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Wang K, Wu C, Yao Y, Zhang S, Xie Y, Shi K, Yuan Z. Association between socio-economic factors and the risk of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults: a retrospective cross-sectional study from the China Health and Nutrition Survey. Glob Health Res Policy 2022; 7:41. [PMID: 36316735 PMCID: PMC9620587 DOI: 10.1186/s41256-022-00274-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With the rising prevalence of obesity and overweight, increasing number of scholars paid attention to the negative effects on human health and life. Recent years, many studies have focused on the relation of socio-economic factors with the risk of overweight or obesity, but findings have been inconsistent. This study investigated the relationship between socio-economic factors and the risk of overweight and obesity among Chinese adults. METHODS This study was based on the survey of the China Health and Nutrition Survey in 2015, with 9245 Chinese adults aged 18-65 years old. Overweight and obesity were assessed by physical measurements of weight, height, and waist circumference. Multiple logistic models were used to estimate the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the association. RESULTS Overall, the prevalence rates of general obesity and abdominal obesity were 15.5% and 22.6%, respectively. We found that education and per capita household income were positively associated with overweight and obesity risk in men. However, the association between education and obesity status was negative in women [general obesity: OR = 0.64, 95% CI (0.50-0.81); abdominal obesity: OR = 0.62, 95% CI (0.51-0.76)]. Occupational status was only associated with general overweight in men. CONCLUSIONS Results suggested that higher education and per capita household income were associated with an increased risk of overweight and obesity among Chinese men, whereas the associations were negative for women. We recommended that men with high levels of education and income, women with low levels of education, can engage in some physical activity, modify dietary, and adopt a new way of life to maintain their weight and general health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Wang
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Caifeng Wu
- grid.413856.d0000 0004 1799 3643Chengdu Medical College, Xindu District, Chengdu, 610500 China
| | - Yifan Yao
- grid.33199.310000 0004 0368 7223School of Medicine and Health Management, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Qiaokou District, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shihan Zhang
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Yaxuan Xie
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Kejian Shi
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
| | - Zhanpeng Yuan
- grid.49470.3e0000 0001 2331 6153School of Public Health, Wuhan University, Wuchang District, Wuhan, 430071 China
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Chung W, Kim R. A Reversal of the Association between Education Level and Obesity Risk during Ageing: A Gender-Specific Longitudinal Study in South Korea. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2020; 17:ijerph17186755. [PMID: 32948024 PMCID: PMC7559988 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph17186755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to examine and quantify obesity risk across different education levels during ageing using the dataset of a nationally representative longitudinal survey. A total of 45,391 observations of 9991 individuals aged ≥45 years were included in this study. Obesity was defined as a body mass index of ≥25, according to a guideline for Asians by the World Health Organization, and education level was grouped into three categories. Socio-demographics, lifestyles, and health conditions were used as covariates. Adjusted odds ratios and predicted probabilities of obesity were computed and adjusted for a complex survey design. With respect to gender, education level and age were significantly associated with obesity risk, and the association was stronger in women than in men. Furthermore, education level was negatively associated with obesity risk in the middle age in each gender. However, the association became positive in the old age, specifically among highly educated women. Therefore, policy efforts to reduce obesity risk and the resulting education gradients should be established based on studies considering their old age. Further longitudinal studies are required to examine whether these findings are valid in other socio-cultural or economic settings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Chung
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea;
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Korea
| | - Roeul Kim
- Labor Welfare Research Institute, Korea Workers’ Compensation and Welfare Service, Seoul 07254, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-2670-0448
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Chung W, Lim S. Factors contributing to educational differences in obesity among women: evidence from South Korea. BMC Public Health 2020; 20:1136. [PMID: 32690084 PMCID: PMC7370452 DOI: 10.1186/s12889-020-09221-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity is more prevalent among less-educated women than highly-educated women around the world. However, little is known about the factors which cause this difference in obesity, and almost nothing is known about how the individual factors which explain differences in education among women alone contribute to obesity. In this study, we identified the factors which help explain the relationship between education and obesity in women, and quantified their separate contributions to obesity. Methods We analyzed information on 14,577 women aged 25 years or over using datasets from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010–2014). We divided the women into two education groups: women who had, at most, finished high school (less-educated women), and women who had college degrees and beyond (highly-educated women). Using an extended Oaxaca-Blinder method, we decomposed the difference in obesity prevalence between the two education groups into the contributions (%) due to two effects: composition effect and association effect. Results Obesity was more than twice as prevalent among the less-educated women (34.3%) than it was among the highly-educated women (16.0%). The composition effect—contribution of differences in the distribution of observed characteristics compared to that of the difference in obesity prevalence between the two education groups—was 38.2%. The association effect—contributions of differences in the estimated coefficients of characteristics compared to that of the difference in obesity prevalence between the two education groups—was 55.8%, of which lifestyle factors were the most important contributor (43.6%). Of the separate contributions of each factor, the association effect of the factor related to women’s stress exhibited the largest contribution (23.0%). Conclusion We suggest that to effectively mitigate the high prevalence of obesity among less-educated women, it may be necessary to help low-educated women who do not feel stressful develop strategies to combat their higher risk of obesity. We also suggest the need to conduct decomposition studies in countries which show significant relationships between education and obesity among women, and to create targeted policies to reduce this population’s overall risk of obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Chung
- Department of Health Policy and Management, Graduate School of Public Health and Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, 50-1 Yonsei-ro, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungji Lim
- Health Insurance Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, 32, Sambo-ro, Wonju-si, Gangwon-do, 26464, Republic of Korea.
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Chung W, Lim SJ, Lee S, Kim R, Kim J. Gender-specific interactions between education and income in relation to obesity: a cross-sectional analysis of the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES V). BMJ Open 2017; 7:e014276. [PMID: 29288171 PMCID: PMC5770831 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To identify gender-specific associations between education and income in relation to obesity in developed countries by considering both the interaction-effect terms of the independent variables and their main-effect terms. DESIGN A cross-sectional study. Education and income levels were chosen as socioeconomic status indicators. Sociodemographics, lifestyles and medical conditions were used as covariates in multivariable logistic regression models. Adjusted ORs and predicted probabilities of being obese were computed and adjusted for a complex survey design. SETTING Data were obtained from the Fifth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (2010-2012). PARTICIPANTS The sample included 7337 male and 9908 female participants aged ≥19 years. OUTCOME MEASURE Obesity was defined as body mass index of ≥25, according to a guideline for Asians. RESULTS In models with no interaction-effect terms of independent variables, education was significantly associated with obesity in both men and women, but income was significant only in women. However, in models with the interaction-effect terms, education was significant only in women, but income was significant only in men. The interaction effect between income and education was significant in men but not in women. Participants having the highest predicted probability of being obese over educational and income levels differed between the two types of models, and between men and women. A prediction using the models with the interaction-effect terms demonstrated that for all men, the highest level of formal education was associated with an increase in their probability of being obese by as much as 26%. CONCLUSIONS The well-known, negative association between socioeconomic status and obesity in developed countries may not be valid when interaction effects are included. Ignoring these effects and their gender differences may result in the targeting of wrong populations for reducing obesity prevalence and its resultant socioeconomic gradients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Woojin Chung
- Department of Health Policy, Graduate School of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
- Institute of Health Services Research, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Ji Lim
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Sunmi Lee
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
| | - Roeul Kim
- Labor Welfare Research Institute, Korea Worker's Compensation and Welfare Service, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jaeyeun Kim
- Health Insurance Policy Research Institute, National Health Insurance Service, Wonju, Republic of Korea
- Department of Public Health, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Moon K, Krems C, Heuer T, Roth A, Hoffmann I. Predictors of BMI Vary along the BMI Range of German Adults - Results of the German National Nutrition Survey II. Obes Facts 2017; 10:38-49. [PMID: 28219069 PMCID: PMC5644963 DOI: 10.1159/000456665] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the study was to identify predictors of BMI in German adults by considering the BMI distribution and to determine whether the association between BMI and its predictors varies along the BMI distribution. METHODS The sample included 9,214 adults aged 18-80 years from the German National Nutrition Survey II (NVS II). Quantile regression analyses were conducted to examine the association between BMI and the following predictors: age, sports activities, socio-economic status (SES), healthy eating index-NVS II (HEI-NVS II), dietary knowledge, sleeping duration and energy intake as well as status of smoking, partner relationship and self-reported health. RESULTS Age, SES, self-reported health status, sports activities and energy intake were the strongest predictors of BMI. The important outcome of this study is that the association between BMI and its predictors varies along the BMI distribution. Especially, energy intake, health status and SES were marginally associated with BMI in normal-weight subjects; this relationships became stronger in the range of overweight, and were strongest in the range of obesity. CONCLUSIONS Predictors of BMI and the strength of these associations vary across the BMI distribution in German adults. Consequently, to identify predictors of BMI, the entire BMI distribution should be considered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kilson Moon
- Department of Nutritional Behaviour, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Carolin Krems
- Department of Nutritional Behaviour, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany, Zurich, Switzerland
- *Dr. Carolin Krems, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Haid-und-Neu-Straße 9, 76131 Karlsruhe, Germany,
| | - Thorsten Heuer
- Department of Nutritional Behaviour, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Alexander Roth
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ingrid Hoffmann
- Department of Nutritional Behaviour, Max Rubner-Institut, Federal Research Institute of Nutrition and Food, Karlsruhe, Germany, Zurich, Switzerland
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Cohen AK, Rai M, Rehkopf DH, Abrams B. Educational attainment and obesity: a systematic review. Obes Rev 2013; 14:989-1005. [PMID: 23889851 PMCID: PMC3902051 DOI: 10.1111/obr.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 263] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2013] [Revised: 05/14/2013] [Accepted: 05/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Although previous systematic reviews considered the relationship between socioeconomic status and obesity, almost 200 peer-reviewed articles have been published since the last review on that topic, and this paper focuses specifically on education, which has different implications. The authors systematically review the peer-reviewed literature from around the world considering the association between educational attainment and obesity. Databases from public health and medicine, education, psychology, economics, and other social sciences were searched, and articles published in English, French, Portuguese and Spanish were included. This paper includes 289 articles that report on 410 populations in 91 countries. The relationship between educational attainment and obesity was modified by both gender and the country's economic development level: an inverse association was more common in studies of higher-income countries and a positive association was more common in lower-income countries, with stronger social patterning among women. Relatively few studies reported on lower-income countries, controlled for a comprehensive set of potential confounding variables and/or attempted to assess causality through the use of quasi-experimental designs. Future research should address these gaps to understand if the relationship between educational attainment and obesity may be causal, thus supporting education policy as a tool for obesity prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- A K Cohen
- Division of Epidemiology, University of California Berkeley School of Public Health, Berkeley, California, USA
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Prättälä R, Sippola R, Lahti-Koski M, Laaksonen MT, Mäkinen T, Roos E. Twenty-five year trends in body mass index by education and income in Finland. BMC Public Health 2012; 12:936. [PMID: 23113905 PMCID: PMC3526569 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-12-936] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/22/2012] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The socioeconomic gradient in obesity and overweight is amply documented. However, the contribution of different socioeconomic indicators on trends of body mass index (BMI) over time is less well known. The aim of this study was to investigate the associations of education and income with (BMI) from the late 1970s to the early 2000s. Methods Data were derived from nationwide cross-sectional health behaviour surveys carried out among Finns annually since 1978. This study comprises data from a 25-year period (1978–2002) that included 25 339 men and 25 330 women aged 25–64 years. BMI was based on self-reported weight and height. Education in years was obtained from the questionnaire and household income from the national tax register. In order to improve the comparability of the socioeconomic position measures, education and income were divided into gender-specific tertiles separately for each study year. Linear regression analysis was applied. Results An increase in BMI was observed among men and women in all educational and income groups. In women, education and income were inversely associated with BMI. The magnitudes of the associations fluctuated but stayed statistically significant over time. Among the Finnish men, socioeconomic differences were more complicated. Educational differences were weaker than among the women and income differences varied according to educational level. At the turn of the century, the high income men in the lowest educational group had the highest BMI whereas the income pattern in the highest educational group was the opposite. Conclusion No overall change in the socio-economic differences of BMI was observed in Finland between 1978 and 2002. However, the trends of BMI diverged in sub-groups of the studied population: the most prominent increase in BMI took place in high income men with low education and in low income men with high education. The results encourage further research on the pathways between income, education, living conditions and the increasing BMI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritva Prättälä
- National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland.
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Risk factors for overweight and obesity among Thai adults: results of the National Thai Food Consumption Survey. Nutrients 2010; 2:60-74. [PMID: 22253992 PMCID: PMC3257614 DOI: 10.3390/nu20100060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2009] [Accepted: 01/19/2010] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We evaluated the associations between overweight and obesity and socio-economic status (SES), behavioral factors, and dietary intake in Thai adults. A nationally representative sample of 6,445 Thais adults (18-70 years) was surveyed during 2004-2005. Information including demographics, SES characteristics, dietary intake, and anthropometrics were obtained. Overall, 35.0% of men, and 44.9% of women were overweight or obese (BMI ≥ 23 kg/m2) using the Asian cut-points. Regression models demonstrated that age was positively associated with being overweight in both genders. In gender-stratified analyses, male respondents who were older, lived in urban areas, had higher annual household income, and did not smoke were more likely to be classified as overweight and obese. Women who were older, had higher education, were not in a marriage-like relationship and were in semi-professional occupation were at greater risk for being overweight and obese. High carbohydrate and protein intake were found to be positively associated with BMI whereas the frequent use of dairy foods was found to be negatively associated with BMI among men. The present study found that SES factors are associated with being classified as overweight and obese in Thai adults, but associations were different between genders. Health promotion strategies regarding obesity and its related co-morbidity are necessary.
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Risk Factors for Overweight and Obesity among Thai Adults: Results of the National Thai Food Consumption Survey. Nutrients 2010. [DOI: 10.3390/nu2010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Marcellini F, Giuli C, Papa R, Tirabassi G, Faloia E, Boscaro M, Polito A, Ciarapica D, Zaccaria M, Mocchegiani E. OBESITY AND BODY MASS INDEX (BMI) IN RELATION TO LIFE-STYLE AND PSYCHO-SOCIAL ASPECTS. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 2009; 49 Suppl 1:195-206. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archger.2009.09.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Berghöfer A, Pischon T, Reinhold T, Apovian CM, Sharma AM, Willich SN. Obesity prevalence from a European perspective: a systematic review. BMC Public Health 2008; 8:200. [PMID: 18533989 PMCID: PMC2441615 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-8-200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 442] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2007] [Accepted: 06/05/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Obesity has been recognised as an important contributing factor in the development of various diseases, but comparative data on this condition are limited. We therefore aimed to identify and discuss current epidemiological data on the prevalence of obesity in European countries. Methods We identified relevant published studies by means of a MEDLINE search (1990–2008) supplemented by information obtained from regulatory agencies. We only included surveys that used direct measures of weight and height and were representative of each country's overall population. Results In Europe, the prevalence of obesity (body mass index ≥ 30 kg/m2) in men ranged from 4.0% to 28.3% and in women from 6.2% to 36.5%. We observed considerable geographic variation, with prevalence rates in Central, Eastern, and Southern Europe being higher than those in Western and Northern Europe. Conclusion In Europe, obesity has reached epidemic proportions. The data presented in our review emphasise the need for effective therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Berghöfer
- Institute for Social Medicine, Epidemiology and Health Economics, Charité University Medical Center, Berlin, Germany.
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Bessaoud F, Daurès JP. Patterns of alcohol (especially wine) consumption and breast cancer risk: a case-control study among a population in Southern France. Ann Epidemiol 2008; 18:467-75. [PMID: 18440826 DOI: 10.1016/j.annepidem.2008.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2007] [Revised: 02/01/2008] [Accepted: 02/02/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The association between alcohol consumption and breast cancer has been largely investigated, but few studies have investigated the effects of average intake when the pattern of drinking is taken into account. We sought to examine the association between drinking pattern of alcoholic beverages, particularly wine, and breast cancer using different statistical approaches. METHODS Our study included 437 cases of breast cancer, newly diagnosed in the period 2002-2004, and 922 residence- and age-matched controls. RESULTS Women who had an average consumption of less than 1.5 drinks per day had a lower risk (odds ratio [OR] = 0.58, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.34-0.97) when compared with nondrinkers. This protective effect was due substantially to wine consumption since the proportion of regular wine drinkers is predominant in our study population. Furthermore, women who consumed between 10 and 12 g/d of wine had a lower risk (OR = 0.51; 95% CI = 0.30-0.91) when compared with non-wine drinkers. Above 12 g per day of wine consumption, the risk of breast cancer increased, but the association was nonsignificant. CONCLUSIONS Although no association between the pattern of total alcohol consumption and breast cancer was found, the type of alcoholic beverage seemed to play an important role in this association. Our results support the hypothesis that there is a threshold effect that risk decreased or was not modified for consumption under a certain threshold. Above that threshold, risk increased, however. The drinking pattern of each type of specific beverage, especially wine, seems important in terms of alcohol-breast cancer association. Low and regular wine consumption does not increase breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Bessaoud
- Laboratoire de Biostatistiques et d'Epidémiologie- Institut Universitaire de Recherche Clinique,Montpellier, France.
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Alcácera MA, Marques-Lopes I, Fajó-Pascual M, Puzo J, Blas Pérez J, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MÁ. Lifestyle factors associated with BMI in a Spanish graduate population: the SUN Study. Obes Facts 2008; 1:80-7. [PMID: 20054166 PMCID: PMC6452167 DOI: 10.1159/000124237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To study the association between BMI and lifestyle factors such as alcohol consumption, smoking habits, education level and marital status in a Spanish graduate population. METHOD Cross-sectional analysis of 8,706 participants (3,643 men and 5,063 women) from the Seguimiento Universidad de Navarra (SUN) Study, an ongoing dynamic cohort study in Spain. Data on body weight, height and sociodemographic characteristics, and lifestyle habits were collected with self-administered validated questionnaires. RESULTS Among older participants (above sex-specific median age), educational level was a factor independently associated with BMI. University graduates with a lower educational level (3-year college degree or 5-year university degree) had a significantly higher BMI than those with doctorate which requires, at least, 8 years of university studies in Spain. Mean BMI was significantly higher among past smokers than among never smokers. Alcohol consumption, marital and smoking status were associated with BMI only among men. CONCLUSION In a study whose members were all university graduates, several factors were independently associated with a higher BMI, such as less years of higher education, past smoking, marital status and higher alcohol consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Iva Marques-Lopes
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Marta Fajó-Pascual
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - José Puzo
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Juan Blas Pérez
- Faculty of Health Sciences and Sports, University of Zaragoza, Huesca, Spain
| | - Maira Bes-Rastrollo
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Clinica Universitaria-Medical School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
- Department of Nutrition, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MS, USA
| | - Miguel Ángel Martínez-González
- Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Clinica Universitaria-Medical School, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Relationship between Food Insecurity and Body Composition in Ugandans Living in Urban Kampala. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 107:1978-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jada.2007.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Duvigneaud N, Wijndaele K, Matton L, Philippaerts R, Lefevre J, Thomis M, Delecluse C, Duquet W. Dietary factors associated with obesity indicators and level of sports participation in Flemish adults: a cross-sectional study. Nutr J 2007; 6:26. [PMID: 17883880 PMCID: PMC2094711 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2891-6-26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2007] [Accepted: 09/21/2007] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Obesity develops when energy intake continuously exceeds energy expenditure, causing a fundamental chronic energy imbalance. Societal and behavioural changes over the last decades are held responsible for the considerable increase in sedentary lifestyles and inappropriate dietary patterns. The role of dietary fat and other dietary factors in the aetiology and maintenance of excess weight is controversial. The purposes of the present study were to investigate the dietary factors associated with body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), and to analyse whether dietary intake varies between subjects with different levels of sports participation. METHODS Data for this cross-sectional study, including anthropometric measurements, 3-day diet diary and physical activity questionnaire, were collected by the Flemish Policy Research Centre Sport, Physical Activity and Health (SPAH) between October 2002 and April 2004. Results of 485 adult men and 362 women with plausible dietary records were analysed. Analyses of covariance were performed to determine the differences in dietary intake between normal weight, overweight and obese subjects, and between subjects with different levels of sports participation. RESULTS Total energy intake, protein and fat intake (kcal/day) were significantly higher in obese subjects compared to their lean counterparts in both genders. Percentage of energy intake from fat was significantly higher in obese men compared to men with normal weight or WC. Energy percentages from carbohydrates and fibres were negatively related to BMI and WC in men, whereas in women a higher carbohydrate and fibre intake was positively associated with obesity. Alcohol intake was positively associated with WC in men. Subjects participating in health related sports reported higher intake of carbohydrates, but lower intake of fat compared to subjects not participating in sports. CONCLUSION This study supports the evidence that carbohydrate, fat, protein and fibre intake are closely related to BMI and WC. The sex differences for dietary intake between obese men and women might reflect the generally higher health consciousness of women. Alcohol intake was only associated with WC, emphasizing the importance of WC as an additional indicator in epidemiological studies. Besides enhancing sports and physical activity, it is necessary to improve the knowledge about nutrition and to promote the well-balanced consumption of wholesome food.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Duvigneaud
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
| | - Katrien Wijndaele
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Lynn Matton
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Renaat Philippaerts
- Department of Movement and Sports Sciences, Ghent University, Watersportlaan 2, B-9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Johan Lefevre
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Martine Thomis
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe Delecluse
- Department of Biomedical Kinesiology, Faculty of Kinesiology and Rehabilitation Sciences, K.U.Leuven, Tervuursevest 101, B-3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - William Duquet
- Department of Human Biometry and Biomechanics, Faculty of Physical Education and Physical Therapy, Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Pleinlaan 2, B-1050 Brussel, Belgium
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Jackson M, Walker S, Cruickshank JK, Sharma S, Cade J, Mbanya JC, Younger N, Forrester TF, Wilks R. Diet and overweight and obesity in populations of African origin: Cameroon, Jamaica and the UK. Public Health Nutr 2007; 10:122-30. [PMID: 17261220 DOI: 10.1017/s1368980007246762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the relationship of diet to overweight and obesity among populations of African origin. DESIGN AND SETTING Cross-sectional data were obtained from adults aged 25-74 years in rural Cameroon (n = 686), urban Cameroon (n = 975), Jamaica (n = 924) and Afro-Caribbeans in the UK (n = 257). Dietary data were collected using food-frequency questionnaires specifically designed for each site. Body mass index (BMI) was used as a measure of overweight. RESULTS The expected gradient in the distribution of overweight across sites was seen in females (rural Cameroon, 9.5%; urban Cameroon, 47.1%; Jamaica, 63.8%; UK, 71.6%); however, among males overweight was less prevalent in Jamaica (22.0%) than urban Cameroon (36.3%). In developing countries increased risks of overweight (BMI > or = 25 kg m(-2) were influenced by higher energy (urban Cameroonian men) and protein (Jamaican women) intakes. No dietary variables were associated with obesity (BMI > or = 30 kg m(-2) in Cameroon or Jamaica. In the UK, energy intakes were inversely related with overweight whereas increased risks of being overweight were associated with higher protein (men) and fat (women) intakes. Similarly, whereas higher protein and fat intakes in UK men and women were associated with obesity, carbohydrate intakes were associated with decreased risks of obesity in men. CONCLUSIONS Diet and overweight were associated in the UK but few dietary variables were related to overweight in Jamaica and the Cameroon. These findings suggest that associations between diet and overweight/obesity are not generalisable among populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Jackson
- Department of Community Health and Psychiatry, University of the West Indies, Mona Campus, Kingston 7, Jamaica.
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