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Danziger J. Synergistic susceptibility to environmental lead toxicity in chronic kidney disease. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2024:00041552-990000000-00174. [PMID: 39017648 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/18/2024]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW While high levels of lead exposure, as occurs accidentally or occupationally, can cause toxicity across multiple organ systems, the hazard of commonly encountered levels of lead in the environment remains unresolved. Challenges to researching the health effects of lead include its complex interplay with renal function, rendering analyses at risk of unaccounted confounding, and the likely small effect size of environmental levels of exposure. While children are known to be disproportionately susceptible to lead toxicity, resulting in appropriately more stringent regulatory surveillance for those under 5 years old, emerging evidence suggests that those with chronic kidney disease (CKD) similarly are at a greater risk. This review summarizes the role of environmental lead toxicity as a potential cause and consequence of CKD. RECENT FINDINGS Whether environmental lead exposure causes CKD remains debatable, with little recent research advancing the conflicting, mostly cross-sectional, analyses from years ago. However, an emerging body of evidence suggests that CKD increases the susceptibility to lead toxicity. Higher circulating lead levels and lower urinary excretion result in greater lead accumulation in CKD, with simultaneous greater risk of clinically meaningful disease. Recent studies suggest that levels of lead found commonly in the United States drinking water supply, and currently permissible by the Environmental Protection Agency, associate with hematologic toxicity in those with advanced CKD. Whether environmental lead contamination may have additional negative health impact among this at-risk population, including cardiovascular and neurocognitive disease, warrants further study. SUMMARY The underlying pathophysiology of kidney disease synergizes the susceptibility to environmental lead toxicity for those with CKD. Low levels of exposure, as found commonly in the United States water supply, may have adverse health impact in CKD. Further research will be needed to determine if more stringent environmental regulations are warranted to protect the health of all.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Danziger
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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2
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Diamond GL, Thayer WC, Klotzbach JM, Ingerman LD. Urinary cadmium clearance, its relationship to glomerular filtration rate and implications for cadmium epidemiology. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH. PART A 2020; 82:1187-1198. [PMID: 31893984 DOI: 10.1080/15287394.2019.1707947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Decreasing renal glomerular filtration rate (GFR) in association with increasing blood cadmium levels was reported in epidemiological studies of general populations. Dependence of cadmium clearance on GFR has implications for interpreting causation in these studies. Associations between cadmium clearance and creatinine clearance, a metric of GFR, were evaluated in a sample of the U.S. population. Blood to urine cadmium clearance and serum creatinine clearance were estimated in approximately 6000 individuals included in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES 2009-2016). Linear regression models explained approximately 45% of variance in cadmium clearance in adults, with 74% of the explained variance attributed to creatinine clearance and 25% explained by age. In adolescents (12-<20 years), linear regression models explained 55% of variance in cadmium clearance with >99% of the explained variance attributed to creatinine clearance. The models predicted that halving creatinine clearance would result in a 40% decrease in cadmium clearance and a 20% rise in blood cadmium. Dependence of cadmium clearance on GFR has implications for assigning causation to studies in which increasing blood cadmium levels have been associated with increasing risk of low GFR. Statistical associations between blood cadmium and low GFR, such as elevated odds ratios in upper percentile strata of populations, may be partially a consequence of lower cadmium clearance in association with low GFR that is reverse causation.
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3
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Togao M, Nakayama SMM, Ikenaka Y, Mizukawa H, Makino Y, Kubota A, Matsukawa T, Yokoyama K, Hirata T, Ishizuka M. Bioimaging of Pb and STIM1 in mice liver, kidney and brain using Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) and immunohistochemistry. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 238:124581. [PMID: 31445333 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2019.124581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2019] [Revised: 08/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Lead (Pb) pollution is one of the most serious environmental problems and has attracted worldwide attention. Pb causes hematological, central nervous system, as well as renal toxicity, and so on. Although many investigations about Pb in blood to evaluate pollution status and toxic effects have been reported, there are open question about biological behavior of Pb. In order to reveal any toxicological mechanisms or influences, we focused on the local distribution of Pb in mice organs. Lead acetate (100 mg/L and 1000 mg/L) in drinking water were given to the BALB/c mice (male, seven weeks of age, N = 24) for three weeks. Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) analysis revealed a homogenous distribution of Pb in the liver and inhomogeneous distribution in the kidney and brain. The hippocampus, thalamus, and hypothalamus had higher concentrations than other areas such as the white matter. Surprisingly, in the kidney, Pb tended to accumulate in the medulla rather than the cortex, strongly suggesting that high sensitivity areas and high accumulation areas differ. Moreover, distribution of stromal interacting protein 1 (STIM1) which is candidate gene of Pb pathway to the cells was homogenous in the liver and kidney whereas inhomogeneous in the brain. In contrast to our hypothesis, interestingly, Pb exposure under the current condition did not induce mRNA expressions for any candidate channel or transporter genes. Thus, further study should be conducted to elucidate the local distribution of Pb and other toxic metals, and pathway that Pb takes to the cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masao Togao
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Shouta M M Nakayama
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
| | - Yoshinori Ikenaka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan; Water Research Group, School of Environmental Sciences and Development, North-West University, South Africa.
| | - Hazuki Mizukawa
- Department of Science and Technology for Biological Resources and Environment, Graduate School of Agriculture, Ehime University, Tarumi 3-5-7, Matsuyama, Ehime, 790-8566, Japan.
| | - Yoshiki Makino
- Division of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Ayano Kubota
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takehisa Matsukawa
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Kazuhito Yokoyama
- Department of Epidemiology and Environmental Health, Juntendo University Faculty of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Takafumi Hirata
- Graduate School of Science, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Mayumi Ishizuka
- Laboratory of Toxicology, Department of Environmental Veterinary Sciences, Graduate School of Veterinary Medicine, Hokkaido University, Kita 18 Nishi 9, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-0818, Japan.
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4
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Rădulescu A, Lundgren S. A pharmacokinetic model of lead absorption and calcium competitive dynamics. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14225. [PMID: 31578386 PMCID: PMC6775169 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50654-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Lead is a naturally-occurring element. It has been known to man for a long time, and it is one of the longest established poisons. The current consensus is that no level of lead exposure should be deemed "safe". New evidence regarding the blood levels at which morbidities occur has prompted the CDC to reduce the screening guideline of 10 μg/dl to 2 μg/dl. Measurable cognitive decline (reduced IQ, academic deficits) have been found to occur at levels below 10 μg/dl, especially in children. Knowledge of lead pharmacology allows us to better understand its absorption and metabolization, mechanisms that produce its medical consequences. Based upon an original and very simplified compartmental model of Rabinowitz (1973) with only three major compartments (blood, bone and soft tissue), extensive biophysical models sprouted over the following two decades. However, none of these models have been specifically designed to use new knowledge of lead molecular dynamics to understand its deleterious effects on the brain. We build and analyze a compartmental model of lead pharmacokinetics, focused specifically on addressing neurotoxicity. We use traditional phase space methods, parameter sensitivity analysis and bifurcation theory to study the transitions in the system's behavior in response to various physiological parameters. We conclude that modeling the complex interaction of lead and calcium along their dynamic trajectory may successfully explain counter-intuitive effects on systemic function and neural behavior which could not be addressed by existing linear models. Our results encourage further efforts towards using nonlinear phenomenology in conjunction with empirically driven system parameters, to obtain a biophysical model able to provide clinical assessments and predictions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anca Rădulescu
- Department of Mathematics, State University of New York at New Paltz, New York, USA.
| | - Steven Lundgren
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, State University of New York at New Paltz, New York, USA
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5
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Huang YS, Wang SH, Chen SM, Lee JA. Metabolic profiling of metformin treatment for low-level Pb-induced nephrotoxicity in rat urine. Sci Rep 2018; 8:14587. [PMID: 30275489 PMCID: PMC6167321 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32501-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease is a worldwide problem, and Pb contamination is a potential risk factor. Since current biomarkers are not sensitive for the diagnosis of Pb-induced nephrotoxicity, novel biomarkers are needed. Metformin has both hypoglycaemic effects and reno-protection ability. However, its mechanism of action is unknown. We aimed to discover the early biomarkers for the diagnosis of low-level Pb-induced nephrotoxicity and understand the mechanism of reno-protection of metformin. Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into control, Pb, Pb + ML, Pb + MH and MH groups. Pb (250 ppm) was given daily via drinking water. Metformin (50 or 100 mg/kg/d) was orally administered. Urine was analysed by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR)-based metabolomics coupled with multivariate statistical analysis, and potential biomarkers were subsequently quantified. The results showed that Pb-induced nephrotoxicity was closely correlated with the elevation of 5-aminolevulinic acid, D-lactate and guanidinoacetic acid in urine. After co-treatment with metformin, 5-aminolevulinic acid and D-lactate were decreased. This is the first demonstration that urinary 5-aminolevulinic acid, D-lactate and guanidinoacetic acid could be early biomarkers of low-level Pb-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. The reno-protection of metformin might be attributable to the reduction of D-lactate excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu-Shen Huang
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shwu-Huey Wang
- Core Facility Center, Department of Research Development, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Ming Chen
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, Taiwan.
| | - Jen-Ai Lee
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, 250 Wuxing St., Taipei, Taiwan.
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6
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Relationship between lead, cadmium, zinc, manganese and iron in hair of environmentally exposed subjects. ARAB J CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.arabjc.2012.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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7
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Akerstrom M, Barregard L, Lundh T, Sallsten G. Variability of urinary cadmium excretion in spot urine samples, first morning voids, and 24 h urine in a healthy non-smoking population: implications for study design. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2014; 24:171-9. [PMID: 24022669 DOI: 10.1038/jes.2013.58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2013] [Revised: 07/13/2013] [Accepted: 07/13/2013] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
When selecting the least biased exposure surrogate, for example, the concentration of a biomarker in a urine sample, information on variability must be taken into consideration. We used mixed-effects models to estimate the variability and determinants of urinary cadmium (U-Cd) excretion using spot urine samples collected at six fixed times during 2 days about 1 week apart, from 24 healthy non-smokers. The urine samples were analysed for U-Cd, the concentrations were adjusted for dilution, and the excretion rates were calculated. Between-individual variability dominated the total variability for most measures of U-Cd excretion, especially for 24 h urine and first morning samples. The U-Cd excretion showed a circadian rhythm during the day, and time point of sampling was a significant factor in the mixed-effects models, thus a standardised sampling time, such as first morning urine samples, needs to be applied. Gender, urinary flow rate, age, and urinary protein excretions were also significant determinants for U-Cd excretion. The choice of biomarker for U-Cd excretion was found to be more important in individually-based studies of exposure-response relationships than in studies of comparing Cd levels of groups. When planning a study, this variability of U-Cd in spot samples must be acknowledged.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magnus Akerstrom
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Lars Barregard
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Thomas Lundh
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Lund University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gerd Sallsten
- Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Sahlgrenska University Hospital and Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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8
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Kim K, Steuerwald AJ, Parsons PJ, Fujimoto VY, Browne RW, Bloom MS. Biomonitoring for exposure to multiple trace elements via analysis of urine from participants in the study of metals and assisted reproductive technologies (SMART). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2413-9. [PMID: 21773592 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10341e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Humans are exposed to concentrations of multiple trace elements through a variety of background sources; many are suspected reproductive toxicants. Prior to investigating associations between trace elements and human reproductive health, potential biomarkers of exposure should be characterized by sources of variability in the population at risk. Factors influencing elemental exposure should also be identified to ensure their consideration as potential confounding variables. The principal aim of this study is to characterize sources of variability for 19 trace elements measured in urine specimens collected from 55 women and 36 male partners completing a 1st cycle of in vitro fertilization (IVF). Urine specimens were analyzed using a biomonitoring method based on inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Randomly selected urine specimens (∼6%) were analyzed in duplicate, and these data were used to characterize sources of variability. Nine trace elements including As, Ba, Cd, Cs, Co, Cu, Mn, Mo, and Zn, were quantified in most specimens, indicating their utility in future epidemiologic studies of trace elements exposure and IVF outcomes. With few exceptions, normalizing urine using the traditional creatinine-correction procedure, or an alternative approach based on a linear regression model, increased residual variability only slightly. Sex and race appear to be important factors to consider in epidemiologic studies conducted in this population. Urine concentrations for most elements are similar to those reported in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES); however, differences in others may indicate regional trends or a unique exposure history for this infertile study population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keewan Kim
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, University at Albany, State University of New York, Rensselaer, NY, USA.
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9
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Berthet A, de Batz A, Tardif R, Charest-Tardif G, Truchon G, Vernez D, Droz PO. Impact of biological and environmental variabilities on biological monitoring--an approach using toxicokinetic models. JOURNAL OF OCCUPATIONAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENE 2010; 7:177-184. [PMID: 20063230 DOI: 10.1080/15459620903530052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Biological monitoring of occupational exposure is characterized by important variability, due both to variability in the environment and to biological differences between workers. A quantitative description and understanding of this variability is important for a dependable application of biological monitoring. This work describes this variability, using a toxicokinetic model, for a large range of chemicals for which reference biological reference values exist. A toxicokinetic compartmental model describing both the parent compound and its metabolites was used. For each chemical, compartments were given physiological meaning. Models were elaborated based on physiological, physicochemical, and biochemical data when available, and on half-lives and central compartment concentrations when not available. Fourteen chemicals were studied (arsenic, cadmium, carbon monoxide, chromium, cobalt, ethylbenzene, ethyleneglycol monomethylether, fluorides, lead, mercury, methyl isobutyl ketone, penthachlorophenol, phenol, and toluene), representing 20 biological indicators. Occupational exposures were simulated using Monte Carlo techniques with realistic distributions of both individual physiological parameters and exposure conditions. Resulting biological indicator levels were then analyzed to identify the contribution of environmental and biological variability to total variability. Comparison of predicted biological indicator levels with biological exposure limits showed a high correlation with the model for 19 out of 20 indicators. Variability associated with changes in exposure levels (GSD of 1.5 and 2.0) is shown to be mainly influenced by the kinetics of the biological indicator. Thus, with regard to variability, we can conclude that, for the 14 chemicals modeled, biological monitoring would be preferable to air monitoring. For short half-lives (less than 7 hr), this is very similar to the environmental variability. However, for longer half-lives, estimated variability decreased.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berthet
- Institute for Work and Health, Lausanne University, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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10
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Kouniali A, Cicolella A, Gonzalez-Flesca N, Dujardin R, Gehanno JF, Bois FY. Environmental benzene exposure assessment for parent-child pairs in Rouen, France. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2003; 308:73-82. [PMID: 12738202 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(02)00631-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
There is a lack of data on environmental benzene exposure in children. In this study, we compared personal benzene exposure and inhalation uptake in a group of children to those of their parents. We also compared levels of urinary benzene metabolites, trans,trans-muconic acid (MA) and hydroquinone (HQ), for those two groups, and assessed the correlation between personal benzene exposure and urinary MA and HQ concentrations. The study was performed on 21, 2-3-year-old children and their parents recruited on a voluntary basis among non-smokers from the three largest day-care centers of the town of Rouen in France. Average benzene concentrations were measured over 5 consecutive days with diffusive samplers. The following simultaneous measurements were carried out: personal exposure of the parents, concentrations inside and outside the day care centers, and inside the volunteer's bedrooms. Morning and evening urine samples were collected during the same period. Benzene personal exposure levels were 14.4+/-7.7 microg/m(3) and 11.09+/-6.15 microg/m(3) in parents and children, respectively. Benzene inhalation uptake estimates were 2.51+/-1.23 microg/kg/day in the group of parents and 5.68+/-3.17 microg/kg/day in the group of children. Detectable levels of MA and HQ were found in 85% and 100% of the samples, respectively. Intra-individual variation of urinary MA and HQ concentrations expressed as a coefficient of variation (CV) ranged from 63 to 232% and from 13 to 144%, respectively. Mean values of MA and HQ (in mg/g creatinine) were 1.6- and 1.8-fold higher in the group of children than in the group of parents (P=0.008 and P<0.0001, respectively). Significant correlations between metabolites levels and benzene were not found.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amin Kouniali
- INERIS, Institut National de l'Environnement Industriel et des Risques, 60550 Verneuil-en-Halatte, France
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11
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Pierrehumbert G, Droz PO, Tardif R, Charest-Tardif G, Truchon G. Impact of human variability on the biological monitoring of exposure to toluene, phenol, lead, and mercury: II. Compartmental based toxicokinetic modelling. Toxicol Lett 2002; 134:165-75. [PMID: 12191875 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4274(02)00186-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
In order to quantify the effect of human variability on a wide range of biological exposure indicators (EIs), a general compartmental model was developed and tested on several chemicals. The model consists of four compartments. In a first step, it was applied to four chemicals: toluene (TOL), phenol (Ph), lead (Pb), and mercury (Hg). Individuals were to be exposed 8 h a day, 5 days a week. Physiological parameter values were set to consider a physical workload of 50 W 12 h/day and at rest for the remaining 12 h. Monte Carlo simulations were carried out using realistic distributions of physiological and metabolic parameters. The variability extent index (VEI) and the main parameters of influence were determined for each of the EIs. The results were in agreement with literature data. The present compartmental model provides a fair description of the toxicokinetic (TK) variability of very different chemicals. It will, therefore, further be applied to investigate the variability of a wide range of biological indicators.
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12
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Inagaki H, Minami M. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for hippuric acid: its potential application for biological monitoring of toluene exposure. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1994; 66:91-5. [PMID: 7806402 DOI: 10.1007/bf00383363] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for hippuric acid (HA) was developed using polyclonal anti-HA antibodies. Anti-HA antibodies were obtained by immunizing rabbits with N-benzoyl-cysteine (B-Cys) or N-alpha-benzoyl-lysine (B-Lys). An antibody with highest reactivity to HA was obtained from anti-B-Lys antiserum by affinity chromatography with B-Cys-Sepharose. The ELISA system was composed of solid-phase B-Cys, anti-HA antibody, and horseradish peroxidase-conjugated anti-rabbit immunoglobulin antibody. The detection limit of the ELISA for HA was around 1 microgram/ml. The urinary HA concentration determined by the ELISA system correlated well with that obtained by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The ELISA system was considered to be useful in the biological monitoring of toluene exposure, and to be more advantageous than time-consuming HPLC, especially when measuring a large number of samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Inagaki
- Department of Hygiene and Public Health, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
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13
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Hudák A, Kiss G, Náray M, Süveges E. Evaluation of delta-aminolaevulinic acid excretion in random urine samples of children. Eur J Pediatr 1994; 153:187-9. [PMID: 8181504 DOI: 10.1007/bf01958983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Urinary delta-aminolaevulinic acid (delta-ALA) excretion was evaluated in random urine samples of 191 healthy children, aged 2-14 years, with blood lead levels < 0.8 mumol/l (mean +/- SD: 0.34 +/- 0.13), erythrocyte zinc-protoporphyrin < 70 mumol/mol haem (mean +/- SD: 50.4 +/- 8.0) and blood haemoglobin > 6.8 mmol/l (mean +/- SD: 8.2 +/- 0.5). It was found that uncorrected delta-ALA concentration and delta-ALA/creatinine ratio are age-dependent, whereas the ratio of delta-ALA/logarithm of creatinine concentration (mean +/- SD: 55.3 +/- 13.5 mumol/log mmol) is independent of age and sex. The authors recommend the use of this parameter for the assessment of delta-ALA excretion in random urine samples in children.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hudák
- Department of Analytical and Clinical Chemistry, National Institute of Occupational Health, Budapest, Hungary
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14
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Gochfeld M, Udasin I, Favata E, Buckler G, Natarelli C, Burger J. Temporal changes in blood lead levels of hazardous waste workers in New Jersey, 1984-1987. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 1993; 25:99-107. [PMID: 24225659 DOI: 10.1007/bf00549131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/1991] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
The blood lead levels of 568 New Jersey hazardous waste workers were determined at least once in the period 1984-1987. Workers almost always wore protective clothing in the field, which should have prevented exposure to lead. Therefore, despite their occupation, these workers are probably representative of the New Jersey suburban population in the mid-1980s. Blood lead levels ranged from 2.0-20.7 µg/dL, with an arithmetic mean value of 5.8 µg/dL, representing a decline from levels measured a decade earlier, but there was no clear change over the four years of the study. Blood lead levels increased with age of the worker up to age 60. Women showed lower levels than men in every age group.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gochfeld
- Environmental and Community Medicine, UMDNJ - Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, 08854, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
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15
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Järvisalo J, Olkinuora M, Kiilunen M, Kivistö H, Ristola P, Tossavainen A, Aitio A. Urinary and blood manganese in occupationally nonexposed populations and in manual metal arc welders of mild steel. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1992; 63:495-501. [PMID: 1577529 DOI: 10.1007/bf00572116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To obtain reference values for blood and serum manganese levels, blood specimens were collected from 29 men and 36 women. Mn in blood showed a normal distribution; its upper 97.5% limit in blood was 0.38 mumol/l. Mn in serum showed a skewed distribution, which did not differ from the normal one after logarithmic transformation. The respective reference limit was 19 nmol/l. In both specimens, the levels of Mn were significantly lower in men than in women. To obtain reference values for Mn in urine, midday urine specimens were collected from 58 men and 96 women. Mn in urine also showed a skewed distribution, and the upper 97.5% limit was 38 nmol/l. The levels of Mn in blood and urine were statistically significantly higher in manual metal arc (MMA) welders of mild steel (MS) than in the reference populations. Five MMA/MS welders were subjected to a further study in which the ambient intramask Mn levels and urinary Mn excretion were monitored throughout a full working week. For two welders the correlation of Mn in urine specimens voided in the afternoon was good with the before noon Mn concentrations in the hygienic measurements; for the rest the correlation was minimal. Mn in diurnal urine specimens collected in six portions showed fluctuation if specific gravity or creatinine in urine was used to standardize for the urinary flow, but it was less evident for urinary Mn excretion rate. Our results seem to indicate that the measurement of Mn in urine or blood may be used for monitoring Mn exposure in MMA/MS welders only at the group level.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Järvisalo
- Department of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology, Institute of Occupational Health, Helsinki, Finland
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16
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Hudák A, Kiss G. Improved method for the adjustment of urinary delta-aminolevulinic acid concentration. Am J Ind Med 1991; 19:59-65. [PMID: 1989438 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.4700190108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The work was aimed at finding whether the ratio of delta-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) and creatinine (Cn) concentration (ALA/Cn), presently used in occupational health practice for evaluation of lead exposure gives a better assessment of ALA excretion than uncorrected ALA concentration itself, as well as at finding a better, but not complicated method for adjustment. ALA and Cn concentrations were measured in untimed urine samples of altogether 390 men and women (age: 18-60 years) not occupationally exposed to lead. In agreement with others, ALA/Cn was found to be an unsuitable method of adjustment for the differences in ALA concentration due to the different concentrations of samples. This can be explained by the different renal handling of ALA and Cn, proved by the literature data. The exponential relationship between ALA/Cn and Cn concentration raised the possibility of adjustment to the logarithm of Cn concentration (ALA/log.Cn). This simple method provided a more reliable index, the value of which was independent of the actual Cn concentration of urines within a wide range (2-32 mmol/liter). The recommended biological limit value (70 mumol/log.Cn mmol) separates equally well from normal values, both in dilute and concentrated urines. The evaluation of occupational lead exposure might be more reliable using this index, instead of uncorrected ALA concentration or the ALA/Cn ratio.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hudák
- National Institute of Occupational Health Budapest, Hungary
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Osterloh JD, Selby JV, Bernard BP, Becker CE, Menke DJ, Tepper E, Ordonez JD, Behrens B. Body burdens of lead in hypertensive nephropathy. ARCHIVES OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1989; 44:304-10. [PMID: 2510613 DOI: 10.1080/00039896.1989.9935898] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Chronic lead exposure resulting in blood lead concentrations that exceed 1.93 mumol/l (40 micrograms/dl) or chelatable urinary lead excretion greater than 3.14 mumol (650 micrograms) per 72 h has been associated with renal disease. A previous study had found greater chelatable urine lead excretion in subjects with hypertension and renal failure than in controls with renal failure due to other causes, although mean blood lead concentrations averaged 0.92 mumol/l (19 micrograms/dl). To determine if chelatable urinary lead, blood lead, or the hematologic effect of lead (zinc protoporphyrin) were greater in hypertensive nephropathy (when hypertension precedes elevation of serum creatinine) than in other forms of mild renal failure, we compared 40 study subjects with hypertensive nephropathy to 24 controls having a similar degree of renal dysfunction due to causes other than hypertension. Lead burdens were similar in both the study and control groups as assessed by 72-h chelatable urinary lead excretion after intramuscular injection of calcium disodium EDTA (0.74 +/- 0.63 vs. 0.61 +/- 0.40 mumol per 72 h, respectively), and by blood lead (0.35 +/- 0.23 vs. 0.35 +/- 0.20 mumol/l). We conclude that subjects from a general population with hypertensive nephropathy do not have greater body burdens of lead than renal failure controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- J D Osterloh
- Department of Medicine and Lab Medicine, University of California, San Francisco
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18
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Bois FY, Tozer TN, Zeise L, Benet LZ. Application of clearance concepts to the assessment of exposure to lead in drinking water. Am J Public Health 1989; 79:827-31. [PMID: 2735466 PMCID: PMC1349658 DOI: 10.2105/ajph.79.7.827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This paper explores the application of clearance concepts to environmental toxicology. Lead, for which a clearance of about 0.5 ml/min is estimated from published data, is chosen as an example. An index for the contribution of drinking water to total exposure is developed using these concepts. For lead, this index is shown to increase with the concentration of the metal in water; it is higher for children than for adults. At the maximum contaminant level (MCL) of 10 micrograms/L proposed by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), the average contribution from lead in drinking water is estimated to be 7 percent. The contribution in children is about twice as great. At and above the current MCL of 50 micrograms/L, drinking water becomes a major source of lead exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Y Bois
- University of California-San Francisco, School of Pharmacy 94143-0446
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Araki S, Aono H. Effects of water restriction and water loading on daily urinary excretion of heavy metals and organic substances in metal workers. BRITISH JOURNAL OF INDUSTRIAL MEDICINE 1989; 46:389-392. [PMID: 2818972 PMCID: PMC1009791 DOI: 10.1136/oem.46.6.389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The effects of urinary volume on daily urinary excretion of seven heavy metals and four organic substances were examined in relation to the changes in their plasma and erythrocyte concentrations and urinary creatinine excretion in 19 metal workers. The examination was conducted under the conditions of water restriction and loading for six days. The major findings were as follows: (1) urinary excretion of all heavy metals and organic substances except mercury, together with creatinine excretion, significantly decreased under the water restrictive condition whereas under the water loading condition their excretion significantly increased and (2) daily variations in urinary excretion of lead, cadmium, chromium, copper, hippuric acid, delta-aminolaevulinic acid, and coproporphyrin did not differ significantly from the variation in urinary excretion of creatinine (profile analysis, p greater than 0.05). It is suggested that glomerular filtration is the major factor determining renal excretory mechanisms of the four heavy metals and three organic substances examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Araki
- Department of Public Health, School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Japan
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Aono H, Araki S. Circadian rhythms in the urinary excretion of heavy metals and organic substances in metal workers in relation to renal excretory mechanism: profile analysis. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 1988; 60:1-6. [PMID: 3350598 DOI: 10.1007/bf00409371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Circadian rhythms in the urinary excretion of eleven heavy metals and organic substances were examined under free, water-restrictive and water-loading conditions for 6 d (2 d for each of the three conditions) in twenty metal workers exposed to lead, zinc and copper. Circadian rhythms were found for all heavy metals and organic substances as well as for urinary flow (UF) rate, creatinine (Cn) and total urinary solutes (TUS). The Cn rhythm was significantly unparallel to the UF rhythm under the water-loading condition, indicating that the two rhythms were essentially different from each other. Circadian rhythms of the eleven urinary substances were then related to the Cn and UF rhythms, using profile analysis. The results indicated that the rhythms in the manganese, chromium, copper and beta-2-microglobulin excretion depend on the Cn rhythm, i.e. the rhythm of glomerular filtration; the rhythms in the hippuric acid, delta-aminolevulinic acid and TUS excretion are on the UF rhythm, i.e. the rhythm of reabsorption by the distal tubule and collecting duct. On the other hand, the rhythms in the lead, inorganic mercury, cadmium, zinc and coproporphyrin excretion were considered as reflecting complex renal excretory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Aono
- Department of Public Health and Hygiene, Medical College of Oita, Japan
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