1
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Li L, Zhang X, Wang L, Gao M, Wang Y, Zhang Z, Yang X, Yang J. Protective effect of soluble dietary fiber from Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue on dextran sulfate sodium-induced ulcerative colitis by regulating serum metabolism and NF-κB pathway in mice. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2024; 104:7258-7270. [PMID: 38629513 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 04/03/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 08/07/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ulcerative colitis (UC) refers to an idiopathic chronic inflammatory bowel disease that starts with inflammation of the intestinal mucosa. Dietary fiber plays a crucial role in maintaining the normal architecture of the intestinal mucosa. In this study, the protective effect and potential mechanism of soluble dietary fiber from Rosa roxburghii Tratt residue (SDFR) on dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced UC mice were explored. RESULTS The results revealed that SDFR could ameliorate body weight loss and pathological injury, improve the structure and crypt destruction in colon in DSS-induced mice. Moreover, the levels of NO, IL-1β, TNF-α, MPO and protein expression of iNOS and COX-2 were decreased after administration of SDFR. Notably, nontargeted metabolomics analysis indicated that there were significant differences in 51 potential metabolites in serum between the DSS and control groups. SDFR intervention could regulate aberrant alterations of these metabolites and mitigate UC via regulating metabolic pathways, including arachidonic acid and glycerophospholipid metabolism. CONCLUSION This study provides novel evidence that SDFR could be used as a potential modulator to relieve UC. Also, the results provide a theoretical basis for the utilization of byproducts in Rosa roxburghii Tratt fruit processing. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilang Li
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Guizhou Vocational College of Foodstuff Engineering, Qingzhen, China
| | - Li Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Ming Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Zhengrong Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
| | - Xiaosheng Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
| | - Juan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants, Guizhou Medical University, Guiyang, China
- Natural Products Research Center of Guizhou Province, Guiyang, China
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2
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Wu L, Hu J, Yi X, Lv J, Yao J, Tang W, Zhang S, Wan M. Gut microbiota interacts with inflammatory responses in acute pancreatitis. Therap Adv Gastroenterol 2023; 16:17562848231202133. [PMID: 37829561 PMCID: PMC10566291 DOI: 10.1177/17562848231202133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 10/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is one of the most common acute abdominal conditions, and its incidence has been increasing for years. Approximately 15-20% of patients develop severe AP (SAP), which is complicated by critical inflammatory injury and intestinal dysfunction. AP-associated inflammation can lead to the gut barrier and function damage, causing dysbacteriosis and facilitating intestinal microbiota migration. Pancreatic exocrine deficiency and decreased levels of antimicrobial peptides in AP can also lead to abnormal growth of intestinal bacteria. Meanwhile, intestinal microbiota migration influences the pancreatic microenvironment and affects the severity of AP, which, in turn, exacerbates the systemic inflammatory response. Thus, the interaction between the gut microbiota (GM) and the inflammatory response may be a key pathogenic feature of SAP. Treating either of these factors or breaking their interaction may offer some benefits for SAP treatment. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of interaction of the GM and inflammation in AP and factors that can deteriorate or even cure both, including some traditional Chinese medicine treatments, to provide new methods for studying AP pathogenesis and developing therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjun Wu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Jing Hu
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Hospital of Chinese Traditional Medicine of Leshan, Leshan, China
| | - Xiaolin Yi
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- Intensive Care Unit, Suining Municipal Hospital of TCM, Suining, China
| | - Jianqin Lv
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiaqi Yao
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Wenfu Tang
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Emergency Medical Laboratory, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Road 37, Chengdu 610041, Sichuan, China
| | - Meihua Wan
- Department of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, West China
- Hospital, Sichuan University, Guo Xue Road 37, Chengdu 610041, China
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3
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Ye J, Wu Z, Zhao Y, Zhang S, Liu W, Su Y. Role of gut microbiota in the pathogenesis and treatment of diabetes mullites: Advanced research-based review. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:1029890. [PMID: 36338058 PMCID: PMC9627042 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.1029890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2022] [Accepted: 09/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gut microbiota plays an important role in the proper functioning of human organisms, while its dysbiosis is associated with disease in various body organs. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a set of heterogeneous metabolic diseases characterized by hyperglycemia caused by direct or indirect insulin deficiency. There is growing evidence that gut microbiota dysbiosis is closely linked to the development of DM. Gut microbiota composition changes in type 1 diabetes mullites (T1DM) and type 2 diabetes mullites (T2DM) patients, which may cause gut leakiness and uncontrolled entry of antigens into the circulation system, triggering an immune response that damages the isle β cells or metabolic disorders. This review summarizes gut microbiota composition in healthy individuals and compares it to diabetes mullites patients. The possible pathogenesis by which gut microbiota dysbiosis causes DM, particularly gut leakiness and changes in gut microbiota metabolites is also discussed. It also presents the process of microbial-based therapies of DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjun Ye
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Zezhen Wu
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Yifei Zhao
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Shuo Zhang
- Department of Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Longhu Hospital, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, China
| | - Weiting Liu
- School of Nursing, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, Anhui, China
| | - Yu Su
- Center of Teaching Evaluation and Faculty Development, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei, China
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4
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Korth N, Parsons L, Van Haute MJ, Yang Q, Hurst P, Schnable JC, Holding DR, Benson AK. The Unique Seed Protein Composition of Quality Protein Popcorn Promotes Growth of Beneficial Bacteria From the Human Gut Microbiome. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:921456. [PMID: 35910657 PMCID: PMC9330393 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.921456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of fiber, complex carbohydrates, lipids, and small molecules from food matrices on the human gut microbiome have been increasingly studied. Much less is known about how dietary protein can influence the composition and function of the gut microbial community. Here, we used near-isogenic maize lines of conventional popcorn and quality-protein popcorn (QPP) to study the effects of the opaque-2 mutation and associated quality-protein modifiers on the human gut microbiome. Opaque-2 blocks the synthesis of major maize seed proteins (α-zeins), resulting in a compensatory synthesis of new seed proteins that are nutritionally beneficial with substantially higher levels of the essential amino acids lysine and tryptophan. We show that QPP lines stimulate greater amounts of butyrate production by human gut microbiomes in in vitro fermentation of popped and digested corn from parental and QPP hybrids. In human gut microbiomes derived from diverse individuals, bacterial taxa belonging to the butyrate-producing family Lachnospiraceae, including the genera Coprococcus and Roseburia were consistently increased when fermenting QPP vs. parental popcorn lines. We conducted molecular complementation to further demonstrate that lysine-enriched seed protein can stimulate growth and butyrate production by microbes through distinct pathways. Our data show that organisms such as Coprococcus can utilize lysine and that other gut microbes, such as Roseburia spp., instead, utilize fructoselysine produced during thermal processing (popping) of popcorn. Thus, the combination of seed composition in QPP and interaction of protein adducts with carbohydrates during thermal processing can stimulate the growth of health-promoting, butyrate-producing organisms in the human gut microbiome through multiple pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nate Korth
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Leandra Parsons
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Center for Plant Science Innovation–Beadle Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Mallory J. Van Haute
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Qinnan Yang
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Preston Hurst
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Center for Plant Science Innovation–Beadle Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - James C. Schnable
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Center for Plant Science Innovation–Beadle Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - David R. Holding
- Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Center for Plant Science Innovation–Beadle Center for Biotechnology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
| | - Andrew K. Benson
- Nebraska Food for Health Center, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of Nebraska–Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, United States
- *Correspondence: Andrew K. Benson,
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The role of short-chain fatty acids in Clostridioides difficile infection: A review. Anaerobe 2022; 75:102585. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anaerobe.2022.102585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 04/27/2022] [Accepted: 05/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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6
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Yan J, Ouyang J, Isnard S, Zhou X, Harypursat V, Routy JP, Chen Y. Alcohol Use and Abuse Conspires With HIV Infection to Aggravate Intestinal Dysbiosis and Increase Microbial Translocation in People Living With HIV: A Review. Front Immunol 2021; 12:741658. [PMID: 34975838 PMCID: PMC8718428 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.741658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The intestinal microbiome is an essential so-called human "organ", vital for the induction of innate immunity, for metabolizing nutrients, and for maintenance of the structural integrity of the intestinal barrier. HIV infection adversely influences the richness and diversity of the intestinal microbiome, resulting in structural and functional impairment of the intestinal barrier and an increased intestinal permeability. Pathogens and metabolites may thus cross the "leaky" intestinal barrier and enter the systemic circulation, which is a significant factor accounting for the persistent underlying chronic inflammatory state present in people living with HIV (PLWH). Additionally, alcohol use and abuse has been found to be prevalent in PLWH and has been strongly associated with the incidence and progression of HIV/AIDS. Recently, converging evidence has indicated that the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is related to intestinal microbiome and barrier function through numerous pathways. Alcohol acts as a "partner" with HIV in disrupting microbiome ecology, and thus impairing of the intestinal barrier. Optimizing the microbiome and restoring the integrity of the intestinal barrier is likely to be an effective adjunctive therapeutic strategy for PLWH. We herein critically review the interplay among HIV, alcohol, and the gut barrier, thus setting the scene with regards to development of effective strategies to counteract the dysregulated gut microbiome and the reduction of microbial translocation and inflammation in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangyu Yan
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Ouyang
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Canadian HIV Trials Network (CTN), Canadian Institutes of Health Research (CIHR), Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | - Xin Zhou
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Vijay Harypursat
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
- Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Clinical Research Center, Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
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7
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Evidence of MHC class I and II influencing viral and helminth infection via the microbiome in a non-human primate. PLoS Pathog 2021; 17:e1009675. [PMID: 34748618 PMCID: PMC8601626 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1009675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 10/05/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Until recently, the study of major histocompability complex (MHC) mediated immunity has focused on the direct link between MHC diversity and susceptibility to parasite infection. However, MHC genes can also influence host health indirectly through the sculpting of the bacterial community that in turn shape immune responses. We investigated the links between MHC class I and II gene diversity gut microbiome diversity and micro- (adenovirus, AdV) and macro- (helminth) parasite infection probabilities in a wild population of non-human primates, mouse lemurs of Madagascar. This setup encompasses a plethora of underlying interactions between parasites, microbes and adaptive immunity in natural populations. Both MHC classes explained shifts in microbiome composition and the effect was driven by a few select microbial taxa. Among them were three taxa (Odoribacter, Campylobacter and Prevotellaceae-UCG-001) which were in turn linked to AdV and helminth infection status, correlative evidence of the indirect effect of the MHC via the microbiome. Our study provides support for the coupled role of MHC diversity and microbial flora as contributing factors of parasite infection. The selective pressure of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) on microbial communities, and the potential role of this interaction in driving parasite resistance has been largely neglected. Using a natural population of the primate Microcebus griseorufus, we provide correlative evidence of two outstanding findings: that MHCI and MHCII diversity shapes the composition of the gut microbiota; and that select taxa associated with MHC diversity predicted adenovirus and helminth infection status. Our study highlights the importance of incorporating the microbiome when investigating parasite-mediated MHC selection.
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8
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Baptista SL, Romaní A, Oliveira C, Ferreira S, Rocha CM, Domingues L. Galactose to tagatose isomerization by the l-arabinose isomerase from Bacillus subtilis: A biorefinery approach for Gelidium sesquipedale valorisation. Lebensm Wiss Technol 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lwt.2021.112199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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9
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Terasaki M, Uehara O, Ogasa S, Sano T, Kubota A, Kojima H, Tanaka T, Maeda H, Miyashita K, Mutoh M. Alteration of fecal microbiota by fucoxanthin results in prevention of colorectal cancer in AOM/DSS mice. Carcinogenesis 2021; 42:210-219. [PMID: 32940665 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgaa100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Fucoxanthin (Fx), a marine carotenoid found in edible brown algae, is well known for having anticancer properties. The gut microbiota has been demonstrated as a hallmark for colorectal cancer progression in both humans and rodents. However, it remains unclear whether the gut microbiota is associated with the anticancer effect of Fx. We investigated the chemopreventive potency of Fx and its effect on gut microbiota in a mouse model of inflammation-associated colorectal cancer (by azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium treatment). Fx administration (30 mg/kg bw) during a 14 week period significantly inhibited the multiplicity of colorectal adenocarcinoma in mice. The number of apoptosis-like cleaved caspase-3high cells increased significantly in both colonic adenocarcinoma and mucosal crypts. Fx administration significantly suppressed Bacteroidlales (f_uc; g_uc) (0.3-fold) and Rikenellaceae (g_uc) (0.6-fold) and increased Lachnospiraceae (g_uc) (2.2-fold), compared with those of control mice. Oral administration of a fecal suspension obtained from Fx-treated mice, aimed to enhance Lachnospiraceae, suppress the number of colorectal adenocarcinomas in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice with a successful increase in Lachnospiraceae in the gut. Our findings suggested that an alteration in gut microbiota by dietary Fx might be an essential factor in the cancer chemopreventive effect of Fx in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-treated mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaru Terasaki
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.,Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Osamu Uehara
- Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.,School of Dentistry, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Shinya Ogasa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Taishi Sano
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Atsuhito Kubota
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Kojima
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan.,Advanced Research Promotion Center, Health Sciences University of Hokkaido, Ishikari-Tobetsu, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Takuji Tanaka
- Department of Diagnostic Pathology and Research Center of Diagnostic Pathology, Gifu Municipal Hospital, Gifu, Japan
| | - Hayato Maeda
- Faculty of Agriculture and Life Science, Hirosaki University, 3 Bunkyo-cho, Hirosaki, Aomori 036-8561, Japan
| | - Kazuo Miyashita
- Center for Regional Collaboration in Research and Education, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Inada-cho, Obihiro, Hokkaido, Japan
| | - Michihiro Mutoh
- Department of Molecular-Targeting Prevention, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kawaramachi-Hirokoji, Kamigyo-ku, Kyoto, Japan
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Shang L, Liu H, Yu H, Chen M, Yang T, Zeng X, Qiao S. Core Altered Microorganisms in Colitis Mouse Model: A Comprehensive Time-Point and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation Analysis. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10060643. [PMID: 34071229 PMCID: PMC8230101 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10060643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), is characterized by chronic and relapsing inflammation within the gastrointestinal tract. Antibiotics have been used to treat IBD, primarily utilizing metronidazole. Although there does seem to be a treatment effect, the broad-spectrum antibiotics that have been used to date are crude tools and have many adverse effects. Available evidence suggests that the host microbiome is implicated in the pathogenesis of IBD, though the key bacteria remain unknown. If the bacterial population can be modified appropriately, the use of antibiotics will have a better therapeutic effect. In this study, mice were fed dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) solution for 5 days, followed by 5 days of normal drinking water, to investigate the gut microbiota response to colitis and the initial alteration of microbiota in recovery phase. Day 0 was considered the normal control, while day 5 and day 10 were considered the colitis mouse model progressive phase and recovery phase, respectively. Results showed that inflammation could induce proportional changes in the gut microbiota. Furthermore, transplanting the microbiota in progressive phase to antibiotic-induced microbiota-depleted mice could induce inflammation similar to colitis, which proves the importance of initial alteration of the microbiota for IBD recovery and the potential of the microbiota as a target for the treatment of IBD. Meanwhile, we have also identified three possible target microorganisms in the development of colitis, namely genera Muribaculaceae (negative correlation), Turicibacter (positive correlation) and Lachnospiraceae (negative correlation) in inflammation status through comprehensive analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Hongbin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Haitao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Meixia Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Tianren Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Xiangfang Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
| | - Shiyan Qiao
- State Key Laboratory of Animal Nutrition, Ministry of Agriculture Feed Industry Centre, China Agricultural University, Beijing 100193, China; (L.S.); (H.L.); (H.Y.); (M.C.); (T.Y.); (X.Z.)
- Beijing Bio-Feed Additives Key Laboratory, Beijing 100193, China
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-10-62733588; Fax: +86-10-62733688
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11
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Gradisteanu Pircalabioru G, Corcionivoschi N, Gundogdu O, Chifiriuc MC, Marutescu LG, Ispas B, Savu O. Dysbiosis in the Development of Type I Diabetes and Associated Complications: From Mechanisms to Targeted Gut Microbes Manipulation Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:2763. [PMID: 33803255 PMCID: PMC7967220 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/06/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Globally, we are facing a worrying increase in type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) incidence, with onset at younger age shedding light on the need to better understand the mechanisms of disease and step-up prevention. Given its implication in immune system development and regulation of metabolism, there is no surprise that the gut microbiota is a possible culprit behind T1DM pathogenesis. Additionally, microbiota manipulation by probiotics, prebiotics, dietary factors and microbiota transplantation can all modulate early host-microbiota interactions by enabling beneficial microbes with protective potential for individuals with T1DM or at high risk of developing T1DM. In this review, we discuss the challenges and perspectives of translating microbiome data into clinical practice. Nevertheless, this progress will only be possible if we focus our interest on developing numerous longitudinal, multicenter, interventional and double-blind randomized clinical trials to confirm their efficacy and safety of these therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nicolae Corcionivoschi
- Bacteriology Branch, Veterinary Sciences Division, Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK;
| | - Ozan Gundogdu
- Faculty of Infectious & Tropical Diseases, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, Keppel Street, London WC1E 7HT, UK;
| | - Mariana-Carmen Chifiriuc
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest (ICUB), 300645 Bucharest, Romania; (G.G.P.); (L.G.M.); (B.I.)
- Academy of Romanian Scientists, 050045 Bucharest, Romania
| | | | - Bogdan Ispas
- Research Institute of University of Bucharest (ICUB), 300645 Bucharest, Romania; (G.G.P.); (L.G.M.); (B.I.)
| | - Octavian Savu
- “N.C. Paulescu” National Institute of Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases, 2nd District, 020042 Bucharest, Romania;
- Department of Doctoral School, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 5th District, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
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Zhou H, Sun L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Gang X, Wang G. The crucial role of early-life gut microbiota in the development of type 1 diabetes. Acta Diabetol 2021; 58:249-265. [PMID: 32712802 DOI: 10.1007/s00592-020-01563-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Early-life healthy gut microbiota has a profound implication on shaping the mucosal immune system as well as maintaining healthy status later in life, especially at the prenatal or neonatal stages, while intestinal dysbiosis in early life is associated with several autoimmune diseases, including type 1 diabetes (T1D). Since the gut microbiome is potentially modifiable, optimizing the intestinal bacterial composition in early life may be a novel option for T1D prevention. In this review, we will review current data depicting the crucial role of early-life intestinal microbiome in the development of T1D and discuss the possible mechanisms whereby early-life intestinal microbiome influences the T1D progression. We also summarize recent findings on environmental factors affecting gut microbiota colonization and interventions that may successfully alter microbial composition to discuss potential means of preventing T1D progression in at-risk children.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Lin Sun
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Siwen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Xiaokun Gang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China
| | - Guixia Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130021, China.
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Winston JA, Rivera A, Cai J, Patterson AD, Theriot CM. Secondary bile acid ursodeoxycholic acid alters weight, the gut microbiota, and the bile acid pool in conventional mice. PLoS One 2021; 16:e0246161. [PMID: 33600468 PMCID: PMC7891722 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0246161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Ursodeoxycholic acid (commercially available as ursodiol) is a naturally occurring bile acid that is used to treat a variety of hepatic and gastrointestinal diseases. Ursodiol can modulate bile acid pools, which have the potential to alter the gut microbiota community structure. In turn, the gut microbial community can modulate bile acid pools, thus highlighting the interconnectedness of the gut microbiota-bile acid-host axis. Despite these interactions, it remains unclear if and how exogenously administered ursodiol shapes the gut microbial community structure and bile acid pool in conventional mice. This study aims to characterize how ursodiol alters the gastrointestinal ecosystem in conventional mice. C57BL/6J wildtype mice were given one of three doses of ursodiol (50, 150, or 450 mg/kg/day) by oral gavage for 21 days. Alterations in the gut microbiota and bile acids were examined including stool, ileal, and cecal content. Bile acids were also measured in serum. Significant weight loss was seen in mice treated with the low and high dose of ursodiol. Alterations in the microbial community structure and bile acid pool were seen in ileal and cecal content compared to pretreatment, and longitudinally in feces following the 21-day ursodiol treatment. In both ileal and cecal content, members of the Lachnospiraceae Family significantly contributed to the changes observed. This study is the first to provide a comprehensive view of how exogenously administered ursodiol shapes the healthy gastrointestinal ecosystem in conventional mice. Further studies to investigate how these changes in turn modify the host physiologic response are important.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenessa A. Winston
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Alissa Rivera
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
| | - Jingwei Cai
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Andrew D. Patterson
- Department of Veterinary and Biomedical Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, PA, United States of America
| | - Casey M. Theriot
- Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, United States of America
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Mueller NT, Differding MK, Østbye T, Hoyo C, Benjamin-Neelon SE. Association of birth mode of delivery with infant faecal microbiota, potential pathobionts, and short chain fatty acids: a longitudinal study over the first year of life. BJOG 2021; 128:1293-1303. [PMID: 33338292 DOI: 10.1111/1471-0528.16633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Caesarean section (CS) interrupts mother-to-newborn microbial transfer at birth. Beyond the neonatal period, the impact of CS on offspring gut microbiota and their short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) remains unclear. Here, we examine birth delivery mode (CS versus vaginal delivery) with the infant gut microbiota and faecal SCFAs measured 3 and 12 months after birth. DESIGN Longitudinal study. SETTING North Carolina. POPULATION In 2013-15, we enrolled pregnant women and followed up their offspring for 12 months. We asked a subset of participants, enrolled over a 3-month period, to provide faecal samples at the 3- and 12-month follow-up visits. METHODS AND MAIN OUTCOMES We sequenced the 16S rRNA V4 region with Illumina MiSeq and quantified SCFA concentrations using gas chromatography. We examined delivery mode with differential abundance of microbiota amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) using beta-binomial regression and faecal SCFAs using linear regression. We adjusted models for confounders. RESULTS Of the 70 infants in our sample, 25 (36%) were delivered by CS. Compared with vaginal delivery, CS was associated with differential abundance of 14 infant bacterial ASVs at 3 months and 13 ASVs at 12 months (all FDR P < 0.05). Of note, CS infants had a higher abundance of the potential pathobionts Clostridium neonatale (P = 0.04) and Clostridium perfringens (P = 0.04) and a lower abundance of potentially beneficial Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides spp. (both P < 0.05) at 3 months. Other ASVs were differentially abundant at 12 months. Infants delivered by CS also had higher faecal butyrate concentration at 3 months (P < 0.005) but not at 12 months. CONCLUSIONS Caesarean section was associated with increased butyrate excretion, decreased Bifidobacterium and Bacteroides spp., and more colonisation of the infant gut by pathobionts at 3 months of age. CS was also associated with altered gut microbiota composition, but not faecal SCFAs, at 12 months. TWEETABLE ABSTRACT Caesarean section delivery was associated with increased butyrate excretion, decreased Bifidobacterium, and increased colonisation of the infant gut by pathobionts at 3 months of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- N T Mueller
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Welch Center for Prevention, Epidemiology and Clinical Research, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - M K Differding
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - T Østbye
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - C Hoyo
- Department of Biological Sciences, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - S E Benjamin-Neelon
- Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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15
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Effects of β-glucan Rich Barley Flour on Glucose and Lipid Metabolism in the Ileum, Liver, and Adipose Tissues of High-Fat Diet Induced-Obesity Model Male Mice Analyzed by DNA Microarray. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12113546. [PMID: 33228176 PMCID: PMC7699600 DOI: 10.3390/nu12113546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2020] [Revised: 11/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
We evaluated whether intake of β-glucan-rich barley flour affects expression levels of genes related to glucose and lipid metabolism in the ileum, liver, and adipose tissues of mice fed a high-fat diet. C57BL/6J male mice were fed a high-fat diet supplemented with high β-glucan barley, for 92 days. We measured the expression levels of genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in the ileum, liver, and adipose tissues using DNA microarray and q-PCR. The concentration of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in the cecum was analyzed by GC/MS. The metabolic syndrome indices were improved by barley flour intake. Microarray analysis showed that the expression of genes related to steroid synthesis was consistently decreased in the liver and adipose tissues. The expression of genes involved in glucose metabolism did not change in these organs. In liver, a negative correlation was showed between some SCFAs and the expression levels of mRNA related to lipid synthesis and degradation. Barley flour affects lipid metabolism at the gene expression levels in both liver and adipose tissues. We suggest that SCFAs are associated with changes in the expression levels of genes related to lipid metabolism in the liver and adipose tissues, which affect lipid accumulation.
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16
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De Hous N, Lefevre JH, D'Urso A, Van den Broeck S, Komen N. Intraluminal bypass devices as an alternative to protective ostomy for prevention of colorectal anastomotic leakage: a systematic review of the literature. Colorectal Dis 2020; 22:1496-1505. [PMID: 32268451 DOI: 10.1111/codi.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
AIM Anastomotic leakage (AL) is the most important complication of colorectal surgery, leading to high morbidity and mortality. Protective ostomy, the current standard of care for protecting a colorectal anastomosis, has important drawbacks that require the creation of an alternative strategy. Over the past 30 years, several intraluminal bypass devices, designed to shield the anastomosis from the faecal stream, have been developed. The aim of this literature review was to create an updated overview of the devices available and their effectiveness in preventing AL, and to investigate whether they could serve as an alternative to protective ostomy in the future. METHOD A systematic review of the literature on intraluminal bypass devices used for preventing colorectal AL was performed. The MEDLINE and Cochrane Library databases were searched, and articles were marked as relevant if an intraluminal bypass device was studied in an animal or human population. RESULTS The database search yielded 24 relevant articles related to 10 intraluminal bypass devices protecting a colorectal anastomosis. These articles included experimental animal studies, preclinical (pilot) studies, as well as retrospective and prospective clinical studies. Each device was assessed with regard to surgical technique, effectiveness and device-related complications. CONCLUSION Intraluminal bypass devices show promise in preventing AL and its clinical consequences. However, there is insufficient high-level evidence to draw firm conclusions. There is a need for randomized controlled trials that directly compare these devices with the protective ostomy.
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Affiliation(s)
- N De Hous
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - J H Lefevre
- Department of Digestive Surgery, Saint-Antoine Hospital, Sorbonne University, Paris, France
| | - A D'Urso
- Department of General, Digestive, and Endocrine Surgery, University Hospital of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - S Van den Broeck
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
| | - N Komen
- Department of Abdominal Surgery, University Hospital of Antwerp, University of Antwerp, Edegem, Belgium
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Traughber ZT, He F, Hoke JM, Davenport GM, de Godoy MRC. Chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of ancient grains using canine fecal inoculum. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:skaa326. [PMID: 33057647 PMCID: PMC7673074 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 03/31/2024] Open
Abstract
Human interest in ancient grains replacing traditional carbohydrate sources has reached the pet food market; however, chemical composition of these grains and their digestive properties in the canine model, specifically the fermentative characteristics, have not been established. Five ancient grain varieties were analyzed: amaranth (AM), white proso millet (WPM), oat groats (OG), quinoa (QU), and red millet (RM). Cellulose (CEL) was used as a negative control, and beet pulp (BP) was used as a positive control. Substrates were analyzed for macronutrient composition as well as free and hydrolyzed sugar profiles in addition to their in vitro fermentative characteristics. Substrates were allocated into 2 sets to allow for quantification of pH, short-chain fatty acids, and branched-chain fatty acids, as well as gas volume and composition. Samples were digested for 6 and 18 h with pepsin and pancreatin, respectively, prior to inoculation with fecal bacteria for 0, 3, 6, 9, or 12 h. Detectable levels of cereal β-glucans were observed solely in OG (3.5%), with all other substrate containing <0.35% cereal β-glucans. All test substrates had fairly similar macronutrient and starch profiles with the exception of RM that contained the highest resistant starch content (2.4%), with all other test substrates containing <0.5% resistant starch. However, the analyzed pseudocereals, AM and QU, had the highest concentrations of free glucose while the minor cereal grains, WPM, OG, and RM, contained the highest concentrations of hydrolyzed glucose. All test substrates had propionate production values similar or greater than BP after 3, 6, 9, and 12 h of fermentation, and similar or greater butyrate production values than BP after 6, 9, and 12 h. All substrates had greater (P < 0.05) changes in pH than CEL after 6, 9, and 12 h, with AM, WPM, OG, and RM having greater (P < 0.05) changes in pH than BP after 9 and 12 h. These data suggest select ancient grains have similar fermentation characteristics as BP, a moderately fermentable fiber considered the gold standard in terms of fiber sources in the pet food market today, and that OG and AM may be more fermentable during longer fermentation periods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fei He
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL
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Gut Microbiota Profile in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Based on 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing: A Systematic Review. DISEASE MARKERS 2020; 2020:3936247. [PMID: 32908614 PMCID: PMC7474751 DOI: 10.1155/2020/3936247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The gut microbiota has been presumed to have a role in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Significant changes in the microbial composition of T1D patients have been reported in several case-control studies. This study is aimed at systematically reviewing the existing literature, which has investigated the alterations of the intestinal microbiome in T1D patients compared with healthy controls (HCs) using 16S ribosomal RNA-targeted sequencing. The databases of MEDLINE, EMBASE, Web of Science, and the Cochrane Library were searched until April 2019 for case-control studies comparing the composition of the intestinal microbiome in T1D patients and HCs based on 16S rRNA gene sequencing techniques. The Newcastle-Ottawa Scale was used to assess the methodological quality. Ten articles involving 260 patients with T1D and 276 HCs were included in this systematic review. The quality scores of all included studies were 6–8 points. In summary, a decreased microbiota diversity and a significantly distinct pattern of clustering with regard to β-diversity were observed in T1D patients when compared with HCs. At the phylum level, T1D was characterised by a reduced ratio of Firmicutes/Bacteroidetes in the structure of the gut community, although no consistent conclusion was reached. At the genus or species level, T1D patients had a reduced abundance of Clostridium and Prevotella compared with HCs, whereas Bacteroides and Ruminococcus were found to be more enriched in T1D patients. This systematic review identified that there is a close association between the gut microbiota and development of T1D. Moreover, gut dysbiosis might be involved in the pathogenesis of T1D, although the causative role of gut microbiota remains to be established. Further well-controlled prospective studies are needed to better understand the role of the intestinal microbiome in the pathogenesis of T1D, which may help explore novel microbiota-based strategies to prevent and treat T1D.
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Alteration of Intestinal Microbiota in 3-Deoxyglucosone-Induced Prediabetic Rats. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8406846. [PMID: 32908918 PMCID: PMC7468600 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8406846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 08/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Our previous research suggests that 3-deoxyglucosone (3DG), formed in the caramelization course and Maillard reactions in food, is an independent factor for the development of prediabetes. Since the relationship between type 2 diabetes (T2D) and intestinal microbiota is moving from correlation to causality, we investigated the alterations in the composition and function of the intestinal microbiota in 3DG-induced prediabetic rats. Rats were given 50 mg/kg 3DG by intragastric administration for two weeks. Microbial profiling in faeces samples was determined through the 16S rRNA gene sequence. The glucagon-like peptide 2 (GLP-2) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) levels in plasma and intestinal tissues were measured by ELISA and Limulus test, respectively. 3DG treatment did not significantly change the richness and evenness but affected the composition of intestinal microbiota. At the phylum level, 3DG treatment increased the abundance of nondominant bacteria Proteobacteria but did not cause the change of the dominant bacteria. Meanwhile, the abundance of the Prevotellaceae family and Parasutterela genus and the Alcaligencaeae family and Burkholderiales order and its attachment to the Betaproteobacteria class were overrepresented in the 3DG group. The bacteria of Candidatus Soleaferrea genus, Gelria genus, and Thermoanaerobacteraceae family and its attachment to Thermoanaerobacterales order were apparently more abundant in the control group. In addition, 45 KEGG pathways were altered after two-week intragastric administration of 3DG. Among these KEGG pathways, 13 KEGG pathways were involved in host metabolic function related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, metabolism of cofactors and vitamins, and metabolism of terpenoids and polyketides. Moreover, the increased LPS levels and the decreased GLP-2 concentration in plasma and intestinal tissues were observed in 3DG-treated rats, together with the impaired fasting glucose and oral glucose tolerance. The alterations in composition and function of the intestinal microbiota were observed in 3DG-treated rats, which provides a possible mechanism linking exogenous 3DG intake to the development of prediabetes.
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20
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Yang JJ, Pham MT, Rahim AR, Chuang TH, Hsieh MF, Huang CM. Mouse Abdominal Fat Depots Reduced by Butyric Acid-Producing Leuconostoc mesenteroides. Microorganisms 2020; 8:E1180. [PMID: 32756446 PMCID: PMC7465043 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8081180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The activation of peroxisome proliferator-activated rece ptor gamma (PPAR-γ) is known to induce the differentiation of adipocytes. This study aimed to investigate the probiotic effect of Leuconostoc mesenteroides (L. mesenteroides) on high-fat diet (HFD)-induced PPAR-γ activation and abdominal fat depots. Incubation of differentiated 3T3-L1 adipocytes with media of L. mesenteroides EH-1, a butyric acid-producing strain, significantly reduced the amounts of lipid droplets. The oral administration of L. mesenteroides EH-1 produced large amounts (>1 mM) of butyric acid in cecum and attenuated the HFD-induced upregulation of PPAR-γ and accumulation of abdominal fats in mice. The combination of 2% glucose with L. mesenteroides EH-1 increased the production of butyric acid and potentiated the probiotic activity of L. mesenteroides EH-1 against the formation of lipid droplets in 3T3-L1 adipocytes as well as abdominal fats in HFD-fed mice. The inhibition of free fatty acid receptor 2 (Ffar2) by its antagonist, GLPG-0974, markedly diminished the probiotic effects of L. mesenteroides EH-1 plus glucose on the suppression of HFD-induced PPAR-γ and abdominal fats. Besides demonstrating the probiotic value of L. mesenteroides EH-1, our results highlight the possible therapy targeting the butyric acid-activated Ffar2 pathway to reduce abdominal fats.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Jackson Yang
- Department of Life Sciences, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan;
| | - Minh Tan Pham
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Adelia Riezka Rahim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
| | - Tsung-Hsien Chuang
- Immunology Research Center, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli County 35053, Taiwan;
| | - Ming-Fa Hsieh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Taoyuan 32023, Taiwan;
| | - Chun-Ming Huang
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Engineering, National Central University, Taoyuan 32001, Taiwan; (M.T.P.); (A.R.R.)
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21
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Kazuń B, Małaczewska J, Kazuń K, Kamiński R, Adamek-Urbańska D, Żylińska-Urban J. Dietary administration of β-1,3/1,6-glucan and Lactobacillus plantarum improves innate immune response and increases the number of intestine immune cells in roach (Rutilus rutilus). BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:216. [PMID: 32586321 PMCID: PMC7318362 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-02432-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the study has been to compare the effect of dietary supplementation of β-1,3/1,6-glucan, Lactobacillus plantarum bacteria or their mixture on the growth performance, selected parameters of the immune system as well as the liver and intestinal histology of roach. Fish were fed for 14 days with four different diets, each treatment being carried out in triplicate. In control group, fish were fed dry commercial starter feed Aller Performa 2 (Aller Aqua, Denmark). The other experimental fish groups received the same commercial starter feed supplemented with: 1% β-1,3/1,6-glucan (Leiber® Beta-S) in group G; 108 cfu L. plantarum g- 1 in group L; 1% β-1,3/1,6-glucan + 108 cfu L. plantarum g- 1 in group G + L. The stimulating effect of the tested preparations was evaluated once the feeding with commercial feed exclusively was resumed and 2 weeks afterwards. RESULTS No effect on the survivability and growth performance of the fish was observed in any of the groups. Supplementation of feed with β-1,3/1,6-glucan improved (P < 0.05) selected parameters of innate humoral immunity and the pinocytotic activity of phagocytes. Increased respiratory burst activity of head kidney phagocytes (RBA) was observed in groups L and G + L (P < 0.05), and the effect persisted for 2 weeks after the commercial feed regime was resumed. An analogous tendency was determined for the killing activity of phagocytes (PKA) of the head kidney with respect to Aeromonas hydrophila, although this effect appeared only during the feed supplementation period. Supplying roach with β-1,3/1,6-glucan, singly or with L. plantarum, had no effect (P > 0.05) on the proliferation of mitogen-activated lymphocytes. However, an increase in the number of CD3-positive cells and goblet cells was noticed in the digestive system of the L group fish (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS The results show that feeding fish with added L. plantarum and β-1,3/1,6-glucan stimulates the non-specific resistance mechanisms and raises the counts of intestinal immune cells. Synbiotic may help to control serious bacterial diseases and offer an alternative to antibiotics commonly used in fish farming, and its prolonged immunostimulatory effect could increase fish surviving after release to the natural environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Kazuń
- Department of Fish Pathology and Immunology, Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Joanna Małaczewska
- Department of Microbiology and Clinical Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Warmia and Mazury, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Kazuń
- Department of Fish Pathology and Immunology, Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland.
| | - Rafał Kamiński
- Pond Fishery Department, Stanisław Sakowicz Inland Fisheries Institute, Olsztyn, Poland
| | - Dobrochna Adamek-Urbańska
- Department of Ichthyology and Biotechnology in Aquaculture, Institute of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Joanna Żylińska-Urban
- Department of Microbial Biochemistry, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
- Department of Technology and Biotechnology of Medicines, Faculty of Chemistry, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
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Determination of butyric acid dosage based on clinical and experimental studies - a literature review. GASTROENTEROLOGY REVIEW 2020; 15:119-125. [PMID: 32550943 PMCID: PMC7294979 DOI: 10.5114/pg.2020.95556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Short-chain fatty acids produced by bacteria living in the large intestine are the main energy substrate for the colonocytes. Butyric acid is used for the treatment and prevention of exacerbations of various gastrointestinal diseases: diarrhoea, intestinal inflammations, functional disorders, dysbiosis, and post-surgery or post-chemotherapy conditions. The current standard doses of butyric acid (150–300 mg) range between 1.5–3% and 15–30% of the reported daily demand. Increased metabolism of the colonocytes in conditions involving intestine damage or inflammation, increased energy expenditure during a disease, stimulation of intestine growth in ‘stress’ conditions with accelerated intestinal passage and increased intestinal excretion, and decreased production of endogenous butyrate due to changes in bacterial flora in different pathological conditions require a significant increase of the supply of this acid. Physiological high demand for butyrate and known mechanisms of pathological conditions indicate that current supplementation doses do not cover the demand and their increase should be considered.
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Effects of oral butyrate and inulin supplementation on inflammation-induced pyroptosis pathway in type 2 diabetes: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Cytokine 2020; 131:155101. [PMID: 32315958 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2020.155101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pyroptosis, a form of inflammatory programmed cell death, is activated in diabetic patients. This study was conducted to investigate the effects of daily consumption of sodium butyrate (NaBut) and high-performance (HP) inulin supplementation, individually or in combination, on the expression of pyroptosis-related genes, microRNA (miR) 146a-5p, miR-9-5p and biomarkers of oxidative stress in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). METHODS In this study, we conducted a randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled clinical involving sixty patients with type 2 diabetes. Participants received 600 mg/d of NaBut (group A), 10 g/d of HP inulin (group B), 600 mg/d of NaBut + 10 g/d of HP inulin (group C) or placebo (group D) for 45 consecutive days. We assessed the pyroptosis-related genes mRNA expression in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as the plasmatic levels of miR-146a and miR-9 before and after the intervention. Moreover, blood samples of the patients at baseline and following the intervention were tested for total antioxidant capacity (TAC), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase levels using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). This study was registered on the Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials website (identifier: IRCT201605262017N29; https://www.irct.ir/). RESULTS Following butyrate supplementation, the relative expression levels of TLR2/4, NF-κB1, Caspase-1, NLRP3, IL-1β & IL-18 were significantly downregulated (p < 0.05). Furthermore, butyrate and concomitant use of butyrate and inulin caused a significant increase in the fold change of miR-146a and miR-9 compared with the placebo group (p < 0.05). Interestingly, the changes in total antioxidant capacity (p = 0.047) and superoxide dismutase (p = 0.006) were significantly increased after butyrate and concomitant use of butyrate and inulin supplement, respectively. CONCLUSION In summary, the change in expression level of miR-146a-5p and miR-9-5p due to butyrate supplementation may have a pivotal role in alleviating of diabetes via inhibiting pyroptosis by targeting TLR2 and NF-κB1. These microRNAs might be considered as potential therapeutic targets in the treatment of type 2 diabetes but further researches is required to prove the link.
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Ouyang J, Lin J, Isnard S, Fombuena B, Peng X, Marette A, Routy B, Messaoudene M, Chen Y, Routy JP. The Bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila: A Sentinel for Gut Permeability and Its Relevance to HIV-Related Inflammation. Front Immunol 2020; 11:645. [PMID: 32328074 PMCID: PMC7160922 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.00645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Gut dysbiosis, namely dysregulation of the intestinal microbiota, and increased gut permeability lead to enhanced inflammation and are commonly seen in chronic conditions such as obesity and aging. In people living with HIV (PLWH), several lines of evidence suggest that a depletion of gut CD4 T-cells is associated with gut dysbiosis, microbial translocation and systemic inflammation. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) rapidly controls viral replication, which leads to CD4 T-cell recovery and control of the disease. However, gut dysbiosis, epithelial damage and microbial translocation persist despite ART, increasing risk of developing inflammatory non-AIDS comorbidities such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, liver steatosis and cancer. In addition to ART, an emerging research priority is to discover strategies to improve the gut microbial composition and intestinal barrier function. Probiotic interventions have been extensively used with controversial benefits in humans. Encouragingly, within the last decade, the intestinal symbiotic bacterium Akkermansia muciniphila has emerged as the “sentinel of the gut.” A lower abundance of A. muciniphila has been shown in diabetic and obese people as well as in PLWH. Interventions with high levels of polyphenols such as tea or diets rich in fruit, the antibiotic vancomycin and the antidiabetic drug metformin have been shown to increase A. muciniphila abundance, contributing to improved metabolic function in diabetic and obese individuals. We hypothesize that gut microbiota rich in A. muciniphila can reduce microbial translocation and inflammation, preventing occurrences of non-AIDS comorbidities in PLWH. To this aim, we will discuss the protective effect of A. muciniphila and its potential applications, paving the way toward novel therapeutic strategies to improve gut health in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Ouyang
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - John Lin
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Stéphane Isnard
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Brandon Fombuena
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Xiaorong Peng
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - André Marette
- Department of Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Cardiology Axis of the Québec Heart and Lung Institute, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada.,Institute of Nutrition and Functional Foods, Laval University, Laval, QC, Canada
| | - Bertrand Routy
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada.,Hematology-Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Meriem Messaoudene
- Centre de Recherche du Centre Hospitalier de l'Université de Montréal (CRCHUM), Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Yaokai Chen
- Chongqing Public Health Medical Center, Chongqing, China
| | - Jean-Pierre Routy
- Infectious Diseases and Immunity in Global Health Program, Research Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Chronic Viral Illness Service, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada.,Division of Hematology, McGill University Health Centre, Montréal, QC, Canada
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Mucus Microbiome of Anastomotic Tissue During Surgery Has Predictive Value for Colorectal Anastomotic Leakage. Ann Surg 2020; 269:911-916. [PMID: 29303807 DOI: 10.1097/sla.0000000000002651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of the present study is to investigate the association of gut microbiota, depending on treatment method, with the development of colorectal anastomotic leakage (AL). BACKGROUND AL is a major cause for morbidity and mortality after colorectal surgery, but the mechanism behind this complication still is not fully understood. METHODS Bacterial DNA was isolated from 123 "donuts" of patients where a stapled colorectal anastomosis was made and was analyzed using 16S MiSeq sequencing. In 63 patients, this anastomosis was covered with a C-seal, a bioresorbable sheath stapled to the anastomosis. RESULTS In non-C-seal patients, AL development was associated with low microbial diversity (P = 0.002) and correspondingly with a high abundance of the dominant Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae families (P = 0.008 and 0.010, respectively). In C-seal samples, where AL rates were slightly higher (25% vs 17%), an association with the gut microbiota composition was almost undetectable. Only a few opportunistic pathogenic groups of low abundance were associated with AL in C-seal patients, in particular Prevotella oralis (P = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS AL in patients without a C-seal can be linked to the intestinal microbiota, in particular with a low microbial diversity and a higher abundance of especially mucin-degrading members of the Bacteroidaceae and Lachnospiraceae families. In C-seal patients, however, it seems that any potential protective benefits or harmful consequences of the gut microbiota composition in regard to wound healing are negated, as progression to AL is independent of the initially dominant bacterial composition.
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Zhou H, Sun L, Zhang S, Zhao X, Gang X, Wang G. Evaluating the Causal Role of Gut Microbiota in Type 1 Diabetes and Its Possible Pathogenic Mechanisms. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:125. [PMID: 32265832 PMCID: PMC7105744 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a multifactorial autoimmune disease mediated by genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. In recent years, the emergence of high-throughput sequencing has allowed us to investigate the role of gut microbiota in the development of T1D. Significant changes in the composition of gut microbiome, also termed dysbiosis, have been found in subjects with clinical or preclinical T1D. However, whether the dysbiosis is a cause or an effect of the disease remains unclear. Currently, increasing evidence has supported a causal link between intestine microflora and T1D development. The current review will focus on recent research regarding the associations between intestine microbiome and T1D progression with an intention to evaluate the causality. We will also discuss the possible mechanisms by which imbalanced gut microbiota leads to the development of T1D.
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ALTVEŞ S, YILDIZ HK, VURAL HC. Interaction of the microbiota with the human body in health and diseases. BIOSCIENCE OF MICROBIOTA, FOOD AND HEALTH 2019; 39:23-32. [PMID: 32328397 PMCID: PMC7162693 DOI: 10.12938/bmfh.19-023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The human body contains many microorganisms, including a large number of bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa, which are referred to as the microbiota. Compared with the number of cells comprising the human body, that of the microbiota has been found to be much larger. The microbiome is defined as microorganisms and their genomes have been shown to contain about 100 times more genes than the human genome. The microbiota affects many vital functions in the human body. It contributes to regulation of the immune system, digestion of food, production of vitamins such as B12 and K, metabolization of xenobiotic materials, and many other tasks. Many factors affect the microbiota biodiversity, such as diet, medicines including antibiotics, relationships with the environment, pregnancy, and age. Studies have shown that the lack of microbiota diversity leads to many diseases like autoimmune diseases such as diabetes type I, rheumatism, muscular dystrophy, problems in blood coagulation due to lack of vitamin K, and disturbances in the transfer of nerve cells due to lack of vitamin B12, in addition to its involvement in a number of conditions such as cancer, memory disorders, depression, stress, autism, and Alzheimer's disease. The aim of this review is to summarize the latest studies discussing the relationship between the microbiota and the human body in health and diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safaa ALTVEŞ
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hatice Kübra YILDIZ
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
| | - Hasibe Cingilli VURAL
- Department of Medical Biology, Meram Faculty of Medicine, Necmettin Erbakan University, Konya, Turkey
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Ruohtula T, de Goffau MC, Nieminen JK, Honkanen J, Siljander H, Hämäläinen AM, Peet A, Tillmann V, Ilonen J, Niemelä O, Welling GW, Knip M, Harmsen HJ, Vaarala O. Maturation of Gut Microbiota and Circulating Regulatory T Cells and Development of IgE Sensitization in Early Life. Front Immunol 2019; 10:2494. [PMID: 31749800 PMCID: PMC6842923 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.02494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that the cross-talk between the gut microbiota and human immune system during the first year of life is an important regulator of the later development of atopic diseases. We explored the changes in the gut microbiota, blood regulatory T cells, and atopic sensitization in a birth-cohort of Estonian and Finnish children followed from 3 to 36 months of age. We describe here an infant Treg phenotype characterized by high Treg frequency, the maturation of Treg population characterized by a decrease in their frequency accompanied with an increase in the highly activated Treg cells. These changes in Treg population associated first with the relative abundance of Bifidobacterium longum followed by increasing colonization with butyrate producing bacteria. High bifidobacterial abundance in the neonatal microbiota appeared to be protective, while colonization with Bacteroides and E. coli was associated with later risk of allergy. Estonian children with lower risk of IgE mediated allergic diseases than Finnish children showed an earlier maturation of the gut microbiota, detected as earlier switch to an increasing abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria, combined with an earlier maturation of Treg cell phenotype and total IgE production. The children with established allergic diseases by age 3 showed a decreased abundance of butyrate producing Faecalibacterium. These results suggest that as well as the maintenance of a bifidobacterial dominated gut microbiota is important during the first weeks of life, the overtake by butyrate producing bacteria seems to be a beneficial shift, which should not be postponed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Marcus C de Goffau
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | | | | | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Anu-Maaria Hämäläinen
- Department of Pediatrics, Jorvi Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, Espoo, Finland
| | - Aleksandr Peet
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- Department of Pediatrics, Tartu University Hospital, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Onni Niemelä
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Medical Research Unit, Seinäjoki Central Hospital and University of Tampere, Seinäjoki, Finland
| | - Gjalt W Welling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Mikael Knip
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Research Programs Unit, Diabetes and Obesity, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.,Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland.,Tampere Center for Child Health Research, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Hermie J Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Clinicum, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
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Deroover L, Tie Y, Verspreet J, Courtin CM, Verbeke K. Modifying wheat bran to improve its health benefits. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2019; 60:1104-1122. [PMID: 30632785 DOI: 10.1080/10408398.2018.1558394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Consumption of wheat bran (WB) has been associated with improved gastrointestinal health and a reduced risk for colorectal cancer, cardiovascular diseases and metabolic disorders. These benefits are likely mediated by a combination of mechanisms, including colonic fermentation of the WB fiber, fecal bulking and the prevention of oxidative damage due to its antioxidant capacities. The relative importance of those mechanisms is not known and may differ for each health effect. WB has been modified by reducing particle size, heat treatment or modifying tissue composition to improve its technological properties and facilitate bread making processes. However, the impact of those modifications on human health has not been fully elucidated. Some modifications reinforce whereas others attenuate the health effects of coarse WB. This review summarizes available WB modifications, the mechanisms by which WB induces health benefits, the impact of WB modifications thereon and the available evidence for these effects from in vitro and in vivo studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lise Deroover
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Yaxin Tie
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joran Verspreet
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Christophe M Courtin
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Biochemistry, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Kristin Verbeke
- Translational Research in Gastrointestinal Disorders, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Leuven Food Science and Nutrition Research Centre, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
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Xiao T, Wu S, Yan C, Zhao C, Jin H, Yan N, Xu J, Wu Y, Li C, Shao Q, Xia S. Butyrate upregulates the TLR4 expression and the phosphorylation of MAPKs and NK-κB in colon cancer cell in vitro. Oncol Lett 2018; 16:4439-4447. [PMID: 30214578 PMCID: PMC6126326 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.9201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbiota and its induced inflammation in colorectal mucosa have been considered risk factors for the development of colorectal carcinogenesis. Previous studies demonstrated that the coexisting elements of microbiota in the gut, such as short chain fatty acids (SCFAs) and lipopolysaccharides (LPS), which exhibited regulatory effects on the intestinal epithelial cells individually. Unfortunately, the association between butyrate and the toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling pathway in the development of colon cancer is not fully elucidated. In the present study, by culturing human colon cancer SW480 cells or mouse colon cancer CT26 cells with butyrate and/or TLR4 ligand LPS in vitro, it was identified that butyrate suppressed the growth and promoted apoptosis of these cancer cells. Notably, the expression levels of TLR4 and CD14 were markedly increased on these butyrate-treated cells, but not on LPS-alone treated cells. Additionally, butyrate treatment induced the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, tumor protein 38, c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) p65, and then promoted the pro-inflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-α, but not interleukin 6 secretion in SW480 and CT26 cells. Therefore, butyrate treatment regulates the expression of TLR4, mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB signal pathway activation and pro-inflammatory response in vitro. Although the exact mechanisms have not been fully explored, these results suggested that butyrate and LPS-TLR4 signaling mediated innate immunity in colon cancer cells through two distinct but inter-regulated pathways. Thus, butyrate can further initiate innate immunity against tumor cells by upregulating the TLR4 expression and activation to preserve intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tengfei Xiao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Shuiyun Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Clinical Laboratory, The Second People's Hospital of Wuhu, Wuhu, Anhui 241000, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Chuanxiang Zhao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Huimin Jin
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Nannan Yan
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Jie Xu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Yi Wu
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Ci Li
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Qixiang Shao
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
| | - Sheng Xia
- Department of Immunology, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China.,Institute of Laboratory Clinical Diagnostics, School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, P.R. China
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Zhang Y, Yu K, Chen H, Su Y, Zhu W. Caecal infusion of the short-chain fatty acid propionate affects the microbiota and expression of inflammatory cytokines in the colon in a fistula pig model. Microb Biotechnol 2018; 11:859-868. [PMID: 29856120 PMCID: PMC6116746 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.13282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Short‐chain fatty acids (SCFAs), particularly butyrate, are known to suppress inflammation, and regulate the gut bacterial ecology. However, little is known about propionate. We report here that propionate infusion in the caecum dramatically affected the structure of colonic microbiota of pigs based on 16s rRNA high‐throughput sequencing. Sixteen pig models were perfused with saline or sodium propionate by a fistula in the caecum. At d 28, all pigs were slaughtered for analysing bacterial metabolites, colonic microbiota and the expression of genes related to inflammation. The results showed that caecal infusion of sodium propionate increased the concentration of propionate and decreased the butyrate concentration in colonic content. For biogenic amines, the tyramine concentration was increased, while the concentration of cadaverine was decreased by infusion of sodium propionate. Furthermore, at the level of phylum, propionate increased the abundance of Bacteroidetes and reduced the abundance of Firmicutes. Prevotella and Bacteroides counts were increased, while Turicibacter abundance was decreased at the level of genus. Real‐time qPCR showed that the expression of NF‐κB and IL‐18 was upregulated by propionate infusion, whereas no significant differences were observed for the expression of other genes related to inflammatory processes. Taken together, these results provide a new evidence for the role of short‐chain fatty acid propionate on the composition of microbial community and inflammatory cytokines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanan Zhang
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Kaifan Yu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Huizi Chen
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yong Su
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Weiyun Zhu
- Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Microbiology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Gastrointestinal Nutrition and Animal Health, College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.,National Center for International Research on Animal Gut Nutrition, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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The crosstalk of gut microbiota and chronic kidney disease: role of inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes mellitus. Int Urol Nephrol 2018; 50:1453-1466. [PMID: 29728993 DOI: 10.1007/s11255-018-1873-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has been shown to result in profound changes in the composition and functions of the gut microbial flora which by disrupting intestinal epithelial barrier and generating toxic by-products contributes to systemic inflammation and the associated complications. On the other hand, emerging evidence points to the role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CKD by provoking inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, and diabetes. These observations demonstrate the causal interconnection between the gut microbial dysbiosis and CKD. The gut microbiota closely interacts with the inflammatory, renal, cardiovascular, and endocrine systems via metabolic, humoral, and neural signaling pathways, events which can lead to chronic systemic inflammation, proteinuria, hypertension, diabetes, and kidney disease. Given the established role of the gut microbiota in the development and progression of CKD and its complications, favorable modification of the composition and function of the gut microbiome represents an appealing therapeutic target for prevention and treatment of CKD. This review provides an overview of the role of the gut microbial dysbiosis in the pathogenesis of the common causes of CKD including hypertension, diabetes, and proteinuria as well as progression of CKD.
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Aguilar EC, da Silva JF, Navia-Pelaez JM, Leonel AJ, Lopes LG, Menezes-Garcia Z, Ferreira AVM, Capettini LDSA, Teixeira LG, Lemos VS, Alvarez-Leite JI. Sodium butyrate modulates adipocyte expansion, adipogenesis, and insulin receptor signaling by upregulation of PPAR-γ in obese Apo E knockout mice. Nutrition 2018; 47:75-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2017.10.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Revised: 10/01/2017] [Accepted: 10/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Groele L, Szajewska H, Szypowska A. Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on beta-cell function in children with newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes: protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2017; 7:e017178. [PMID: 29025837 PMCID: PMC5652563 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2017-017178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2017] [Revised: 08/13/2017] [Accepted: 08/18/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Recent evidence has demonstrated that, among other factors, dysbiosis (imbalances in the composition and function of the gut microbiota) may be relevant in the development of type 1 diabetes (T1D). Thus, gut microbiota may be a target for improving outcomes in subjects with T1D. The aim of the study is to examine the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG and Bifidobacterium lactis Bb12 on beta-cell function in children with newly diagnosed T1D. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 96 children aged 8 to 17 years with newly diagnosed T1D, confirmed by clinical history and the presence of at least one positive autoantibody, will be enrolled in a double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial in which they will receive L. rhamnosus GG and B. lactis Bb12 at a dose of 109 colony-forming units or an identically appearing placebo, orally, once daily, for 6 months. The follow-up will be for 12 months. The primary outcome measures will be the area under the curve of the C-peptide level during 2-hour responses to a mixed meal. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION The Bioethics Committee approved the study protocol. The findings of this trial will be submitted to a peer-reviewed paediatric journal. Abstracts will be submitted to relevant national and international conferences. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT03032354; Pre-results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lidia Groele
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Hania Szajewska
- Department of Paediatrics, The Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland
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Bakker IS, Morks AN, ten Cate Hoedemaker HO, Burgerhof JGM, Leuvenink HG, van Praagh JB, Ploeg RJ, Havenga K, Bakker IS, Morks AN, ten Cate Hoedemaker HO, Leuvenink HG, Ploeg RJ, Havenga K, van Etten B, Lange JFM, Hemmer PHJ, Burgerhof JGM, Sonneveld DJA, Tanis PJ, Wegdam JA, Jonk A, Lutke Holzik MF, Bosker RJI, Lamme B, Spillenaar Bilgen EJ, Bremers AJ, van der Mijle HC, Hoff C, de Vries DP, Logeman F, Sietses C, Lesanka Versluijs-Ossewaarde FN, Leijtens JW, Tobon Morales RE, Neijenhuis PA, Kloppenberg FW, Schasfoort R, Bleeker WA, Hess D, Rosman C, Wit F, Ton van Engelenburg KC, Pronk A, Bonsing BA, Dekker JW, Consten EC, Patijn GA, Bogdan Rajcs S, Csapó Z, Bálint A, Harsányi L, István G, Horisberger K, Bader F, Kutup A, Mariette C, Cebrián F. Randomized clinical trial of biodegradeable intraluminal sheath to prevent anastomotic leak after stapled colorectal anastomosis. Br J Surg 2017; 104:1010-1019. [DOI: 10.1002/bjs.10534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Revised: 06/09/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Anastomotic leakage is a potential major complication after colorectal surgery. The C-seal was developed to help reduce the clinical leakage rate. It is an intraluminal sheath that is stapled proximal to a colorectal anastomosis, covering it intraluminally and thus preventing intestinal leakage in case of anastomotic dehiscence. The C-seal trial was initiated to evaluate the efficacy of the C-seal in reducing anastomotic leakage in stapled colorectal anastomoses.
Methods
This RCT was performed in 41 hospitals in the Netherlands, Germany, France, Hungary and Spain. Patients undergoing elective surgery with a stapled colorectal anastomosis less than 15 cm from the anal verge were eligible. Included patients were randomized to the C-seal and control groups, stratified for centre, anastomotic height and intention to create a defunctioning stoma. Primary outcome was anastomotic leakage requiring invasive treatment.
Results
Between December 2011 and December 2013, 402 patients were included in the trial, 202 in the C-seal group and 200 in the control group. Anastomotic leakage was diagnosed in 31 patients (7·7 per cent), with a 10·4 per cent leak rate in the C-seal group and 5·0 per cent in the control group (P = 0·060). Male sex showed a trend towards a higher leak rate (P = 0·055). Construction of a defunctioning stoma led to a lower leakage rate, although this was not significant (P = 0·095).
Conclusion
C-seal application in stapled colorectal anastomoses does not reduce anastomotic leakage. Registration number: NTR3080 (http://www.trialregister.nl/trialreg/index.asp).
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Affiliation(s)
- I S Bakker
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A N Morks
- Department of Surgery, Groene Hart Ziekenhuis, Gouda, The Netherlands
| | - H O ten Cate Hoedemaker
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J G M Burgerhof
- Departments of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H G Leuvenink
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J B van Praagh
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Ploeg
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
- Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - K Havenga
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - I S Bakker
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - A N Morks
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H O ten Cate Hoedemaker
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - H G Leuvenink
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - R J Ploeg
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - K Havenga
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - B van Etten
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J F M Lange
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - P H J Hemmer
- Departments of Surgery, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - J G M Burgerhof
- Departments of Epidemiology, University Medical Centre Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | - P J Tanis
- Academic Medical Centre, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - J A Wegdam
- Elkerliek Ziekenhuis, Helmond, The Netherlands
| | - A Jonk
- Streekziekenhuis Koningin Beatrix, Winterswijk, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - B Lamme
- Albert Schweitzer Hospital, Dordrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - A J Bremers
- Radboud University, Nijmegen Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | | | - C Hoff
- Medical Centre, Leeuwarden, The Netherlands
| | - D P de Vries
- Ommelander Ziekenhuis Group, Winschoten, The Netherlands
| | - F Logeman
- Beatrix Hospital, Gorinchem, The Netherlands
| | - C Sietses
- Gelderse Vallei Hospital, Ede, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - D Hess
- Antonius Hospital, Sneek, The Netherlands
| | - C Rosman
- Canisius Wilhelmina Hospital, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - F Wit
- Tjongerschans Hospital, Heerenveen, The Netherlands
| | | | - A Pronk
- Diakonessenhuis, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - B A Bonsing
- Leiden University Medical Centre, The Netherlands
| | - J W Dekker
- Reinier de Graaf Hospital, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - E C Consten
- Meander Medical Centre, Amersfoort, The Netherlands
| | | | - S Bogdan Rajcs
- Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg County Hospitals, Jósa András University Teaching Hospital, Nyíregyháza, Hungary
| | - Z Csapó
- Flór Ferenc Hospital of County Pest, Kistarcsa, Hungary
| | - A Bálint
- Szent Imre Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - L Harsányi
- Semmelweis University, First Department of surgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - G István
- Semmelweis University, Second Department of Surgery, Budapest, Hungary
| | - K Horisberger
- University Medical Centre Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Germany
| | - F Bader
- Klinikum Rechts der Isar, Technische Universität München, Germany
| | - A Kutup
- University Medical Centre Hamburg–Eppendorf, Germany
| | - C Mariette
- Claude Huriez University Hospital, Lille, France
| | - F Cebrián
- Hospital Universitario Fundación Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Huynh TG, Shiu YL, Nguyen TP, Truong QP, Chen JC, Liu CH. Current applications, selection, and possible mechanisms of actions of synbiotics in improving the growth and health status in aquaculture: A review. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 64:367-382. [PMID: 28336489 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.03.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Synbiotics, a conjunction between prebiotics and probiotics, have been used in aquaculture for over 10 years. However, the mechanisms of how synbiotics work as growth and immunity promoters are far from being unraveled. Here, we show that a prebiotic as part of a synbiotic is hydrolyzed to mono- or disaccharides as the sole carbon source with diverse mechanisms, thereby increasing biomass and colonization that is established by specific crosstalk between probiotic bacteria and the surface of intestinal epithelial cells of the host. Synbiotics may indirectly and directly promote the growth of aquatic animals through releasing extracellular bacterial enzymes and bioactive products from synbiotic metabolic processes. These compounds may activate precursors of digestive enzymes of the host and augment the nutritional absorptive ability that contributes to the efficacy of food utilization. In fish immune systems, synbiotics cause intestinal epithelial cells to secrete cytokines which modulate immune functional cells as of dendritic cells, T cells, and B cells, and induce the ability of lipopolysaccharides to trigger tumor necrosis factor-α and Toll-like receptor 2 gene transcription leading to increased respiratory burst activity, phagocytosis, and nitric oxide production. In shellfish, synbiotics stimulate the proliferation and degranulation of hemocytes of shrimp due to the presence of bacterial cell walls. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns are subsequently recognized and bound by specific pattern-recognition proteins, triggering melanization and phagocytosis processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Truong-Giang Huynh
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC; College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Ya-Li Shiu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC
| | | | - Quoc-Phu Truong
- College of Aquaculture and Fisheries, CanTho University, CanTho, Viet Nam
| | - Jiann-Chu Chen
- Department of Aquaculture, College of Life Sciences, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung 202, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chun-Hung Liu
- Department of Aquaculture, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Pingtung 912, Taiwan, ROC.
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Low abundance of colonic butyrate-producing bacteria in HIV infection is associated with microbial translocation and immune activation. AIDS 2017; 31:511-521. [PMID: 28002063 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000001366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gut microbial translocation is a major driving force behind chronic immune activation during HIV-1 infection. HIV-1-related intestinal dysbiosis, including increases in mucosa-associated pathobionts, may influence microbial translocation and contribute to mucosal and systemic inflammation. Thus, it is critical to understand the mechanisms by which gut microbes and their metabolic products, such as butyrate, influence immune cell function during HIV-1 infection. DESIGN A cross-sectional study was performed to compare the relative abundance of butyrate-producing bacterial (BPB) species in colonic biopsies and stool of untreated, chronic HIV-1-infected (n = 18) and HIV-1-uninfected (n = 14) study participants. The effect of exogenously added butyrate on gut T-cell activation and HIV-1 infection was evaluated using an ex-vivo human intestinal cell culture model. METHODS Species were identified in 16S ribosomal RNA sequence datasets. Ex-vivo isolated lamina propria mononuclear cells were infected with C-C chemokine receptor type 5-tropic HIV-1Bal, cultured with enteric gram-negative bacteria and a range of butyrate doses, and lamina propria T-cell activation and HIV-1 infection levels measured. RESULTS Relative abundance of total BPB and specifically of Roseburia intestinalis, were lower in colonic mucosa of HIV-1-infected versus HIV-1-uninfected individuals. In HIV-1-infected study participants, R. intestinalis relative abundance inversely correlated with systemic indicators of microbial translocation, immune activation, and vascular inflammation. Exogenous butyrate suppressed enteric gram-negative bacteria-driven lamina propria T-cell activation and HIV-1 infection levels in vitro. CONCLUSION Reductions in mucosal butyrate from diminished colonic BPB may exacerbate pathobiont-driven gut T-cell activation and HIV replication, thereby contributing to HIV-associated mucosal pathogenesis.
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Harmsen HJM, de Goffau MC. The Human Gut Microbiota. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 902:95-108. [PMID: 27161353 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-31248-4_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The microbiota in our gut performs many different essential functions that help us to stay healthy. These functions include vitamin production, regulation of lipid metabolism and short chain fatty acid production as fuel for epithelial cells and regulation of gene expression. There is a very numerous and diverse microbial community present in the gut, especially in the colon, with reported numbers of species that vary between 400 and 1500, for some those we even do not yet have culture representatives.A healthy gut microbiota is important for maintaining a healthy host. An aberrant microbiota can cause diseases of different nature and at different ages ranging from allergies at early age to IBD in young adults. This shows that our gut microbiota needs to be treated well to stay healthy. In this chapter we describe what we consider a healthy microbiota and discuss what the role of the microbiota is in various diseases. Research into these described dysbiosis conditions could lead to new strategies for treatment and/or management of our microbiota to improve health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hermie J M Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 30001, 9700, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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Fernando MR, Saxena A, Reyes JL, McKay DM. Butyrate enhances antibacterial effects while suppressing other features of alternative activation in IL-4-induced macrophages. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G822-31. [PMID: 27012776 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00440.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The short-chain fatty acid butyrate is produced by fermentation of dietary fiber by the intestinal microbiota; butyrate is the primary energy source of colonocytes and has immunomodulatory effects. Having shown that macrophages differentiated with IL-4 [M(IL-4)s] can suppress colitis, we hypothesized that butyrate would reinforce an M(IL-4) phenotype. Here, we show that in the presence of butyrate M(IL-4)s display reduced expression of their hallmark markers Arg1 and Ym1 and significantly suppressed LPS-induced nitric oxide, IL-12p40, and IL-10 production. Butyrate treatment likely altered the M(IL-4) phenotype via inhibition of histone deacetylation. Functionally, M(IL-4)s treated with butyrate showed increased phagocytosis and killing of bacteria, compared with M(IL-4) and this was not accompanied by enhanced proinflammatory cytokine production. Culture of regulatory T cells with M(IL-4)s and M(IL-4 + butyrate)s revealed that both macrophage subsets suppressed expression of the regulatory T-cell marker Foxp3. However, Tregs cocultured with M(IL-4 + butyrate) produced less IL-17A than Tregs cocultured with M(IL-4). These data illustrate the importance of butyrate, a microbial-derived metabolite, in the regulation of gut immunity: the demonstration that butyrate promotes phagocytosis in M(IL-4)s that can limit T-cell production of IL-17A reveals novel aspects of bacterial-host interaction in the regulation of intestinal homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria R Fernando
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Alpana Saxena
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - José-Luis Reyes
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Derek M McKay
- Gastrointestinal Research Group and Inflammation Research Network, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Calvin, Joan and Phoebe Snyder Institute for Chronic Disease, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) is a chronic immune-mediated disease with a subclinical prodromal period, characterized by selective loss of insulin-producing-β cells in the pancreatic islets of genetically susceptible individuals. The incidence of T1DM has increased several fold in most developed countries since World War II, in conjunction with other immune-mediated diseases. Rapid environmental changes and modern lifestyles are probably the driving factors that underlie this increase. These effects might be mediated by changes in the human microbiota, particularly the intestinal microbiota. Research on the gut microbiome of individuals at risk of developing T1DM and in patients with established disease is still in its infancy, but initial findings indicate that the intestinal microbiome of individuals with prediabetes or diabetes mellitus is different to that of healthy individuals. The gut microbiota in individuals with preclinical T1DM is characterized by Bacteroidetes dominating at the phylum level, a dearth of butyrate-producing bacteria, reduced bacterial and functional diversity and low community stability. However, these changes seem to emerge after the appearance of autoantibodies that are predictive of T1DM, which suggests that the intestinal microbiota might be involved in the progression from β-cell autoimmunity to clinical disease rather than in the initiation of the disease process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikael Knip
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 22, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Heli Siljander
- Children's Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, PO Box 22, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
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Intestinal microbiota and anastomotic leakage of stapled colorectal anastomoses: a pilot study. Surg Endosc 2015; 30:2259-65. [PMID: 26385781 PMCID: PMC4887536 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-015-4508-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background
Anastomotic leakage (AL) after colorectal surgery is a severe complication, resulting in morbidity, reinterventions, prolonged hospital stay and, in some cases, death. Some technical and patient-related aetiological factors of AL are well established. In many cases, however, none of these factors seem to explain the occurrence of AL. Recent studies suggest that the intestinal microbiome plays a role in wound healing, diabetes and Crohn’s disease. The aim of this study was to compare the intestinal microbiota of patients who developed AL with matched patients with healed colorectal anastomoses. Methods We investigated the microbiome in the doughnuts collected from 16 patients participating in the C-seal trial. We selected eight patients who developed AL requiring reintervention and eight matched controls without AL. We analysed the bacterial 16S rDNA of both groups with MiSeq sequencing. Results The abundance of Lachnospiraceae is statistically higher (P = 0.001) in patient group who did develop AL, while microbial diversity levels were higher in the group who did not develop AL (P = 0.037). Body mass index (BMI) was also positively associated with the abundance of the Lachnospiraceae family (P = 0.022). Conclusion A correlation between the bacterial family Lachnospiraceae, low microbial diversity and anastomotic leakage, possibly in association with the BMI, was found. The relative abundance of the Lachnospiraceae family is possibly explained by the higher abundance of mucin-degrading Ruminococci within that family in AL cases (P = 0.011) as is similarly the case in IBD.
Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s00464-015-4508-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Hu C, Wong FS, Wen L. Type 1 diabetes and gut microbiota: Friend or foe? Pharmacol Res 2015; 98:9-15. [PMID: 25747961 PMCID: PMC4469505 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2015.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is a T cell-mediated autoimmune disease. Environmental factors play an important role in the initiation of the disease in genetically predisposed individuals. With the improved control of infectious disease, the incidence of autoimmune diseases, particularly type 1 diabetes, has dramatically increased in developed countries. Increasing evidence suggests that gut microbiota are involved in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes. Here we focus on recent advances in this field and provide a rationale for novel therapeutic strategies targeting gut microbiota for the prevention of type 1 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changyun Hu
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - F Susan Wong
- Institute of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, Cardiff University School of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | - Li Wen
- Section of Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA.
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Meehan CJ, Beiko RG. A phylogenomic view of ecological specialization in the Lachnospiraceae, a family of digestive tract-associated bacteria. Genome Biol Evol 2014; 6:703-13. [PMID: 24625961 PMCID: PMC3971600 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 521] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Several bacterial families are known to be highly abundant within the human microbiome, but their ecological roles and evolutionary histories have yet to be investigated in depth. One such family, Lachnospiraceae (phylum Firmicutes, class Clostridia) is abundant in the digestive tracts of many mammals and relatively rare elsewhere. Members of this family have been linked to obesity and protection from colon cancer in humans, mainly due to the association of many species within the group with the production of butyric acid, a substance that is important for both microbial and host epithelial cell growth. We examined the genomes of 30 Lachnospiraceae isolates to better understand the origin of butyric acid capabilities and other ecological adaptations within this group. Butyric acid production-related genes were detected in fewer than half of the examined genomes with the distribution of this function likely arising in part from lateral gene transfer (LGT). An investigation of environment-specific functional signatures indicated that human gut-associated Lachnospiraceae possess genes for endospore formation, whereas other members of this family lack key sporulation-associated genes, an observation supported by analysis of metagenomes from the human gut, oral cavity, and bovine rumen. Our analysis demonstrates that adaptation to an ecological niche and acquisition of defining functional roles within a microbiome can arise through a combination of both habitat-specific gene loss and LGT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Conor J Meehan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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de Goffau MC, Fuentes S, van den Bogert B, Honkanen H, de Vos WM, Welling GW, Hyöty H, Harmsen HJM. Aberrant gut microbiota composition at the onset of type 1 diabetes in young children. Diabetologia 2014; 57:1569-77. [PMID: 24930037 DOI: 10.1007/s00125-014-3274-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 218] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
AIMS/HYPOTHESIS Recent studies indicate that an aberrant gut microbiota is associated with the development of type 1 diabetes, yet little is known about the microbiota in children who have diabetes at an early age. To this end, the microbiota of children aged 1-5 years with new-onset type 1 diabetes was compared with the microbiota of age-matched healthy controls. METHODS A deep global analysis of the gut microbiota composition was established by phylogenetic microarray analysis using a Human Intestinal Tract Chip (HITChip). RESULTS Principal component analyses highlighted the importance of age when comparing age-matched pairs. In pairs younger than 2.9 years, the combined abundance of the class Bacilli (notably streptococci) and the phylum Bacteroidetes was higher in diabetic children, whereas the combined abundance of members of Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa was higher in the healthy controls. Controls older than 2.9 years were characterised by a higher fraction of butyrate-producing species within Clostridium clusters IV and XIVa than was seen in the corresponding diabetic children or in children from the younger age groups, while the diabetic children older than 2.9 years could be differentiated by having an increased microbial diversity. CONCLUSIONS/INTERPRETATION The results from both age groups suggest that non-diabetic children have a more balanced microbiota in which butyrate-producing species appear to hold a pivotal position.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C de Goffau
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, HPC EB80, 9713 GZ, Groningen, The Netherlands
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Oostindjer M, Alexander J, Amdam GV, Andersen G, Bryan NS, Chen D, Corpet DE, De Smet S, Dragsted LO, Haug A, Karlsson AH, Kleter G, de Kok TM, Kulseng B, Milkowski AL, Martin RJ, Pajari AM, Paulsen JE, Pickova J, Rudi K, Sødring M, Weed DL, Egelandsdal B. The role of red and processed meat in colorectal cancer development: a perspective. Meat Sci 2014; 97:583-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.meatsci.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Revised: 02/14/2014] [Accepted: 02/17/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Saldanha SN, Kala R, Tollefsbol TO. Molecular mechanisms for inhibition of colon cancer cells by combined epigenetic-modulating epigallocatechin gallate and sodium butyrate. Exp Cell Res 2014; 324:40-53. [PMID: 24518414 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2014.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2013] [Revised: 01/20/2014] [Accepted: 01/22/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive compounds are considered safe and have been shown to alter genetic and epigenetic profiles of tumor cells. However, many of these changes have been reported at molecular concentrations higher than physiologically achievable levels. We investigated the role of the combinatorial effects of epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), a predominant polyphenol in green tea, and sodium butyrate (NaB), a dietary microbial fermentation product of fiber, in the regulation of survivin, which is an overexpressed anti-apoptotic protein in colon cancer cells. For the first time, our study showed that the combination treatment induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in RKO, HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer cells. This was found to be regulated by the decrease in HDAC1, DNMT1, survivin and HDAC activity in all three cell lines. A G2/M arrest was observed for RKO and HCT-116 cells, and G1 arrest for HT-29 colorectal cancer cells for combinatorial treatment. Further experimentation of the molecular mechanisms in RKO colorectal cancer (CRC) cells revealed a p53-dependent induction of p21 and an increase in nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB)-p65. An increase in double strand breaks as determined by gamma-H2A histone family member X (γ-H2AX) protein levels and induction of histone H3 hyperacetylation was also observed with the combination treatment. Further, we observed a decrease in global CpG methylation. Taken together, these findings suggest that at low and physiologically achievable concentrations, combinatorial EGCG and NaB are effective in promoting apoptosis, inducing cell cycle arrest and DNA-damage in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabita N Saldanha
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 175 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Department of Biological Sciences, Alabama State University, Montgomery, AL 36104, USA.
| | - Rishabh Kala
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 175 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA
| | - Trygve O Tollefsbol
- Department of Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 175 Campbell Hall, 1300 University Boulevard, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Center for Healthy Aging, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Nutrition Obesity Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA; Comprehensive Diabetes Research Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
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Abstract
The role of intestinal microbiota in immune-mediated diseases, such as type 1 diabetes, has deservedly received a lot of attention. Evidently, changes in the intestinal microbiota are associated with type 1 diabetes as demonstrated by recent studies. Children with beta-cell autoimmunity have shown low abundance of butyrate-producing bacteria and increase in the abundance of members of the Bacteroidetes phylum in fecal microbiota. These alterations could explain increased gut permeability, subclinical small intestinal inflammation, and dysregulation of oral tolerance in type 1 diabetes. However, these studies do not provide evidence of the causative role of the gut microbiota in the development of beta-cell autoimmunity, yet. In animal models, the composition of gut microbiota modulates the function of both innate and adaptive immunity, and intestinal bacteria are regulators of autoimmune diabetes. Thus, prevention of type 1 diabetes could, in the future, be based on the interventions targeted to the gut microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Outi Vaarala
- Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Haartmaninkatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland,
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48
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Havenaar R. Intestinal health functions of colonic microbial metabolites: a review. Benef Microbes 2013; 2:103-14. [PMID: 21840809 DOI: 10.3920/bm2011.0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
This review tries to find a scientific answer on the following two questions: (1) to what extent do we understand the specific role of colonic microbial metabolites, especially short-chain fatty acids (SCFA), in maintaining the health status and prevention of diseases of the colon and the host; (2) to what extent can we influence or even control the formation of colonic microbial metabolites which are beneficial for the health status. The review focuses on the following topics: energy source, intestinal motility, defence barrier, oxidative stress with special attention for antiinflammatory and anti-carcinogen functions, and satiety. Also the risk of overproduction of SCFA is discussed. Reviewing the literature as present today, it can be concluded that physiological levels of SCFA are vital for the health and well-being of the host and that the presence of carbohydrates (dietary fibre, prebiotics) is essential to favour the metabolic activity in the direction of carbohydrate fermentation. For optimal motor activity of the ileum and colon, to regulate the physiological intestinal mobility, steadily fermentable dietary fibres or prebiotics are crucial. The formation of SCFA, especially propionate and butyrate, up to high physiological levels in the colon, much likely also contributes to the defence mechanisms of the intestinal wall. No final answer can be given yet about the role of SCFA in anti-inflammation and anti-carcinogenicity, but recently published research shows possible mechanisms in this field. The intake of prebiotics or specific dietary fibres promotes the formation of SCFA within the physiological range, and more or less specifically increases the levels of propionate and butyrate. In this way, they provide benefit to the host, especially the natural regulation of the digestive system.
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de Goffau MC, Luopajärvi K, Knip M, Ilonen J, Ruohtula T, Härkönen T, Orivuori L, Hakala S, Welling GW, Harmsen HJ, Vaarala O. Fecal microbiota composition differs between children with β-cell autoimmunity and those without. Diabetes 2013; 62:1238-44. [PMID: 23274889 PMCID: PMC3609581 DOI: 10.2337/db12-0526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 404] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The role of the intestinal microbiota as a regulator of autoimmune diabetes in animal models is well-established, but data on human type 1 diabetes are tentative and based on studies including only a few study subjects. To exclude secondary effects of diabetes and HLA risk genotype on gut microbiota, we compared the intestinal microbiota composition in children with at least two diabetes-associated autoantibodies (n = 18) with autoantibody-negative children matched for age, sex, early feeding history, and HLA risk genotype using pyrosequencing. Principal component analysis indicated that a low abundance of lactate-producing and butyrate-producing species was associated with β-cell autoimmunity. In addition, a dearth of the two most dominant Bifidobacterium species, Bifidobacterium adolescentis and Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum, and an increased abundance of the Bacteroides genus were observed in the children with β-cell autoimmunity. We did not find increased fecal calprotectin or IgA as marker of inflammation in children with β-cell autoimmunity. Functional studies related to the observed alterations in the gut microbiome are warranted because the low abundance of bifidobacteria and butyrate-producing species could adversely affect the intestinal epithelial barrier function and inflammation, whereas the apparent importance of the Bacteroides genus in development of type 1 diabetes is insufficiently understood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcus C. de Goffau
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Kristiina Luopajärvi
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mikael Knip
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
- Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland
- Department of Pediatrics, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jorma Ilonen
- Immunogenetics Laboratory, University of Turku, Turku, Finland; and the
- Department of Clinical Immunology, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Terhi Ruohtula
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taina Härkönen
- Children’s Hospital, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Central Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Laura Orivuori
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Saara Hakala
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Gjalt W. Welling
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Hermie J. Harmsen
- Department of Medical Microbiology, University Medical Center Groningen and University of Groningen, Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Outi Vaarala
- Immune Response Unit, Department of Vaccination and Immune Protection, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Helsinki, Finland
- Corresponding author: Outi Vaarala,
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50
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Kryczka T, Szaflik JP, Szaflik J, Midelfart A. Influence of donor age, post-mortem time and cold storage on metabolic profile of human cornea. Acta Ophthalmol 2013; 91:83-7. [PMID: 22112160 DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-3768.2011.02271.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Limited knowledge exists about the influence of donor age and death-to-preservation interval (DPI) on the metabolic properties of the cornea. The aim of this study is to investigate the relationship between both factors and metabolite content of the cornea. METHODS Corneas from 15 human donors (age: 41-78 years) were obtained within 16 hrs post-mortem and kept in cold storage for 8 days. The metabolic profiles of the samples were investigated using high-resolution, magic angle spinning (1) H nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy before and after 8 days of preservation. RESULTS Twenty-two metabolites were detected and assigned in the corneal spectra. The significant metabolic differences before and after hypothermic storage were revealed between younger and older donors. DPI-related significant differences revealed before preservation of the corneas were not displayed after 8 days of cold storage. CONCLUSIONS Age of donor as well as post-mortem time influences the biochemical properties of the cornea. Cold storage decreases the metabolite differences between the tissues collected at different post-mortem time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kryczka
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Neuroscience, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway.
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