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Oketch EO, Wickramasuriya SS, Oh S, Choi JS, Heo JM. Physiology of lipid digestion and absorption in poultry: An updated review on the supplementation of exogenous emulsifiers in broiler diets. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2023; 107:1429-1443. [PMID: 37435748 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 06/29/2023] [Accepted: 06/30/2023] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Lipids are a concentrated source of energy with at least twice as much energy as the same amount of carbohydrates and protein. Dietary lipids provide a practical alternative toward increasing the dietary energy density of feeds for high-performing modern broilers. However, the digestion and absorption of dietary lipids are much more complex than that of the other macronutrients. In addition, young birds are physiologically limited in their capacity to utilise dietary fats and oils effectively. The use of dietary emulsifiers as one of the strategies aimed at improving fat utilisation has been reported to elicit several physiological responses including improved fat digestibility and growth performance. In practical terms, this allows for the incorporation of lipids into lower-energy diets without compromising broiler performance. Such an approach may potentially lower feed costs and raise revenue gains. The current review revisits lipids and the different roles that they perform in diets and whole-body metabolism. Additional information on the process of dietary lipid digestion and absorption in poultry; and the physiological limitation brought about by age on lipid utilisation in the avian gastrointestinal tract have been discussed. Subsequently, the physiological responses resulting from the dietary supplementation of exogenous emulsifiers as a strategy for improved lipid utilisation in broiler nutrition are appraised. Suggestions of nascent areas for a better understanding of exogenous emulsifiers have been highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elijah O Oketch
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Samiru S Wickramasuriya
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sungtaek Oh
- Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, John Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland, USA
| | - Jun Seung Choi
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Jung Min Heo
- Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, South Korea
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Khalil MM, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Chrystal PV, Ravindran V. Broiler Age Influences the Apparent Metabolizable Energy of Soybean Meal and Canola Meal. Animals (Basel) 2023; 13:ani13020219. [PMID: 36670759 PMCID: PMC9855009 DOI: 10.3390/ani13020219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/03/2023] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
The effects of broiler age on the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected AME (AMEn) of soybean meal (SBM) and canola meal (CM) were examined. A corn-SBM basal diet was developed, and two test diets were formulated by substituting (w/w) 300 g/kg of the basal diet with SBM or CM. Six groups of broiler chickens, aged 1−7, 8−14, 15−21, 22−28, 29−35 or 36−42 d post-hatch, were utilized. Each diet, in pellet form, was randomly allocated to six replicate cages in each age group. Except for the 1−7 d age group, the birds were fed a starter (d 1−21) and/or a finisher (d 22−35) diet prior to the introduction of the experimental diets. The number of birds per cage was 10 (d 1−7), 8 (d 8−14) and 6 (d 15−42). The AME and AMEn of SBM and CM were determined by total excreta collection. The data for each protein source were subjected to orthogonal polynomial contrasts using the General Linear Models procedure. Bird age decreased the retention of dry matter quadratically (p < 0.001) for both SBM and CM. The retention of nitrogen decreased linearly (p < 0.001) with the advancing age of broilers for SBM and CM. The AMEn of SBM and CM decreased quadratically (p < 0.001) as the birds grew older. The highest AMEn was observed during week 1 for both SBM and CM, then declined until week 3, followed by increases thereafter. The current results showed that the age of broiler chickens influenced the AMEn of SBM and CM and supported the use of age-dependent AMEn of feed ingredients in diet formulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M. Khalil
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Mohammad Reza Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - Faegheh Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | | | - Velmurugu Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Center, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +64-2-70240350
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Asare E, Yang Z, Zhou H, Cai Q, Yang H, Wang Z. Dietary Inclusion of Pancreatin Enzyme on the Ileal and Fecal Digestibility of Nutrients in Layer-Type Cockerels. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2023. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2022-1673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- E Asare
- Yangzhou University, P. R. China
| | - Z Yang
- Yangzhou University, P. R. China; Yangzhou University, P. R. China
| | - H Zhou
- Shanghai Honest Biological Technology Co., Ltd, P. R. China
| | - Q Cai
- Shanghai Honest Biological Technology Co., Ltd, P. R. China
| | - H Yang
- Yangzhou University, P. R. China
| | - Z Wang
- Yangzhou University, P. R. China
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Impacts of particle size and multienzyme supplementation on growth, cost-benefit, carcass characteristics, and nutrient digestibility of broilers. Livest Sci 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2022.105105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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5
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Dang DX, Li CJ, Zhou H, Lou Y, Liu X, Li D. Development of small intestine and sugar absorptive capacity in goslings during pre- and post-hatching periods. Poult Sci 2022; 102:102316. [PMID: 36463776 PMCID: PMC9719006 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2022.102316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Revised: 09/28/2022] [Accepted: 10/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
This study was conducted to investigate the development patterns of small intestine, intestinal morphology, disaccharidase activities, and sugar transporter gene expression in goslings during pre- and post-hatching periods. Small intestine was sampled on embryonic d 23 and 27, day of hatch, and d 1, 4, and 7 post-hatching. A total of 18 eggs with the breed of Jilin White geese were selected at each sampling timepoint for measuring relevant parameters. Three eggs were considered as a group, with 6 groups in each sampling timepoint. Rapid development of small intestine was observed around the hatching, of which jejunum and ileum had relatively higher development rates. Villus surface area from three intestinal segments started to increase on embryonic d 27, and kept relatively stable during day of hatch to d 1 post-hatching, and following increased till d 7 post-hatching. A high priority of villi enrichment was observed in duodenum and jejunum. The activity of disaccharidase increased before hatching and kept relatively high-level post-hatching, of which the activity of disaccharidase was highest in jejunum. The expression of sugar transporter gene increased prior to hatching and then decreased post-hatching, of which jejunum and duodenum were sites with high sugar transporter gene expression. Rapid development in intestinal morphology, disaccharidase activities, and sugar transporter gene expression around the hatching indicated that goslings have high potential to digest and/or assimilate carbohydrates during its early-life, which provided a preparation for further digestion of exogenous feed. This study provided a profile of development patterns for intestinal morphology, disaccharidase activities, and sugar transporter gene expression in goslings, which was beneficial to understanding the characteristics of nutrient absorption during the early-life of goslings.
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Affiliation(s)
- De Xin Dang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China,Department of Animal Resource & Science, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea
| | - Cheng Ji Li
- Institute of Tissue Regeneration Engineering, Dankook University, Cheonan 31116, South Korea,Department of Nanobiomedical Science and BK21 PLUS NBM Global Research Center for Regenerative Medicine, Dankook University, Cheonan, 31116, South Korea
| | - Haizhu Zhou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Yujie Lou
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Jilin Agricultural University, Jilin, Changchun, China
| | - Xiao Liu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, College of Animal Science and Technology, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Desheng Li
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Jinzhou Medical University, Jinzhou 121001, China,Corresponding author:
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6
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de Jong IC, Schokker D, Gunnink H, van Wijhe M, Rebel JMJ. Early life environment affects behavior, welfare, gut microbiome composition, and diversity in broiler chickens. Front Vet Sci 2022; 9:977359. [PMID: 36213407 PMCID: PMC9534479 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2022.977359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to identify whether early-life conditions in broiler chickens could affect their behavior and welfare, and whether or not this was associated with an altered gut microbiome composition or diversity. Broilers were tested in a 2 x 2 factorial design with hatching conditions [home pen (OH) or at the hatchery (HH)] and enrichment (dark brooder (EE) or no brooder (NE) until 14 days of age) as factors (N = 6 per treatment combination). Microbiota composition was measured in the jejunum on days (d) 7, 14, and 35 and in pooled fecal samples on day 14. A novel environment test (NET) was performed on days 1 and 11, and the behavior was observed on days 6, 13, and 33. On day 35, composite asymmetry was determined and footpad dermatitis and hock burn were scored. In their home pen, HH showed more locomotion than OH (P = 0.05), and NE were sitting more and showed more comfort behavior than EE at all ages (P <0.001 and P = 0.001, respectively). On days 6 and 13 NE showed more eating and litter pecking while sitting, but on day 33 the opposite was found (age*enrichment: P = 0.05 and P <0.01, respectively). On days 1 and 11, HH showed more social reinstatement in the NET than OH, and EE showed more social reinstatement than NE (P <0.05). Composite asymmetry scores were lower for EE than NE (P <0.05). EE also had less footpad dermatitis and hock burn than NE (P <0.001). Within OH, NE had a more diverse fecal and jejunal microbiome compared to EE on day 14 (feces: observed richness: P = 0.052; jejunum: observed richness and Shannon: P <0.05); the principal component analysis (PCA) showed differences between NE and EE within both HH and OH in fecal samples on day 14, as well as significant differences in bacterial genera such as Lactobacillus and Lachnospiraceae (P <0.05). On day 35, PCA in jejunal samples only showed a trend (P = 0.068) for differences between NE vs. EE within the OH. In conclusion, these results suggest that especially the dark brooder affected the behavior and had a positive effect on welfare as well as affected the composition and diversity of the microbiome. Whether or not the behavior was modulated by the microbiome or vice versa remains to be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid C. de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: Ingrid C. de Jong
| | - Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Henk Gunnink
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Maudia van Wijhe
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
| | - Johanna M. J. Rebel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, Netherlands
- Wageningen Bioveterinary Research, Wageningen University and Research, Lelystad, Netherlands
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Jang JC, Zeng Z, Urriola PE, Shurson GC. A systematic review and meta-analysis of the growth performance effects of feeding diets containing corn distillers dried grains with solubles (cDDGS) and feed enzymes to broiler chickensRunning head:. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2022.115464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
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8
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Starter and carryover effects of feeding varied feed form (FF) and feed quality (FQ) from 0–18 d on performance and processing for two broiler strains. J APPL POULTRY RES 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2021.100206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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9
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Barua M, Abdollahi MR, Zaefarian F, Wester TJ, Girish CK, Chrystal PV, Ravindran V. An investigation into the influence of age on the standardized amino acid digestibility of wheat and sorghum in broilers. Poult Sci 2021; 100:101466. [PMID: 34628287 PMCID: PMC8517207 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2021] [Revised: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Standardized ileal digestibility coefficients (SIDC) of nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AA) in wheat and sorghum at 6 different ages (d 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42) of broilers were determined. Two assay diets were formulated to contain 93.8% of each grain as the sole source of AA in the diet. Titanium dioxide (0.5%) was added as an indigestible marker. Each assay diet was fed to 6 replicate cages housing 14 (d 7), 12 (d 14), 10 (d 21), 8 (d 28), 8 (d 35), and 6 (d 42) birds per cage for 4 d prior to ileal digesta collection. The apparent ileal digestibility coefficients (AIDC) were standardized by using the age-appropriate basal endogenous AA losses. In the case of wheat, AIDC of N and all AA increased (linear or quadratic, P < 0.05 to 0.001) with advancing age. No age effect was noticed on the SIDC of N, average of indispensable (IAA) and dispensable AA (DAA), though the average of total AA (TAA) tended (linear, P = 0.09) to increase as birds grew older. In sorghum, the AIDC of N, average of IAA and DAA were unaffected (P > 0.05) by age. The SIDC of N, average SIDC of IAA, DAA and TAA were higher at d 7, reduced at d 14 and then plateaued. Among the IAA, the SIDC of Arg, His, Ile, Leu, Lys, Thr, Val, and the SIDC of all individual DAA (except Cys) decreased with age (linear or quadratic, P < 0.05 to 0.001) with higher values at d 7. The higher SIDC values determined at d 7 were due to higher EAA losses during wk 1. The results showed that broiler age influences AA digestibility and this may need be considered in practical feed formulations. The age effect is variable depending on the grain type and specific AA.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Barua
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand; Department of Animal Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Chattogram Veterinary and Animal Sciences University, Khulshi, Chattogram 4225, Bangladesh.
| | - M R Abdollahi
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - F Zaefarian
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - T J Wester
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
| | - C K Girish
- Nutrition and Care, Animal Nutrition, Evonik (SEA) Pte. Ltd, 609927 Singapore
| | - P V Chrystal
- Complete Feed Solutions, Howick 2145, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - V Ravindran
- Monogastric Research Centre, School of Agriculture and Environment, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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10
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Nutrition and Digestive Physiology of the Broiler Chick: State of the Art and Outlook. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:ani11102795. [PMID: 34679817 PMCID: PMC8532940 DOI: 10.3390/ani11102795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The first week after hatch is the most challenging period in the life of broilers. The digestive tract of the newly hatched chick is immature and must undergo dramatic changes before it can efficiently digest and absorb nutrients. The gut is the vital organ where nutrient digestion and absorption take place. Ontogenic changes that accompany improved digestion and absorption include increased secretion of digestive enzymes, increase in the gut absorptive surface area, and enhanced nutrient transporters. The obvious limiting factors are the secretion and activities of digestive enzymes, and the surface area for absorption. These limitations are overcome as the birds grow older, with concurrent improvements in nutrient utilization. In addition, substantial changes also take place in the physical and functional development of the immune system and intestinal microbial ecology. However, the focus of the current review was on nutrition-related challenges and nutritional approaches to assist the chick during this highly demanding period. Abstract Because the intestine is the primary nutrient supply organ, early development of digestive function in newly hatched chick will enable it to better utilize nutrients, grow efficiently, and achieve the genetic potential of contemporary broilers. Published data on the growth and digestive function of the gastrointestinal tract in neonatal poultry were reviewed. Several potential strategies to improve digestive tract growth and function in newly hatched chick are available and the options include breeder nutrition, in ovo feeding, early access to feed and water, special pre-starter diets, judicious use of feed additives, and early programming.
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Bakeer M, Abdelrahman H, Khalil K. Effects of pomegranate peel and olive pomace supplementation on reproduction and oxidative status of rabbit doe. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2021; 106:655-663. [PMID: 34318525 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the effects of pomegranate peel and olive pomace supplementation on the reproductive hormones, antioxidative status, reproductive capacity and maternal behaviour of rabbit does. Forty does were used for the experiments. The animals were randomly assigned to four groups of ten does. One group was fed on the control diet and was considered the control group (C). The second group was supplemented with 4.5% pomegranate peel in their diet (P), the third group was supplemented with 10% olive pomace in their diet (O), and the fourth group was supplemented with a mixture of pomegranate peel and olive pomace (PO). Compared with the control does, group P showed significantly increased serum levels of gonadotropic hormones and oestradiol-17β two hours after mating, on the 20th day of lactation and after weaning; significantly increased progesterone levels at mid-pregnancy; and significantly increased in prolactin levels on the 10th day of lactation. Additionally, the results revealed significant increases in total DNA, protein concentration, litter size, milk yield and nest traits of groups P and PO. In conclusion, pomegranate peel supplementation improves the reproductive performance of does and increases their antioxidant parameters.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manal Bakeer
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Hisham Abdelrahman
- Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Management, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Karim Khalil
- Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Applied and Health Sciences, A'Sharqiyah University, Ibra, Oman
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12
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Souza da Silva C, Molenaar R, Giersberg MF, Rodenburg TB, van Riel JW, De Baere K, Van Dosselaer I, Kemp B, van den Brand H, de Jong IC. Day-old chicken quality and performance of broiler chickens from 3 different hatching systems. Poult Sci 2020; 100:100953. [PMID: 33518300 PMCID: PMC7936180 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.12.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In on-farm hatching systems, eggs are transported at d 18 of incubation to the broiler farm, where chickens have immediate access to feed and water after hatching. In hatchery-fed systems, newly hatched chickens have immediate access to feed and water in the hatchery and are transported to the farm thereafter. Conventionally hatched chickens can remain without access to feed and water up to 72 h after hatching until placement on the farm. The current study compared day-old chicken quality, performance, and slaughter yield of broiler chickens that were on-farm hatched (OH), hatchery-fed (HF), or conventionally hatchery-hatched (HH). The experiment was performed in 6 rooms in 1 house. Each room contained 2 duplicate pens with approximately 1,155 chickens per pen; 2 rooms with each 2 duplicate pens were assigned to 1 treatment. The experiment was repeated during 3 consecutive production cycles. Chickens originated from young parent stock flocks. Results showed that HF and OH chickens were heavier and longer than HH chickens at day (D) 1. Relative weight of stomach and intestines were highest for OH chickens. The OH chickens had worse day-old chicken quality in terms of navel condition and red hocks than HH and HF chickens. Treatments did not differ in first wk and total mortality. From D0 until slaughter age, body weight was highest for OH, followed by HF and HH. Furthermore, carcass weight at slaughter age (D40) was highest for OH chickens, followed by HF and HH chickens. Breast fillets showed a higher incidence of white striping and wooden breast in HF and OH chickens compared with HH chickens. In conclusion, the current study showed that both OH and HF chickens of young parent flocks had better growth performance, which could explain the higher prevalence of breast myopathies, compared with HH. The worse day-old chicken quality for OH compared with HH and HF does not seem to affect first wk mortality and later life performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carol Souza da Silva
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Roos Molenaar
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Mona F Giersberg
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands; Animals in Science and Society, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - T Bas Rodenburg
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands; Animals in Science and Society, Department of Population Health Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Utrecht 3508 TD, The Netherlands
| | - Johan W van Riel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Kris De Baere
- Experimental Poultry Centre, Province of Antwerp, Geel 2440, Belgium
| | | | - Bas Kemp
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands
| | - Ingrid C de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen 6700 AH, The Netherlands.
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Aderibigbe A, Cowieson AJ, Sorbara JO, Adeola O. Growth phase and dietary α-amylase supplementation effects on nutrient digestibility and feedback enzyme secretion in broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:6867-6876. [PMID: 33248602 PMCID: PMC7704957 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 08/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth performance, nutrient digestibility, intestinal health, and endogenous enzyme secretion responses to dietary α-amylase supplementation during 4 growth phases of broiler chickens fed corn–soybean meal–based diets were evaluated in the present study. A total of 1,136 male broiler chicks were assigned at day 0 after hatching to 8 treatments in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement. There were 2 dietary levels of α-amylase supplementation of 0 or 80 kilo-Novo alpha amylase units per kg diet and 4 posthatching growth phases of day 0 to 11, day 11 to 21, day 21 to 42, or day 42 to 56 in a randomized complete block design. Each treatment comprised 8 replicate pens, with either 25 (day 0–11), 20 (day 11–21), 16 (day 21–42), or 10 (day 42–56) birds per pen. Body weight gain and feed efficiency of birds improved (P < 0.01) with α-amylase supplementation. There were main effects of α-amylase, growth phase, and interaction (P < 0.01) on apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of starch. This ranged from 0.8% during day 11 to 21 to 2.8% during day 0 to 11 after hatching. The total tract retention of starch increased (P < 0.05) with amylase supplementation but was not different across growth phases. Amylase supplementation increased (P < 0.05) AID of gross energy, AME (kcal/kg), and AMEn (kcal/kg). Villus height in the jejunal tissue was increased (P < 0.01) by α-amylase supplementation. During day 11 to 21 after hatching, the viscosity of jejunal digesta and pancreatic amylase activity increased (P < 0.01) with amylase supplementation. In conclusion, dietary amylase supplementation improved growth performance, apparent nutrient digestibility, and digestive enzyme activity of broiler chickens fed a corn–soybean diet. The study indicates that the growth phase of birds may affect response to exogenous amylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Aderibigbe
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907
| | - A J Cowieson
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - J O Sorbara
- DSM Nutritional Products, 4303 Kaiseraugst, Switzerland
| | - O Adeola
- Department of Animal Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907.
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Effects of dietary energy level and 1,3-diacylglycerol on growth performance and carcass yield in broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.japr.2020.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
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15
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Effects of on-farm and traditional hatching on welfare, health, and performance of broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4662-4671. [PMID: 32988501 PMCID: PMC7598315 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.06.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In on-farm hatching systems, eggs that have been incubated for 18 D are transported to the broiler farm. After hatching around day 21, the chicks have immediate access to feed and water. By contrast, traditionally hatched chicks are in early life exposed to dust and pathogens in the hatcher, handling procedures, and transport and remain without feed and water until they have arrived on the farm 1 to 3 D after hatching. We compared welfare and performance of on-farm hatched (OH) and traditionally hatched control (C) Ross 308 broiler chickens from day 0 to 40, housed under semicommercial conditions. The experiment included 3 production cycles in 4 rooms, with each room containing 1 OH and 1 C pen with 1,150 chickens in each pen. Per cycle, C and OH chicks were from the same batch of eggs of 1 parent stock flock. Day-old chick quality was worse for OH than C chickens (hock and navel score; P < 0.05). On-farm hatched chickens were heavier than C chickens until day 21 of age (P < 0.05). Total mortality was significantly lower in OH compared with C pens (P < 0.05). A tendency for lower footpad dermatitis scores was found in OH pens compared with C pens (P < 0.10), probably because of the dryer litter in OH than C pens (P < 0.05). No differences between treatments were found in gait, hock burn, cleanliness, and injury scores, and no or only minor, short lasting differences were found in pathology and intestinal histology. In conclusion, the present study showed that on-farm hatching may be beneficial for broiler welfare, as it reduced total mortality and resulted in dryer litter which is known to be beneficial for reducing footpad dermatitis.
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Effect of Supplemental Protease on Growth Performance and Excreta Microbiome of Broiler Chicks. Microorganisms 2020; 8:microorganisms8040475. [PMID: 32230755 PMCID: PMC7232218 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms8040475] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Revised: 03/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
One-day-old chicks were assigned one of four dietary treatments in a 2 × 2 factorial design in which the main effects were diet (adequate vs. low protein) and the addition of protease (0 vs. 200 g/1000 kg of feed). Chick performance (days 0-14) was recorded and their excreta were analyzed for short chain fatty acids, ammonia, and composition of the microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Birds fed the low protein diet had lower body weight gain and poorer overall feed conversion ratio (FCR) (p 0.04); however, these parameters were not affected by the inclusion of protease (p 0.27). Protease inclusion did not affect any particular bacterial genus in the excreta, but it increased the total number of observed OTUs (p = 0.04) and Faith's phylogenetic diversity (p = 0.05). Abundance of Proteus and Acinetobacter were lower in the excreta of chicks fed the low protein diet (p = 0.01). Abundance of Bacteroides was associated with poorer FCR, while Proteus was associated with improved FCR (p 0.009). Although diet had a stronger impact than protease on chick performance, both diet and protease yielded some changes in the intestinal microbiotas of the birds.
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Effect of supplemental serine-protease from Bacillus licheniformis on growth performance and physiological change of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2020.1732986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- T. Acamovic
- Avian Science Research Centre, SAC, Auchincruive, Ayr KA6 5HW, UK
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19
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Iji P. The impact of cereal non-starch polysaccharides on intestinal development and function in broiler chickens. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1079/wps19990026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- P.A. Iji
- Department of Animal & Poultry Science, University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg Campus, Private Bag X01, Scottsville 3209, South Africa
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20
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Lemons M, McDaniel C, Moritz J, Wamsley KG. Increasing Average Feed Particle Size During the Starter Period Maximizes Ross × Ross 708 Male Broiler Performance. J APPL POULTRY RES 2019. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfz004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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22
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Moran ET. Clutch formation and nest activities by the setting hen synchronize chick emergence with intestinal development to foster viability. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2018.09.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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23
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Andrade MDFDS, Moreira Filho ALDB, Silva EFAD, Oliveira HBD, Costa FGP, Guerra RR, Givisiez PEN. Expression of glucose transporters and morphometry in the intestine of Japanese quails after hatch. J Comp Physiol B 2018; 189:61-68. [PMID: 30413882 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-018-1188-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 10/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
The intestinal physiology and mechanisms involved in nutrient transport are not well established in quails (Coturnix coturnix japonica). The present study assessed the growth performance, morphological development, duodenal density and the expression of Sglt1 and Glut2 of female Japanese quails from 1 to 49 days of age. The three small intestine segments were sampled weekly from 1 to 49 days of age to evaluate villus height, crypt depth and villus: crypt ratio, and goblet cell counts. Scanning electronic microscopy was used to determine duodenal villus density, and real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) was used to study the sodium/glucose cotransporter-1 Sglt1 and glucose transporter Glut2 in the jejunum. Villus height and crypt depth in the duodenum, jejunum and ileum increased with age until 42 and 49 days of age (P < 0.001), and regression analysis evidenced a quadratic effect (P < 0.0001), indicating increasing values to a maximum and then a decrease afterwards. Goblet cell counts increased (P < 0.001) in duodenum, jejunum and ileum from 1 to 42 days, decreasing at 49 days, which was also corroborated by the regression analysis. Villus density in the duodenum was greater in the first week, decreased with age and increased again at 42 days, probably due to the proximity with egg production onset. The expression of Sglt1 and Glut2 mRNA in the jejunum varied with age. In conclusion, the intestinal mucosa of female Japanese quail developed morphologically until 42days and functionally until earlier ages, indicating an adaptation to the exogenous diet during the first weeks of life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria de Fátima de Souza Andrade
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia PB 079 km 12, Caixa Postal 13, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Lemos de Barros Moreira Filho
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia PB 079 km 12, Caixa Postal 13, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Rondônia (UNIR), Presidente Médici, RO, 76916-000, Brazil
| | - Eudes Fernando Alves da Silva
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia PB 079 km 12, Caixa Postal 13, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Heraldo Bezerra de Oliveira
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia PB 079 km 12, Caixa Postal 13, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.,Departamento de Zootecnia, Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco (UFRPE), Dois Irmãos, Recife, PE, 51.171-900, Brazil
| | - Fernando Guilherme Perazzo Costa
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia PB 079 km 12, Caixa Postal 13, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Romão Guerra
- Departamento de Ciências Veterinárias, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Areia, PB, 58.397-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Emília Naves Givisiez
- Departamento de Zootecnia, Centro de Ciências Agrárias, Universidade Federal da Paraíba (UFPB), Rodovia PB 079 km 12, Caixa Postal 13, Areia, PB, 58397-000, Brazil.
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Wang A, Hogan NS. Performance effects of feed-borne Fusarium mycotoxins on broiler chickens: Influences of timing and duration of exposure. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018; 5:32-40. [PMID: 30899807 PMCID: PMC6407085 DOI: 10.1016/j.aninu.2018.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In commercial practice, broiler chickens may be exposed to Fusarium mycotoxins either during specific growth stages or throughout the entire production cycle. A 34-day feeding trial was conducted to identify sensitive periods for mycotoxin effects during the growth cycle of broiler chickens. A total of 420 newly-hatched Ross 308 male broilers were randomly assigned to 60 cages with 7 birds/cage. Sources of clean wheat (<0.5 mg/kg deoxynivalenol [DON]) and Fusarium-contaminated wheat (11.4 mg/kg DON) were used to formulate the starter diets (0.41 and 6.62 mg/kg DON) provided from 1 to 21 d of age and the grower diets (0.54 and 7.90 mg/kg DON) provided from 22 to 34 d. Control and DON diets were provided to broilers according to treatments (control, DON 1 to 14 d, DON 15 to 21 d, DON 22 to 34 d and DON 1 to 34 d). Birds were monitored daily for morbidity or mortality. Broiler growth performance (body weight, average daily gain, average daily feed intake and feed to gain ratio) was measured weekly. Segments of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were collected at 21 and 34 d and morphometric parameters (villus height, crypt depth, villus width, muscularis thickness and villi:crypt ratio) were measured. Birds fed the DON starter diet during the first 14 d did not exhibit any changes in growth performance; however, growth performance was suppressed in birds fed DON-contaminated diets during the grower period (22 to 34 d). At 34 d, birds that received the DON grower diet (DON 22 to 34 d and DON 1 to 34 d) were lighter (1,433 vs. 1,695 g) than birds fed the control diet. Feed to gain ratio was higher in birds fed the DON grower diet from 22 to 28 d (1.77 vs. 1.56) and 28 to 34 d (2.24 vs. 1.85) compared with corresponding controls. These results suggest that providing older broiler chicks (22 to 34 d) feed contaminated with Fusarium mycotoxins (specifically DON) may result in production losses. Histopathological analysis of the ileum region revealed that birds provided the DON diets throughout the entire trial (1 to 34 d) had shorter villi (506 vs. 680 μm) and shallower crypt (85 vs. 115 μm) than control birds. Taken together, these results indicate that DON-induced growth suppression may be a result of adverse effects on intestinal morphology during later growth phases of broilers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anhao Wang
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada
| | - Natacha S Hogan
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Agriculture and Bioresources, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5A8, Canada.,Toxicology Centre, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, SK, S7N 5B3, Canada
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25
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Nabizadeh A. Effects of soybean meal substitution with isolated soya protein in pre-starter diet on immune system and performance of broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF ANIMAL AND FEED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.22358/jafs/93767/2018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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26
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Yacoubi N, Saulnier L, Bonnin E, Devillard E, Eeckhaut V, Rhayat L, Ducatelle R, Van Immerseel F. Short-chain arabinoxylans prepared from enzymatically treated wheat grain exert prebiotic effects during the broiler starter period. Poult Sci 2018; 97:412-424. [PMID: 29140465 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate-degrading multi-enzyme preparations (MEP) are used to improve broiler performances. Their mode of action is complex and not fully understood. In this study, we compared the effect of water-soluble fractions isolated at the pilot scale from wheat grain incubated with (WE) and without (WC) MEP. The fractions were incorporated in a wheat-based diet (0.1% w/w) to feed Ross PM3 broilers and compared with a non-supplemented control group (NC). The body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) until d 14 were determined. At d 14, ileal and cecal contents and tissue samples were collected from euthanized animals. The intestinal contents were used to measure the short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) concentration using gas chromatography and to determine the abundance and composition of microbiota using 16S sequencing. Villi length of ileal samples was measured, while L-cell and T-cell densities were determined using immuno-histochemistry. The MEP treatment increased the amount of water-soluble arabinoxylans (AX) and reduced their molecular weight while retaining their polymer behavior. The WE fraction significantly (P < 0.05) increased FI by 13.8% and BWG by 14.7% during the first wk post hatch when compared to NC. No significant effect on FCR was recorded during the trial. The WE increased the abundance of Enterococcus durans and Candidatus arthromitus in the ileum and of bacteria within the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae families, containing abundant butyrate-producing bacteria, in the ceca. It also increased the concentration of SCFA in the ceca, decreased the T-lymphocyte infiltration in the intestinal mucosa, and increased the glucagon-like-peptide-2 (GLP-2)-producing L-cell density in the ileal epithelium compared with WC and NC. No significant effects were observed on villi length. These results showed that AX present in the WE fraction altered the microbiota composition towards butyrate producers in the ceca. Butyrate may be responsible for the reduction of inflammation, as suggested by the decrease in T-lymphocyte infiltration, which may explain the higher feed intake leading to improved animal growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yacoubi
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France.,Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.,Adisseo France SAS, Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition, F-03600 Commentry, France
| | - L Saulnier
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - E Bonnin
- INRA, UR1268 Biopolymers Interactions Assemblies, BP 71627, F-44316 Nantes, France
| | - E Devillard
- Adisseo France SAS, Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition, F-03600 Commentry, France
| | - V Eeckhaut
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Rhayat
- Adisseo France SAS, Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition, F-03600 Commentry, France
| | - R Ducatelle
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - F Van Immerseel
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Nabizadeh A, Golian A, Hassanabadi A, Zerehdaran S. Effects of isolated soy protein and broken rice in corn-soy pre-starter diet on performance, intestinal microflora, and gut morphology in broiler chickens. J APPL POULTRY RES 2018. [DOI: 10.3382/japr/pfx025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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28
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Nwaodu CH, Okoro VMO, Uchegbu MC, Mbajiorgu CA. Effects of brooding periods on performance of poults and grow-out small bronze turkeys in hot humid tropical environment. Trop Anim Health Prod 2018; 50:851-856. [PMID: 29307049 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-017-1507-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine the effects of varied brooding regimes on the performance of small bronze turkey poults and their grow-outs. One hundred and twenty (n = 120) poults were subjected to four brooding regimes of 0-5, 0-6, 0-7, and 0-8 weeks, designated as T1, T2, T3, and T4. Each brooding regime (treatment) was applied to 3 replicates of 10 poults/replicate in a completely randomized design. The feed intake of T1 poults was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the T2, T3, and T4 groups. There was no difference in the daily weight gain among all treatment groups. The T1 poults had a higher (P < 0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) than the T4 poults while the T1, T2, and T3 had similar FCR. The T1 group also had the highest feed/heating cost (USD 2.14) while the T4 recorded the lowest feed/heating cost (USD 2.01) resulting in 5.86% reduction in feed/heating cost. There were no differences in performance of the grow-out turkeys in all the production parameters measured, as well as in the feed cost per kilogram weight gain of the treatment groups. This result shows that small bronze-type turkeys brooded from 0 to 8 weeks had higher efficiency in terms of feed intake, FCR, and lower economic costs compared to those brooded from 0 to 5, 0-6, and 0-7 weeks at the poult stage. However, at grow-out stage, the period of brooding did not have any effects on their performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chibuzo Hope Nwaodu
- Department of Animal Science & Technology, Federal University of Technology, Owerri, Nigeria
| | - Victor Mela Obinna Okoro
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa.
| | | | - Christian Anayochukwu Mbajiorgu
- Department of Agriculture and Animal Health, University of South Africa, Florida Science Campus, Florida, 1710, South Africa
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29
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de Jong IC, van Riel J, Bracke MBM, van den Brand H. A 'meta-analysis' of effects of post-hatch food and water deprivation on development, performance and welfare of chickens. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0189350. [PMID: 29236747 PMCID: PMC5728577 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0189350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Accepted: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A 'meta-analysis' was performed to determine effects of post-hatch food and water deprivation (PHFWD) on chicken development, performance and welfare (including health). Two types of meta-analysis were performed on peer-reviewed scientific publications: a quantitative 'meta-analysis' (MA) and a qualitative analysis (QA). Previously reported effects of PHFWD were quantified in the MA, for variables related to performance, mortality and relative yolk sac weight. The QA counted the number of studies reporting (non-)significant effects when five or more records were available in the data set (i.e. relative heart, liver and pancreas weight; plasma T3, T4 and glucose concentrations; relative duodenum, jejunum and ileum weight; duodenum, jejunum and ileum length; and villus height and crypt depth in duodenum, jejunum and ileum). MA results indicated that 24 hours of PHFWD (i.e. ≥12-36 hours) or more resulted in significantly lower body weights compared to early-fed chickens up to six weeks of age. Body weights and food intake were more reduced as durations of PHFWD (24, 48, 72, ≥84 hours) increased. Feed conversion rate increased in chickens up to 21 and 42 days of age after ≥84 hours PHFWD in comparison with chickens fed earlier. Total mortality at day 42 was higher in chickens after 48 hours PHFWD compared to early fed chickens or chickens after 24 hours PHFWD. First week mortality was higher in chickens after ≥84 hours PHFWD than in early fed chickens. The MA for relative yolk sac weight was inconclusive for PHFWD. The QA for plasma T3, T4 and glucose concentrations indicated mainly short-term decreases in T3 and glucose in PHFWD chickens compared to early fed chickens, and no effects of PHFWD on T4 concentrations. Relative weights of liver, pancreas and heart were lower after PHFWD, but only in the first week of life. A retarded development of gut segments (duodenum, jejunum and ileum) was found in the first week of life, measured as shorter, lower relative weight, and lower villus height and crypt depth. It is concluded that 48 hours (≥36-60 hours) PHFWD leads to lower body weights and higher total mortality in chickens up to six weeks of age, the latter suggesting compromised chicken welfare, but effects of PHFWD on organ development and physiological status appear to be mainly short-term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid C. de Jong
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Johan van Riel
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marc B. M. Bracke
- Wageningen Livestock Research, Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henry van den Brand
- Adaptation Physiology Group,Wageningen University and Research, Wageningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Aardsma M, Mitchell R, Parsons C. Relative metabolizable energy values for fats and oils in young broilers and adult roosters. Poult Sci 2017; 96:2320-2329. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pex028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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31
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Allahyari-Bake S, Jahanian R. Effects of dietary fat source and supplemental lysophosphatidylcholine on performance, immune responses, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broilers fed corn/soybean meal- or corn/wheat/soybean meal-based diets. Poult Sci 2017; 96:1149-1158. [PMID: 27697931 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two separate experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of different fat sources and a supplemental exogenous emulsifier (lysophosphatidylcholine, LPC) on growth performance, antibody production titers, and ileal nutrient digestibility in broiler chicks fed with different basal diets. A total of 288 one-day-old Ross 308 chicks were used for each trial (6 dietary treatments based on 3 × 2 factorial arrangements of treatments in both trials) with 4 replicates of 12 birds each. Dietary treatments consisted of 3 different fat sources (soy oil, SO; soy free fatty acids, SFFA; and palm fat powder, PFP) and 2 LPC levels (0 and 0.1% of diet), which were evaluated with 2 different basal diets (corn/soybean meal-based diets in Exp. 1, or corn/wheat/soybean meal-based diets in Exp. 2). In Exp. 1, average daily feed intake (ADFI) was increased (P < 0.01) in birds fed PFP diets compared with those fed SO or SFFA diets. Although supplemental LPC decreased (P < 0.01) ADFI, the birds fed SFFA diets had the greater ADFI at the presence of LPC (fat source × LPC, P < 0.01). Dietary supplementation of LPC caused a 4.6% improvement (P < 0.001) in average daily weight gain (ADWG) and consequently improved (P < 0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Supplemental LPC was more effective in increasing ADWG in SFFA-containing diets, resulted in a significant (P < 0.01) dietary fat source × LPC interaction. Dietary inclusion of LPC increased (P < 0.01) bursa weight and improved (P < 0.05) antibody production titers against sheep red blood cells and Newcastle disease virus during primary responses. Ileal digestibility of ether extract (EE) was improved (P < 0.05) in birds fed diets containing SO as compared with those fed PFP diets; dietary LPC supplementation, however, had no marked effect on ileal nutrient digestibility. In Exp. 2, ADWG was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed SO-containing diets compared with PFP-supplemented broiler chicks. Furthermore, dietary supplementation with LPC improved (P < 0.05) FCR value by 2.1%. Relative thymus weight was greater (P < 0.05) in birds fed LPC-supplemented diets than those fed unsupplemented diets. Supplemental LPC increased (P < 0.05) Gumboro antibody titer, and the lowest antibody response was allotted to the birds fed PFP diets. The greatest (P < 0.05) EE digestibility was assigned to the birds fed SO and SFFA diets. The present findings showed that birds fed SFFA-containing diets had similar performance as SO birds, and supplemental LPC improved overall performance especially in SFFA-fed birds.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Allahyari-Bake
- Department of Animal and Poultry Science, College of Aburaihan, University of Tehran, Pakdasht 33916-53755, Iran
| | - R Jahanian
- Poultry Nutrition Research Center, Bioscitech Research Institute, Isfahan 81398-67433, Iran
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SAKI AA, SAHEBI ALA F, ZAMANI P, ALIPOUR D, ABBASINEZHAD M. Japanese quail performance, intestinal microflora, and molecularresponses to screened wheat and multienzyme diet. TURKISH JOURNAL OF VETERINARY & ANIMAL SCIENCES 2017. [DOI: 10.3906/vet-1506-80] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
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33
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Powell DJ, Velleman SG, Cowieson AJ, Muir WI. Methionine concentration in the pre-starter diet: its effect on broiler breast muscle development. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1071/an15479] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The effect of feeding diets of variable methionine concentration on breast muscle development was assessed in Ross 308 broiler chicks. Four isonitrogenous and isoenergetic starter diets were formulated to contain 7.8, 5.9, 4.6, and 3.4 g methionine/kg diet, and were provided for the first 7 days post-hatch. At 7 days of age all birds were placed on an industry standard starter diet with 5.9 g methionine/kg diet until 14 days, and then provided standard broiler grower (until 28 days) and finisher (until 42 days) diets. Birds were weighed periodically throughout the study and feed intake and feed conversion ratio were determined. Ten birds per treatment were sacrificed and weighed on 0, 1, 4, 7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days. The pectoralis major (breast muscle) was then removed from the carcass and weighed. Samples of breast muscle were collected for genetic and histological analysis. Expression of the myogenic marker genes, myogenic differentiation factor 1 and myogenin, which regulate satellite cell activity, and the adipogenic marker gene, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), was measured. Histological assessment of breast muscle morphology and fat deposition morphology was also performed. No effect of dietary treatment was observed on body or breast muscle weight, feed intake or feed conversion ratio. Marker gene expression was also similar in all treatment groups, except for PPARγ. Significantly higher expression of PPARγ was observed at 0 days in the 5.9 g methionine/kg diet treatment, before dietary treatments were provided. Expression of PPARγ did not differ among treatment groups on any subsequent day. Methionine dietary treatment had no effect on the morphological structure of the breast muscle, or intramuscular fat deposition. These results suggest that under the conditions of this study, satellite cell activity in the early post-hatch chick, and subsequent muscle development, were not responsive to the variable methionine manipulations tested in the pre-starter period.
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Ma YH, Islam GS, Wu Y, Sabour PM, Chambers JR, Wang Q, Wu SX, Griffiths MW. Temporal distribution of encapsulated bacteriophages during passage through the chick gastrointestinal tract. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2911-2920. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 02/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Morgado HS, Cysneiros CSS, Sousa CM, Stringhini JH, Ulhoa CJ, Silva AS, Fabino Neto R, Freitas PVDX, Oliveira HP, Batista LHC. Addition of Amylase from Aspergillus Awamori to the Diet of Broiler Chickens. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1804725-732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - CM Sousa
- Federal Institute Goiano, Brazil
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Esmailzadeh L, Shivazad M, Sadeghi AA, Karimitorshizi M. Performance, Intestinal Morphology and Microbiology of Broiler Chickens Fed Egg Powder in the Starter Diet. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2016-0330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Antioxidant capacities of Artemisia annua L. leaves and enzymatically treated Artemisia annua L. in vitro and in broilers. Anim Feed Sci Technol 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anifeedsci.2016.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Roto SM, Kwon YM, Ricke SC. Applications of In Ovo Technique for the Optimal Development of the Gastrointestinal Tract and the Potential Influence on the Establishment of Its Microbiome in Poultry. Front Vet Sci 2016; 3:63. [PMID: 27583251 PMCID: PMC4987676 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2016.00063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As the current poultry production system stands, there is a period of time when newly hatched chicks are prevented from access to feed for approximately 48-72 h. Research has indicated that this delay in feeding may result in decreased growth performance when compared to chicks that are fed immediately post-hatch. To remedy this issue, in ovo methodology may be applied in order to supply the embryo with additional nutrients prior to hatching and those nutrients will continue to be utilized by the chick post-hatch during the fasting period. Furthermore, in ovo injection of various biologics have been researched based on the ability of not only supplying the chick embryo with additional nutrients that would promote improved growth but also compounds that may benefit the future health of the chicken host. Such compounds include various immunostimulants, live beneficial bacteria, prebiotics, and synbiotics. However, it is important to determine the site and age of the in ovo injection for the most productive effects. The primary focus of the current review is to address these two issues [the most effective site(s) and age(s) of in ovo injection] as well as provide the framework for the development of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) of the chick embryo. Additionally, recent research suggests the colonization of the microbiota in the developing chick may occur during the late stages of embryogenesis. Therefore, we will also discuss the potentials of the in ovo injection method in establishing a healthy and diverse community of microorganisms to colonize the developing GIT that will provide both protection from pathogen invasion and improvement in growth performance to developing chicks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie M. Roto
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Young Min Kwon
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
| | - Steven C. Ricke
- Department of Food Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Center for Food Safety, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Department of Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR, USA
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Kerr BJ, Dozier WA, Shurson GC. Lipid digestibility and energy content of distillers' corn oil in swine and poultry. J Anim Sci 2016; 94:2900-8. [PMID: 27482676 DOI: 10.2527/jas.2016-0440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Two experiments were conducted to determine the DE and ME and apparent total tract digestibility of ether extract of 3 distillers' corn oil (DCO; 4.9, 12.8, or 13.9% free fatty acids [FFA]) samplescompared with a sample of refined corn oil (CO; 0.04% FFA) and an industrially hydrolyzed high-FFA DCO (93.8% FFA) in young pigs and growing broilers. In Exp. 1, 54 barrows (initial age = 28 d) were fed a common diet for 7 d and then fed their allotted dietary treatment (either 100% basal diet or 1 of 5 test diets consisting of 90% basal diet plus 10% test lipid) for the next 7 d in group pens (9 pigs/pen). For the next 10 d, pigs were moved to individual metabolism crates for continued diet and crate adaptation and to a twice-daily feeding regimen. Pigs remained on their respective diets for a 4-d total fecal and urine collection period. For Exp. 2, 567 male broilers were obtained from a commercial hatchery (1 d of age) and reared in grower battery cages that contained 9 chicks per cage. Broilers were fed a common corn-soybean meal starter diet from placement until the beginning of the trial (19 d of age). Birds were then randomly assigned to 1 of 6 dietary treatments (94% basal diet plus 6% dextrose or 94% basal diet plus 6% test lipid substituted for dextrose) on d 19 and were allowed an 8-d dietary acclimation period followed by a 48-h energy balance assay. In Exp. 1, the DCO sample with 12.8% FFA contained the lowest ( < 0.05) DE (8,036 kcal/kg) content compared with the 0.04% refined CO sample and the 4.9 or 93.8% FFA DCO samples (8,814, 8,828, and 8,921 kcal/kg, respectively), with the DCO source containing 13.9% FFA having intermediate DE (8,465 kcal/kg) content. The ME content of these lipid sources also differed among treatments ( < 0.01), following trends similar to their DE values, with no differences noted for ME as a percentage of DE ( > 0.35) content among the lipids evaluated. In Exp. 2, lipids containing 0.04, 4.9, 12.8, and 13.9% FFA had similar nitrogen corrected apparent ME (AME) values (8,072, 7,936, 8,036, and 7,694 respectively), except for the industrially hydrolyzed DCO sample containing 93.8% FFA, which contained 6,276 kcal/kg ( < 0.01). Using published prediction equations, the predicted DE of these lipids for swine was 3.5% greater than the values determined in Exp. 1 for all lipid sources, except for the DCO sample containing 93.8% FFA, which the predicted DE was underestimated. Likewise, the predicted AME of these lipids for broilers was 7.4% greater than the determined AMEn (Exp. 2) for all lipid sources.
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Bogusławska-Tryk M, Piotrowska A, Szymeczko R, Burlikowska K. Effect of dietary lignocellulose on ileal and total tract digestibility of fat and fatty acids in broiler chickens. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2016; 100:1050-1057. [PMID: 27079443 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 12/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The study was conducted to determine the effect of a lignocellulose supplemented diet on apparent ileal and total tract digestibility of fat and fatty acids (FA) in broiler chickens. A total of 48 21-day-old male Ross 308 chickens were divided into four treatment groups (n = 12) with six replicates per treatment. From 21 to 42 days of age, the broilers were fed experimental diets varied in the amount of lignocellulose: 0%, 0.25%, 0.5% and 1%. Total excreta were gathered during the last 3 days of the feeding trial and digesta was collected from the ileum at 42 days of the bird age. Digestibility was determined by the indicator method. The ether extract content in diet/digesta/excreta was determined by the gravimetric method, and fatty acid methyl esters were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Fat digestibility measured to the end of the small intestine and in the whole gastrointestinal tract in birds was high and exceeded 90% and 87% respectively. Addition of lignocellulose (1%) increased (p < 0.05) ileal fat digestibility but had no significant effect on total tract fat digestion. Absorption of total fatty acids (TFA) as well as myristic (C14:0), palmitoleic (C16:1) and α-linolenic (C18:3n-3) acids, estimated by both methods, was significantly higher in birds fed the diets supplemented with lignocellulose, especially at a dose of 1%. Total tract absorption of some dietary polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (C20:2, C20:4n-6) was significantly lower from diet supplemented with 0.5% and 0.25% lignocellulose. There was observed a decrease in apparent digestibility of fat and most examined fatty acids, when measured between terminal ileum and total gastrointestinal tract. The results suggest that lignocellulose can affect digestion and FA absorption in broilers but, as the effect of lignocellulose was not studied previously, further investigations are necessary to confirm the results of the present experiment.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Bogusławska-Tryk
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - A Piotrowska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - R Szymeczko
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - K Burlikowska
- Department of Animal Physiology and Morphology, Faculty of Animal Breeding and Biology, UTP University of Science and Technology, Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Barekatain MR, Swick RA. Composition of more specialised pre-starter and starter diets for young broiler chickens: a review. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2016. [DOI: 10.1071/an15333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The broiler industry has experienced remarkable improvements in productivity owing to high priority placed on genetic programming, nutrition and management practices. Nutrition of the meat chicken is driven by the need to satisfy the constantly increasing genetic potential, resulting in the shortening of the rearing time required to get the bird to market weight. The concept of feeding broilers a more specialised pre-starter diet for the first 10–14 days of age is gaining interest, as this now accounts for more than 20% of the time for grow-out. Specialised diets may be formulated to be highly digestible or aim to provide specific nutrients at a higher level to meet nutritional requirements of the bird. The effectiveness of specifically formulated pre-starter or starter diets depends on potential carryover effect to increase the bird performance up to the market age. There is evidence that some nutrient requirements of birds, digestible amino acids in particular, in the first 10 days of life may be higher than the current industry recommendation. Among cereals, rice with its lower non-starch polysaccharide content may be a better cereal for pre-starter diets than are corn or wheat. Inclusion of fibrous ingredients in low-fibre diets of young broilers may also stimulate gut development and enhance nutrient utilisation, leading to improved bird performance. There are inconsistencies in responses to various feed additives tested specifically for pre-starter diets of broilers. Finally, with an increasing demand for removal of antibiotic growth promoters from all broiler feeds, focus on formulations to ensure sustainable growth at start will gain importance.
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Bello A, Nascimento M, Pelici N, Womack S, Zhai W, Gerard P, Peebles E. Effects of the in ovo injection of 25-hydroxycholecalciferol on the yolk and serum characteristics of male and female broiler embryos
,. Poult Sci 2015; 94:734-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
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Romero LF, Sands JS, Indrakumar SE, Plumstead PW, Dalsgaard S, Ravindran V. Contribution of protein, starch, and fat to the apparent ileal digestible energy of corn- and wheat-based broiler diets in response to exogenous xylanase and amylase without or with protease. Poult Sci 2014; 93:2501-13. [PMID: 25071229 PMCID: PMC4988540 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The ileal energy contribution of protein, starch, and fat in response to 2 exogenous enzyme combinations was studied in 2 digestibility assays with 21- (experiment 1; 432 birds) and 42-d-old (experiment 2; 288 birds) Ross 308 broiler chickens. A 2 × 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments with 2 base grains (corn or wheat), without or with high fiber ingredients (corn distillers dried grains with solubles and canola meal), and 3 enzyme treatments was implemented. Enzyme treatments, fed from 12 to 21 d or 32 to 42 d, were 1) without enzymes, 2) with xylanase from Trichoderma ressei (2,000 U/kg) and amylase from Bacillus licheniformis (200 U/kg; XA), or 3) with XA plus protease from Bacillus subtilis (4,000 U/kg; XAP). All diets contained Escherichia coli phytase (500 FTU/kg). Apparent ileal digestibility (AID) of protein, starch, and fat, as well as the apparent ileal digestible energy, were determined using titanium dioxide as inert marker. A generalized mixed model was used to test main effects and 2-way interactions at P < 0.05. An enzyme × grain interaction was detected for AID of starch at 21 and 42 d, and AID of fat at 21 d, with greater effects of enzymes in wheat-based compared with corn-based diets, but significant increments due to enzymes compared with controls in both diet types. Apparent ileal digestibility of fat at 42 d increased with enzyme supplementation compared with the control treatments. The XA and XAP treatments gradually (P < 0.05) increased AID of protein at 21 d, but only XAP increased AID of protein compared with the control at 42 d. Compared with the controls, XA increased AID energy by 52 or 87 kcal, and XAP by 104 or 152 kcal/kg of DM at 21 or 42 d, respectively. The caloric contribution of starch, fat, and protein were affected differentially by base grain and the presence of fibrous ingredients at 21 and 42 d of age.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Romero
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - J S Sands
- University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
| | - S E Indrakumar
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - P W Plumstead
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - S Dalsgaard
- Danisco Animal Nutrition, DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Marlborough, Wiltshire, UK
| | - V Ravindran
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and Biomedical Sciences, Massey University, Palmerston North 4442, New Zealand
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Tabeidian S, Toghyani M, Toghyani A, Barekatain M, Toghyani M. Effect of pre-starter diet ingredients and moisture content on performance, yolk sac utilization and small intestine morphology in broiler chickens. JOURNAL OF APPLIED ANIMAL RESEARCH 2014. [DOI: 10.1080/09712119.2014.928633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Kaczmarek SA, Rogiewicz A, Mogielnicka M, Rutkowski A, Jones RO, Slominski BA. The effect of protease, amylase, and nonstarch polysaccharide-degrading enzyme supplementation on nutrient utilization and growth performance of broiler chickens fed corn-soybean meal-based diets. Poult Sci 2014; 93:1745-53. [PMID: 24864284 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2013-03739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A study was conducted to determine if amylase and protease addition would improve nutrient digestion during the first 2 wk of growth. The experimental treatments included a control corn-soybean meal-based diet and diets supplemented with either amylase or amylase plus protease. No effect of enzyme supplementation was observed on BW gain and feed conversion ratio. This was corroborated by similar ileal starch and protein digestibility values, which averaged 96.8, 96.8, and 96.9% and 83.9, 80.1, and 79.6%, respectively, for the control and for the amylase or amylase plus protease supplemented diets. Total tract digestibility of starch averaged 97.8, 97.7 and 97.7% for the 3 diets and was followed by a similar diet with AMEn values of 3,129, 3,129, and 3,106 kcal/kg. In another study, a 2(3) factorial arrangement of 8 dietary treatments was used to evaluate the effect of corn particle size (conventional or coarse vs. fine) and the addition of a nonstarch polysaccharide enzyme, amylase, or both on growth performance and nutrient utilization of broiler chickens from 1 to 21 d of age. Chickens fed a diet containing a conventionally ground corn (geometric mean diameter of 736 µm) showed higher (P < 0.001) BW gain (808 vs. 750 g/bird) and lower feed conversion ratio (1.27 vs. 1.32) than those consuming a fine corn-containing diet (geometric mean diameter of 482 µm). This was further substantiated by a lower AMEn content (2,852 vs. 2,972 kcal/kg). Addition of amylase had no effect on growth performance of chickens fed a conventional corn-containing diet, but improved BW gain, feed conversion ratio, and diet AMEn in those fed the finely ground corn, possibly due to increased starch digestion in the upper gut. Addition of nonstarch polysaccharide enzymes was effective for both diets, with the most pronounced effects observed in feed conversion ratio for the conventional corn-containing diet (1.27 vs. 1.23) and BW gain (750 vs. 789 g/bird) for the fine corn-containing diet. This was followed by the same magnitude of difference in diet AMEn content, which increased from 2,972 to 3,042 and 2,852 to 3,009 kcal/kg following enzyme addition.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Kaczmarek
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2 Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland 60-637
| | - A Rogiewicz
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - M Mogielnicka
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
| | - A Rutkowski
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Feed Management, University of Life Sciences, Poznan, Poland 60-637
| | - R O Jones
- Canadian Bio-Systems Inc., Calgary, Canada T2C 0J7
| | - B A Slominski
- Department of Animal Science, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada R3T 2N2
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Topal E, Ozdogan M. Effects of glycerol on the growth performance, internal organ weights, and drumstick muscle of broilers. J APPL POULTRY RES 2013. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2012-00589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Daşkıran M, Önol A, Cengiz Ö, Ünsal H, Türkyılmaz S, Tatlı O, Sevim Ö. Influence of dietary probiotic inclusion on growth performance, blood parameters, and intestinal microflora of male broiler chickens exposed to posthatch holding time. J APPL POULTRY RES 2012. [DOI: 10.3382/japr.2011-00512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Kornasio R, Halevy O, Kedar O, Uni Z. Effect of in ovo feeding and its interaction with timing of first feed on glycogen reserves, muscle growth, and body weight. Poult Sci 2011; 90:1467-77. [PMID: 21673162 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2010-01080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Chicks are commonly fasted for the first 36 to 72 h posthatch because of the logistics of commercial production. Fasting for 48 to 72 h posthatch results in retarded BW, delayed intestinal development, and lower pectoral muscle weight. This study is focused on the first 36 h of fasting and its interaction with feeding before hatch. Four treatment groups, differing in time of first feed, 6 h [early feeding (EF)] or 36 h [standard feeding procedure (SP)] posthatch, with or without in ovo feeding (IOF) with dextrin and β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate-calcium salt in a saline solution, were examined for glycogen status in the liver and pectoral muscle, myogenic cell proliferation, and myofiber diameter in embryos and chickens on various days posthatch. In addition, chicken BW, ADG, pectoral muscle weight, and pectoral muscle percentage of BW until 35 d of age were recorded. Results showed that delaying the first feed for 36 h posthatch (SP group) led to an irreversibly reduced growth rate compared with the EF group. However, IOF affected the growth of chickens in the SP group, whereas the control embryos had depleted glycogen reserves in the liver; IOF-treated embryos had elevated hepatic glycogen contents on embryonic day (E) 19, E20, and the day of hatch. In addition, on d 2 posthatch, although hatchlings in the SP group showed the predicted low levels of glycogen in their livers, birds in the EF group exhibited more than 30-fold and 3-fold increases in liver and muscle glycogen, respectively. In ovo-fed birds in the SP group also exhibited higher glycogen reserves, BW, pectoral muscle weight, and BW gain than control birds in the SP group. In ovo feeding had an immediate effect on promoting myoblast proliferation on E19, whereas on d 3 posthatch, the effect was pronounced only in the EF groups. On d 5, although myoblast proliferation in all groups declined, it remained higher in both IOF groups. These effects were expressed on d 3 and 35 by myofiber diameter. Together, IOF had a long-term supportive effect on BW and posthatch muscle growth when first feed was delayed by 36 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Kornasio
- Department of Animal Science, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Schokker D, Smits MA, Hoekman AJW, Parmentier HK, Rebel JMJ. Effects of Salmonella on spatial-temporal processes of jejunal development in chickens. DEVELOPMENTAL AND COMPARATIVE IMMUNOLOGY 2010; 34:1090-1100. [PMID: 20541565 DOI: 10.1016/j.dci.2010.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2010] [Revised: 05/25/2010] [Accepted: 05/25/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
To study effects of Salmonella enteritidis on morphological and functional changes in chicken jejunal development, we analysed gene expression profiles at seven points post-infection in 1-21 day-old broiler chickens. Nine clusters with different gene expression patterns were identified, and the genes in each cluster were further analyzed by a functional annotation clustering method (DAVID). Functional and morphological developmental processes dominated in all the nine clusters. Salmonella infection caused delays in several intestinal-morphological processes, whereas functional metabolic processes occurred in a similar spatial-temporal frame compared to normal jejunum development. A clear difference between normal developing- and Salmonella disturbed jejunum was the higher expression of genes involved in cell turn-over at early stages in the infected jejunum. Surprisingly, we found no clustered immune related processes in the infected birds. To compare the immunological processes between control and Salmonella infected chickens, the gene expression data was superimposed on known immunological KEGG pathways. Furthermore an in-depth analysis on the immune gene level was performed. As expected, we did find immunological processes in the Salmonella infected jejunum. Several of these processes could be verified by immunohistochemistry measurements of different immunological cell types. However, the well-ordered spatial-temporal development of the immune system, as observed in control non-infected animals, was completely abolished in the infected animals. Several immunological processes started much earlier in time, whereas other processes are disorganised. These data indicate that normal morphological and immunological development of jejunum is changed dramatically by a disturbance due to Salmonella infection. Due to the disturbance, the well-organized spatial-temporal development of morphological processes are delayed, those of the immunological development are scattered, whereas metabolic functional processes are almost not affected. This demonstrates the flexibility of developmental processes in the broiler chicken intestine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirkjan Schokker
- Wageningen UR Livestock Research, Animal Breeding and Genomics Centre, P.O. Box 65, 8200 AB, Lelystad, The Netherlands.
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Schmidt C, Persia M, Feierstein E, Kingham B, Saylor W. Comparison of a modern broiler line and a heritage line unselected since the 1950s. Poult Sci 2009; 88:2610-9. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2009-00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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