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Hanlon C, Ziezold CJ, Bédécarrats GY. The Diverse Roles of 17β-Estradiol in Non-Gonadal Tissues and Its Consequential Impact on Reproduction in Laying and Broiler Breeder Hens. Front Physiol 2022; 13:942790. [PMID: 35846017 PMCID: PMC9283702 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.942790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Estradiol-17β (E2) has long been studied as the primary estrogen involved in sexual maturation of hens. Due to the oviparous nature of avian species, ovarian production of E2 has been indicated as the key steroid responsible for activating the formation of the eggshell and internal egg components in hens. This involves the integration and coordination between ovarian follicular development, liver metabolism and bone physiology to produce the follicle, yolk and albumen, and shell, respectively. However, the ability of E2 to be synthesized by non-gonadal tissues such as the skin, heart, muscle, liver, brain, adipose tissue, pancreas, and adrenal glands demonstrates the capability of this hormone to influence a variety of physiological processes. Thus, in this review, we intend to re-establish the role of E2 within these tissues and identify direct and indirect integration between the control of reproduction, metabolism, and bone physiology. Specifically, the sources of E2 and its activity in these tissues via the estrogen receptors (ERα, ERβ, GPR30) is described. This is followed by an update on the role of E2 during sexual differentiation of the embryo and maturation of the hen. We then also consider the implications of the recent discovery of additional E2 elevations during an extended laying cycle. Next, the specific roles of E2 in yolk formation and skeletal development are outlined. Finally, the consequences of altered E2 production in mature hens and the associated disorders are discussed. While these areas of study have been previously independently considered, this comprehensive review intends to highlight the critical roles played by E2 to alter and coordinate physiological processes in preparation for the laying cycle.
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Brillard JP. Future strategies for broiler breeders: an international perspective. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps20010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. P. Brillard
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Station de Recherches Avicoles 37380, Nouzilly, France
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Jessl L, Lenz R, Massing FG, Scheider J, Oehlmann J. Effects of estrogens and antiestrogens on gonadal sex differentiation and embryonic development in the domestic fowl ( Gallus gallus domesticus). PeerJ 2018; 6:e5094. [PMID: 30002959 PMCID: PMC6034593 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.5094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Since it is known that environmental contaminants have the potential to cause endocrine disorders in humans and animals, there is an urgent need for in vivo tests to assess possible effects of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Although there is no standardized guideline, the avian embryo has proven to be particularly promising as it responds sensitively to a number of EDCs preferentially impacting the reproductive axis. In the present study we examined the effects of in ovo exposure to fulvestrant and tamoxifen as antiestrogenic model compounds and co-exposure to both substances and the potent estrogen 17α-ethinylestradiol (EE2) regarding sex differentiation and embryonic development of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus). The substances were injected into the yolk of fertilized eggs on embryonic day 1. On embryonic day 19 sex genotype and phenotype were determined, followed by gross morphological and histological examination of the gonads. Sole EE2-treatment (20 ng/g egg) particularly affected male gonads and resulted in an increased formation of female-like gonadal cortex tissue and a reduction of seminiferous tubules. In ovo exposure to tamoxifen (0.1/1/10 µg/g egg) strongly impaired the differentiation of female gonads, led to a significant size reduction of the left ovary and induced malformations of the ovarian cortex, while fulvestrant (0.1/1/10 µg/g egg) did not affect sexual differentiation. However, both antiestrogens were able to antagonize the feminizing effects of EE2in genetic males when administered simultaneously. Since both estrogens and antiestrogens induce concentration-dependent morphological alterations of the sex organs, the chick embryo can be regarded as a promising model for the identification of chemicals with estrogenic and antiestrogenic activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzie Jessl
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany.,R-Biopharm AG, Darmstadt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Rebecca Lenz
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany.,Dr. Drexler + Dr. Fecher GmbH, Groß-Umstadt, Hesse, Germany
| | - Fabian G Massing
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany.,ERM GmbH, Neu-Isenburg, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jessica Scheider
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Johann Wolfgang Goethe Universität Frankfurt am Main, Frankfurt am Main, Hesse, Germany
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Jessl L, Scheider J, Oehlmann J. The domestic fowl (Gallus gallus domesticus) embryo as an alternative for mammalian experiments - Validation of a test method for the detection of endocrine disrupting chemicals. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 196:502-513. [PMID: 29329082 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.12.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2017] [Revised: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent decades the embryo of Gallus g. domesticus has been widely used as a model for the study of early sexual development and the potential impact of substances affecting development, including endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Since there is no standardized procedure available for experiments with the chicken embryo, the objective of our project is to expedite the protocol to assess the potential effects of EDCs on early sexual differentiation. The main aim of the present study was to systematically investigate the natural variability of individual developmental and histological key parameters in untreated and solvent-treated control groups, since this has been insufficiently addressed so far. A further aim was to provide robust values for all parameters investigated in control and substance experiments, using two known estrogenic compounds, bisphenol A (75/150/300 μg/g egg) and 17α-ethinylestradiol (20 ng/g egg). On embryonic day 1 eggs were injected with the estrogenic compounds. On embryonic day 19 histological gonadal data as well as morphological parameters were noted. In baseline experiments with control groups the selected endpoints showed reproducible results with low variabilities. Furthermore, gonadal endpoints responded sensitively to the treatment with the two model EDCs. Thus, these endpoints are recommended for the assessment of suspected EDCs in which the values provided for all parameters can serve as validity criteria in future experiments. The embryo of G. domesticus has shown to be a suitable alternative to currently accepted mammalian bioassays for the impact assessment of EDCs on reproductive tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luzie Jessl
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jessica Scheider
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
| | - Jörg Oehlmann
- Goethe University Frankfurt am Main, Institute for Ecology, Evolution and Diversity, Department Aquatic Ecotoxicology, Max-von-Laue-Str. 13, 60438 Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Kagami H. Perspectives on avian stem cells for poultry breeding. Anim Sci J 2016; 87:1065-75. [PMID: 27169384 PMCID: PMC5084753 DOI: 10.1111/asj.12620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 12/08/2015] [Accepted: 12/10/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Stem cells have prulipotency to differentiate into many types of cell lineages. Recent progress of avian biotechnology enabled us to analyze the developmental fate of the stem cells: embryonic stem cells / primordial germ cells (PGCs). The stem cells were identified in the central area of the area pellucida of the stage X blastoderms. These cells could be applied for production of germline chimeras and organ regeneration. Generation of medical substrate in transgenic chickens has considerable interests in pharmaceuticals. Sex alteration of the offspring should be enormously beneficial to the poultry industry. Fertilization of the sex-reversed sperm could lead to sexual alteration of the offspring. These strategies using stem cells / PGCs should be one of the most powerful tools for future poultry breeding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kagami
- Laboratory of Animal Developmental Genetics, Faculty of AgricultureShinshu University, MinamiminowaNaganoJapan
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International perspectives on impacts of reproductive technologies for world food production in Asia associated with poultry production. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2014; 752:229-37. [PMID: 24170363 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-8887-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
Poultry meat and eggs are valuable sources of dietary protein in almost every country in the world. A number of breeding techniques, methods, and technology have been applied to obtain maximum production under different environmental and economic conditions. Indigenous and local breeds share 90 % of the total population of poultry in many developing countries in Asia. However, indigenous chickens are low in productivity. Many studies have found that crossbreeding of exotic with indigenous chickens resulted in birds that performed better, even superior to pure exotic chickens, with respect to body weight, egg production, survivability, fertility, hatchability, and egg quality. There are some other technologies for efficient use of male genetic resource and conservation of rare genetic make-up, namely artificial insemination and chimeric chicken, respectively. It was reported that 25 % of the world's meat supply is derived from poultry, and the proportion is increasing rapidly. The continent of Asia produces almost one third of the world's eggs. However, there are still many scopes to improve the production of poultry in many developing countries in Asia. Therefore, continuous research works would be essential to determine the suitable technologies for more poultry production to feed the increasing habitants on earth.
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KAGAMI H, YASUDA J, TAGAMI T, NAITO M, MATSUBARA Y, HARUMI T, NOGUCHI T, YAMAMOTO Y, TAKAHASHI T, MATSUYAMA J, KOMATSU H, ONO T. Effect of the strain combination of the donor and recipient on the production efficiency of W-bearing sperm in mixed-sex germline chimeric chickens. Anim Sci J 2002. [DOI: 10.1046/j.1344-3941.2002.00062.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Bruggeman V, Van As P, Decuypere E. Developmental endocrinology of the reproductive axis in the chicken embryo. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 131:839-46. [PMID: 11897195 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(02)00022-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, the phenotype of the homogametic sex develops in the (relative) absence of steroids and the phenotype of the heterogametic sex is imposed by the early action of steroids. In contrast, the heterogametic sex in avian species is the female and the presence of estrogens and their receptors plays a crucial role in female sexual differentiation. The time- and sex-dependent expression of enzymes involved in steroidogenesis which determine the ratio of androgens/estrogens produced by the gonads has been extensively investigated during the last 5-6 years. These results all show that the lack of estrogen synthesis in the male appears to be due to the extremely low levels of 17beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase and P450aromatase expression. In females, extensive expression of the aromatase gene (around day 5-6 of incubation), leading to estrogen synthesis, and specific expression of the estrogen receptor-mRNA in the left gonad results in the development of a functional left ovary. Other sex differences can be found in the expression of the inhibin subunit genes in gonads of chicken embryos and in circulating concentrations of inhibin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) and steroids. Sex reversal attempts have been made by varying incubation temperatures, by using anti-estrogens, androgens, aromatase inhibitors and synthetic steroids. In ovo administration of a sex steroid hormone or an inhibitor of endogenous sex steroid synthesis can cause phenotypical sex reversal. All these experiments show that the development of gonads in birds is very sensitive to changes in the embryonic hormonal environment, sometimes resulting in changes of postnatal reproduction and even growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veerle Bruggeman
- Laboratory for Physiology and Immunology of Domestic Animals, Catholic University of Leuven, Kasteelpark Arenberg 30, B-3001, Leuven, Belgium
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Kagami H, Iwata J, Yasuda J, Ono T. Strain preference in donor and recipient for production of W-bearing sperm in mixed-sex germline chimeric chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2002; 131:287-92. [PMID: 11818218 DOI: 10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00453-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the strain preference in donor and recipient for the production of W-bearing sperm, mixed-sex germline chimeric chickens were produced. The combination of donor and recipient was White Leghorn (WL) and Barred Plymouth Rock (BPR), and vice versa. Four sets of mixed-sex chimeras that had the male phenotype at sexual maturity were subjected to analysis: group 1, a female WL donor and a male BPR recipient; group 2, a male WL donor and a female BPR recipient; group 3, a female BPR donor and a male WL recipient; group 4, a male BPR donor and a female WL recipient. The mean number of W-bearing sperm detected by in situ hybridization among 10000 sperm observed was 135, 158, 26 and 71 in groups 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively. The number in group 1 was significantly higher than that of group 3 (P<0.05). And the number in group 2 was significantly higher than those of groups 3 and 4 (P<0.05). It is suggested that the combination of a WL donor and a BPR recipient produced W-bearing sperm more efficiently than the reverse combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Kagami
- Faculty of Agriculture, Shinshu University, Minamiminowa, Nagano 399-4598, Japan.
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Developmental Genetic Analysis of the Avian Primordial Germ Cells and the Applications for Production of Chimeric Chickens. J Poult Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.39.131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tagami T, Kagami H. Developmental origin of avian primordial germ cells and its unique differentiation in the gonads of mixed-sex chimeras. Mol Reprod Dev 1998; 50:370-6. [PMID: 9621314 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199807)50:3<370::aid-mrd14>3.0.co;2-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T Tagami
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Institute of Animal Industry, Tsukuba Norindanchi, Ibaraki, Japan.
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Kagami H, Tagami T, Matsubara Y, Harumi T, Hanada H, Maruyama K, Sakurai M, Kuwana T, Naito M. The developmental origin of primordial germ cells and the transmission of the donor-derived gametes in mixed-sex germline chimeras to the offspring in the chicken. Mol Reprod Dev 1997; 48:501-10. [PMID: 9364445 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2795(199712)48:4<501::aid-mrd11>3.0.co;2-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
A novel system has been developed to determine the origin and development of primordial germ cells (PGCs) in avian embryos directly. Approximately 700 cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida, the outer of the area pellucida, and the area opaca of the stage X blastoderm (Eyal-Giladi and Kochav, 1976; Dev Biol 49:321-337). When the cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida, the mean number of circulating PGCs per 1 microliter of blood was significantly decreased to 13 (P < 0.05) in the embryo at stage 15 (Hamburger and Hamilton, 1951: J Morphol 88:49-92) as compared to intact embryos of 51. When the removed recipient cells from the center of the area pellucida were replenished with 500 donor cells, no reduction in the PGC number was observed. The removal of cells from the outer of area pellucida or from the area opaca had no effect on the number of PGCs. When another set of the manipulated embryos were cultured ex vivo to hatching and reared to sexual maturity, the absence of germ cells and the degeneration of seminiferous tubules were observed in resulting chickens derived from the blastoderm from which the cells were removed from the center of the area pellucida. Chimeric embryos produced by the male donor cells and the female recipient contained the female-derived cells at 97.2% in the whole embryo and 94.3% in the erythrocytes at 5 days of incubation. At 5-7 days of incubation, masculinization was observed in about one half of the mixed-sex embryos. The proportions of the female-derived cells in the whole embryo and in the erythrocytes were 76.5% and 80.2% at 7 days to 55.7% and 62.5% at 10 days of incubation, respectively. When the chimeras reached their sexual maturity, they were test mated to assess donor contribution to their germline. Five of six male chimeras (83%) and three of five female chimeras (60%) from male donor cells and a female recipient embryo from which 700 cells at the center of area pellucida were removed were germline chimeras. Three of the five male germline chimeras (60%) and one of the three female germline chimeras (33%) transmitted exclusively (100%) donor-derived gametes into the offspring. When embryonic cells were removed from the outer of area pellucida or area opaca, regardless of the sex combination of the donor and the recipient, the transmission of the donor-derived gametes was essentially null. The findings in the present studies demonstrated, both in vivo and in vitro, that the PGCs originate in the central part of the area pellucida and that the developmental fate to germ cell (PGCs) had been destined at stage X blastoderm in chickens.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Kagami
- Laboratory of Genetic Engineering, National Institute of Animal Industry, Ibaraki, Japan
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