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Recent Research and Application Prospect of Functional Oligosaccharides on Intestinal Disease Treatment. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27217622. [PMID: 36364447 PMCID: PMC9656564 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 10/21/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal tract is an essential digestive organ of the human body, and damage to the intestinal barrier will lead to various diseases. Functional oligosaccharides are carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization and exhibit beneficial effects on human intestinal health. Laboratory experiments and clinical studies indicate that functional oligosaccharides repair the damaged intestinal tract and maintain intestinal homeostasis by regulating intestinal barrier function, immune response, and intestinal microbial composition. Functional oligosaccharides treat intestinal disease such as inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and colorectal cancer (CRC) and have excellent prospects for therapeutic application. Here, we present an overview of the recent research into the effects of functional oligosaccharides on intestinal health.
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The Activity of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Hepatogastrointestinal Disorders and Diseases Associated with Metabolic Syndrome. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23137229. [PMID: 35806234 PMCID: PMC9266451 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23137229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2022] [Accepted: 06/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The components of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and hepatogastrointestinal diseases are widespread worldwide, since many factors associated with lifestyle and diet influence their development and correlation. Due to these growing health problems, it is necessary to search for effective alternatives for prevention or adjuvants in treating them. The positive impact of regulated microbiota on health is known; however, states of dysbiosis are closely related to the development of the conditions mentioned above. Therefore, the role of prebiotics, probiotics, or symbiotic complexes has been extensively evaluated; the results are favorable, showing that they play a crucial role in the regulation of the immune system, the metabolism of carbohydrates and lipids, and the biotransformation of bile acids, as well as the modulation of their central receptors FXR and TGR-5, which also have essential immunomodulatory and metabolic activities. It has also been observed that they can benefit the host by displacing pathogenic species, improving the dysbiosis state in MetS. Current studies have reported that paraprobiotics (dead or inactive probiotics) or postbiotics (metabolites generated by active probiotics) also benefit hepatogastrointestinal health.
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Ojwach J, Adetunji AI, Mutanda T, Mukaratirwa S. Oligosaccharides production from coprophilous fungi: An emerging functional food with potential health-promoting properties. BIOTECHNOLOGY REPORTS (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2022; 33:e00702. [PMID: 35127459 PMCID: PMC8803601 DOI: 10.1016/j.btre.2022.e00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2021] [Revised: 01/08/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Functional foods are essential food products that possess health-promoting properties for the treatment of infectious diseases. In addition, they provide energy and nutrients, which are required for growth and survival. They occur as prebiotics or dietary supplements, including oligosaccharides, processed foods, and herbal products. However, oligosaccharides are more efficiently recognized and utilized, as they play a fundamental role as functional ingredients with great potential to improve health in comparison to other dietary supplements. They are low molecular weight carbohydrates with a low degree of polymerization. They occur as fructooligosaccharide (FOS), inulooligosaccharadie (IOS), and xylooligosaccahride (XOS), depending on their monosaccharide units. Oligosaccharides are produced by acid or chemical hydrolysis. However, this technique is liable to several drawbacks, including inulin precipitation, high processing temperature, low yields, and high production costs. As a consequence, the application of microbial enzymes for oligosaccharide production is recognized as a promising strategy. Microbial enzymatic production of FOS and IOS occurs by submerged or solid-state fermentation in the presence of suitable substrates (sucrose, inulin) and catalyzed by fructosyltransferases and inulinases. Incorporation of FOS and IOS enriches the rheological and physiological characteristics of foods. They are used as low cariogenic sugar substitutes, suitable for diabetics, and as prebiotics, probiotics and nutraceutical compounds. In addition, these oligosaccharides are employed as anticancer, antioxidant agents and aid in mineral absorption, lipid metabolism, immune regulation etc. This review, therefore, focuses on the occurrence, physico-chemical characteristics, and microbial enzymatic synthesis of FOS and IOS from coprophilous fungi. In addition, the potential health benefits of these oligosaccharides were discussed in detail.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeff Ojwach
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich Research Park, Norwich NR4 7TJ, United Kingdom
- Department of Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Faculty of Natural Science, University of the Western Cape, Private Bag X17 Bellville 7530, South Africa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Adegoke Isiaka Adetunji
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
| | - Taurai Mutanda
- Centre for Algal Biotechnology, Department of Nature Conservation, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Mangosuthu University of Technology, P.O. Box 12363, Jacobs 4026, Durban, South Africa
| | - Samson Mukaratirwa
- School of Life Sciences, College of Agriculture Engineering and Science, University of KwaZulu-Natal (Westville Campus), Private Bag X54001, Durban 4000, South Africa
- One Health Center for Zoonoses and Tropical Veterinary Medicine, Ross University, School of Veterinary Medicine, P.O. Box 334, Basseterre, St. Kitts, West Indies
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Martyniak A, Medyńska-Przęczek A, Wędrychowicz A, Skoczeń S, Tomasik PJ. Prebiotics, Probiotics, Synbiotics, Paraprobiotics and Postbiotic Compounds in IBD. Biomolecules 2021; 11:biom11121903. [PMID: 34944546 PMCID: PMC8699341 DOI: 10.3390/biom11121903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The increasing incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) and the increasing severity of the course of these diseases create the need for developing new methods of therapy. The gut microbiome is extensively studied as a factor influencing the development and course of IBD. The composition of intestinal microbiota can be relatively easily modified by diet (i.e., prebiotics, mainly dietary fibers) and bacterial supplementation using beneficial bacteria strains called probiotics. Additionally, the effects of the improved microbiome could be enhanced or gained by using paraprobiotics (non-viable, inactivated bacteria or their components) and/or postbiotics (products of bacterial metabolism or equal synthetic products that beneficially modulate immunological response and inflammation). This study summarizes the recent works on prebiotics, probiotics, synbiotics (products merging pre- and probiotics), paraprobiotics and postbiotics in IBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Martyniak
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Aleksandra Medyńska-Przęczek
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (A.W.)
| | - Andrzej Wędrychowicz
- Department of Paediatrics, Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland; (A.M.-P.); (A.W.)
| | - Szymon Skoczeń
- Department of Pediatric Oncology and Hematology, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
| | - Przemysław J. Tomasik
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Pediatric Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Krakow, Poland;
- Correspondence:
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Faustino M, Durão J, Pereira CF, Pintado ME, Carvalho AP. Mannans and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) from Saccharomyces cerevisiae - A sustainable source of functional ingredients. Carbohydr Polym 2021; 272:118467. [PMID: 34420726 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2021.118467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2021] [Revised: 07/10/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Sustainable industry practices and circular economy concepts encourage the transformation of production waste into by-products. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is widely used in fermentation industry worldwide, generating large amounts of spent yeast which is mainly directed to animal feed or discarded as waste. Instead of becoming and environmental problem, spent yeast can be directed to the extraction of valuable compounds such as mannans and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS). This review presents a compilation of the studies up to date regarding the different chemical, enzymatic, mechanical or physical processes addressed for mannans extraction and MOS production. Additionally, the existing studies on the chemical modification of mannans aimed to improve specific characteristics are also discussed. Finally, the more relevant bioactivities and potential applications of mannans, MOS and mannose are presented, together with products on the market containing these compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarida Faustino
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Joana Durão
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal; Amyris Bio Products Portugal Unipessoal Lda, Portugal
| | - Carla F Pereira
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuela E Pintado
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana P Carvalho
- Universidade Católica Portuguesa, CBQF - Centro de Biotecnologia e Química Fina - Laboratório Associado, Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Rua Diogo Botelho 1327, 4169-005 Porto, Portugal.
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Capriles VD, Conti-Silva AC, Gomes Arêas JA. Effects of oligofructose-enriched inulin addition before and after the extrusion process on the quality and postprandial glycemic response of corn-snacks. FOOD BIOSCI 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fbio.2021.101263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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Yokoi KJ, Tsutsui S, Arakawa GY, Takaba M, Fujii K, Kaneko S. Molecular and biochemical characteristics of inulosucrase InuBK from Alkalihalobacillus krulwichiae JCM 11691. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2021; 85:1830-1838. [PMID: 34021568 DOI: 10.1093/bbb/zbab094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Information about the inulosucrase of nonlactic acid bacteria is scarce. We found a gene encoding inulosucrase (inuBK) in the genome of the Gram-positive bacterium Alkalihalobacillus krulwichiae JCM 11691. The inuBK open reading frame encoded a protein comprising 456 amino acids. We expressed His-tagged InuBK in culture medium using a Brevibacillus system. The optimal pH and temperature of purified InuBK were 7.0-9.0 and 50-55 °C, respectively. The findings of high-performance anion-exchange chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, and high-performance size-exclusion chromatography with multiangle laser light scattering showed that the polysaccharide produced by InuBK was an inulin with a molecular weight of 3806, a polydispersity index (PI) of 1.047, and fructosyl chain lengths with 3-27 degrees of polymerization. The size of InuBK was smaller than commercial inulins, and the PI of the inulin that it produced was lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-Ji Yokoi
- Toyama Prefectural Food Research Institute, Toyama, Japan
| | - Sosyu Tsutsui
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
| | - Gen-Ya Arakawa
- Toyama Prefectural Food Research Institute, Toyama, Japan
| | | | | | - Satoshi Kaneko
- Department of Subtropical Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, University of the Ryukyus, Nishihara, Okinawa, Japan
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Hu Y, He J, Zheng P, Mao X, Huang Z, Yan H, Luo Y, Yu J, Luo J, Yu B, Chen D. Prebiotic inulin as a treatment of obesity related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease through gut microbiota: a critical review. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2021; 63:862-872. [PMID: 34292103 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2021.1955654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The microbial-derived products, including short chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharide and secondary bile acids, have been shown to participate in the regulation of hepatic lipid metabolism. Previous studies have demonstrated that prebiotics, such as oligosaccharide and inulin, have abilities to change the concentration of microbial-derived products through modulating the microbial community structure, thus controlling body weight and alleviating hepatic fat accumulation. However, recent evidence indicates that there are individual differences in host response upon inulin treatment due to the differences in host microbial composition before dietary intervention. Probably it is because of the multiple relationships among bacterial species (e.g., competition and mutualism), which play key roles in the degradation of inulin and the regulation of microbial structure. Thereby, analyzing the composition and function of initial gut microbiota is essential for improving the efficacy of prebiotics supplementation. Furthermore, considering that different structures of polysaccharides can be used by different microorganisms, the chemical structure of processed inulin should be tested before using prebiotic inulin to treat obesity related nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaolian Hu
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun He
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ping Zheng
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangbing Mao
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Yan
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuheng Luo
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Yu
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Junqiu Luo
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Bing Yu
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
| | - Daiwen Chen
- Key laboratory of Animal Disease-resistant Nutrition, Ministry of Education, Animal Nutrition Institute, Sichuan Agricultural University, Yaan, People's Republic of China
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Mofid V, Izadi A, Mojtahedi SY, Khedmat L. Therapeutic and Nutritional Effects of Synbiotic Yogurts in Children and Adults: a Clinical Review. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2021; 12:851-859. [PMID: 31823334 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-019-09594-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Synbiotic yogurts (SYs) are potential natural cures with improved health outcomes and prevention and control of chronic diseases through the synergistic action of probiotic bacteria and prebiotic compounds. Recent clinical achievements in consuming SYs in healthy and patient pediatric and adult populations were critically reviewed. Some forthcoming challenges and interesting solutions to increase healthy nutritional effects of these dairy products have also been addressed. The use of SY-based nutrition pattern in children can considerably increase their body's immunity with an improvement in social and school functioning. SY consumption not only reduces childhood digestive problems but also remarkably decreases the illness duration and symptoms' severity. Increasing the number of bifidobacteria and lactobacilli in gastrointestinal (GI) tract of healthy adults consuming SYs can significantly reduce the pathogenic bacteria in feces. The regular intake of SYs with enhanced bioavailability of bioactive compounds in a short intestinal transit time reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease among hypercholesterolemic adults. Also, a meaningful improvement in the health status of adult patients with irritable bowel syndrome and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease has been assessed after eating this bio-functional supplement product. Administration of a healthy SY-based diet purposefully alters microbiota composition, provides a microbial balance in the gut, and promotes GI functions in pediatric and geriatric age groups. Full recovery without any further complications during the follow-up period in elderly patients can also be obtained by implementing the SY-based dietary guideline.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vahid Mofid
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Nutrition Science & Food Technology, National Nutrition and Food Technology Research Institute, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Anahita Izadi
- Department of Pediatric Infection Disease, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Sayed Yousef Mojtahedi
- Department of Pediatric Nephrology, Bahrami Children Hospital, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Leila Khedmat
- Health Management Research Center, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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De Brier N, Lemmens E, Gomand SV, Verbeke K, Delcour JA. Premilling pearling for producing wheat fractions with distinct digestibility and fermentability. Cereal Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/cche.10419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Niels De Brier
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Elien Lemmens
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Sara V. Gomand
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders (TARGID) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
| | - Jan A. Delcour
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre (LFoRCe) KU Leuven Leuven Belgium
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Burghardt JP, Fan R, Baas M, Eckhardt D, Gerlach D, Czermak P. Enhancing the Heterologous Fructosyltransferase Activity of Kluyveromyces lactis: Developing a Scaled-Up Process and Abolishing Invertase by CRISPR/Cas9 Genome Editing. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:607507. [PMID: 33324627 PMCID: PMC7724039 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.607507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The enzymatic production of prebiotic fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) from sucrose involves fructosyltransferases (FFTs) and invertases, both of which catalyze forward (transferase) and reverse (hydrolysis) reactions. FOS yields can therefore be increased by favoring the forward reaction. We investigated process conditions that favored transferase activity in the yeast strain Kluyveromyces lactis GG799, which expresses a native invertase and a heterologous FFT from Aspergillus terreus. To maximize transferase activity while minimizing native invertase activity in a scaled-up process, we evaluated two reactor systems in terms of oxygen input capacity in relation to the cell dry weight. In the 0.5-L reactor, we found that galactose was superior to lactose for the induction of the LAC4 promoter, and we optimized the induction time and induction to carbon source ratio using a response surface model. Based on the critical parameter of oxygen supply, we scaled up the process to 7 L using geometric similarity and a higher oxygen transport rate, which boosted the transferase activity by 159%. To favor the forward reaction even more, we deleted the native invertase gene by CRISPR/Cas9 genome editing and compared the ΔInv mutant to the original production strain in batch and fed-batch reactions. In fed-batch mode, we found that the ΔInv mutant increased the transferase activity by a further 66.9%. The enhanced mutant strain therefore provides the basis for a highly efficient and scalable fed-batch process for the production of FOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Philipp Burghardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rong Fan
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Markus Baas
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Dustin Eckhardt
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Doreen Gerlach
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
| | - Peter Czermak
- Institute of Bioprocess Engineering and Pharmaceutical Technology, University of Applied Sciences Mittelhessen, Giessen, Germany
- Faculty of Biology and Chemistry, Justus Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
- Department of Bioresources, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Giessen, Germany
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13
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Kumar J, Rani K, Datt C. Molecular link between dietary fibre, gut microbiota and health. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:6229-6237. [PMID: 32623619 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05611-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Natural polysaccharides cellulose, hemicelluloses, inulin etc., galactooligosaccharides (GOS), and fructooligosaccharides (FOS) play a significant role in the improvement of gut microbiota balance and human health. These polysaccharides prevent pathogen adhesion that stimulates the immune system and gut barrier function by servicing as fermentable substrates for the gut microbiota. The gut microbiota plays a key role in the fermentation of non-digestible carbohydrates (NDCs) fibres. Moreover, the gut microbiota is responsible for the production of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) like acetate, propionate and butyrate. Acetate is the most abundant and it is used by many gut commensals to produce propionate and butyrate in a growth-promoting cross-feeding process. The dietary fibres affect the gut microbiome and play vital roles in signaling pathways. The SCFAs, acetate, butyrate, and propionate have been reported to affect on metabolic activities at the molecular level. Acetate affects the metabolic pathway through the G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) and free fatty acid receptor 2 (FFAR2/GPR43) while butyrate and propionate transactivate the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptorsγ (PPARγ/NR1C3) and regulate the PPARγ target gene Angptl4 in colonic cells of the gut. The FFAR2 signaling pathway regulates the insulin-stimulated lipid accumulation in adipocytes and inflammation, however peptide tyrosine-tyrosine (PPY) and glucagon-like peptide 1 regulates appetite. The NDCs via gut microbiota dependent pathway regulate glucose homeostasis, gut integrity and hormone by GPCR, NF-kB, and AMPK-dependent processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jitendra Kumar
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India.
| | - Kavita Rani
- ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
| | - Chander Datt
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, Haryana, 132001, India
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Nakayama Y, Kawasaki N, Tamiya T, Anzai S, Toyohara K, Nishiyama A, Kitazono E. Comparison of the prebiotic properties of native chicory and synthetic inulins using swine fecal cultures. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1486-1496. [PMID: 32281519 DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1749553] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Inulin-type fructans are known to exert different effects on the fermentation profile depending on the average and range of the degree of polymerization (DP). Here, swine fecal cultures were used to investigate the prebiotic properties of native chicory inulin (NIN), extracted from the chicory root, and synthetic inulin (SIN), which has a narrower DP distribution than NIN. Both NIN and SIN showed prebiotic effects, but NIN exhibited a significant decrease in pH and increase in the production of propionate and butyrate compared to SIN. There were also differences in the production of succinate and lactate, the precursors of propionate and butyrate, and the relative abundance of associated genes. Furthermore, NIN induced the growth of certain species of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus more strongly than SIN. These results suggest that NIN and SIN exhibit different prebiotic properties due to differences in DP, and that NIN might be more beneficial to host health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunori Nakayama
- Healthcare New Business Division, Teijin Limited , Hino, Japan
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa, Japan
| | - Naoko Kawasaki
- Healthcare New Business Division, Teijin Limited , Hino, Japan
| | - Taiga Tamiya
- Healthcare New Business Division, Teijin Limited , Hino, Japan
| | - Sayuri Anzai
- Healthcare New Business Division, Teijin Limited , Hino, Japan
| | | | - Akira Nishiyama
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Kagawa University , Kagawa, Japan
| | - Eiichi Kitazono
- Healthcare New Business Division, Teijin Limited , Hino, Japan
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Igarashi M, Morimoto M, Suto A, Nakatani A, Hayakawa T, Hara K, Kimura I. Synthetic dietary inulin, Fuji FF, delays development of diet-induced obesity by improving gut microbiota profiles and increasing short-chain fatty acid production. PeerJ 2020; 8:e8893. [PMID: 32296608 PMCID: PMC7150546 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary fiber, including inulin, promotes health via fermentation products, such as short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), produced from the fiber by gut microbiota. SCFAs exert positive physiological effects on energy metabolism, gut immunity, and the nervous system. Most of the commercial inulin is extracted from plant sources such as chicory roots, but it can also be enzymatically synthesized from sucrose using inulin producing enzymes. Studies conducted on rodents fed with a cafeteria diet have suggested that while increasing plasma propionic acid, synthetic inulin modulates glucose and lipid metabolism in the same manner as natural inulin. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the effects of a synthetic inulin, Fuji FF, on energy metabolism, fecal SCFA production, and microbiota profiles in mice fed with a high-fat/high-sucrose diet. Methods Three-week-old male C57BL/6J mice were fed a high-fat/high-sucrose diet containing cellulose or Fuji FF for 12 weeks, and the effects on energy metabolism, SCFA production, and microbiota profiles were evaluated. Results Body weight gain was inhibited by Fuji FF supplementation in high-fat/high-sucrose diet-fed C57BL/6J mice by reducing white adipose tissue weight while increasing energy expenditure, compared with the mice supplemented with cellulose. Fuji FF also elevated levels of acetic, propionic and butyric acids in mouse feces and increased plasma propionic acid levels in mice. Moreover, 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing of fecal samples revealed an elevated abundance of Bacteroidetes and a reduced abundance of Firmicutes at the phylum level in mice supplemented with Fuji FF compared to those supplemented with cellulose. Fuji FF also resulted in abundance of the family Bacteroidales S24-7 and reduction of Desulfovibrionaceae in the feces. Conclusion Long term consumption of Fuji FF improved the gut environment in mice by altering the composition of the microbiota and increasing SCFA production, which might be associated with its anti-obesity effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miki Igarashi
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Miku Morimoto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Asuka Suto
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akiho Nakatani
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsuhiko Hayakawa
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Ikuo Kimura
- Department of Applied Biological Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Fuchu, Tokyo, Japan
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Reactive mechanism and the applications of bioactive prebiotics for human health: Review. J Microbiol Methods 2019; 159:128-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2019] [Revised: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Lohner S, Jakobik V, Mihályi K, Soldi S, Vasileiadis S, Theis S, Sailer M, Sieland C, Berényi K, Boehm G, Decsi T. Inulin-Type Fructan Supplementation of 3- to 6-Year-Old Children Is Associated with Higher Fecal Bifidobacterium Concentrations and Fewer Febrile Episodes Requiring Medical Attention. J Nutr 2018; 148:1300-1308. [PMID: 29982534 PMCID: PMC6074834 DOI: 10.1093/jn/nxy120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Inulin-type fructans used in formula have been shown to promote microbiota composition and stool consistency closer to those of breastfed infants and to have beneficial effects on fever occurrence, diarrhea, and incidence of infections requiring antibiotic treatment in infants. Objectives The primary study aim was to explore whether prophylactic supplementation with prebiotic fructans is able to influence the frequency of infectious diseases in kindergarten children during a winter period. A secondary objective was to ascertain the effect on the intestinal microbiota. Methods 142 boys and 128 girls aged 3-6 y were randomly allocated to consume 6 g/d fructans or maltodextrin for 24 wk. At baseline, stool samples were collected for microbiota analysis and anthropometric measurements were made. During the intervention period diagnoses were recorded by physicians, whereas disease symptoms, kindergarten absenteeism, dietary habits, and stool consistency were recorded by parents. Baseline measurements were repeated at wk 24. Results In total 219 children finished the study. Both the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium (P < 0.001) and that of Lactobacillus (P = 0.014) were 19.9% and 7.8% higher, respectively, post data normalization, in stool samples of children receiving fructans as compared with those of controls at wk 24. This was accompanied by significantly softer stools within the normal range in the prebiotic group from wk 12 onwards. The incidence of febrile episodes requiring medical attention [0.65 ± 1.09 compared with 0.9 ± 1.11 infections/(24 wk × child), P = 0.04] and that of sinusitis (0.01 ± 0.1 compared with 0.06 ± 0.25, P = 0.03) were significantly lower in the prebiotic group. The number of infectious episodes and their duration reported by parents did not differ significantly between the 2 intervention groups. Conclusions Prebiotic supplementation modified the composition of the intestinal microbiota and resulted in softer stools in kindergarten-aged children. The reduction in febrile episodes requiring medical attention supports the concept of further studies on prebiotics in young children. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT03241355.
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Affiliation(s)
- Szimonetta Lohner
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs,Address correspondence to SL (e-mail: )
| | - Viktória Jakobik
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
| | - Krisztina Mihályi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
| | - Sara Soldi
- Advanced Analytical Technologies Srl, Fiorenzualo d'Arda (Pc), Italy
| | - Sotirios Vasileiadis
- Department of Biochemistry & Biotechnology, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | | | | | | | - Károly Berényi
- Department of Public Health Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary
| | | | - Tamás Decsi
- Department of Paediatrics, Clinical Center of the University of Pécs
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Khodaei N, Karboune S. Optimization of enzymatic production of prebiotic galacto/galacto(arabino)-oligosaccharides and oligomers from potato rhamnogalacturonan I. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 181:1153-1159. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.11.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Metzler-Zebeli B, Trevisi P, Prates J, Tanghe S, Bosi P, Canibe N, Montagne L, Freire J, Zebeli Q. Assessing the effect of dietary inulin supplementation on gastrointestinal fermentation, digestibility and growth in pigs: A meta-analysis. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2017.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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C. K. Rajendran SR, Okolie CL, Udenigwe CC, Mason B. Structural features underlying prebiotic activity of conventional and potential prebiotic oligosaccharides in food and health. J Food Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Subin R. C. K. Rajendran
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture; Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia B2N5E3, Canada
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment; Cape Breton University; Nova Scotia B1P6L2, Canada
| | - Chigozie Louis Okolie
- Department of Plant, Food, and Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture; Dalhousie University; Nova Scotia B2N5E3, Canada
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment; Cape Breton University; Nova Scotia B1P6L2, Canada
| | - Chibuike C. Udenigwe
- School of Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences; University of Ottawa; Ontario K1N6N5, Canada
| | - Beth Mason
- Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment; Cape Breton University; Nova Scotia B1P6L2, Canada
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Pattananandecha T, Sirilun S, Duangjitcharoen Y, Sivamaruthi BS, Suwannalert P, Peerajan S, Chaiyasut C. Hydrolysed inulin alleviates the azoxymethane-induced preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci by altering selected intestinal microbiota in Sprague-Dawley rats. PHARMACEUTICAL BIOLOGY 2016; 54:1596-1605. [PMID: 26794346 DOI: 10.3109/13880209.2015.1110597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 10/10/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Context Inulin, a non-digestible carbohydrate isolated from Helianthus tuberosus L. (Asteraceae), has been shown to alter the gut beneficial bacteria including Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria. Inulin also influences the activities of intestinal microbiota that could prevent the colon cancer development. Objective This study determines the effect of hydrolysed inulin with different degrees of polymerisation on alteration of intestinal microbiota and their activities on azoxymethane (AOM)-induced preneoplastic aberrant crypt foci (ACF) in rats. Materials and methods Seventy-two male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into six groups (three control and three AOM-treated groups) and the animal were fed with either a normal diet or diet containing 10% of long-chain inulin (InuL) or short-chain inulin (InuS), respectively, for 17 weeks. Colon cancer was induced in rats by injecting AOM subcutaneously at the 8th and 9th week of the study period. At the end of the experiment, cecal contents of rats were examined for selected microbiota, organic acids, putrefactive compounds and microbial enzymes. ACF formation was microscopically examined. Results The inulin diets significantly increased the weight and decreased the pH of the caecal content. The rats fed with InuL-supplemented diet showed approximately 2.9- and 6.8-fold increases in the biomass of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacteria, respectively. Naive and AOM-treated rats fed with inulin-supplemented diet showed ∼1.3- and ∼2.2-fold decreases in the biomass of Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi, respectively. Inulins significantly decreased the colonic concentration of phenol, p-cresol and indole. Reduction in the activity of microbial enzymes such as β-glucuronidase, azoreductase and nitroreductase were observed in inulin-treated animals. Reduction in the ACF formation has been observed in inulin-treated groups. Discussion and conclusion The present study demonstrates that dietary administration of inulin reduces the formation of preneoplastic lesions in the colon, possibly by altering the microecology and microbial activities on carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thanawat Pattananandecha
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Sasithorn Sirilun
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | - Yodsawee Duangjitcharoen
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
| | | | - Prasit Suwannalert
- b Department of Pathobiology , Faculty of Science, Mahidol University , Bangkok , Thailand
| | | | - Chaiyavat Chaiyasut
- a Health Product Research and Development Unit , Faculty of Pharmacy, Chiang Mai University , Chiang Mai , Thailand
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Sanches Lopes SM, Francisco MG, Higashi B, de Almeida RTR, Krausová G, Pilau EJ, Gonçalves JE, Gonçalves RAC, Oliveira AJBD. Chemical characterization and prebiotic activity of fructo-oligosaccharides from Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) roots and in vitro adventitious root cultures. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 152:718-725. [PMID: 27516323 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2016.07.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2016] [Revised: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/12/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Stevia rebaudiana (Bertoni) is widely studied because of its foliar steviol glycosides. Fructan-type polysaccharides were recently isolated from its roots. Fructans are reserve carbohydrates that have important positive health effects and technological applications in the food industry. The objective of the present study was to isolate and characterize fructo-oligosaccharides (FOSs) from S. rebaudiana roots and in vitro adventitious root cultures and evaluate the potential prebiotic effect of these molecules. The in vitro adventitious root cultures were obtained using a roller bottle system. Chemical analyses (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, (1)H nuclear magnetic resonance, and off-line electrospray ionization-mass spectrometry) revealed similar chemical properties of FOSs that were obtained from the different sources. The potential prebiotic effects of FOSs that were isolated from S. rebaudiana roots enhanced the growth of both bifidobacteria and lactobacilli, with strains specificity in their fermentation ability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheila Mara Sanches Lopes
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil.
| | - Mariane Grigio Francisco
- Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil.
| | - Bruna Higashi
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil.
| | | | - Gabriela Krausová
- Department of Microbiology and Technology, Dairy Research Institute, Ke Dvoru 12a, 160 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Eduardo Jorge Pilau
- Department of Chemistry, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil.
| | - José Eduardo Gonçalves
- Program of Master in Health Promotion, University Center of Maringá, Ave. Guedner, 1610, 87.050-900, Maringá, Brazil.
| | - Regina Aparecida Correia Gonçalves
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil.
| | - Arildo José Braz de Oliveira
- Graduate Program in Pharmaceutical Sciences, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil; Department of Pharmacy, State University of Maringá, Ave. Colombo 5790, 87.020-900, Maringá, Brazil.
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Hahn T, Klemm A, Zieße P, Harms K, Wach W, Rupp S, Hirth T, Zibek S. Optimization and Scale-up of Inulin Extraction from Taraxacum kok-saghyz roots. Nat Prod Commun 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1601100535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The optimization and scale-up of inulin extraction from Taraxacum kok-saghyz Rodin was successfully performed. Evaluating solubility investigations, the extraction temperature was fixed at 85°C. The inulin stability regarding degradation or hydrolysis could be confirmed by extraction in the presence of model inulin. Confirming stability at the given conditions the isolation procedure was transferred from a 1 L- to a 1 m3-reactor. The Reynolds number was selected as the relevant dimensionless number that has to remain constant in both scales. The stirrer speed in the large scale was adjusted to 3.25 rpm regarding a 300 rpm stirrer speed in the 1 L-scale and relevant physical and process engineering parameters. Assumptions were confirmed by approximately homologous extraction kinetics in both scales. Since T. kok-saghyz is in the focus of research due to its rubber content side-product isolation from residual biomass it is of great economic interest. Inulin is one of these additional side-products that can be isolated in high quantity (~ 35% of dry mass) and with a high average degree of polymerization (15.5) in large scale with a purity of 77%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Hahn
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Andrea Klemm
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Patrick Zieße
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | | | | | - Steffen Rupp
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas Hirth
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
- Karlsruhe Institute of Technology, Karlsruhe, Germany
| | - Susanne Zibek
- Fraunhofer Institute for Interfacial Engineering and Biotechnology, Stuttgart, Germany
- Institute of Interfacial Process Engineering and Plasma Technology, University of Stuttgart, Stuttgart, Germany
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Richards L, Li M, van Esch B, Garssen J, Folkerts G. The effects of short-chain fatty acids on the cardiovascular system. PHARMANUTRITION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.phanu.2016.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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25
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Khodaei N, Fernandez B, Fliss I, Karboune S. Digestibility and prebiotic properties of potato rhamnogalacturonan I polysaccharide and its galactose-rich oligosaccharides/oligomers. Carbohydr Polym 2016; 136:1074-84. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2015.09.106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2015] [Revised: 09/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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26
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Ushakova NA, Nekrasov RV, Pravdin IV, Sverchkova NV, Kolomiyets EI, Pavlov DS. Mechanisms of the effects of probiotics on symbiotic digestion. BIOL BULL+ 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s1062359015050131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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A randomised, double- blind, cross-over study investigating the prebiotic effect of agave fructans in healthy human subjects. J Nutr Sci 2015; 4:e10. [PMID: 26090092 PMCID: PMC4463010 DOI: 10.1017/jns.2014.68] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This placebo-controlled, randomised, double-blind, cross-over human feeding study aimed
to determine the prebiotic effect of agave fructans. A total of thirty-eight volunteers
completed this trial. The treatment consisted of 3 weeks' supplementation with 5 g/d of
prebiotic agave fructan (Predilife) or equivalent placebo (maltodextrin), followed by a
2-week washout period following which subjects were crossed over to alternate the
treatment arm for 3 weeks followed by a 2-week washout. Faecal samples were collected at
baseline, on the last day of treatment (days 22 and 58) and washout (days 36 and 72),
respectively. Changes in faecal bacterial populations, SCFA and secretory IgA were
assessed using fluorescent in situ hybridisation, GC and ELISA,
respectively. Bowel movements, stool consistencies, abdominal comfort and mood changes
were evaluated by a recorded daily questionnaire. In parallel, the effect of agave
fructans on different regions of the colon using a three-stage continuous culture
simulator was studied. Predilife significantly increased faecal bifidobacteria
(log10 9·6 (sd 0·4)) and lactobacilli (log10 7·7
(sd 0·8)) compared with placebo (log10 9·2 (sd 0·4);
P = 0·00) (log10 7·4 (sd 0·7); P
= 0·000), respectively. No change was observed for other bacterial groups tested, SCFA,
secretory IgA, and PGE2 concentrations between the treatment and placebo.
Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis analysis indicated that bacterial communities were
randomly dispersed and no significant differences were observed between Predilife and
placebo treatments. The in vitro models showed similar increases in
bifidobacterial and lactobacilli populations to that observed with the in
vivo trial. To conclude, agave fructans are well tolerated in healthy human
subjects and increased bifidobacteria and lactobacilli numbers in vitro
and in vivo but did not influence other products of fermentation.
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Application of inulin in cheese as prebiotic, fat replacer and texturizer: A review. Carbohydr Polym 2015; 119:85-100. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.11.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2014] [Revised: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Geraylou Z, Souffreau C, Rurangwa E, Maes GE, Spanier KI, Courtin CM, Delcour JA, Buyse J, Ollevier F. Prebiotic effects of arabinoxylan oligosaccharides on juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) with emphasis on the modulation of the gut microbiota using 454 pyrosequencing. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2013; 86:357-71. [PMID: 23786549 DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2013] [Revised: 05/30/2013] [Accepted: 06/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The potential of a novel class of prebiotics, arabinoxylan oligosaccharides (AXOS), was investigated on growth performance and gut microbiota of juvenile Acipenser baerii. Two independent feeding trials of 10 or 12 weeks were performed with basal diets supplemented with 2% or 4% AXOS-32-0.30 (trial 1) and 2% AXOS-32-0.30 or AXOS-3-0.25 (trial 2), respectively. Growth performance was improved by feeding 2% AXOS-32-0.30 in both trials, although not significantly. Microbial community profiles were determined using 454-pyrosequencing with barcoded primers targeting the V3 region of the 16S rRNA gene. AXOS significantly affected the relative abundance of bacteria at the phylum, family, genus and species level. The consumption of 2% AXOS-32-0.30 increased the relative abundance of Eubacteriaceae, Clostridiaceae, Streptococcaceae and Lactobacillaceae, while the abundance of Bacillaceae was greater in response to 4% AXOS-32-0.30 and 2% AXOS-3-0.25. The abundance of Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus lactis was greater after 2% AXOS-32-0.30 intake. Redundancy analysis showed a distinct and significant clustering of the gut microbiota of individuals consuming an AXOS diet. In both trials, concentration of acetate, butyrate and total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) increased in fish fed 2% AXOS-32-0.30. Our data demonstrate a shift in the hindgut microbiome of fish consuming different preparation of AXOS, with potential application as prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Geraylou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory of Livestock Physiology, Immunology and Genetics, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Škara N, Novotni D, Čukelj N, Smerdel B, Ćurić D. Combined effects of inulin, pectin and guar gum on the quality and stability of partially baked frozen bread. Food Hydrocoll 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodhyd.2012.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Geraylou Z, Souffreau C, Rurangwa E, D'Hondt S, Callewaert L, Courtin CM, Delcour JA, Buyse J, Ollevier F. Effects of arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) on juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii) performance, immune responses and gastrointestinal microbial community. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 33:718-24. [PMID: 22796425 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2012.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2012] [Revised: 06/01/2012] [Accepted: 06/15/2012] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Arabinoxylan-oligosaccharides (AXOS) are a newly discovered class of candidate prebiotics that exert different properties depending on their structure. In this study the effects of two different structures of AXOS, namely AXOS-32-0.30 (average degree of polymerization: 32, average degree of substitution: 0.30) and AXOS-3-0.25, were investigated on growth performance, immune responses, gut microbial fermentation and gut bacterial composition of juvenile Siberian sturgeon (Acipenser baerii). After a two weeks acclimation, fish (25.9 ± 0.9 g) were distributed over 24 aquariums (8 replicates per treatment) and fed a control diet or a diet containing 2% AXOS-32-0.30 or AXOS-3-0.25 for 12 weeks. Growth performance and feed utilization tend to improve in sturgeon fed on diets supplemented with AXOS-32-0.30, however not significant. Survival was high in all groups. Both AXOS preparations significantly enhanced the phagocytic activity of fish macrophages compared to the control group, while the alternative haemolytic complement activity and total serum peroxidase content improved only in the group fed AXOS-32-0.30 (P < 0.05). The lysozyme activity was not affected by AXOS addition. Simultaneously, the amount of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) was highest in the hind gut of sturgeon fed AXOS-32-0.30. The concentrations of acetate, butyrate and total SCFAs in fish fed AXOS-32-0.30 was significantly higher than in the groups fed the control diet or AXOS-3-0.25. Study of the bacterial community in the sturgeon hindgut using PCR-denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR-DGGE) revealed that both preparations of AXOS induced changes in the bacterial composition. According to redundancy analysis (RDA), hindgut microbiota of each treatment group clustered apart from one another (P = 0.001). DNA sequencing of the dominant DGGE bands recovered from the different treatments showed that AXOS mainly stimulated the growth of lactic acid bacteria and Clostridium sp., with more pronounced effects of AXOS-32-0.30. It is concluded that AXOS improves sturgeon health through prebiotic action, but the induced effects depend on the specific structure of AXOS. A higher degree of polymerization of AXOS had a stronger beneficial impact in this sturgeon species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Geraylou
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology, Evolution and Conservation, Zoological Institute, KU Leuven, Charles Deberiotstraat 32, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
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Gut microbial translocation in critically ill children and effects of supplementation with pre- and pro biotics. Int J Microbiol 2012; 2012:151393. [PMID: 22934115 PMCID: PMC3426218 DOI: 10.1155/2012/151393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2012] [Accepted: 07/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial translocation as a direct cause of sepsis is an attractive hypothesis that presupposes that in specific situations bacteria cross the intestinal barrier, enter the systemic circulation, and cause a systemic inflammatory response syndrome. Critically ill children are at increased risk for bacterial translocation, particularly in the early postnatal age. Predisposing factors include intestinal obstruction, obstructive jaundice, intra-abdominal hypertension, intestinal ischemia/reperfusion injury and secondary ileus, and immaturity of the intestinal barrier per se. Despite good evidence from experimental studies to support the theory of bacterial translocation as a cause of sepsis, there is little evidence in human studies to confirm that translocation is directly correlated to bloodstream infections in critically ill children. This paper provides an overview of the gut microflora and its significance, a focus on the mechanisms employed by bacteria to gain access to the systemic circulation, and how critical illness creates a hostile environment in the gut and alters the microflora favoring the growth of pathogens that promote bacterial translocation. It also covers treatment with pre- and pro biotics during critical illness to restore the balance of microbial communities in a beneficial way with positive effects on intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation.
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Abstract
Bacteria that colonize the mammalian intestine collectively possess a far larger repertoire of degradative enzymes and metabolic capabilities than their hosts. Microbial fermentation of complex non-digestible dietary carbohydrates and host-derived glycans in the human intestine has important consequences for health. Certain dominant species, notably among the Bacteroidetes, are known to possess very large numbers of genes that encode carbohydrate active enzymes and can switch readily between different energy sources in the gut depending on availability. Nevertheless, more nutritionally specialized bacteria appear to play critical roles in the community by initiating the degradation of complex substrates such as plant cell walls, starch particles and mucin. Examples are emerging from the Firmicutes, Actinobacteria and Verrucomicrobium phyla, but more information is needed on these little studied groups. The impact of dietary carbohydrates, including prebiotics, on human health requires understanding of the complex relationship between diet composition, the gut microbiota and metabolic outputs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harry J. Flint
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK,Correspondence to: Harry J. Flint,
| | - Karen P. Scott
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK
| | - Sylvia H. Duncan
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK
| | - Petra Louis
- Rowett Institute of Nutrition and Health; University of Aberdeen; Bucksburn, Aberdeen UK
| | - Evelyne Forano
- INRA; UR454 Microbiologie; Saint-Genès Champanelle, France
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Rendón-Huerta JA, Juárez-Flores B, Pinos-Rodríguez JM, Aguirre-Rivera JR, Delgado-Portales RE. Effects of different sources of fructans on body weight, blood metabolites and fecal bacteria in normal and obese non-diabetic and diabetic rats. PLANT FOODS FOR HUMAN NUTRITION (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2012; 67:64-70. [PMID: 22210166 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0266-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Fructans contribute significantly to dietary fiber with beneficial effects on gastrointestinal physiology in healthy individuals and offer a promising approach to treating some diseases. Two experiments (Experiment 1 = rats with normal weight; Experiment 2 = obese rats) were developed to compare the effects of three fructan sources (Cichorium intybus L. Asteraceae, Helianthus tuberosus L. Asteraceae and Agave angustifolia ssp. tequilana Haw, Agavaceae) on body weight change, blood metabolites and fecal bacteria in non-diabetic (ND) and diabetic (D) rats. In Experiment 1 total body weight gain and daily feed intake in D and ND rats decreased (P < 0.05) with supplements of fructan. Only in D rats, blood glucose concentrations, fecal Clostrodium spp. counts, and liver steatosis decreased, while blood HDL concentrations and fecal Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. counts increased due to fructans. In Experiment 2, total body weight gain and feed intake in ND and D rats were also decreased by fructans. In ND rats, fructan decreased blood glucose concentrations. In D rats, fructans from A. angustifolia ssp. tequilana decreased blood cholesterol and LDL and liver steatosis. For both ND and D rats, fecal Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. counts were higher (P < 0.05) with fructan supplements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan A Rendón-Huerta
- Programa Multidisciplinario de Posgrado en Ciencias Ambientales, Universidad Autónoma de San Luis Potosí, Altair # 200 Fracc. Del Llano, S.L.P. México, CP, 78377, México
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Capriles VD, Arêas JAG. Frutanos do tipo inulina e aumento da absorção de cálcio: uma revisão sistemática. REV NUTR 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1415-52732012000100013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Realizou-se uma revisão sistemática da literatura sobre os efeitos do consumo de frutanos do tipo inulina na absorção de cálcio. Resultados de quatro dos sete ensaios clínicos duplo-cegos controlados aleatorizados relatados neste trabalho indicam que o consumo diário da mistura de frutanos (inulina e oligofrutose 1:1) aumenta a absorção de cálcio, dependendo da idade cronológica e fisiológica, bem como do estado menopausal de indivíduos saudáveis que consomem quantidades adequadas de cálcio. O número limitado de ensaios clínicos realizados e as diferenças relativas ao planejamento experimental, tempo de estudo, tipo e quantidade de frutano consumido (inulina, oligofrutose ou a mistura de ambos), bem como a faixa etária dos indivíduos, impedem a generalização dos resultados observados. Esta revisão demonstra a necessidade de mais ensaios clínicos de longa duração, nos quais tanto a absorção de cálcio como a densidade mineral óssea sejam avaliadas. Futuros estudos devem contribuir para a compreensão dos mecanismos de ação dos frutanos no aumento da absorção de cálcio; para avaliar se esse efeito persiste em longo prazo e se pode ser considerado como benefício real para a saúde óssea; e para testar se tais efeitos poderiam beneficiar indivíduos de outras faixas etárias e diferentes condições fisiológicas. Evidências científicas consistentes e acumuladas ainda são necessárias para poder considerar o consumo de frutanos como uma estratégia de prevenção da osteoporose.
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De Cruz P, Prideaux L, Wagner J, Ng SC, McSweeney C, Kirkwood C, Morrison M, Kamm MA. Characterization of the gastrointestinal microbiota in health and inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2012; 18:372-90. [PMID: 21604329 DOI: 10.1002/ibd.21751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/31/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The enteric bacterial flora play a key role in maintaining health. Inflammatory bowel disease is associated with quantitative and qualitative alterations in the microbiota. Early characterization of the microbiota involved culture-dependent techniques. The advent of metagenomic techniques, however, allows for structural and functional characterization using culture-independent methods. Changes in diversity, together with quantitative alterations in specific bacterial species, have been identified. The functional significance of these changes, and their pathogenic role, remain to be elucidated.
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Zhao J, Cheung PCK. Fermentation of β-glucans derived from different sources by bifidobacteria: evaluation of their bifidogenic effect. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2011; 59:5986-92. [PMID: 21568326 DOI: 10.1021/jf200621y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
β-Glucans obtained from barley, seaweed, bacteria, and mushroom sclerotia were incubated with pure cultures of Bifidobacterium infantis, Bifidobacterium longum, and Bifidobacterium adolescentis for a 24 h batch fermentation to evaluate their bifidogenic effect with inulin as the positive control. The pH value in all culture media was decreased by 0.5-1.5 units. All β-glucans supported the growth of the three bifidobacteria with B. infantis, having a relatively larger increase in populations (3-4 log(10) colony forming units). B. infantis produced almost double the amount of total short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) than the other two bifidobacteria. The SCFA profile of B. infantis had a relatively higher proportion of propionic and butyric acid but less acetic acid than the other bifidobacteria. The utilization of all the β-glucans isolated from different sources regardless of their differences in glycosidic linkages and molecular weight by all three bifidobacteria was comparable to that of inulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinyang Zhao
- Department of Biology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
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Nguyen QD, Rezessy-Szabó JM, Czukor B, Hoschke Á. Continuous production of oligofructose syrup from Jerusalem artichoke juice by immobilized endo-inulinase. Process Biochem 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2010.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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De Preter V, Hamer HM, Windey K, Verbeke K. The impact of pre- and/or probiotics on human colonic metabolism: does it affect human health? Mol Nutr Food Res 2010; 55:46-57. [PMID: 21207512 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201000451] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2010] [Revised: 10/22/2010] [Accepted: 10/28/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Since many years, the role of the colonic microbiota in maintaining the host's overall health and well-being has been recognized. Dietary modulation of the microbiota composition and activity has been achieved by the use of pre-, pro- and synbiotics. In this review, we will summarize the available evidence on the modification of bacterial metabolism by dietary intervention with pre-, pro- and synbiotics. Enhanced production of SCFA as a marker of increased saccharolytic fermentation is well documented in animal and in vitro studies. Decreased production of potentially toxic protein fermentation metabolites, such as sulfides, phenolic and indolic compounds, has been less frequently demonstrated. Besides, pre-, pro- and synbiotics also affect other metabolic pathways such as the deconjugation of secondary bile acids, bacterial enzyme activities and mineral absorption. Data from human studies are less conclusive. The emergence of new analytical techniques such as metabolite profiling has revealed new pathways affected by dietary intervention. However, an important challenge for current and future research is to relate changes in bacterial metabolism to concrete health benefits. Potential targets and expected benefits have been identified: reduced risk for the metabolic syndrome and prevention of colorectal cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vicky De Preter
- Translational Research Center for Gastrointestinal Disorders and Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, University Hospital Gasthuisberg, Leuven, Belgium
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Substrate-driven gene expression in Roseburia inulinivorans: importance of inducible enzymes in the utilization of inulin and starch. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2010; 108 Suppl 1:4672-9. [PMID: 20679207 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1000091107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Roseburia inulinivorans is a recently identified motile representative of the Firmicutes that contributes to butyrate formation from a variety of dietary polysaccharide substrates in the human large intestine. Microarray analysis was used here to investigate substrate-driven gene-expression changes in R. inulinivorans A2-194. A cluster of fructo-oligosaccharide/inulin utilization genes induced during growth on inulin included one encoding a β-fructofuranosidase protein that was prominent in the proteome of inulin-grown cells. This cluster also included a 6-phosphofructokinase and an ABC transport system, whereas a distinct inulin-induced 1-phosphofructokinase was linked to a fructose-specific phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent sugar phosphotransferase system (PTS II transport enzyme). Real-time PCR analysis showed that the β-fructofuranosidase and adjacent ABC transport protein showed greatest induction during growth on inulin, whereas the 1-phosphofructokinase enzyme and linked sugar phosphotransferase transport system were most strongly up-regulated during growth on fructose, indicating that these two clusters play distinct roles in the use of inulin. The R. inulinivorans β-fructofuranosidase was overexpressed in Escherichia coli and shown to hydrolyze fructans ranging from inulin down to sucrose, with greatest activity on fructo-oligosaccharides. Genes induced on starch included the major extracellular α-amylase and two distinct α-glucanotransferases together with a gene encoding a flagellin protein. The latter response may be concerned with improving bacterial access to insoluble starch particles.
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Inulin and oligofructose as prebiotics in the prevention of intestinal infections and diseases. Nutr Res Rev 2009; 19:216-26. [PMID: 19079887 DOI: 10.1017/s0954422407249686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Health and wellbeing are challenged constantly by pathogens. A number of defence mechanisms exist to protect the body from pathogen colonisation and invasion, with an important role to play for the natural intestinal bacterial flora (mainly by bifidobacteria and lactobacilli). The present paper reviews the evidence on the effects of inulin and oligofructose on colonisation and translocation of pathogens and the prevention of intestinal diseases. In vitro experiments have shown that lactic acid-producing bacteria have antagonistic (antibacterial) activity against pathogens partly because of the production of organic acids which are the endproducts of inulin and oligofructose fermentation. In addition, studies with epithelial layers have shown that inulin and oligofructose inhibit pathogen colonisation and that endproducts of their fermentation have the ability to support barrier function. Furthermore, studies in various animal models have shown that inulin and oligofructose accelerate the recovery of beneficial bacteria, slow down pathogen growth, decreasing pathogen colonisation and systemic translocation. Finally, data from human intervention trials either in patients with intestinal disorders or disease, or prone to critical illness, found that inulin and oligofructose restore the balance when the gut microbial community is altered, inhibit the progression of disease or prevent it from relapsing and/or developing. To conclude, the dietary use of inulin and oligofructose offers a promising approach to restore microbial communities and to support barrier function of the epithelia by their prebiotic action. This may offer the host protection against invasion and translocation of pathogens (endogenous and/or exogenous) and in the prevention of gastrointestinal diseases.
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42
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Peressini D, Sensidoni A. Effect of soluble dietary fibre addition on rheological and breadmaking properties of wheat doughs. J Cereal Sci 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcs.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Huys G, Vanhoutte T, Vandamme P. Application of sequence-dependent electrophoresis fingerprinting in exploring biodiversity and population dynamics of human intestinal microbiota: what can be revealed? Interdiscip Perspect Infect Dis 2008; 2008:597603. [PMID: 19277102 PMCID: PMC2648627 DOI: 10.1155/2008/597603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2008] [Accepted: 09/22/2008] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Sequence-dependent electrophoresis (SDE) fingerprinting techniques such as denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) have become commonplace in the field of molecular microbial ecology. The success of the SDE technology lays in the fact that it allows visualization of the predominant members of complex microbial ecosystems independent of their culturability and without prior knowledge on the complexity and diversity of the ecosystem. Mainly using the prokaryotic 16S rRNA gene as PCR amplification target, SDE-based community fingerprinting turned into one of the leading molecular tools to unravel the diversity and population dynamics of human intestinal microbiota. The first part of this review covers the methodological concept of SDE fingerprinting and the technical hurdles for analyzing intestinal samples. Subsequently, the current state-of-the-art of DGGE and related techniques to analyze human intestinal microbiota from healthy individuals and from patients with intestinal disorders is surveyed. In addition, the applicability of SDE analysis to monitor intestinal population changes upon nutritional or therapeutic interventions is critically evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geert Huys
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Tom Vanhoutte
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Peter Vandamme
- Laboratory of Microbiology, Faculty of Sciences, Ghent University, K.L. Ledeganckstraat 35, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
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Demigné C, Jacobs H, Moundras C, Davicco MJ, Horcajada MN, Bernalier A, Coxam V. Comparison of native or reformulated chicory fructans, or non-purified chicory, on rat cecal fermentation and mineral metabolism. Eur J Nutr 2008; 47:366-74. [PMID: 18779917 DOI: 10.1007/s00394-008-0736-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2008] [Accepted: 08/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Chicory inulin has been identified as an effective prebiotic to promote active fermentation and lactobacilli proliferation in the large intestine, and to enhance calcium (Ca) digestive absorption and deposition in bones. The aim of this study was to compare, in a growing rat model, the effects on digestive fermentations and mineral metabolism of diets containing 7.5% inulin, using either a purified native inulin ((NAT)Inulin) or a reformulated inulin ((REF)Inulin, based on a combination of short- and long chain fructans) or dehydrated chicory. All the inulin diets elicited a marked enlargement of the cecum and acidification of the cecal contents (P < 0.01) and these diets promoted succinic acid rich fermentation together with substantial amounts of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), especially butyrate. After 1 month of adaptation, all the inulin diets strongly enhanced Ca absorption compared to controls (P < 0.01), but this effect was no more observed after 3 months of adaptation. Magnesium (Mg) absorption was stimulated by the inulin diets after 1 and 3 months experiment. Bone parameters were significantly affected by the chicory diet (enhanced distal bone mineral density and breaking load) whereas the purified inulin diets were less effective. In conclusion, with the present model, both (NAT)Inulin and (REF)Inulin exerted similar effects as to (1) cecal fermentation and profile of end-products of bacterial metabolism, (2) stimulation of Ca and Mg digestive absorption and (3) overall effects on bone parameters. The particular effects of the chicory crude fractions on digestive fermentation and bone parameters suggest possible synergisms between inulin-type fructans and other nutrients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Demigné
- UMR1019, Unité Nutrition Humaine, INRA, Centre Clermont-Ferrand-Theix, 63122, St Genès Champanelle, France
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Louis P, Scott KP, Duncan SH, Flint HJ. Understanding the effects of diet on bacterial metabolism in the large intestine. J Appl Microbiol 2008; 102:1197-208. [PMID: 17448155 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2007.03322.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 535] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Recent analyses of ribosomal RNA sequence diversity have demonstrated the extent of bacterial diversity in the human colon, and have provided new tools for monitoring changes in the composition of the gut microbial community. There is now an excellent opportunity to correlate ecological niches and metabolic activities with particular phylogenetic groups among the microbiota of the human gut. Bacteria that associate closely with particulate material and surfaces in the gut include specialized primary degraders of insoluble substrates, including resistant starch, plant structural polysaccharides and mucin. Butyrate-producing bacteria found in human faeces belong mainly to the clostridial clusters IV and XIVa. In vitro and in vivo evidence indicates that a group related to Roseburia and Eubacterium rectale plays a major role in mediating the butyrogenic effect of fermentable dietary carbohydrates. Additional cluster XIVa species can convert lactate to butyrate, while some members of the clostridial cluster IX convert lactate to propionate. The metabolic outputs of the gut microbial community depend not only on available substrate, but also on the gut environment, with pH playing a major role. Better understanding of the colonic microbial ecosystem will help to explain and predict the effects of dietary additives, including nondigestible carbohydrates, probiotics and prebiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Louis
- Microbial Ecology Group, Rowett Research Institute, Aberdeen, UK
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47
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48
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Van Loo J. How chicory fructans contribute to zootechnical performance and well-being in livestock and companion animals. J Nutr 2007; 137:2594S-2597S. [PMID: 17951510 DOI: 10.1093/jn/137.11.2594s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Animalia typically have a digestive tract for digestion of food and absorption of water. The intestinal tract is a nutrient-rich environment, as the digestive system of the host often lacks enzymes necessary to degrade certain food components. Other sources of nutrients originate from the high turnover of epithelial cells covering the intestinal surface and from the production of mucus. As the lining of the intestine is continuous with the skin, the interior intestinal space (chyme) of the intestine is external environment. There, as a consequence, is a continuous contamination pressure by bacteria that during evolution proved to be useful for further metabolism of nutrients, which the host failed to utilize. Intestinal flora coevolved with its host and the selection was driven by the intestinal architecture (morphology and transit scheme) and dietary habits of the host. Different animal species have different typical profiles of intestinal bacterial populations. The pertinently existing inter-individual differences between members of certain species are a variation on this typical profile. Animals in general seem not to be able to hydrolyze beta-glycoside bonds, such as the chicory inulin beta(2-1) bond. Chicory fructans were shown to be prebiotic (selectively interacting with intestinal bacterial ecosystem) (1) in humans and in animals, including livestock and pets. This article describes how prebiotic feeding contributes to zootechnical performance of livestock (pig, calf, horse, broiler, laying hen, and fish), which is driven by intestinal functioning, and to animal well-being (mainly pets but also livestock,) which has intestinal but also derived systemic origins.
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Abstract
Inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase, better known as statins, may be associated with reduced prostate cancer risk. Statins have been reported to demonstrate chemopreventive potentials in prostate cancer cell lines, but the association in observational studies has been inconclusive.Probiotics, defined as live microbial food supplements, have been tested for an impact on a variety of clinical conditions, e.g., urinary tract infections and calcium oxalate stone disease. Furthermore, oral administration of a lactic acid bacterium was effective against experimentally induced bladder tumors. Relationships between cancer and intake of probiotics have mainly been studied in bladder and colon cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fischer
- Klinik für Urologie und Kinderurologie, Klinikum Bayreuth GmbH, Hohe Warte 8, 95445 Bayreuth, Germany.
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50
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Verlinden A, Hesta M, Hermans JM, Janssens GPJ. The effects of inulin supplementation of diets with or without hydrolysed protein sources on digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology and immunoglobulins in dogs. Br J Nutr 2007; 96:936-44. [PMID: 17092385 DOI: 10.1017/bjn20061912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dogs with food allergy are often treated by giving a diet with hydrolysed protein sources. Prebiotics might also be successful in prevention and treatment of allergic disease through their effect on the colonic microflora, analogous to studies on probiotics in allergic children. The present study was set up to investigate the effect of supplementing inulin (IN) to commercial hypoallergenic dog diets on apparent nutrient digestibility, faecal characteristics, haematology and Ig in dogs. Supplementation of 3 % IN did not affect faecal pH, food and water intake and urine production. Compared with the intact protein diet with a limited number of ingredients (L), the diet with a hydrolysed protein source (H) resulted in an increased water intake (P<0·001), which could be due to the osmotic effect of free amino acids. Faeces production was increased by IN due to increased faecal moisture content. Increased faeces production on the H diet was mainly due to a higher DM excretion. Subsequently, the apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) of DM was lower in the H diet group. A similar result was noted for ADC of diethyl ether extract and crude ash. The ADC of crude protein was higher in the H diet group, whereas IN decreased the ADC of crude protein. Differences in the ADC of crude protein among the different diets disappeared after correction for a higher faecal biomass, except for the dogs fed the L + IN diet. Total faecal IgA concentrations were lower in the H group (P<0·05) because of lower antigenic stimulation of hydrolysed protein, which implies that hydrolysed protein is really hypoallergenic. The present study indicates that the use of hydrolysed protein diets for canine food allergy treatment can affect digestibility and that combination with IN affected apparent protein digestibility but not IgA response.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Verlinden
- Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Heidestraat 19, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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