Diversity, frequency and antifungal resistance of Candida species in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

Potency of Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy on Oral Candidiasis Diabetes Mellitus

OBJECTIVES

 This study aimed to determine the potency of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) to the blood glucose level, amount of lymphocytes, and the expression of antibody anti-Candida in oral candidiasis diabetes mellitus.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

 Thirty Wistar rats were divided into five groups: K1 normal-control group, while K2, P1, P2, and P3 were diabetes induced by streptozotocin 50 mg/kg body weight. Oral candidiasis was induced by inoculation 0.1 mL Candida albicans ATCC 10321 on dorsum of the tongue. P1 was given nystatin oral suspension, P2 was treated by HBOT 2.4 ATA, 3 × 30 minutes each with a 5-minute interval, and P3 was treated by the combination of nystatin and HBOT. All the treatments were performed for 5 consecutive days. Fasting blood glucose level was examined on glucometer strips, lymphocyte was examined from complete blood count, and the expression of antibody anti-Candida was examined on immunohistochemistry staining STATISTICAL ANALYSIS:  Data analyzed by a one-way analysis of variance and least significant difference test with the result of p-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.

RESULTS

 HBOT reduced blood glucose level (p > 0.05) increased the amount of lymphocyte (p < 0.05). All treatments reduced the expression of antibody anti-Candida (p < 0.05) with the best result on combination of HBOT with nystatin.

CONCLUSION

 HBOT decreased the blood glucose level, increased the amount of lymphocytes, and reduced the expression of antibody anti-Candida in oral candidiasis diabetes mellitus.

Enrichment of Acid-Associated Microbiota in the Saliva of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Adults: A Systematic Review

It could conceivably be hypothesized that a link exists between an altered microbiota due to local hyperglycemia and the increased risk of caries in diabetes mellitus (DM). This systematic review aimed to perform a cross-study comparison into the salivary microbiota of adults with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) compared to adults without T2D, particularly focusing on the abundance of acid-associated bacteria. This report follows PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses). Studies using next-generation sequencing and other molecular techniques are included. The methodological quality of individual studies was assessed using appropriate Joanna Briggs Institute tools. The certainty of the evidence considering the effect direction was evaluated using the GRADE approach. From 2060 titles retrieved, 12 were included in the data synthesis, totalling 873 individuals with T2D and controls evaluated across the literature. Weighted averages of blood glucose levels (HbA1c—fasting blood glucose) were 8.21%—172.14 mg/dL and 5.12%—84.53 mg/dL for T2D and controls, respectively. In most studies, the relative abundance of acidogenic and aciduric bacteria was higher in diabetics when compared to their normoglycaemic controls. Whilst the evidence certainty was very low, there was a consistent Proteobacteria depletion and Firmicutes enrichment in T2D. As for the acid-associated genera, there was consistent enrichment of Lactobacillus and Veillonela for T2D. Tannerella/T. forsythia was enriched in T2D saliva, but the certainty is low. Further well-designed cohorts are needed to clarify the distribution of acid-associated microorganisms in the saliva of adults with T2D and how this can be clinically manifested (PROSPERO = CRD42021264350).

Effect of Probiotic Lactobacillus plantarum on Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans Clinical Isolates from Children with Early Childhood Caries

Probiotics interfere with pathogenic microorganisms or reinstate the natural microbiome. Streptococcus mutans and Candida albicans are well-known emerging pathogenic bacteria/fungi for dental caries. In this study, three probiotic Lactobacilli strains (Lactobacillus plantarum 8014, L. plantarum 14917, and Lactobacillus salivarius 11741) were tested on S. mutans and C. albicans clinical isolates using a multispecies biofilm model simulating clinical cariogenic conditions. The ten pairs of clinical isolates of S. mutans and C. albicans were obtained from children with severe early childhood caries. Our study findings show a remarkable inhibitory effect of L. plantarum 14917 on S. mutans and C. albicans clinical isolates, resulting in significantly reduced growth of S. mutans and C. albicans, a compromised biofilm structure with a significantly smaller microbial and extracellular matrix and a less virulent microcolony structure. FurTre, plantaricin, an antimicrobial peptide produced by L. plantarum, inhibited the growth of S. mutans and C. albicans. The mechanistic assessment indicated that L. plantarum 14917 had a positive inhibitory impact on the expression of S. mutans and C. albicans virulence genes and virulent structure, such as C. albicans hypha formation. Future utilization of L. plantarum 14917 and/or its antimicrobial peptide plantaricin could lead to a new paradigm shift in dental caries prevention.

Prevalence and Antifungal Susceptibility Profile of Oral Candida spp. Isolates from a Hospital in Slovakia

Oral fungal infections are a worldwide healthcare problem. Although Candida albicans is still the most common yeast involved in the infections of oral cavity, non-Candida albicans Candida species (NCACs) have been highly related to these infections, particularly in older, immunosuppressed or patients with long exposure to antimicrobial drugs. The goal of this work was to perform a quick epidemiological and mycological study on the oral samples collected from a laboratory of a hospital in Slovakia, for 60 days. The samples’ identification was performed by Germ-tube formation test, CHROMID® Candida, Auxacolor 2, ID 32C automated method, and the antifungal susceptibility testing determined by E-test®. Results confirm that comparing with bacteria, yeasts still occur in the lower number, but there is a high rate of antifungal resistance (81.6%)—to, at least one drug—among the collected samples, particularly to azoles and 5′-FC, which is clinically noteworthy.

State of Evidence on Oral Health Problems in Diabetic Patients: A Critical Review of the Literature

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, having recognized that in the next 20 years the number of diabetic patients in the world will increase to 642 million. DM exerts enormous repercussions on general health diabetic (especially derived from vascular, cardiac, renal, ocular, or neurological affectation). It entails in addition a high number of deaths directly related to the disease, as well as a high health care cost, estimated at $673 billion annually. Oral cavity is found among all the organs and systems affected in the course of DM. Important pathologies are developed with higher prevalence, such as periodontitis (PD), alterations in salivary flow, fungal infections, oral cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). It has been proven that PD hinders the metabolic control of DM and that the presence of PD increases the possibility for developing diabetes. Despite the relevance of these oral pathologies, the knowledge of primary care physicians and diabetes specialists about the importance of oral health in diabetics, as well as the knowledge of dentists about the importance of DM for oral health of patients is scarce or non-existent. It is accepted that the correct management of diabetic patients requires interdisciplinary teams, including dentists. In this critical review, the existing knowledge and evidence-degree on the preventive, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of oral diseases that occur with a significant frequency in the diabetic population are developed in extension.

State of Evidence on Oral Health Problems in Diabetic Patients: A Critical Review of the Literature

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, having recognized that in the next 20 years the number of diabetic patients in the world will increase to 642 million. DM exerts enormous repercussions on general health diabetic (especially derived from vascular, cardiac, renal, ocular, or neurological affectation). It entails in addition a high number of deaths directly related to the disease, as well as a high health care cost, estimated at $673 billion annually. Oral cavity is found among all the organs and systems affected in the course of DM. Important pathologies are developed with higher prevalence, such as periodontitis (PD), alterations in salivary flow, fungal infections, oral cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). It has been proven that PD hinders the metabolic control of DM and that the presence of PD increases the possibility for developing diabetes. Despite the relevance of these oral pathologies, the knowledge of primary care physicians and diabetes specialists about the importance of oral health in diabetics, as well as the knowledge of dentists about the importance of DM for oral health of patients is scarce or non-existent. It is accepted that the correct management of diabetic patients requires interdisciplinary teams, including dentists. In this critical review, the existing knowledge and evidence-degree on the preventive, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of oral diseases that occur with a significant frequency in the diabetic population are developed in extension.

State of Evidence on Oral Health Problems in Diabetic Patients: A Critical Review of the Literature

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a global health problem, having recognized that in the next 20 years the number of diabetic patients in the world will increase to 642 million. DM exerts enormous repercussions on general health diabetic (especially derived from vascular, cardiac, renal, ocular, or neurological affectation). It entails in addition a high number of deaths directly related to the disease, as well as a high health care cost, estimated at $673 billion annually. Oral cavity is found among all the organs and systems affected in the course of DM. Important pathologies are developed with higher prevalence, such as periodontitis (PD), alterations in salivary flow, fungal infections, oral cancer, and oral potentially malignant disorders (OPMD). It has been proven that PD hinders the metabolic control of DM and that the presence of PD increases the possibility for developing diabetes. Despite the relevance of these oral pathologies, the knowledge of primary care physicians and diabetes specialists about the importance of oral health in diabetics, as well as the knowledge of dentists about the importance of DM for oral health of patients is scarce or non-existent. It is accepted that the correct management of diabetic patients requires interdisciplinary teams, including dentists. In this critical review, the existing knowledge and evidence-degree on the preventive, clinical, diagnosis, prognosis, and therapeutic aspects of oral diseases that occur with a significant frequency in the diabetic population are developed in extension.

Candida sp. Infections in Patients with Diabetes Mellitus

Candidiasis has increased substantially worldwide over recent decades and is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality, especially among critically ill patients. Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder that predisposes individuals to fungal infections, including those related to Candida sp., due to a immunosuppressive effect on the patient. This review aims to discuss the latest studies regarding the occurrence of candidiasis on DM patients and the pathophysiology and etiology associated with these co-morbidities. A comprehensive review of the literature was undertaken. PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier’s ScienceDirect, and Springer’s SpringerLink databases were searched using well-defined search terms. Predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied to classify relevant manuscripts. Results of the review show that DM patients have an increased susceptibility to Candida sp. infections which aggravates in the cases of uncontrolled hyperglycemia. The conclusion is that, for these patients, the hospitalization periods have increased and are commonly associated with the prolonged use of indwelling medical devices, which also increase the costs associated with disease management.

Eight-Week Consumption of High-Sucrose Diet Has a Pro-Oxidant Effect and Alters the Function of the Salivary Glands of Rats

A high-sucrose diet (HSD) is widely known for its cariogenic effects and promotion of obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and cancer. However, the impact of the HSD diet on the salivary gland function as well as the level of salivary oxidative stress is still unknown and requires evaluation. Our study is the first to determine both redox balance and oxidative injury in the parotid and submandibular glands of rats fed the HSD diet compared to the control group. We have demonstrated that uric acid concentration and the activity of superoxide dismutase and peroxidase varied significantly in both the submandibular and parotid glands of HSD rats vs. the control group. However, enhanced oxidative damage to proteins, lipids, and DNA (increase in advanced glycation end products, advanced oxidation protein products, 4-hydroxynonenal, and 8-hydroxy-2'-deoxyguanosine) was observed only in the parotid glands of HSD rats. Moreover, the HSD diet also reduced the total protein content and amylase activity in both types of salivary glands and decreased the stimulated salivary flow rate. To sum up, an HSD diet reduces salivary gland function and disturbs the redox balance of the parotid as well as submandibular salivary glands. However, the parotid glands are more vulnerable to both antioxidant disturbances and oxidative damage.