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Isiyaku S, Igbe M, Madaki S, Hamill LC, Ndongmo P, Adamani W, Bush S, Shu'aibu J, Elhassan E, Saka Y, Anyaike C, Akpan NM, Joel A, Nyior A, Abdullahi A, Aleiro A, Labbo A, Mafuyai HB, Nwoke BEB. The interruption of transmission of onchocerciasis in Kaduna, Kebbi and Zamfara states, Nigeria: another milestone achievement. Int Health 2022; 14:ii43-ii54. [PMID: 36130252 PMCID: PMC9492257 DOI: 10.1093/inthealth/ihac036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 02/02/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND More than 40 million people live in onchocerciasis-endemic areas in Nigeria. For at least 19 y, mass drug administration (MDA) with ivermectin was implemented with at least 65% total population coverage in Kaduna, Kebbi and Zamfara states. Impact surveys done using skin biopsies yielded no infections. Serological and entomological assessments were undertaken to determine if onchocerciasis transmission had been interrupted and MDA could be stopped. METHODS The presence of onchocerciasis-specific immunoglobulin G4 antibody was measured by enzyme=linked immunosorbent assay conducted on dried blood spots collected from 5- to 9-year-old children resident in each state. O-150 polymerase chain reaction testing of Simulium damnosum s.l. heads for Onchocerca volvulus DNA was done on black flies collected by human landing capture and Esperanza window traps. RESULTS A total of 9078 children were surveyed across the three states. A total of 6139 vectors were collected from Kaduna state, 129 from Kebbi state and 2 from Zamfara state; all were negative. Kebbi and Zamfara states did thousands of hours of black fly catching and intensive river prospecting. The resulting low fly catch was due to a low fly population incapable of sustaining transmission. CONCLUSION Onchocerciasis transmission has been interrupted and the three states meet World Health Organization thresholds: seropositivity in children <0.1% and <1/2000 infective black flies with 95% confidence. The 2.2 million people in Kaduna state and 4 million in Kebbi and Zamfara states no longer need ivermectin for onchocerciasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunday Isiyaku
- Sightsavers, Golf Course Road, P.O. Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Michael Igbe
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, P.M.B. 083, Garki Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Suzie Madaki
- Sightsavers, Golf Course Road, P.O. Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Louise C Hamill
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 3BZ, UK
| | - Patrick Ndongmo
- Sightsavers, Derriere Laboratoire Meka, Bastos, Yaoundé, BP 4484, Cameroon
| | - William Adamani
- Sightsavers, Golf Course Road, P.O. Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | - Simon Bush
- Sightsavers, 35 Perrymount Road, Haywards Heath, RH16 3BZ, UK
| | - Joy Shu'aibu
- Sightsavers, Golf Course Road, P.O. Box 503, Kaduna, Nigeria
| | | | - Yisa Saka
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, P.M.B. 083, Garki Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Chukwuma Anyaike
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, P.M.B. 083, Garki Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Nse Michael Akpan
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, P.M.B. 083, Garki Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Akilah Joel
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, P.M.B. 083, Garki Abuja, Nigeria
| | - Audrey Nyior
- Federal Ministry of Health, Abuja, FCT, Nigeria, P.M.B. 083, Garki Abuja, Nigeria
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Busari LO, Adeleke MA, Surakat OA, Akindele AA, Fasasi KA, Ojurongbe O. Black flies and Onchocerciasis: Knowledge, attitude and practices among inhabitants of Alabameta, Osun State, Southwestern, Nigeria. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010320. [PMID: 35446859 PMCID: PMC9022862 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives
This study reports knowledge of residents of Alabameta community, Osun State, Nigeria on the bioecology and socio-economic burden of black flies and onchocerciasis.
Methods
Using structured questionnaires and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), a total of 150 community respondents participated in the study.
Results
The knowledge of the residents on the existence of black flies in the community was significant (p<0.05) as all the 150 respondents confirmed the presence of black flies with the local name ‘Amukuru’ i.e causing itching. However, their lack of knowledge of the flies breeding site (104) (69%), prevention (134) (89%), cause (132) (88%), and treatment (133) (89%) of onchocerciasis was profound. Majority 147(98%) of the respondents reported that flies bite more in the wet season as against dry season 3(2%) and have a higher affinity (124) (82%) for biting the leg than any other part of the body. A larger percentage (89%) of the respondents are unaware of any medication for the treatment of onchocerciasis while 11% are aware. There had been no sensitization on onchocerciasis according to 89% of the respondents.
Conclusion
Due to lack of resident’s knowledge on black flies bioecology which may continuously expose them to the bite of the flies and ultimately infection, it is paramount that the Osun State government and the NTD implementing partner map out new public health education strategies during routine Mass Administration of Medicines with Ivermectin with a view to preventing onchocerciasis infection as well as man-vector contact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lateef O. Busari
- Department of Zoology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
- * E-mail:
| | | | | | - Akeem A. Akindele
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
| | - Kamilu Ayo Fasasi
- Department of Zoology, Osun State University, Osogbo, Osun State, Nigeria
| | - Olusola Ojurongbe
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Parasitology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomosho, Oyo State, Nigeria
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Dozie I, Onwuliri C, Nwoke B. Onchocerciasis in Imo state, Nigeria (2): the prevalence, intensity and distribution in the upper Imo river basin. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RESEARCH 2004; 14:359-369. [PMID: 15385215 DOI: 10.1080/09603120400004048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Human infection with Onchocerca volvulus was investigated in 13 rural communities in the Upper Imo River basin, Imo State, Nigeria between March 1997 and December 2000 using the skin snip method. Of the 3,311 persons examined, 889 (26.8%) had microfilariae. There were significant differences between communities in microfilariae prevalence and intensity of infection (P<0.05). Sex infection was similar in males (26.8%) and females (26.9%); whereas farmers (46.6%) and fishermen (28.4%) were more affected than people in other occupations. The proportion of infected persons increased with age coinciding with the period when most clinical signs manifest. A significant proportion of the 889 persons with positive microfilariae skin biopsy had musculoskeletal pain (57.1%). Thirty-four (47.2%) of the 72 epileptics identified had positive skin biopsy in addition to other manifestations. The present findings show that onchocerciasis is a public health problem in the area. The use of ivermectin has reduced the incidence of the disease when compared with data from the pre-ivermectin era. This shows that Community Directed Treatment with Ivermectin (CDTI) campaign is successful and should be sustained until onchocerciasis is eliminated as a public health problem in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ikechukwu Dozie
- Medical and Public Health Microbiology Unit, School of Medical Laboratory Sciences Imo State University Owerri P.M.B. 2000 Imo State Nigeria.
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Anosike JC, Onwuliri OE, Onwuliri VA. The prevalence, intensity and clinical manifestations of Onchocerca volvulus infection in Toro local government area of Bauchi State, Nigeria. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2001; 203:459-64. [PMID: 11556150 DOI: 10.1078/1438-4639-00052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Between January and October 1994, a study of the prevalence, intensity and clinical manifestations of onchocerciasis in nine communities of Toro local government area of Bauchi State, Nigeria was undertaken using the skin-snip method. Of the 1117 inhabitants examined, 188 (16.8%) were positive for microfilariae of Onchocerca volvulus. The prevalence of onchocerciasis was significantly higher (P < 0.05) among males than females, in subjects 21 years of age and above than in those in the first two decades of life, in nomads, farmers, hunters and fishermen than smiths and traders. Intensity of infection was light, not exceeding a geometric mean of 5.3 microfilaria per 2 mm skin bite. Preponderance of positive cases below 20 years presented no chronic signs. Conversely, persons above 20 years had higher microfilaria counts which coincides with the period when most clinical signs manifest. Microfilarial-rate and -density in relation to age were closely associated (r = 0.75, P < 0.001). The need for a sustained mass distribution of Mectizan in these communities is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Anosike
- Applied Entomology and Parasitology Research Unit, Filariasis Control Project, Department of Zoology, University of Jos, P. M. B. 2084., Plateau State, Nigeria
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