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Opinion: Increased calorie gain from lactose digestion could contribute to selection for lactase persistence. PLoS Genet 2023; 19:e1010612. [PMID: 36757941 PMCID: PMC9910737 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1010612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/10/2023] Open
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Brun A, Mendez-Aranda D, Magallanes ME, Karasov WH, Martínez Del Rio C, Baldwin MW, Caviedes-Vidal E. Duplications and Functional Convergence of Intestinal Carbohydrate-Digesting Enzymes. Mol Biol Evol 2021; 37:1657-1666. [PMID: 32061124 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msaa034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Vertebrate diets and digestive physiologies vary tremendously. Although the contribution of ecological and behavioral features to such diversity is well documented, the roles and identities of individual intestinal enzymes shaping digestive traits remain largely unexplored. Here, we show that the sucrase-isomaltase (SI)/maltase-glucoamylase (MGAM) dual enzyme system long assumed to be the conserved disaccharide and starch digestion framework in all vertebrates is absent in many lineages. Our analyses indicate that independent duplications of an ancestral SI gave rise to the mammalian-specific MGAM, as well as to other duplicates in fish and birds. Strikingly, the duplicated avian enzyme exhibits similar activities to MGAM, revealing an unexpected case of functional convergence. Our results highlight digestive enzyme variation as a key uncharacterized component of dietary diversity in vertebrates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonio Brun
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI.,Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | | | - Melisa E Magallanes
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina
| | - William H Karasov
- Department of Forest and Wildlife Ecology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | | | | | - Enrique Caviedes-Vidal
- Instituto Multidisciplinario de Investigaciones Biológicas de San Luis, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Argentina.,Departamento de Bioquímica y Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Luis, San Luis, Argentina
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Blennow A, Skryhan K, Tanackovic V, Krunic SL, Shaik SS, Andersen MS, Kirk H, Nielsen KL. Non-GMO potato lines, synthesizing increased amylose and resistant starch, are mainly deficient in isoamylase debranching enzyme. PLANT BIOTECHNOLOGY JOURNAL 2020; 18:2096-2108. [PMID: 32096588 PMCID: PMC7540516 DOI: 10.1111/pbi.13367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 01/31/2020] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Solanum tuberosum potato lines with high amylose content were generated by crossing with the wild potato species Solanum sandemanii followed by repeated backcrossing to Solanum tuberosum lines. The trait, termed increased amylose (IAm), was recessive and present after three generations of backcrossing into S. tuberosum lines (6.25% S. sandemanii genes). The tubers of these lines were small, elongated and irregular with small and misshaped starch granules and high sugar content. Additional backcrossing resulted in less irregular tuber morphology, increased starch content (4.3%-9.5%) and increased amylose content (29%-37.9%) but indifferent sugar content. The amylose in the IAm starch granules was mainly located in peripheral spots, and large cavities were found in the granules. Starch pasting was suppressed, and the digestion-resistant starch (RS) content was increased. Comprehensive microarray polymer profiling (CoMPP) analysis revealed specific alterations of major pectic and glycoprotein cell wall components. This complex phenotype led us to search for candidate IAm genes exploiting its recessive trait. Hence, we sequenced genomic DNA of a pool of IAm lines, identified SNPs genome wide against the draft genome sequence of potato and searched for regions of decreased heterozygosity. Three regions, located on chromosomes 3, 7 and 10, respectively, displayed markedly less heterozygosity than average. The only credible starch metabolism-related gene found in these regions encoded the isoamylase-type debranching enzyme Stisa1. Decreased expression of mRNA (>500 fold) and reduced enzyme activity (virtually absent from IAm lines) supported Stisa1 as a candidate gene for IAm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Vanja Tanackovic
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Susanne L. Krunic
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | - Shahnoor S. Shaik
- Department of Plant and Environmental SciencesUniversity of CopenhagenFrederiksberg CDenmark
| | | | | | - Kåre L. Nielsen
- Department of Chemistry and BiologyAalborg UniversityAalborgDenmark
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Diagnostic and Research Aspects of Small Intestinal Disaccharidases in Coeliac Disease. J Immunol Res 2017; 2017:1042606. [PMID: 28512643 PMCID: PMC5415861 DOI: 10.1155/2017/1042606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Disaccharidases (DS) are brush border enzymes embedded in the microvillous membrane of small intestinal enterocytes. In untreated coeliac disease (CD), a general decrease of DS activities is seen. This manuscript reviews different aspects of DS activities in CD: their utility in the diagnosis and their application to in vitro toxicity testing. The latter has never been established in CD research. However, with the recent advances in small intestinal organoid techniques, DS might be employed as a biomarker for in vitro studies. This includes establishment of self-renewing epithelial cells raised from tissue, which express differentiation markers, including the brush border enzymes. Determining duodenal DS activities may provide additional information during the diagnostic workup of CD: (i) quantify the severity of the observed histological lesions, (ii) provide predictive values for the grade of mucosal villous atrophy, and (iii) aid diagnosing CD where minor histological changes are seen. DS can also provide additional information to assess the response to a gluten-free diet as marked increase of their activities occurs four weeks after commencing it. Various endogenous and exogenous factors affecting DS might also be relevant when considering investigating the role of DS in other conditions including noncoeliac gluten sensitivity and DS deficiencies.
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Krunic SL, Skryhan K, Mikkelsen L, Ruzanski C, Shaik SS, Kirk HG, Palcic M, Blennow A. Non-GMO potato lines with an altered starch biosynthesis pathway confer increased-amylose and resistant starch properties. STARCH-STARKE 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/star.201600310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Susanne L. Krunic
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Katsiaryna Skryhan
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Lisbeth Mikkelsen
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | - Christian Ruzanski
- CMC Biologics, Søborg; Copenhagen Denmark
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - Shahnoor S. Shaik
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
| | | | - Monica Palcic
- Carlsberg Laboratory, Valby; Copenhagen Denmark
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology; University of Victoria; British Columbia Canada
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant and Environmental Sciences; University of Copenhagen; Frederiksberg C Denmark
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Gerbault P, Roffet-Salque M, Evershed RP, Thomas MG. How long have adult humans been consuming milk? IUBMB Life 2013; 65:983-90. [DOI: 10.1002/iub.1227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 11/01/2013] [Accepted: 11/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Pascale Gerbault
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; London WC1E 6BT UK
| | - Mélanie Roffet-Salque
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Richard P. Evershed
- Organic Geochemistry Unit, School of Chemistry; University of Bristol, Cantock's Close; Bristol BS8 1TS UK
| | - Mark G. Thomas
- Research Department of Genetics, Evolution and Environment; University College London; London WC1E 6BT UK
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Carciofi M, Blennow A, Jensen SL, Shaik SS, Henriksen A, Buléon A, Holm PB, Hebelstrup KH. Concerted suppression of all starch branching enzyme genes in barley produces amylose-only starch granules. BMC PLANT BIOLOGY 2012; 12:223. [PMID: 23171412 PMCID: PMC3537698 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2229-12-223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 156] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2012] [Accepted: 10/30/2012] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Starch is stored in higher plants as granules composed of semi-crystalline amylopectin and amorphous amylose. Starch granules provide energy for the plant during dark periods and for germination of seeds and tubers. Dietary starch is also a highly glycemic carbohydrate being degraded to glucose and rapidly absorbed in the small intestine. But a portion of dietary starch, termed "resistant starch" (RS) escapes digestion and reaches the large intestine, where it is fermented by colonic bacteria producing short chain fatty acids (SCFA) which are linked to several health benefits. The RS is preferentially derived from amylose, which can be increased by suppressing amylopectin synthesis by silencing of starch branching enzymes (SBEs). However all the previous works attempting the production of high RS crops resulted in only partly increased amylose-content and/or significant yield loss. RESULTS In this study we invented a new method for silencing of multiple genes. Using a chimeric RNAi hairpin we simultaneously suppressed all genes coding for starch branching enzymes (SBE I, SBE IIa, SBE IIb) in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.), resulting in production of amylose-only starch granules in the endosperm. This trait was segregating 3:1. Amylose-only starch granules were irregularly shaped and showed peculiar thermal properties and crystallinity. Transgenic lines retained high-yield possibly due to a pleiotropic upregualtion of other starch biosynthetic genes compensating the SBEs loss. For gelatinized starch, a very high content of RS (65 %) was observed, which is 2.2-fold higher than control (29%). The amylose-only grains germinated with same frequency as control grains. However, initial growth was delayed in young plants. CONCLUSIONS This is the first time that pure amylose has been generated with high yield in a living organism. This was achieved by a new method of simultaneous suppression of the entire complement of genes encoding starch branching enzymes. We demonstrate that amylopectin is not essential for starch granule crystallinity and integrity. However the slower initial growth of shoots from amylose-only grains may be due to an important physiological role played by amylopectin ordered crystallinity for rapid starch remobilization explaining the broad conservation in the plant kingdom of the amylopectin structure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Andreas Blennow
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, VKR Research Centre for Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Susanne L Jensen
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, VKR Research Centre for Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- KMC, Herningvej 60, Brande, 7330, Denmark
| | - Shahnoor S Shaik
- Department of Plant Biology and Biotechnology, VKR Research Centre for Pro-Active Plants, Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark
| | - Anette Henriksen
- The Protein Chemistry Group, Carlsberg Laboratory, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Alain Buléon
- UR1268 Biopolymeres Interactions Assemblages, INRA, Nantes, F-44300, France
| | - Preben B Holm
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim H Hebelstrup
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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Williams BL, Hornig M, Buie T, Bauman ML, Cho Paik M, Wick I, Bennett A, Jabado O, Hirschberg DL, Lipkin WI. Impaired carbohydrate digestion and transport and mucosal dysbiosis in the intestines of children with autism and gastrointestinal disturbances. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24585. [PMID: 21949732 PMCID: PMC3174969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 318] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastrointestinal disturbances are commonly reported in children with autism, complicate clinical management, and may contribute to behavioral impairment. Reports of deficiencies in disaccharidase enzymatic activity and of beneficial responses to probiotic and dietary therapies led us to survey gene expression and the mucoepithelial microbiota in intestinal biopsies from children with autism and gastrointestinal disease and children with gastrointestinal disease alone. Ileal transcripts encoding disaccharidases and hexose transporters were deficient in children with autism, indicating impairment of the primary pathway for carbohydrate digestion and transport in enterocytes. Deficient expression of these enzymes and transporters was associated with expression of the intestinal transcription factor, CDX2. Metagenomic analysis of intestinal bacteria revealed compositional dysbiosis manifest as decreases in Bacteroidetes, increases in the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes, and increases in Betaproteobacteria. Expression levels of disaccharidases and transporters were associated with the abundance of affected bacterial phylotypes. These results indicate a relationship between human intestinal gene expression and bacterial community structure and may provide insights into the pathophysiology of gastrointestinal disturbances in children with autism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brent L Williams
- Center for Infection and Immunity, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
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Bender DA. Editorial: optimistic. Nutr Res Rev 2003; 16:1-2. [PMID: 19079932 DOI: 10.1079/nrr200360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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