.65 95% CI 0.49-0.85), (3) when a dose of omega -3 fatty acids ≥2000 mg/d was applied (RR 0.61 95% CI 0.45-0.81), (4) in wheeze/asthma without sensitivity (RR 0.71 95% CI 0.54-0.94).Conclusion: The available low-quality evidence indicated that omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy may reduce the incidence of wheeze/asthma of children, but incidence of asthma was not reduced after omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy. More well-designed RCTs with large sample sizes need to be conducted to better understand the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acids supplementation during pregnancy with asthma in childhood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jilei Lin
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhu
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Donghai Wang
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
| | - Jihong Dai
- Respiratory Department, Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, Chongqing, China
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Kumar A, Vlasova AN, Deblais L, Huang HC, Wijeratne A, Kandasamy S, Fischer DD, Langel SN, Paim FC, Alhamo MA, Shao L, Saif LJ, Rajashekara G. Impact of nutrition and rotavirus infection on the infant gut microbiota in a humanized pig model. BMC Gastroenterol 2018; 18:93. [PMID: 29929472 PMCID: PMC6013989 DOI: 10.1186/s12876-018-0810-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Human rotavirus (HRV) is a major cause of viral gastroenteritis in infants; particularly in developing countries where malnutrition is prevalent. Malnutrition perturbs the infant gut microbiota leading to sub-optimal functioning of the immune system and further predisposing infants to enteric infections. Therefore, we hypothesized that malnutrition exacerbates rotavirus disease severity in infants. METHODS In the present study, we used a neonatal germ free (GF) piglets transplanted with a two-month-old human infant's fecal microbiota (HIFM) on protein deficient and sufficient diets. We report the effects of malnourishment on the HRV infection and the HIFM pig microbiota in feces, intestinal and systemic tissues, using MiSeq 16S gene sequencing (V4-V5 region). RESULTS Microbiota analysis indicated that the HIFM transplantation resulted in a microbial composition in pigs similar to that of the original infant feces. This model was then used to understand the interconnections between microbiota diversity, diet, and HRV infection. Post HRV infection, HIFM pigs on the deficient diet had lower body weights, developed more severe diarrhea and increased virus shedding compared to HIFM pigs on sufficient diet. However, HRV induced diarrhea and shedding was more pronounced in non-colonized GF pigs compared to HIFM pigs on either sufficient or deficient diet, suggesting that the microbiota alone moderated HRV infection. HRV infected pigs on sufficient diet showed increased microbiota diversity in intestinal tissues; whereas, greater diversity was observed in systemic tissues of HRV infected pigs fed with deficient diet. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that proper nourishment improves the microbiota quality in the intestines, alleviates HRV disease and lower probability of systemic translocation of potential opportunistic pathogens/pathobionts. In conclusion, our findings further support the role for microbiota and proper nutrition in limiting enteric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anand Kumar
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Group B-10: Biosecurity and Public Health, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM USA
| | - Anastasia N. Vlasova
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Loic Deblais
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Huang-Chi Huang
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Asela Wijeratne
- The Molecular and Cellular Imaging Center, The Ohio State University, Wooster, OH USA
| | - Sukumar Kandasamy
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - David D. Fischer
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Stephanie N. Langel
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Francine Chimelo Paim
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Moyasar A. Alhamo
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Lulu Shao
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
- Present address: Hillman Cancer Center, University of Pittsburgh, 4200 Fifth Ave, Pittsburgh, PA 15260 USA
| | - Linda J. Saif
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
| | - Gireesh Rajashekara
- Food Animal Research Program, The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center,Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department, The Ohio State University, 1680 Madison Avenue, Wooster, OH 44691 USA
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Størdal K, McArdle HJ, Hayes H, Tapia G, Viken MK, Lund-Blix NA, Haugen M, Joner G, Skrivarhaug T, Mårild K, Njølstad PR, Eggesbø M, Mandal S, Page CM, London SJ, Lie BA, Stene LC. Prenatal iron exposure and childhood type 1 diabetes. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9067. [PMID: 29899542 PMCID: PMC5998022 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27391-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 05/23/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Iron overload due to environmental or genetic causes have been associated diabetes. We hypothesized that prenatal iron exposure is associated with higher risk of childhood type 1 diabetes. In the Norwegian Mother and Child cohort study (n = 94,209 pregnancies, n = 373 developed type 1 diabetes) the incidence of type 1 diabetes was higher in children exposed to maternal iron supplementation than unexposed (36.8/100,000/year compared to 28.6/100,000/year, adjusted hazard ratio 1.33, 95%CI: 1.06-1.67). Cord plasma biomarkers of high iron status were non-significantly associated with higher risk of type 1 diabetes (ferritin OR = 1.05 [95%CI: 0.99-1.13] per 50 mg/L increase; soluble transferrin receptor: OR = 0.91 [95%CI: 0.81-1.01] per 0.5 mg/L increase). Maternal but not fetal HFE genotypes causing high/intermediate iron stores were associated with offspring diabetes (odds ratio: 1.45, 95%CI: 1.04, 2.02). Maternal anaemia or non-iron dietary supplements did not significantly predict type 1 diabetes. Perinatal iron exposures were not associated with cord blood DNA genome-wide methylation, but fetal HFE genotype was associated with differential fetal methylation near HFE. Maternal cytokines in mid-pregnancy of the pro-inflammatory M1 pathway differed by maternal iron supplements and HFE genotype. Our results suggest that exposure to iron during pregnancy may be a risk factor for type 1 diabetes in the offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ketil Størdal
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway.
- Pediatric Department, Ostfold Hospital Trust, Fredrikstad, Norway.
| | - Harry J McArdle
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - Helen Hayes
- The Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health, University of Aberdeen, Foresterhill, Aberdeen, Scotland, UK
| | - German Tapia
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Marte K Viken
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Nicolai A Lund-Blix
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Margaretha Haugen
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Geir Joner
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Torild Skrivarhaug
- Department of Paediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Karl Mårild
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Pål R Njølstad
- Department of Paediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway
- KG Jebsen Center for Diabetes Research, Department of Clinical Science, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
| | - Merete Eggesbø
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Siddhartha Mandal
- Department of Environmental Exposure and Epidemiology, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
| | - Christian M Page
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Stephanie J London
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, Research Triangle Park, Durham, NC, 27709, USA
| | - Benedicte A Lie
- Department of Medical Genetics, University of Oslo, Oslo University Hospital, Ullevål, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, Oslo, Norway
| | - Lars C Stene
- Department of non-communicable diseases, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway
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Leposavić GM, Pilipović IM. Intrinsic and Extrinsic Thymic Adrenergic Networks: Sex Steroid-Dependent Plasticity. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2018; 9:13. [PMID: 29441042 PMCID: PMC5797573 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2018.00013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 01/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The thymus is sexually differentiated organ providing microenvironment for T-cell precursor differentiation/maturation in the major histocompatibility complex-restricted self-tolerant T cells. With increasing age, the thymus undergoes involution leading to the decline in efficacy of thymopoiesis. Noradrenaline from thymic nerve fibers and "(nor)adrenergic" cells is involved in the regulation of thymopoiesis. In rodents, noradrenaline concentration in thymus and adrenoceptor (AR) expression on thymic cells depend on sex and age. These differences are suggested to be implicated in the development of sexual diergism and the age-related decline in thymopoiesis. The programming of both thymic sexual differentiation and its involution occurs during the critical early perinatal period and may be reprogrammed during peripubertal development. The thymic (re)programming is critically dependent on circulating levels of gonadal steroids. Although the underlying molecular mechanisms have not yet been elucidated fully, it is assumed that the gonadal steroid action during the critical perinatal/peripubertal developmental periods leads to long-lasting changes in the efficacy of thymopoiesis partly through (re)programming of "(nor)adrenergic" cell networks and AR expression on thymic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gordana Momčilo Leposavić
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
- *Correspondence: Gordana Momčilo Leposavić,
| | - Ivan M. Pilipović
- Immunology Research Centre “Branislav Janković”, Institute of Virology, Vaccines and Sera “Torlak”, Belgrade, Serbia
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Shi J, Zhao XH. In vitro immuno-modulatory ability of tryptic caseinate hydrolysate affected by prior caseinate glycation using the Maillard reaction or transglutaminase. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2017. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2017.1325842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jia Shi
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xin-Huai Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Dairy Science, Ministry of Education, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Food Science, Northeast Agricultural University Harbin, People’s Republic of China
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8
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Intravenous lipid emulsions in pediatric patients with intestinal failure. Curr Opin Organ Transplant 2017; 22:142-148. [DOI: 10.1097/mot.0000000000000396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Arnardottir H, Orr SK, Dalli J, Serhan CN. Human milk proresolving mediators stimulate resolution of acute inflammation. Mucosal Immunol 2016; 9:757-766. [PMID: 26462421 PMCID: PMC4833718 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2015.99] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Human milk contains nutrients and bioactive products relevant to infant development and immunological protection. Here, we investigated the proresolving properties of milk using human milk lipid mediator isolates (HLMIs) and determined their impact on resolution programs in vivo and with human macrophages. HLMIs reduced the maximum neutrophil numbers (14.6±1.2 × 10(6)-11.0±1.0 × 10(6) cells per exudate) and shortened the resolution interval (Ri; 50% neutrophil reduction) by 54% compared with peritonitis. Using rigorous liquid-chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS)-based lipid mediator (LM) metabololipidomics, we demonstrated that human milk possesses a proresolving LM-specialized proresolving mediator (LM-SPM) signature profile, containing SPMs (e.g. resolvins (Rv), protectins (PDs), maresins (MaRs), and lipoxins (LXs)) at bioactive levels (pico-nanomolar concentrations) that enhanced human macrophage efferocytosis and bacterial containment. SPMs identified in human milk included D-series Rvs (e.g., RvD1, RvD2, RvD3, AT-RvD3, and RvD4), PD1, MaR1, E-series Rvs (e.g. RvE1, RvE2, and RvE3), and LXs (LXA4 and LXB4). Of the SPMs identified in human milk, RvD2 and MaR1 (50 ng per mouse) individually shortened Ri by ∼75%. Milk from mastitis gave higher leukotriene B4 and prostanoids and lower SPM levels. Taken together, these findings provide evidence that human milk has proresolving actions via comprehensive LM-SPM profiling, describing a potentially novel mechanism in maternal-infant biochemical imprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hildur Arnardottir
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Sarah K Orr
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Jesmond Dalli
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
| | - Charles N Serhan
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics and Reperfusion Injury, Department of Anesthesiology, Perioperative and Pain Medicine, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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10
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Baglatzi L, Gavrili S, Stamouli K, Zachaki S, Favre L, Pecquet S, Benyacoub J, Costalos C. Effect of Infant Formula Containing a Low Dose of the Probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 on Immune and Gut Functions in C-Section Delivered Babies: A Pilot Study. CLINICAL MEDICINE INSIGHTS-PEDIATRICS 2016; 10:11-9. [PMID: 26997881 PMCID: PMC4792197 DOI: 10.4137/cmped.s33096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2015] [Revised: 12/04/2015] [Accepted: 11/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the absence of breast-feeding and its immunomodulatory factors, supplementation of starter infant formula (IF) with probiotics is currently used to support immune functions and gut development. AIM To assess whether immune-related beneficial effects of regular dose (107 CFU/g of powder) of the probiotic Bifidobacterium lactis CNCM I-3446 (hereafter named B. lactis) in starter IF supplementation can be maintained with starter IF containing a low dose (104 CFU/g of powder) of B. lactis. METHOD This trial was designed as a pilot, prospective, double-blind, randomized, single-center clinical trial of two parallel groups (n = 77 infants/group) of C-section delivered infants receiving a starter IF containing either low dose or regular dose of the probiotic B. lactis from birth to six months of age. In addition, a reference group of infants breast-fed for a minimum of four months (n = 44 infants), also born by C-section, were included. All groups were then provided follow-up formula without B. lactis up to 12 months of age. Occurrence of diarrhea, immune and gut maturation, responses to vaccinations, and growth were assessed from birth to 12 months. The effect of low-dose B. lactis formula was compared to regular-dose B. lactis formula, considered as reference for IF with probiotics, and both were further compared to breast-feeding as a physiological reference. RESULTS Data showed that feeding low-dose B. lactis IF provides similar effects as feeding regular-dose B. lactis IF or breast milk. No consistent statistical differences regarding early life protection against gastrointestinal infections, immune and gut maturation, microbiota establishment, and growth were observed between randomized formula-fed groups as well as with the breast-fed reference group. CONCLUSION This pilot study suggests that supplementing C-section born neonates with low-dose B. lactis-containing starter formula may impact immune as well as gut maturation similarly to regular-dose B. lactis, close to the breast-feeding reference.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Baglatzi
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - S Gavrili
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - K Stamouli
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - S Zachaki
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
| | - L Favre
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - S Pecquet
- Nestlé Nutrition, Vevey, Switzerland
| | - J Benyacoub
- Nestlé Research Center, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - C Costalos
- Neonatal Department, Alexandra Hospital, University of Athens, Greece
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Bifidobacterium breve alters immune function and ameliorates DSS-induced inflammation in weanling rats. Pediatr Res 2015; 78:407-16. [PMID: 26083761 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2015.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bifidobacterium breve M-16V (M16V) is a probiotic bacterial strain with a long tradition of use in neonatal intensive care units in some countries. Previous study showed that the effects of M16V administration on gene expression were greater during the weaning period than in the neonatal period and were greater in the colon than in the small intestine and spleen, suggesting that M16V has anti-inflammatory effects. In this study, we evaluated the effects of inflammation during the weaning period and the effects of M16V on normal and inflammatory conditions. METHODS From postnatal day (PD) 21 to 34, weanling rats were administered of 2.5 × 10(9) of M16V daily, and colitis was induced by administration of 2% dextran sulfate sodium from PD28 to 35. Colitis severity, immune function, and microbiota were investigated. RESULTS Colitis caused a reduction in body weight gain, colon shortening, poor nutritional status, anemia, changes in blood and spleen lymphocyte populations, spleen T-cell malfunctions, and alterations in colon microbiota. M16V administration improved some but not all of the changes induced by colitis. CONCLUSION M16V could suppress inflammation and, therefore, can be considered a safe strain to use not only during the neonatal period but also the weaning period.
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Detection of sialic acid-utilising bacteria in a caecal community batch culture using RNA-based stable isotope probing. Nutrients 2015; 7:2109-24. [PMID: 25816158 PMCID: PMC4425134 DOI: 10.3390/nu7042109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Sialic acids are monosaccharides typically found on cell surfaces and attached to soluble proteins, or as essential components of ganglioside structures that play a critical role in brain development and neural transmission. Human milk also contains sialic acid conjugated to oligosaccharides, glycolipids, and glycoproteins. These nutrients can reach the large bowel where they may be metabolised by the microbiota. However, little is known about the members of the microbiota involved in this function. To identify intestinal bacteria that utilise sialic acid within a complex intestinal community, we cultured the caecal microbiota from piglets in the presence of 13C-labelled sialic acid. Using RNA-based stable isotope probing, we identified bacteria that consumed 13C-sialic acid by fractionating total RNA in isopycnic buoyant density gradients followed by 16S rRNA gene analysis. Addition of sialic acid caused significant microbial community changes. A relative rise in Prevotella and Lactobacillus species was accompanied by a corresponding reduction in the genera Escherichia/Shigella, Ruminococcus and Eubacterium. Inspection of isotopically labelled RNA sequences suggests that the labelled sialic acid was consumed by a wide range of bacteria. However, species affiliated with the genus Prevotella were clearly identified as the most prolific users, as solely their RNA showed significantly higher relative shares among the most labelled RNA species. Given the relevance of sialic acid in nutrition, this study contributes to a better understanding of their microbial transformation in the intestinal tract with potential implications for human health.
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Swaminathan A, Lucas RM, Harley D, McMichael AJ. Will Global Climate Change Alter Fundamental Human Immune Reactivity: Implications for Child Health? CHILDREN (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2014; 1:403-23. [PMID: 27417487 PMCID: PMC4928742 DOI: 10.3390/children1030403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 10/07/2014] [Accepted: 10/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The human immune system is an interface across which many climate change sensitive exposures can affect health outcomes. Gaining an understanding of the range of potential effects that climate change could have on immune function will be of considerable importance, particularly for child health, but has, as yet, received minimal research attention. We postulate several mechanisms whereby climate change sensitive exposures and conditions will subtly impair aspects of the human immune response, thereby altering the distribution of vulnerability within populations-particularly for children-to infection and disease. Key climate change-sensitive pathways include under-nutrition, psychological stress and exposure to ambient ultraviolet radiation, with effects on susceptibility to infection, allergy and autoimmune diseases. Other climate change sensitive exposures may also be important and interact, either additively or synergistically, to alter health risks. Conducting directed research in this area is imperative as the potential public health implications of climate change-induced weakening of the immune system at both individual and population levels are profound. This is particularly relevant for the already vulnerable children of the developing world, who will bear a disproportionate burden of future adverse environmental and geopolitical consequences of climate change.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashwin Swaminathan
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
- Departments of General Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Canberra Hospital, Yamba Drive, Garran, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2605, Australia
- Australian National University Medical School, Australian National University, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 0200, Australia
| | - Robyn M. Lucas
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
- Telethon Kids Institute, University of Western Australia, 100 Roberts Road, Subiaco, Perth, Western Australia 6008, Australia
| | - David Harley
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
| | - Anthony J. McMichael
- National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, Australian National University, Corner of Mills and Eggleston Roads, Canberra, Australian Capital Territory 2601, Australia; E-Mails: ;
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Blandino G, Fazio D, Di Marco R. Probiotics: overview of microbiological and immunological characteristics. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2014; 6:497-508. [DOI: 10.1586/14787210.6.4.497] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Wilkinson SJ, Downing JA, Thomson PC, Newman RE. Dietary fatty acids affect the growth, body composition and performance of post-weaning gilt progeny. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2014. [DOI: 10.1071/an13128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gilt progeny are born lighter, have lower weaning weights and require more medication throughout their life time than do sow progeny. Therefore, strategies to improve their post-weaning performance are of importance to pork producers. Dietary fatty acids have been shown to be potent modulators of physiological processes. Studies in other species have reported that dietary fatty acids affect in utero development, cognitive behaviour, immune system function, carcass composition as well as feed efficiency of offspring. However, little information is available that details their use in gilt progeny and when fed throughout their lifetime. In the present study, two experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of feeding three different types of fat to gilts and their progeny on the growth, body composition and performance post-weaning. Diets were enriched with either saturated fatty acids (SFA; tallow), or n-3 (fish-oil extracts) or n-6 (safflower oil) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and were fed to gilts through gestation and to their progeny post-weaning. In Experiment 2, half of the female progeny from n-3 and n-6 PUFA litters were fed SFA post-weaning. For both studies, there was no significant difference in weaning bodyweights. However, in Experiment 1, pigs fed n-6 PUFA diets post-weaning were significantly lighter 7 days post-weaning than were pigs fed SFA- and n-3 PUFA-enriched diets. Despite feed intake of n-6 PUFA-fed pigs becoming comparable to that of the other groups during the finisher period, bodyweight for this group remained significantly lower than that of the other groups at the conclusion of the experiment. No effect of dietary fatty acid type on the carcass composition of finisher pigs, as determined by computed tomography, was found. The results of Experiment 2 showed that feeding pigs n-6 PUFA diets post-weaning through to slaughter significantly compromised their growth, being in agreement with those from Experiment 1. Feed consumption for this group was significantly less during the post-weaning and the finisher periods. However, pigs from n-6 PUFA litters that were fed SFA diets post-weaning showed no compromise in growth and performance and were comparable to pigs from the other treatment groups. During the grower and finisher periods, pigs fed n-6 PUFA diets had a significantly higher rate of mortality that was as much as 13 times that of pigs fed SFA diets. Pigs from n-6 PUFA litters that were fed SFA diets post-weaning were not affected in this manner. The results of the current study showed that feeding diets enriched with n-6 PUFA to pigs significantly compromised their growth and performance and that this fatty acid type may also have negative health effects with prolonged consumption. The data suggested that the type of fatty acid used in pig diets may be an important consideration for nutritionists when formulating diets to optimise post-weaning growth and performance.
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Vordenbäumen S, Braukmann A, Altendorfer I, Bleck E, Jose J, Schneider M. Human casein alpha s1 (CSN1S1) skews in vitro differentiation of monocytes towards macrophages. BMC Immunol 2013; 14:46. [PMID: 24083466 PMCID: PMC3850642 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-14-46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2013] [Accepted: 09/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The milk-derived protein human Casein alpha s1 (CSN1S1) has recently been detected in blood cells and was shown to possess proinflammatory properties. In the present study, we investigated the effect of CSN1S1 on the differentiation of monocytes. Methods Primary human monocytes were stimulated with recombinant CSN1S1 and compared to cells stimulated with GM-CSF/IL-4 or M-CSF/IFNγ. Morphological changes were assessed by microscopy and quantification of surface markers of differentiation by FACS analysis. Phagocytic activity of CSN1S1 stimulated cells was measured by quantification of zymosan labeled particle uptake. The role of mitogen activated protein kinases for CSN1S1-induced differentiation of monocytes and proinflammatory cytokine expression was assessed by supplementation of specific inhibitors. Results CSN1S1 at a concentration of 10 μg/ml resulted in morphological changes (irregular shape, pseudopodia) and aggregation of cells, comparable to changes observed in M-CSF/IFNγ differentiated macrophages. Surface marker expression was altered after 24 h with an upregulation of CD14 (mean 2.5 fold) and CD64 (1.9 fold) in CSN1S1 stimulated cells. CSN1S1 treated cells showed a characteristic surface marker pattern for macrophages after 120 h of incubation (CD14high, CD64high, CD83low, CD1alow) comparable to changes observed in M-CSF/IFNγ treated monocytes. Furthermore, phagocytic activity was increased 1.4 and 1.9 fold following stimulation with 10 μg/ml CSN1S1 after 24 and 48 h, respectively. Early GM-CSF, but not GM-CSF/IL-4 induced differentiation of monocytes towards dendritic cells (DC) was inhibited by addition of CSN1S1. Finally, CSN1S1 induced upregulation of CD14 was impeded by inhibition of ERK1/2, while inhibition of the mitogen activated protein kinases JNK and p38 did not influence cellular differentiation. However, JNK and p38 inhibitors impeded CSN1S1 induced secretion of the proinflammatory cytokines IL-1b or IL-6. Conclusions CSN1S1 skews in vitro differentiation of monocytes towards a macrophage-like phenotype. Data is accumulating that functions of CSN1S1 are beyond nutritional properties and include immunomodulatory effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Vordenbäumen
- Heinrich-Heine-University Düsseldorf, Department of Rheumatology, Moorenstr, 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Liu KY, Comstock SS, Shunk JM, Monaco MH, Donovan SM. Natural killer cell populations and cytotoxic activity in pigs fed mother's milk, formula, or formula supplemented with bovine lactoferrin. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:402-7. [PMID: 23868366 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are components of the innate immune defense system, and their levels differ between breast and formula-fed (FF) infants. Lactoferrin (Lf) modulates NK cell cytotoxicity ex vivo. We hypothesized that dietary bovine Lf (bLf) would increase NK cell populations and cytotoxicity. METHODS Piglets were sow-reared (SR), FF, or 1 g/l bLf-fed (LF) for 21 d. NK cells (CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(+)) in blood (peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs)), spleen, and mesenteric lymph node (MLN) were determined by flow cytometry. PBMC NK cells were tested for cytotoxic activity against target K562 cells ex vivo in the presence of media (unstimulated), interleukin-2, or bLf. NK cell mRNA expression was determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. RESULTS SR and LF piglets had more NK cells in MLN (P = 0.0097) and spleen (P = 0.0980) than FF piglets. In PBMCs, SR piglets had more NK cells than FF piglets (P = 0.0072); LF piglets were intermediate and not different from FF or SR piglets. NK cell intelectin-2 mRNA expression was 2.5-fold higher (P = 0.0095) in LF than SR or FF piglets. NK cells in SR piglets exhibited greater (P < 0.0001) cytotoxic activity than those in LF or FF piglets, which was supported by greater perforin mRNA expression. CONCLUSION Dietary bLf increased blood NK cell populations and NK Lf receptor expression but not NK cell cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilia Y Liu
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois
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18
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Fermentation products: immunological effects on human and animal models. Pediatr Res 2013; 74:238-44. [PMID: 23670282 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2013.76] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/29/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Infant formulas have been shown to influence the development of the gut microbiota. Besides the probiotic- and prebiotic-containing formulas, fermented milk-based infant formulas offer an additional means for modulation of gut immunity and/or gut microbiota. These formulas are produced by the fermentation of cow's milk with specific lactic acid bacteria strains, followed by heat treatment; they do not contain viable bacteria or added prebiotic oligosaccharides but contain specific products resulting from the fermentation process. This review is focused on the effects of fermentation products, distinguishing them from those of living bacteria and prebiotic compounds on the immune system. Besides the possible modulation of gut microbiota composition, in vitro and in vivo studies suggest that specific fermentation products can actively participate in the establishment of immune balance and oral tolerance. Although further research is needed to confirm the clinical benefits observed in infants to better characterize the active fermentation compounds and to delineate the involved pathways, these fermented formulas appear to deserve interest.
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Yessoufou A, Gbenou J, Grissa O, Hichami A, Simonin AM, Tabka Z, Moudachirou M, Moutairou K, Khan NA. Anti-hyperglycemic effects of three medicinal plants in diabetic pregnancy: modulation of T cell proliferation. Altern Ther Health Med 2013; 13:77. [PMID: 23565805 PMCID: PMC3637230 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-13-77] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Background Populations in Africa mostly rely on herbal concoctions for their primarily health care, but so far scientific studies supporting the use of plants in traditional medicine remain poor. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the anti-hyperglycemic effects of Picralima nitida (seeds), Nauclea latifolia (root and stem) and Oxytenanthera abyssinica (leaves) commonly used, in diabetic pregnancy. Methods Pregnant wistar rats, rendered diabetic by multiple low injections of streptozotocin, were treated with selected plant extracts based on their antioxidant activities. Vitamin C concentrations, fatty acid compositions and phytochemical analysis of plants extracts were determined. Effect of selected plant extracts on human T cell proliferation was also analysed. Results All analysed plant extracts exhibited substantial antioxidant activities probably related to their content in polyphenols. Picralima nitida exhibited the highest antioxidant capacity. Ethanolic and butanolic extracts of Picralima nitida, butanolic extract of Nauclea latifolia and ethanolic extract of Oxytenanthera abyssinica significantly decreased hyperglycemia in the diabetic pregnant rats. Butanolic extract of Picralima, also appeared to be the most potent immunosuppressor although all of the analysed extracts exerted an immunosuppressive effect on T cell proliferation probably due to their linolenic acid (C18:3n-3) and/or alkaloids content. Nevertheless, all analysed plants seemed to be good source of saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids. Conclusion By having antioxidant, anti-hyperglycemic and immunosuppressive activities, these plants could be good candidates in the treatment of diabetes and diabetic pregnancy.
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Smits LJM, Elzenga HM, Gemke RJBJ, Hornstra G, van Eijsden M. The association between interpregnancy interval and birth weight: what is the role of maternal polyunsaturated fatty acid status? BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2013; 13:23. [PMID: 23351191 PMCID: PMC3585790 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2393-13-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The objective of this study was to evaluate the mediating role of maternal early pregnancy plasma levels of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFAs) in the association of interpregnancy interval (IPI) with birth weight and smallness for gestational age (SGA) at birth. Methods We analysed a subsample of the Amsterdam Born Children and their Development (ABCD) cohort, comprising 1,659 parous pregnant women recruited between January 2003 and March 2004. We used linear and logistic regression to evaluate the associations between fatty acid status, interpregnancy interval and pregnancy outcome. Results Low plasma phospholipids concentrations of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) and dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid (DGLA), and high concentrations of arachidonic acid (AA) during early pregnancy were associated with reduced birth weight and/or an increased risk of SGA. Short IPIs (< 6 months, with 18–23 months as a reference) were associated with a mean decrease of 207.6 g (SE: ± 73.1) in birth weight (p = 0.005) and a twofold increased risk of SGA (OR: 2.05; CI: 0.93–4.51; p = 0.074). Adjustment for maternal fatty acid concentrations did not affect these results to any meaningful extent. Conclusions Despite the observed association of maternal early pregnancy LCPUFA status with birth weight and SGA, our study provides no evidence for the existence of an important role of maternal EPA, DHA, DGLA or AA in the association of short interpregnancy intervals with birth weight and SGA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luc J M Smits
- Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands.
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Hageman JHJ, Hooyenga P, Diersen-Schade DA, Scalabrin DMF, Wichers HJ, Birch EE. The impact of dietary long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids on respiratory illness in infants and children. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2012; 12:564-73. [PMID: 23001718 PMCID: PMC3492691 DOI: 10.1007/s11882-012-0304-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that intake of long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA), especially omega-3 LCPUFA, improves respiratory health early in life. This review summarizes publications from 2009 through July 2012 that evaluated effects of fish, fish oil or LCPUFA intake during pregnancy, lactation, and early postnatal years on allergic and infectious respiratory illnesses. Studies during pregnancy found inconsistent effects in offspring: two showed no effects and three showed protective effects of omega-3 LCPUFA on respiratory illnesses or atopic dermatitis. Two studies found that infants fed breast milk with higher omega-3 LCPUFA had reduced allergic manifestations. Earlier introduction of fish improved respiratory health or reduced allergy in four studies. Three randomized controlled trials showed that providing LCPUFA during infancy or childhood reduced allergy and/or respiratory illness while one found no effect. Potential explanations for the variability among studies and possible mechanisms of action for LCPUFA in allergy and respiratory disease are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeske H. J. Hageman
- Human Nutrition Department, Wageningen University, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Pieter Hooyenga
- Mead Johnson Nutrition, Middenkampweg 2, 6545 CJ Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | | | | | - Harry J. Wichers
- Wageningen University Food & Biobased Research, Bornse Weilanden 9, 6708 WG Wageningen, the Netherlands
| | - Eileen E. Birch
- Retina Foundation of the Southwest, 9900 North Central Expressway, Suite 400, Dallas, TX 75231 USA
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Peroni DG, Chirumbolo S, Veneri D, Piacentini GL, Tenero L, Vella A, Ortolani R, Raffaelli R, Boner AL. Colostrum-derived B and T cells as an extra-lymphoid compartment of effector cell populations in humans. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2012; 26:137-42. [PMID: 23013166 DOI: 10.3109/14767058.2012.733744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Colostrum contains cellular components that convey immunological protection to offspring. In the present study the main subsets of lymphocytes present in colostrum and in peripheral blood of healthy screened mothers were compared through the evaluation of >15 different flow cytometry markers. Colostrum and peripheral blood samples were collected within 3 days after full-term delivery. Flow cytometry assays and laboratory tests were performed soon after collection. Among B cells, percentages of CD19(+)CD5(+) cells, pertaining to natural immunity system, were significantly higher in colostrum than in peripheral blood (33 vs. 5%, p = 0.047). CD4(+) T cells, effector cells (CD45RA(+)/CD27(-)) and effector memory cells (CD45RA(-)/CD27(-)) were significantly higher in colostrum (p < 0.001) than in peripheral blood, as well as activated CD4(+) T cells (HLA(-)DR(+)) (36% vs. 6% p = 0.0022) and CD4(+) terminally differentiated effector T cells (CD57(+)) (p < 0.001). With regards to CD8(+) T cells, a comparable significant increase in effector (p < 0.02) and effector memory cells (p < 0.001) was also observed. Moreover, an increased surface expression of HLA-DR and CD57 (p < 0.001) on CD8(+) T cells in colostrum was detected. Colostrum contains a different distribution of lymphocyte subsets with respect to peripheral blood from mothers, confirming the observation that lymphocytes probably migrate in milk in a selective way. Colostrum T and B lymphocytes appear to be enriched with subsets possessing effector functions or belonging to the innate immune system, what could transfer a prompt line of defence to offspring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego G Peroni
- Department of Mothers and Children Biology and Genetics, Section of Pediatrics, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Integrata, Verona, Italy
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Cilieborg MS, Boye M, Mølbak L, Thymann T, Sangild PT. Preterm birth and necrotizing enterocolitis alter gut colonization in pigs. Pediatr Res 2011; 69:10-6. [PMID: 20924317 DOI: 10.1203/pdr.0b013e3181ff2a89] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) in preterm neonates is dependent on bacterial colonization, but it remains unclear whether a particular microbiota or specific pathogens are involved. We hypothesized that gut colonization differs between preterm and term neonates and that overgrowth of Clostridium perfringens predisposes to NEC. By using terminal-RFLP and FISH, we characterized the gut microbiota of preterm, caesarean-delivered, formula-fed pigs (n = 44) with or without NEC and of formula- or colostrum-fed term, and vaginally born pigs (n = 13). A different microbiota with high C. perfringens abundance was observed in preterm pigs with NEC compared with healthy individuals. However, immunization against C. perfringens toxins did not prevent NEC, and C. perfringens inoculation (3.6 × 10 cfu/d) failed to induce NEC (n = 16), whereas prophylactic broad-spectrum antibiotics treatment prevented NEC (n = 24). Colonization in both groups of term pigs differed from preterm pigs and was dominated by Lactobacilli spp. In conclusion, gestational age (GA) and NEC influence neonatal gut colonization, whereas diet has minor effects. C. perfringens is more abundant in pigs with NEC but rather as a consequence than a cause of disease. The general bacterial load and underdeveloped gut immune responses in preterm neonates seem more important for NEC development than specific pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malene S Cilieborg
- Department of Human Nutrition, University of Copenhagen, DK-1870 Frederiksberg, Denmark
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Benammar C, Hichami A, Yessoufou A, Simonin AM, Belarbi M, Allali H, Khan NA. Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) modulates antioxidant activity and human T-cell proliferation. Altern Ther Health Med 2010; 10:54. [PMID: 20868496 PMCID: PMC2955679 DOI: 10.1186/1472-6882-10-54] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2009] [Accepted: 09/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) also known as Jujube, is a deciduous shrub which belongs to Rhamnaceae family. This plant is used in Algerian traditional medicine for its anti-diabetic, sedative, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and hypoglycaemic activities. In the present study, we determined the concentrations of different vitamins (vitamin A, C and E) and fatty acids in root, stem, leaves, fruit pulp and seed of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) and assessed the effects of their aqueous extracts on antioxidant status and human T-cell proliferation. Methods Aqueous filtrates from different parts, i.e, root, leaf, stem, fruit pulp and seed, of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) were prepared. Vitamin C levels were determined by precipitating with 10% trichloroacetic acid and vitamin A and E were assessed by HPLC. Lipid composition of these extracts was determined by gas-liquid chromatography. Anti-oxidant capacity was evaluated by using anti-radical resistance kit [Kit Radicaux Libres (KRL@; Kirial International SA, Couternon, France)]. T-cell blastogenesis was assessed by the incorporation of 3H-thymidine. IL-2 gene expression was evaluated by RT-qPCR. Results Our results show that fruit pulp contained higher vitamin A and C contents than other parts of the plant. Furthermore, the fruit pulp was the richest source of linoleic acid (18:2n-6), a precursor of n-6 fatty acids. Fruit seeds possessed higher vitamin C levels than leaves, roots and stem. The leaves were the richest source of vitamin E and linolenic acid (18:3n-3), a precursor of n-3 fatty acids. The antioxidant capacity of the different extracts, measured by KRL@ test, was as follows: pulp < seed<leaf<root < stem. As far as T-cell proliferation is concerned, we observed that the different extracts of Zizyphus lotus L. (Desf.) exerted immunosuppressive effects. Conclusion Seed extracts exerted the most potent immunosuppressive effects on T cell proliferation and IL-2 mRNA expression. The results of the present study are discussed in the light of their use to modulate the immune-mediated diseases.
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Abstract
Numerous genes are involved in innate and adaptive immunity and these have been modified over millions of years. During this evolution, the mucosal immune system has developed two anti-inflammatory strategies: immune exclusion by the use of secretory antibodies to control epithelial colonization of microorganisms and to inhibit the penetration of potentially harmful agents; and immunosuppression to counteract local and peripheral hypersensitivity against innocuous antigens, such as food proteins. The latter strategy is called oral tolerance when induced via the gut. Homeostatic mechanisms also dampen immune responses to commensal bacteria. The mucosal epithelial barrier and immunoregulatory network are poorly developed in newborns. The perinatal period is, therefore, critical with regard to the induction of food allergy. The development of immune homeostasis depends on windows of opportunity during which innate and adaptive immunity are coordinated by antigen-presenting cells. The function of these cells is not only orchestrated by microbial products but also by dietary constituents, including vitamin A and lipids, such as polyunsaturated omega-3 fatty acids. These factors may in various ways exert beneficial effects on the immunophenotype of the infant. The same is true for breast milk, which provides immune-inducing factors and secretory immunoglobulin A, which reinforces the gut epithelial barrier. It is not easy to dissect the immunoregulatory network and identify variables that lead to food allergy. This Review discusses efforts to this end and outlines the scientific basis for future food allergy prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Per Brandtzaeg
- Laboratory for Immunohistochemistry and Immunopathology (LIIPAT), Centre for Immune Regulation (CIR), University of Oslo and Department and Institute of Pathology, Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet, N-0027 Oslo, Norway.
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Flanagan KL, Burl S, Lohman-Payne BL, Plebanski M. The challenge of assessing infant vaccine responses in resource-poor settings. Expert Rev Vaccines 2010; 9:665-74. [PMID: 20518720 PMCID: PMC2937226 DOI: 10.1586/erv.10.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Newborns and infants are highly susceptible to infectious diseases, resulting in high mortality and morbidity, particularly in resource-poor settings. Many vaccines require several booster doses, resulting in an extensive vaccine schedule, and yet there is still inadequate protection from some of these diseases. This is partly due to the immaturity of the neonate and infant immune system. Little is known about the specific modifications to immunological assessment protocols in early life but increasing knowledge of infant immunology has helped provide better recommendations for assessing these responses. Since most new vaccines will eventually be deployed in low-income settings such as Africa, the logistics and resources of assessing immunity in such settings also need to be understood. In this article, we will review immunity to vaccines in early life, discuss the many challenges associated with assessing immunogenicity and provide practical tips.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sarah Burl
- Medical Research Council (UK) The Gambia, Fajara, The Gambia
| | | | - Magdalena Plebanski
- Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Australia
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Koletzko B, Goulet O. Fish oil containing intravenous lipid emulsions in parenteral nutrition-associated cholestatic liver disease. Curr Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2010; 13:321-6. [PMID: 20393276 DOI: 10.1097/mco.0b013e3283385407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Lipid emulsions containing fish oils have been proposed to improve parenteral nutrition associated cholestasis (PNAC), a very serious complication of prolonged parenteral nutrition occurring particularly in infants and children with intestinal failure. Here, we summarize current data. RECENT FINDINGS The cause of PNAC is multifactorial. Prevention is possible by appropriate management, surgical procedures, infection prevention, and optimal parenteral nutrition management. Plausible hypotheses and experimental data support potential benefits of fish oils for treatment and prevention of PNAC. Improvement of PNAC over weeks and months has been reported in observational case studies in part of the children who received parenteral lipids with fish oil, but similar improvements also occurred by withholding or reducing standard lipid emulsions. No controlled trials are available that would allow final conclusions on efficacy and safety of fish oil-based emulsions in PNAC. Concerns exist regarding possible untoward effects and an inadequate supply of n-6 fatty acids with parenteral fish oil only. First data from controlled trials with mixed lipid emulsions containing partly fish oil suggest safety in infants and children and some possible benefits for liver function. SUMMARY The observed improvement of PNAC on parenteral lipids with fish oil deserves further exploration. No controlled trials are available, nutritional adequacy and safety of 100% fish oil emulsions are not adequately documented, and currently their use cannot be considered standard care. First data on mixed lipid emulsions with some fish oil are encouraging, and their effects in PNAC should also be explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold Koletzko
- Division of Metabolic and Nutritional Medicine, Dr von Hauner Children's Hospital, University of Munich Medical Center, Munich, Germany.
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Fatty Acid Composition of the Maternal Diet During the First or the Second Half of Gestation Influences the Fatty Acid Composition of Sows’ Milk and Plasma, and Plasma of Their Piglets. Lipids 2010; 45:409-18. [DOI: 10.1007/s11745-010-3415-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2009] [Accepted: 04/07/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Abstract
Asthma and allergic disorders can affect the course and outcome of pregnancy. Pregnancy itself may also affect the course of asthma and related diseases. Optimal management of these disorders during pregnancy is vital to ensure the welfare of the mother and the baby.Specific pharmacological agents for treatment of asthma or allergic diseases must be cautiously selected and are discussed here with respect to safety considerations in pregnancy. Although most drugs do not harm the fetus, this knowledge is incomplete. Any drug may carry a small risk that must be balanced against the benefits of keeping the mother and baby healthy. The goals and principles of management for acute and chronic asthma, rhinitis, and dermatologic disorders are the same during pregnancy as those for asthma in the general population.Diagnosis of allergy during pregnancy should mainly consist of the patient's history and in vitro testing.The assured and well-evaluated risk factors revealed for sensitization in mother and child are very limited, to date, and include alcohol consumption, exposure to tobacco smoke, maternal diet and diet of the newborn, drug usage, and insufficient exposure to environmental bacteria. Consequently, the recommendations for primary and secondary preventive measures are also very limited in number and verification.
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Finamore A, Roselli M, Britti S, Monastra G, Ambra R, Turrini A, Mengheri E. Intestinal and peripheral immune response to MON810 maize ingestion in weaning and old mice. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:11533-9. [PMID: 19007233 DOI: 10.1021/jf802059w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
This study evaluated the gut and peripheral immune response to genetically modified (GM) maize in mice in vulnerable conditions. Weaning and old mice were fed a diet containing MON810 or its parental control maize or a pellet diet containing a GM-free maize for 30 and 90 days. The immunophenotype of intestinal intraepithelial, spleen, and blood lymphocytes of control maize fed mice was similar to that of pellet fed mice. As compared to control maize, MON810 maize induced alterations in the percentage of T and B cells and of CD4(+), CD8(+), gammadeltaT, and alphabetaT subpopulations of weaning and old mice fed for 30 or 90 days, respectively, at the gut and peripheral sites. An increase of serum IL-6, IL-13, IL-12p70, and MIP-1beta after MON810 feeding was also found. These results suggest the importance of the gut and peripheral immune response to GM crop ingestion as well as the age of the consumer in the GMO safety evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Finamore
- Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca per gli Alimenti e la Nutrizione, Roma, Italy
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Guo TL. (Xeno)estrogen regulation of food allergy. J Immunotoxicol 2008; 5:259-70. [PMID: 18830886 DOI: 10.1080/15376510802312290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Food allergy and other types of allergies are becoming epidemic in both the developed and developing countries. A large amount of information is available in literature that (xeno)estrogens can regulate the immune response in general, and the development of allergy in particular; however, the effect of (xeno)estrogens on food allergy is basically unknown. With increasing use of xenobiotics worldwide, chemicals with estrogenic activity have been accumulating in our environment. This review has summarized the current literature relating to the topic (xeno)estrogen regulation of food allergy. The effect of (xeno)estrogens on enterocytes, proteases for protein hydrolysis, dendritic cells and T-regulatory cells in the gastrointestinal tract has been discussed. Finally, considering the current confusion in literature regarding the effect of phytoestrogen genistein on the immune system, a brief discussion has been included for its effect on T(H)1-T(H)2 polarization, and possibly food allergy in its relation to windows of exposure. Sufficient evidences exist to support the notion that (xeno)estrogens can regulate food allergy, with the developmental periods more sensitive. Further clinical and animal studies are needed to determine the causal relationship between the exposure of (xeno)estrogens and incidence of food allergy, and the underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tai L Guo
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298-0613, USA.
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Ejsing-Duun M, Josephsen J, Aasted B, Buschard K, Hansen AK. Dietary gluten reduces the number of intestinal regulatory T cells in mice. Scand J Immunol 2008; 67:553-9. [PMID: 18476878 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-3083.2008.02104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
It is well established that gluten-free diet reduces the incidence of type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1D) in non-obese diabetic (NOD) mice, though the mechanism is not known. However, regulatory T cells (Treg) are likely to play an important role. Also, it is known that dietary gluten induces an intestinal increase in the bacterium Lactococcus garvieae, but the importance of this phenomenon for T1D development is doubtful. Our hypothesis is that gluten is responsible for mediating its effect on T1D through the influence on Treg development independent of gluten-induced Lactococci. Four groups of female NOD and BALB/c mice of 3 week old were fed either a gluten-free diet or a standard diet. Lactococcus garvieae or saline water was administered per oral to one of each dietary group. Spleen and Peyer's patches were sampled from BALB/c mice for flow cytometric monitoring of IL-10 and Treg. NOD mice were diagnosed diabetic with blood glucose level >12 mmol/l. Dietary gluten significantly decreased the occurrence of Tregs by 10-15% (P < 0.05) in mice compared with those fed a standard diet. These results and the diabetes incidence were independent of the gluten-induced bacterial factor Lactococci. The prevalence of Treg was 5- to 10-fold more abundant in the Peyer's patches than in the spleen (P < 0.001). In conclusion, dietary gluten has a significant negative quantitative impact on the generation of Treg in mice, independent of gluten-induced Lactococcus garvieae, and Treg are far more abundant in Peyer's patches than in the spleen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ejsing-Duun
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg C, Denmark
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Rodrigues LC, Newcombe PJ, Cunha SS, Alcantara-Neves NM, Genser B, Cruz AA, Simoes SM, Fiaccone R, Amorim L, Cooper PJ, Barreto ML. Early infection with Trichuris trichiura and allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood. Clin Exp Allergy 2008; 38:1769-77. [PMID: 18547322 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2008.03027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Allergic diseases cause a large and increasing burden in developed countries and in urban centres in middle-income countries. The causes of this increase are unknown and, currently, there are no interventions to prevent the development of allergic diseases. The 'hygiene hypothesis' has tried to explain the increase through a reduction in the frequency of childhood infections causing a failure to program the immune system for adequate immune regulation. Intestinal helminth parasites are prevalent in childhood in developing countries and are associated with a lower prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity and asthma. OBJECTIVES To investigate whether children who had intestinal helminth infections during early childhood have a lower prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity later in childhood. METHODS We re-visited a population of 1055 children from whom stool samples had been collected for detection of intestinal helminth infections for another study, and collected new stool samples and performed allergen skin prick testing. Information on potential confounding variables was collected. RESULTS Children with heavy infections with Trichuris trichiura in early childhood had a significantly reduced prevalence of allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood, even in the absence of T. trichiura infection at the time of skin testing in later childhood. CONCLUSION Early heavy infections with T. trichiura may protect against the development of allergen skin test reactivity in later childhood. Novel treatments to program immune-regulation in early childhood in a way that mimics the effects of early infections with T. trichiura may offer new strategies for the prevention of allergic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L C Rodrigues
- London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, UK.
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