1
|
Pokhrel B, Jiang H. Postnatal Growth and Development of the Rumen: Integrating Physiological and Molecular Insights. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:269. [PMID: 38666881 PMCID: PMC11048093 DOI: 10.3390/biology13040269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2024] [Revised: 04/05/2024] [Accepted: 04/16/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The rumen plays an essential role in the physiology and production of agriculturally important ruminants such as cattle. Functions of the rumen include fermentation, absorption, metabolism, and protection. Cattle are, however, not born with a functional rumen, and the rumen undergoes considerable changes in size, histology, physiology, and transcriptome from birth to adulthood. In this review, we discuss these changes in detail, the factors that affect these changes, and the potential molecular and cellular mechanisms that mediate these changes. The introduction of solid feed to the rumen is essential for rumen growth and functional development in post-weaning calves. Increasing evidence suggests that solid feed stimulates rumen growth and functional development through butyric acid and other volatile fatty acids (VFAs) produced by microbial fermentation of feed in the rumen and that VFAs stimulate rumen growth and functional development through hormones such as insulin and insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) or through direct actions on energy production, chromatin modification, and gene expression. Given the role of the rumen in ruminant physiology and performance, it is important to further study the cellular, molecular, genomic, and epigenomic mechanisms that control rumen growth and development in postnatal ruminants. A better understanding of these mechanisms could lead to the development of novel strategies to enhance the growth and development of the rumen and thereby the productivity and health of cattle and other agriculturally important ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Honglin Jiang
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Mako AA, Ikusika OO, Akinmoladun OF. Physiological response of WAD sheep fed different combinations of Guinea grass and ensiled A lternanthera brasiliana (L.) O. Kuntze based diets: Intake, haematology and serum biochemical indices. Vet Anim Sci 2021; 14:100220. [PMID: 34877435 PMCID: PMC8628008 DOI: 10.1016/j.vas.2021.100220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Animal feed shortages characterize the long dry season in most Sub-Saharan African countries. Studies exploring alternative feedstuffs with similar or complementary nutritional efficacy to the conventional ones are seriously canvassed. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of feeding West African Dwarf (WAD) sheep with different combinations of guinea grass and ensiled A. brasiliana based diets on their intake, haematology, and biochemical indices. A total of 30 growing female WAD sheep (BW =10.5 ± 0.92 kg; mean ± SD), 12–18 months of age were allocated to five dietary treatments containing different inclusion levels of ensiled A. brasiliana (0%, 30%, 45%, 60% and 90%) in a trial that lasted for 90 days. Intakes were estimated daily and body weight changes taken weekly. Blood concentrations of haemoglobin, packed cell volume, white blood cells, differential white blood counts (lymphocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils), red blood cells, total protein, albumin, globulin, creatinine and cholesterol were also determined. The total dry matter intake (DMI) increased (P < 0.05) with increasing inclusion levels of A. brasiliana. While the feed conversion ratio decreased (P < 0.05), the final weight and average daily gain significantly increased (P < 0.05) with increasing levels ensiled A. brasiliana. The red blood cell, creatinine, globulin, cholesterol, white blood cell and its differentials were not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion levels of A. brasiliana. However, the total protein and albumin were influenced (P < 0.05) by inclusion levels of A. brasiliana. The inclusion levels of A. brasiliana up to 90% promote growth and were not harmful to the ewes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A A Mako
- Department of Agricultural Science, Tai Solarin University of Education, PMB 2811, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria
| | - O O Ikusika
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - O F Akinmoladun
- Department of Livestock and Pasture Science, Faculty of Science and Agriculture, University of Fort Hare, Private Bag X1314, Alice 5700, Eastern Cape, South Africa.,Department of Animal and Environmental Biology, Adekunle Ajasin University, PMB 001, Akungba-Akoko, Ondo-State, Nigeria
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Gidley MJ. Lessons for animal nutrition and production science from the Australian Academy of Science Decadal Plan for the Science of Nutrition. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2021. [DOI: 10.1071/an21151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The Australian Academy of Science recently released a Decadal Plan for the Science of Nutrition. This plan was focussed on human nutrition, but it is worth considering implications for production animal science and parallels with animal nutrition. One implication for animal production is the need to understand nutrition for health benefits at the whole-of-diet level rather than as a sum of individual foods or nutrients, providing a driver to studies of human food combinations (meals) as well as of feed ingredient interaction effects in animal diets. A second parallel is in the understanding of differences in individual/genotype responses to food/feed. In humans this is termed personalised nutrition and in animals it is becoming a key driver for genetic selection and nutrition management. A third area involves the need for a Trusted Voice in what is a contested media space for both human foods and animal production. While there are different contexts, there remains much that the animal production nutrition and human nutrition communities can learn from each other.
Collapse
|
4
|
Li X. Plant cell wall chemistry: implications for ruminant utilisation. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL NUTRITION 2021. [DOI: 10.3920/jaan2020.0017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ruminants have adapted to cope with bulky, fibrous forage diets by accommodating a large, diverse microbial population in the reticulo-rumen. Ruminants are dependent on forages as their main sources of energy and other nutrients. Forages are comprised of a complex matrix of cellulose, hemicellulose, protein, minerals and phenolic compounds (including lignin and tannins) with various linkages; many of which are poorly defined. The composition and characteristics of polysaccharides vary greatly among forages and plant cell walls. Plant cell walls are linked and packed together in tight configurations to resist degradation, and hence their nutritional value to animals varies considerably, depending on composition, structure and degradability. An understanding of the inter-relationship between the chemical composition and the degradation of plant cell walls by rumen microorganisms is of major economic importance to ruminant production. Increasing the efficiency of fibre degradation in the rumen has been the subject of extensive research for many decades. This review summarises current knowledge of forage chemistry in order to develop strategies to increase efficiency of forage utilisation by ruminants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X. Li
- The University of Queensland, School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, Gatton, Qld 4343, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Du HS, Wang C, Wu ZZ, Zhang GW, Liu Q, Guo G, Huo WJ, Zhang YL, Pei CX, Zhang SL. Effects of rumen-protected folic acid and rumen-protected sodium selenite supplementation on lactation performance, nutrient digestion, ruminal fermentation and blood metabolites in dairy cows. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:5826-5833. [PMID: 31206694 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 06/08/2019] [Accepted: 06/10/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Considering the insufficient ruminal synthesis of folic acid (FA), the higher degradability of FA, and the reduction of sodium selenite (SS) by ruminal microbes into non-absorbable elemental Se, this study evaluated the effects of rumen-protected FA (RPFA) and rumen-protected SS (RPSS) on lactation performance, nutrient digestion and blood metabolites in dairy cows. RESULTS Dry matter (DM) intake and milk composition were unaltered, milk and milk fat yields were higher for both supplements, and milk protein yield was higher for RPFA addition. Digestibility of DM, neutral detergent fibre and acid detergent fibre was higher for both supplements, whereas that of organic matter and crude protein was higher for RPFA addition. Ruminal pH and ammonia N were lower, and concentration of total volatile fatty acids was higher for both supplements. Activity of cellobiase and xylanase was higher for RPFA addition, whereas that of pectinase and protease was higher for both supplements. The populations of total ruminal fungi, protozoa, Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens were higher for both supplements. The RPFA × RPSS interaction was significant for α-amylase activity, total ruminal bacteria and R. albus populations; these three variables were increased by RPSS but the increase was greater when cows were also fed RPFA. CONCLUSION The results indicated that addition of RPFA or RPSS improved lactation performance, nutrient digestibility and ruminal fermentation in dairy cows by stimulating ruminal microbial growth and enzyme activity. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hong Sheng Du
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Cong Wang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Zhang Zhi Wu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Guang Wen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Qiang Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Gang Guo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Wen Jie Huo
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Yan Li Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Cai Xia Pei
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| | - Shuan Lin Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Taigu, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
He M, Li L, Wang H, Yan S, Zhang Y. Effects of High-Grain Diet With Buffering Agent on the Hepatic Metabolism in Lactating Goats. Front Physiol 2019; 10:661. [PMID: 31191354 PMCID: PMC6548822 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
To gain insight on the effects of a high-grain diet with buffering agent on liver metabolism and the changes of plasma biochemical parameters and amino acids in hepatic vein and portal vein, commercial kit and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) were applied to determine the concentration of amino acids of hepatic vein and portal vein blood samples, quantitative real-time PCR and comparative proteomic approach was employed to investigate proteins differentially expressed in liver in lactating dairy goats feeding high-grain diet with buffering agent or only high-grain diet. Results showed that feeding high-grain diet with buffering agent to lactating dairy goats could outstanding increase amino acid content of Gln (p < 0.01), and the amino acid contents of Arg and Tyr in BG were significantly higher (p < 0.05) than that in HG. After adding the buffering agent, the metabolism of amino acids in the liver were changed and most of the amino acids were increasingly synthesized and decreasingly consumed in the liver. In addition, 46 differentially expressed protein spots (≥1.5-fold changed) were detected in buffering group vs. control group using 2-DE technique and MALDI-TOF/TOF proteomics analyzer. Of these, 24 proteins showed increased expression and 22 proteins showed decreased expression in the buffer group vs. control group. Data on Gene Ontology (GO) analysis and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway analysis reveals that the high-grain diet with buffering agent alter the expression of proteins related to amino acids metabolism and glycometabolism. In addition, the results conclude that feeding high-grain diet with buffering agent can strengthen anti-oxidant capacity, stress ability, slow down urea metabolism, and alter amino acid metabolism as well as glycometabolism in the liver through different detection methods including proteomic analysis, real-time PCR analysis and biochemical analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Meilin He
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Huanhuan Wang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Shuping Yan
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yuanshu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Physiology and Biochemistry, Ministry of Agriculture, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Bell A. Standing on giant shoulders: a personal recollection of the lives and achievements of eminent animal scientists 1965–2015. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1071/an18212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This article is a compilation of pieces that are part biographical sketches and part personal recollections of 18 scientists with whom the author was acquainted in three continents over almost 50 years. The subjects, from Australia, the United States and the United Kingdom, will be recognisable to many in the field, especially more experienced scientists. For younger scientists, the article also is intended to put a human face on a generation of famous researchers who otherwise would be familiar only as somewhat anonymous authors of classic papers and reviews.
Collapse
|
8
|
Effects of feeding systems on rumen environment, degradability and passage kinetics in Ankole × Friesian crossbred steers. Livest Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2018.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
9
|
Leng RA. Unravelling methanogenesis in ruminants, horses and kangaroos: the links between gut anatomy, microbial biofilms and host immunity. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an15710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The present essay aims to resolve the question as to why macropod marsupials (e.g. kangaroos and wallabies, hereinafter termed ‘macropods) and horses produce much less methane (CH4) than do ruminants when digesting the same feed. In herbivores, gases produced during fermentation of fibrous feeds do not pose a major problem in regions of the gut that have mechanisms to eliminate them (e.g. eructation in the rumen and flatus in the lower bowel). In contrast, gas pressure build-up in the tubiform forestomach of macropods or in the enlarged tubiform caecum of equids would be potentially damaging. It is hypothesised that, to prevent this problem, evolution has favoured development of controls over gut microbiota that enable enteric gas production (H2 and CH4) to be differently regulated in the forestomach of macropods and the caecum of all three species, from the forestomach of ruminants. The hypothesised regulation depends on interactions between their gut anatomy and host-tissue immune responses that have evolved to modify the species composition of their gut microbiota which, importantly, are mainly in biofilms. Obligatory H2 production during forage fermentation is, thus, captured in CH4 in the ruminant where ruminal gases are readily released by eructation, or in acetate in the macropod forestomach and equid caecum–colon where a build-up in gas pressure could potentially damage these organs. So as to maintain appropriate gut microbiota in different species, it is hypothesised that blind sacs at the cranial end of the haustral anatomy of the macropod forestomach and the equid caecum are sites of release of protobiofilm particles that develop in close association with the mucosal lymphoid tissues. These tissues release immune secretions such as antimicrobial peptides, immunoglobulins, innate lymphoid cells and mucin that eliminate or suppress methanogenic Archaea and support the growth of acetogenic microbiota. The present review draws on microbiological studies of the mammalian gut as well as other microbial environments. Hypotheses are advanced to account for published findings relating to the gut anatomy of herbivores and humans, the kinetics of digesta in ruminants, macropods and equids, and also the composition of biofilm microbiota in the human gut as well as aquatic and other environments where the microbiota exist in biofilms.
Collapse
|
10
|
Leng RA. Biofilm compartmentalisation of the rumen microbiome: modification of fermentation and degradation of dietary toxins. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an17382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Many deleterious chemicals in plant materials ingested by ruminants produce clinical effects, varying from losses of production efficiency through to death. Many of the effects are insidious, often going unrecognised by animal managers. When secondary plant compounds enter the rumen, they may undergo modification by rumen microbes, which often removes the deleterious compounds, but in specific instances, the deleterious effect may be enhanced. Improved understanding of rumen ecology, particularly concerning the biofilm mode of microbial fermentation, has led to major advances in our understanding of fermentation. In the present review, the potential impact of the physical structuring of the rumen microbiome is discussed in relation to how several economically important secondary plant compounds and other toxins are metabolised by the rumen microbiome and how their toxic effects may be remedied by providing inert particles with a large surface area to weight ratio in the diet. These particles provide additional surfaces for attachment of rumen microorganisms that help alleviate toxicity problems associated with deleterious compounds, including fluoroacetate, mimosine, mycotoxins, cyanoglycosides and hydrogen cyanide. The review first summarises the basic science of biofilm formation and describes the properties of biofilms and their roles in the rumen. It then addresses how biofilms on inert solids and fermentable particulates may assist in detoxification of potentially toxic compounds. A hypothesis that explains how nitrate poisoning may occur as a result of compartmentalisation of nitrate and nitrite reduction in the rumen is included.
Collapse
|
11
|
Shu S, Xu C, Xia C, Xiao X, Wang G, Fan Z, Cao Y, Wang Y, Zhang H. Identification of novel pathways in pathogenesis of ketosis in dairy cows via iTRAQ/MS. J Vet Res 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/jvetres-2016-0047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Introduction: To identify novel pathways involved in the pathogenesis of ketosis, an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation/mass spectrometry was used to define differences in protein expression profiles between healthy dairy cows and those with clinical or subclinical ketosis.
Material and Methods: To define the novel pathways of ketosis in cattle, the differences in protein expression were analysed by bioinformatics. Go Ontology and Pathway analysis were carried out for enrich the role and pathway of the different expression proteins between healthy dairy cows and those with clinical or subclinical ketosis.
Results: Differences were identified in 19 proteins, 16 of which were relatively up-regulated while the remaining 3 were relatively down-regulated. Sorbitol dehydrogenase (SORD) and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (G3PD) were up-regulated in cattle with ketosis. SORD and G3PD promoted glycolysis. These mechanisms lead to pyruvic acid production increase and ketone body accumulation.
Conclusion: The novel pathways of glycolysis provided new evidence for the research of ketosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shi Shu
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Chuchu Xu
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Cheng Xia
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
- Department of Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China
| | - Xinhuan Xiao
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Gang Wang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Ziling Fan
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yu Cao
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Yanhui Wang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| | - Hongyou Zhang
- Department of College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Heilongjiang BaYi Agriculture University, Daqing 163319, China
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Loor JJ, Vailati-Riboni M, McCann JC, Zhou Z, Bionaz M. TRIENNIAL LACTATION SYMPOSIUM: Nutrigenomics in livestock: Systems biology meets nutrition. J Anim Sci 2016; 93:5554-74. [PMID: 26641165 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2015-9225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The advent of high-throughput technologies to study an animal's genome, proteome, and metabolome (i.e., "omics" tools) constituted a setback to the use of reductionism in livestock research. More recent development of "next-generation sequencing" tools was instrumental in allowing in-depth studies of the microbiome in the rumen and other sections of the gastrointestinal tract. Omics, along with bioinformatics, constitutes the foundation of modern systems biology, a field of study widely used in model organisms (e.g., rodents, yeast, humans) to enhance understanding of the complex biological interactions occurring within cells and tissues at the gene, protein, and metabolite level. Application of systems biology concepts is ideal for the study of interactions between nutrition and physiological state with tissue and cell metabolism and function during key life stages of livestock species, including the transition from pregnancy to lactation, in utero development, or postnatal growth. Modern bioinformatic tools capable of discerning functional outcomes and biologically meaningful networks complement the ever-increasing ability to generate large molecular, microbial, and metabolite data sets. Simultaneous visualization of the complex intertissue adaptations to physiological state and nutrition can now be discerned. Studies to understand the linkages between the microbiome and the absorptive epithelium using the integrative approach are emerging. We present examples of new knowledge generated through the application of functional analyses of transcriptomic, proteomic, and metabolomic data sets encompassing nutritional management of dairy cows, pigs, and poultry. Published work to date underscores that the integrative approach across and within tissues may prove useful for fine-tuning nutritional management of livestock. An important goal during this process is to uncover key molecular players involved in the organismal adaptations to nutrition.
Collapse
|
13
|
Basha NAD, Scogings PF, Nsahlai IV. Effects of season, browse species and polyethylene glycol addition on gas production kinetics of forages in the subhumid subtropical savannah, South Africa. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2013; 93:1338-1348. [PMID: 23015416 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.5895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2012] [Revised: 08/07/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study was conducted to investigate the effects of season, species and polyethylene glycol addition on gas production (GP) and GP kinetic parameters by in vitro incubation (72 h) of five plant species from the subhumid subtropical savannah, South Africa. Plant species used were Acacia natalitia, Acacia nilotica, Dichrostachys cinerea, Scutia myrtina and Chromolaena odorata, leaves of which were harvested during the dry (June/July), early wet (November/December) and late wet (February/March) seasons. An automated in vitro gas production technique was used in two experiments carried out with nine replicates. The first experiment was to test the effect of season and species, while the second experiment tested the effect of tannins using polyethylene glycol 4000 (PEG). The PEG treatment was applied to samples in the early wet and late wet seasons. RESULTS There were wide variations among seasons and species in crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fibre (NDF), acid detergent fibre (ADF) and condensed tannin (CT). Season and species affected the maximum GP and GP kinetic parameters. During the three seasons, C. odorata had the highest CP (186-226 g kg(-1) dry matter (DM)) and GP (87-104 mL g(-1) DM) and S. myrtina had the lowest CP (105-129 g kg(-1) DM), while A. nilotica, A. natalitia, D. cinerea and S. myrtina had similar and low GP (23-50 mL g(-1) DM). The maximum GP, its degradation rate and GP from the soluble fraction were positively correlated with CP both without and with PEG. With PEG, GP from the soluble fraction was negatively correlated with NDF, ADL and CT; without PEG, it was negatively correlated with CT. CONCLUSION Both season and species affected the GP parameters. The addition of PEG emphasises that the inhibitory effect of tannins on rumen microbes was greater for all but C. odorata, confirming that these browse species can be used as feed supplements.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nasreldin A D Basha
- Animal and Poultry Science, School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Private Bag X01, Scottsville, South Africa.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Mycotoxin contamination of the feed supply chain: Implications for animal productivity and feed security. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2011.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 402] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
|
15
|
Boyle PM, Silver PA. Parts plus pipes: synthetic biology approaches to metabolic engineering. Metab Eng 2011; 14:223-32. [PMID: 22037345 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2011.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2011] [Revised: 10/05/2011] [Accepted: 10/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Synthetic biologists combine modular biological "parts" to create higher-order devices. Metabolic engineers construct biological "pipes" by optimizing the microbial conversion of basic substrates to desired compounds. Many scientists work at the intersection of these two philosophies, employing synthetic devices to enhance metabolic engineering efforts. These integrated approaches promise to do more than simply improve product yields; they can expand the array of products that are tractable to produce biologically. In this review, we explore the application of synthetic biology techniques to next-generation metabolic engineering challenges, as well as the emerging engineering principles for biological design.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Patrick M Boyle
- Department of Systems Biology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Skládanka J, Nedělník J, Adam V, Doležal P, Moravcová H, Dohnal V. Forage as a primary source of mycotoxins in animal diets. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2011; 8:37-50. [PMID: 21318013 PMCID: PMC3037059 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph8010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/24/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The issue of moulds and, thus, contamination with mycotoxins is very topical, particularly in connexion with forages from grass stands used at the end of the growing season. Deoxynivalenol (DON), zearalenone (ZEA), fumonisins (FUM) and aflatoxins (AFL) are among the most common mycotoxins. The aim of the paper was to determine concentrations of mycotoxins in selected grasses (Lolium perenne, Festulolium pabulare, Festulolium braunii) and their mixtures with Festuca rubra an/or Poa pratensis during the growing season as a marker of grass safety, which was assessed according to content of the aforementioned mycotoxins. During the growing season grass forage was contaminated with mycotoxins, most of all by DON and ZEA. The contents of AFL and FUM were zero or below the limit of quantification. Moreover, the level of the occurrence of mould was quantified as ergosterol content, which was higher at the specific date of cut. All results were statistically processed and significant changes were discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Skládanka
- Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.), (P.D.)
| | - Jan Nedělník
- Agriculture Research, Ltd. Troubsko, Zahradní 1, CZ-664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.N.), (H.M.)
| | - Vojtěch Adam
- Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.), (P.D.)
| | - Petr Doležal
- Faculty of Agronomy, Mendel University in Brno, Zemedelska 1, CZ-613 00 Brno, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (V.A.), (P.D.)
| | - Hana Moravcová
- Agriculture Research, Ltd. Troubsko, Zahradní 1, CZ-664 41 Troubsko, Czech Republic; E-Mails: (J.N.), (H.M.)
| | - Vlastimil Dohnal
- University of Jan Evangelista Purkyně in Ústí nad Labem, Hoření Street 13, CZ-400 96 Ústí nad Labem, Czech Republic; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Fink-Gremmels J. Defense mechanisms against toxic phytochemicals in the diet of domestic animals. Mol Nutr Food Res 2009; 54:249-58. [DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200900361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
|
18
|
Patra AK. A meta-analysis on effects of supplementing low-quality roughages with foliages from browses and tree fodders on intake and growth in sheep. Livest Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2008.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
|
19
|
Allison GG, Rees Stevens P, Heasman L, Davis AM, Jackman R, Moorby JM. Effect of scrapie incubation on the concentrations of plasma amino acids and L-lactate in infected lambs. Vet Res Commun 2008; 32:591-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s11259-008-9067-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
20
|
Hammon H, Metges C, Junghans P, Becker F, Bellmann O, Schneider F, Nürnberg G, Dubreuil P, Lapierre H. Metabolic Changes and Net Portal Flux in Dairy Cows Fed a Ration Containing Rumen-Protected Fat as Compared to a Control Diet. J Dairy Sci 2008; 91:208-17. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2007-0517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
21
|
Annison EF, Bryden WL. Perspectives on ruminant nutrition and metabolism. II. Metabolism in ruminant tissues. Nutr Res Rev 2007; 12:147-77. [DOI: 10.1079/095442299108728866] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe discovery of the dominance of short-chain fatty acids as energy sources in the 1940s and 1950s, as discussed in part I of this review (Annison & Bryden, 1998) led to uncertainties concerning the interrelationships of glucose and acetate in ruminant metabolism. These were resolved in the following decade largely by use of14C-labelled substrates. Although only small amounts of glucose are absorbed in most dietary situations, glucose availability to ruminant tissues as measured by isotope dilution was shown to be substantial, indicating that gluconeogenesis is a major metabolic activity in both fed and fasted states. Studies with14C-labelled glucose and acetate revealed that in contrast to non-ruminants, acetate and not glucose is the major precursor of long-chain fatty acids in ruminant tissues. Interest in the measurement of energy metabolism in livestock grew rapidly from the 1950s. Most laboratories adopted indirect calorimetry and precise measurements of the energy expenditure of ruminants contributed to the development of new feeding systems. More recently, alternative approaches to the measurement of energy expenditure have included the use of NMR spectroscopy, isotope dilution and the application of the Fick principle to measure O2consumption in the whole animal and in defined tissues. The refinement of the classical arterio-venous difference procedure in the study of mammary gland metabolism in the 1960s, particularly when combined with isotope dilution, encouraged the use of these methods to generate quantitative data on the metabolism of a range of defined tissues. The recent introduction of new methods for the continuous monitoring of both blood flow and blood O2content has greatly increased the precision and scope of arterio-venous difference measurements. The impact of data produced by these and other quantitative procedures on current knowledge of the metabolism of glucose, short-chain fatty acids and lipids, and on N metabolism, is outlined. The role of the portal-drained viscera and liver in N metabolism is discussed in relation to data obtained by the use of multi-catheterized animals. Protein turnover, and the impact of stress (physical, social and disease related) on protein metabolism have been reviewed. The growth of knowledge of mammary gland metabolism and milk synthesis since the first quantitative studies in the 1960s has been charted. Recent findings on the regulation of amino acid uptake and utilization by the mammary gland, and on the control of milk secretion, are of particular interest and importance.
Collapse
|
22
|
Rubanza C, Shem M, Bakengesa S, Ichinohe T, Fujihara T. Effects of Acacia nilotica, A. polyacantha and Leucaena leucocephala leaf meal supplementation on performance of Small East African goats fed native pasture hay basal forages. Small Rumin Res 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.smallrumres.2006.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
23
|
Rubanza CDK, Shem MN, Bakengesa SS, Ichinohe T, Fujihara T. The content of protein, fibre and minerals of leaves of selected Acacia species indigenous to north-western Tanzania. Arch Anim Nutr 2007; 61:151-6. [PMID: 17451113 DOI: 10.1080/17450390701203907] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Browse tree leaves of six species of Acacia (A. angustissima L., A. drepanolobium L., A. nilotica L., A. polyacantha L., A. senegal L., A. tortilis L.) were screened for chemical composition, including minerals and trace elements. Crude protein (CP) varied among the species from 145 (A. senegal) to 229 g/kg DM (A. angustissima). The species had moderate to high levels of minerals. The concentrations of Ca, P, Mg and S varied among the species from 14.6-31.5, 3.5-4.9, 1.4-3.0 and 1.7-2.8 g/kg DM, respectively. The forages showed relatively low concentrations of trace elements. Content of trace elements varied among the species from 4.5-23.8, 99.4-173.6, 146.2-432, 41.0-90.1, 10.9-22.2 and 0.05-0.65 mg/kg DM for Cu, Mo, Fe, Mn, Zn and Co, respectively. All leaves of browse species would meet the normal requirements for Ca, P, Mg and S in ruminants, although some species had higher levels of Ca than tabulated mineral requirements in livestock. Assayed Cu, Mn, Zn and Co would satisfy the lower range of recommended requirements of trace elements depending on their bioavailability. Therefore, browse leaves from Acacias could form good sources of CP and mineral supplements to ruminants.
Collapse
|
24
|
Allison GG, Horton RA, Rees Stevens P, Jackman R, Moorby JM. Changes in plasma metabolites and muscle glycogen are correlated to bovine spongiform encephalopathy in infected dairy cattle. Res Vet Sci 2007; 83:40-6. [PMID: 17197001 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 11/02/2006] [Accepted: 11/11/2006] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
During the clinical phase of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), a significant decrease was observed in the ratio of muscle glycogen to plasma L-lactic acid concentrations in BSE infected field case and experimentally infected dairy cattle compared with healthy control cattle (P<0.001), this being due to changes in the concentration of both metabolites in the BSE infected cattle compared with the control group. Furthermore, the concentration of plasma alanine was significantly increased (P<0.05) in the infected animals. No significant difference was detected between these two groups in the ratio of hepatic glycogen to plasma lactate. We infer that BSE infected cattle exhibit signs of altered energy metabolism and when applied in conjunction with changes in other metabolite biomarkers these changes may be useful for discriminating BSE infected cattle from healthy cattle or those suffering with other disorders or diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G G Allison
- Institute of Grassland and Environmental Research, Plas Gogerddan, Aberystwyth SY23 3EB, UK.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Rubanza C, Shem M, Otsyina R, Bakengesa S, Ichinohe T, Fujihara T. Polyphenolics and tannins effect on in vitro digestibility of selected Acacia species leaves. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2004.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
Certain diets cause a marked reduction in milk fat production in ruminants. Commonly referred to as milk fat depression (MFD), the mechanism involves an interrelationship between rumen microbial processes and tissue metabolism. Numerous theories to explain this interrelationship have been proposed and investigations offer little support for theories that are based on a limitation in the supply of lipogenic precursors. Rather, the basis involves alterations in rumen biohydrogenation of dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids and a specific inhibition of mammary synthesis of milk fat. The biohydrogenation theory proposes that under certain dietary conditions, typical pathways of rumen biohydrogenation are altered to produce unique fatty acid intermediates that inhibit milk fat synthesis. Trans-10, cis-12 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) has been identified as one example that is correlated with the reduction in milk fat. Investigations with pure isomers have shown that trans-10, cis-12 CLA is a potent inhibitor of milk fat synthesis, and similar to diet-induced MFD, the mechanism involves a coordinated reduction in mRNA abundance for key enzymes involved in the biochemical pathways of fat synthesis. A more complete identification of these naturally produced inhibitors of fat synthesis and delineation of cellular mechanisms may offer broader opportunities for application and understanding of the regulation of lipid metabolism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dale E Bauman
- Department of Animal Science, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Peltier TC, Barboza PS, Blake JE. Seasonal hyperphagia does not reduce digestive efficiency in an Arctic grazer. Physiol Biochem Zool 2003; 76:471-83. [PMID: 13130427 DOI: 10.1086/377744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/24/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Muskoxen (Ovibos moschatus) consume fibrous plants that grow rapidly over the short Arctic summer. We studied responses of eight castrated male muskoxen to a diet of grass hay and mineral supplements during spring, autumn, and winter. Animals gained body mass in spring (239+/-39 kg) as body fat content increased from 26% to 38% of ingesta-free mass in winter without changes in lean mass and protein. Intakes of dry matter (DM) increased by 74% between spring and autumn as digestible energy increased from 554 to 923 kJ kg(-0.75) d(-1) during mass gain. Digestibility of cellulose (72%-76%) was not affected by increasing food intake between spring and autumn but was reduced to 65% in winter. Digestibility of nitrogen compounds was 61%-66%, even though intake increased by 134% between spring and autumn. Excess dietary nitrogen from hay and supplements increased urea concentrations in plasma and urine. High loads of solutes such as potassium did not affect plasma or urinary osmolality but were associated with increased rates of glomerular filtration and urinary excretion. Low intakes of sodium from grasses may limit intake and digestion during summer, but high food intakes can support deposition of nitrogen, calcium, magnesium, copper, and zinc in body tissue even when dietary concentrations are low. Seasonal increases in digestive and metabolic functions allow muskoxen to rapidly accumulate energy and nutrients in body tissue during the short season of plant growth.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Peltier
- Department of Biology and Wildlife, Institute of Arctic Biology, P.O. Box 757000, University of Alaska, Fairbanks, AK 99775-7000, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
|
29
|
Wright TC, Holub BJ, Hill AR, McBride BW. Effect of combinations of fish meal and feather meal on milk fatty acid content and nitrogen utilization in dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2003; 86:861-9. [PMID: 12703623 DOI: 10.3168/jds.s0022-0302(03)73669-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The effect of supplemental fishmeal in combination with feathermeal at two different proportions in the diet on milk docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content was investigated. Recently, benefits to human health have been attributed to the consumption of this fatty acid, which is normally present in marine lipids. Six Holstein cows past peak lactation were used in a Latin square design with a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. Fish- and feathermeals were prepared as pellets at 4:1 and 1:4 combinations and offered at 3.75, 11.75, and 27% of the diet. The supplements were top-dressed onto a basal diet based on corn silage that was progressively replaced by supplement. Nitrogen balance measures were made during the experiment because of the wide range in crude protein content of experimental diets. Milk protein content increased with level of supplementation in the diet reflecting the protein quality of the supplements used. There was overall higher milk DHA content when cows consumed the supplement containing more fishmeal than feather meal. Milk DHA content increased in a quadratic fashion, as more of either supplement was included in the diet. Apparent transfer efficiency of DHA from diet to milk declined with increasing amount of DHA in the diet. Results from this experiment suggest that transfer of docosahexaenoic acid from diet to milk may depend on diet composition and quantity present in the diet.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T C Wright
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Fievez V, Dohme F, Danneels M, Raes K, Demeyer D. Fish oils as potent rumen methane inhibitors and associated effects on rumen fermentation in vitro and in vivo. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0377-8401(02)00330-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
|
31
|
Schneider IC, Ames ML, Rasmussen MA, Reilly PJ. Fermentation of cottonseed and other feedstuffs in cattle rumen fluid. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2002; 50:2267-2273. [PMID: 11929282 DOI: 10.1021/jf010783n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Bovine rumen fluid was fermented anaerobically over 48 h with cottonseed, corn, alfalfa, or a mixture of these substrates in anaerobic mineral buffer. Samples taken at different incubation times were derivatized with n-butanol and subjected to gas chromatography and mass spectroscopy. No unusual fermentation end-products from the cottonseed substrate were detected. Cottonseed supported rumen fermentation at levels comparable to those of the other substrates. Major components were usually found in the decreasing order of acetate, propionate, butyrate, and valerate, although acetate and propionate concentrations decreased late in the alfalfa and mixed-feed fermentations, eventually allowing butyrate concentrations to exceed those of propionate. As expected, lactate was produced in high concentrations when corn was fermented. The minor components 2-methylpropionate, 2- and 3-methylbutyrate, phenylacetate, phenylpropionate, and caproate also accumulated, with their relative concentrations varying with the substrate. Succinate was produced in substantial amounts only when corn and alfalfa were fermented; it did not accumulate when cottonseed was the substrate. Samples containing cottonseed were derivatized and subjected to reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, revealing that gossypol concentrations did not change during fermentation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ian C Schneider
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa 50011, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Abstract
Data from recent publications on bovine milk lipids are presented and discussed. This includes extraction of lipids, triacylglycerols, phospholipids, other complex lipids, sterols, isoflavones, and fatty acids. Improved gas-liquid and high performance liquid chromatography were used. Data on the trans and cis isomers of fatty acid and of conjugated linoleic acids are given, and the analyses are described. Papers about the lipids in milks and dairy products from the United States are few; where with the exception of trans-fatty acid isomers and conjugated linoleic acids, almost no research has been reported.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Jensen
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Connecticut, Storrs 06269-4017, USA.
| |
Collapse
|