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Wu H, Li X, Zhang Z, Ye Y, Chen Y, Wang J, Yang Z, Zhou E. The release of zearalenone-induced heterophil extracellular traps in chickens is associated with autophagy, glycolysis, PAD enzyme, and P2X 1 receptor. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102946. [PMID: 37542939 PMCID: PMC10428124 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2023] [Revised: 07/10/2023] [Accepted: 07/15/2023] [Indexed: 08/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Zearalenone (ZEA) is produced mainly by fungi belonging to genus Fusarium in foods and feeds. Heterophil extracellular traps (HETs) are a novel defense mechanism of chicken innate immunity involving activated heterophils. However, the conditions and requirements for ZEA-triggered HET release remain unknown. In this study, immunostaining analysis demonstrated that ZEA-triggered extracellular fibers were composed of histone and elastase assembled on DNA skeleton, showing that ZEA can induce the formation of HETs. Further experiments indicated that ZEA-induced HET release was concentration-dependent (ranging from 20 to 80 μM ZEA) and time-dependent (ranging from 30 to 180 min). Moreover, in 80 μM ZEA-exposed chicken heterophils, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity, malondialdehyde (MDA) content, and glutathione (GSH) content were increased. Simultaneously, ZEA at 80 μM activated ERK and p38 MAPK signaling pathways by increasing the phosphorylation level of ERK and p38 proteins. Pharmacological inhibition assays revealed that blocking nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADPH) oxidase, ERK, and p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) reduced ZEA-induced ROS levels but had no impact on HET formation. Furthermore, immunostaining analysis indicated that the heterophil underwent the formation of autophagosome based on being stained with LC3B. The pharmacological inhibition assays demonstrated that rapamycin-, wortmannin-, and 3-methyladenine (3-MA)-treatments modulated ZEA-triggered HET formation, indicating that heterophil autophagy played a key role in ZEA-induced HET formation. Further studies on energy metabolism showed that inhibition of lactate/glucose transport, hexokinase-2 (HK-2), fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 (PFKFB3) in glycolysis abated ZEA-induced HETs, implying that glycolysis was one of the factors influencing the ZEA-induced HET formation. Besides, inhibition of the peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzyme and P2X1 significantly reduced the ZEA-induced HET formation. In conclusion, we demonstrated that ZEA-triggered HET formation, which was associated with glycolysis, autophagy, PAD enzyme, and P2X1 receptor activation, providing valuable insight into the negative effect of ZEA on chicken innate immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanpeng Wu
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Xuhai Li
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhan Zhang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yingrong Ye
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Yichun Chen
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Jingjing Wang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Zhengtao Yang
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China
| | - Ershun Zhou
- College of Life Sciences and Engineering, Foshan University, Foshan 528225, Guangdong Province, PR China.
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Monitoring Seasonal Differences on Contamination and Carry-over of Zearalenone from Feedstuffs to Foods by Molecularly Imprinted Solid-phase Extraction and HPLC-FLD. FOOD ANAL METHOD 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12161-021-02133-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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3
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Wang Y, Li M, Tell LA, Baynes RE, Davis JL, Vickroy TW, Riviere JE, Lin Z. Physiological parameter values for physiologically based pharmacokinetic models in food-producing animals. Part II: Chicken and turkey. J Vet Pharmacol Ther 2020; 44:423-455. [PMID: 33289178 PMCID: PMC8359335 DOI: 10.1111/jvp.12931] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Revised: 10/29/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models are growing in popularity due to human food safety concerns and for estimating drug residue distribution and estimating withdrawal intervals for veterinary products originating from livestock species. This paper focuses on the physiological and anatomical data, including cardiac output, organ weight, and blood flow values, needed for PBPK modeling applications for avian species commonly consumed in the poultry market. Experimental and field studies from 1940 to 2019 for broiler chickens (1-70 days old, 40 g - 3.2 kg), laying hens (4-15 months old, 1.1-2.0 kg), and turkeys (1 day-14 months old, 60 g -12.7 kg) were searched systematically using PubMed, Google Scholar, ProQuest, and ScienceDirect for data collection in 2019 and 2020. Relevant data were extracted from the literature with mean and standard deviation (SD) being calculated and compiled in tables of relative organ weights (% of body weight) and relative blood flows (% of cardiac output). Trends of organ or tissue weight growth during different life stages were calculated when sufficient data were available. These compiled data sets facilitate future PBPK model development and applications, especially in estimating chemical residue concentrations in edible tissues to calculate food safety withdrawal intervals for poultry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu‐Shin Wang
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Miao Li
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
| | - Lisa A. Tell
- Department of Medicine and Epidemiology, School of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of California‐DavisDavisCAUSA
| | - Ronald E. Baynes
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Jennifer L. Davis
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and PathobiologyVirginia‐Maryland College of Veterinary MedicineBlacksburgVAUSA
| | - Thomas W. Vickroy
- Department of Physiological Sciences, College of Veterinary MedicineUniversity of FloridaGainesvilleFLUSA
| | - Jim E. Riviere
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
- Center for Chemical Toxicology Research and Pharmacokinetics, Department of Population Health and Pathobiology, College of Veterinary MedicineNorth Carolina State UniversityRaleighNCUSA
| | - Zhoumeng Lin
- Institute of Computational Comparative Medicine (ICCM), Department of Anatomy and Physiology, College of Veterinary MedicineKansas State UniversityManhattanKSUSA
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Zearalenone (ZEN) in Livestock and Poultry: Dose, Toxicokinetics, Toxicity and Estrogenicity. Toxins (Basel) 2020; 12:toxins12060377. [PMID: 32517357 PMCID: PMC7354539 DOI: 10.3390/toxins12060377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Revised: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the concerns when using grain ingredients in feed formulation for livestock and poultry diets is mycotoxin contamination. Aflatoxin, fumonisin, ochratoxin, trichothecene (deoxynivalenol, T-2 and HT-2) and zearalenone (ZEN) are mycotoxins that have been frequently reported in animal feed. ZEN, which has raised additional concern due to its estrogenic response in animals, is mainly produced by Fusarium graminearum (F. graminearum), F. culmorum, F. cerealis, F. equiseti, F. crookwellense and F. semitectums, and often co-occurs with deoxynivalenol in grains. The commonly elaborated derivatives of ZEN are α-zearalenol, β-zearalenol, zearalanone, α-zearalanol, and β-zearalanol. Other modified and masked forms of ZEN (including the extractable conjugated and non-extractable bound derivatives of ZEN) have also been quantified. In this review, common dose of ZEN in animal feed was summarized. The absorption rate, distribution (“carry-over”), major metabolites, toxicity and estrogenicity of ZEN related to poultry, swine and ruminants are discussed.
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Comparative aspects of Fusarium mycotoxicoses in poultry fed diets containing naturally contaminated grains. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933910000085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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The Effects of Deoxynivalenol (DON) on the Gut Microbiota, Morphology and Immune System of Chicken – A Review. ANNALS OF ANIMAL SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.2478/aoas-2019-0013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Feed contamination is a major cause of diseases outbreak in the poultry industry. There is a direct relationship between feeding, the intestinal microbiota and how the immune system responds to disease infestation. Cereals which form the bulk of poultry feed are mostly contaminated by mycotoxins of Fusarium origin. Adequate knowledge of mycotoxins and their effects on animals is necessary. Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a major contaminant of poultry feed. DON has the ability to bind with a large number of eukaryotic ribosomal subunits because of the presence of an epoxide group and these disrupt the activity of peptidyl transferase and the elongation or shortening of peptide chains. Deoxynivalenol has varying effect ranging from acute, overt diseases with high morbidity and death to chronic disease, decreased resistance to pathogens and reduced animal productivity. Deoxynivalenol also impairs the intestinal morphology, nutrient absorption, barrier function, and the innate immune response in chickens. This review highlights the impacts of deoxynivalenol on the immune system, intestinal microbiota composition and the morphology of chicken.
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Sager M, Lucke A, Ghareeb K, Allymehr M, Zebeli Q, Böhm J. Dietary deoxynivalenol does not affect mineral element accumulation in breast and thigh muscles of broiler chicken. Mycotoxin Res 2018; 34:117-121. [PMID: 29313173 PMCID: PMC5891544 DOI: 10.1007/s12550-017-0306-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Revised: 11/30/2017] [Accepted: 12/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON), a well-known contaminant of feed, can have negative effects on gut permeability and function in poultry, which then could affect major and trace element content of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles, and ultimately reduce meat quality. To study this hypothesis, DON-contaminated diet was fed to broiler chicks. Two groups of birds were housed in metabolic cages with free access to water and feed, with or without DON (10 mg/kg). After 5 weeks, birds were dissected and samples of the breast and thigh muscles, feed and droppings were analysed for five macro (Ca, K, Mg, Na, and P) and ten micro elements (Al, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Li, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, and Zn) by inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES) or inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS) methods. In both groups, increased (p < 0.05) concentrations of Ca Na, Fe, Mn, and Zn were found in thigh muscles compared with the breast, whereas the concentrations of Mg, P, and Rb were higher in the breast muscles. DON had no effect on the elemental contents of the broilers’ breast and thigh muscles. In conclusion, DON at a level of 10 mg/kg feed to broiler chicken over of 5 weeks did not alter the macro or micro element composition in muscle meat.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manfred Sager
- Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety, Special Investigations in Element Analysis, Spargelfeldstrassse 191A, 1220, Vienna, Austria
| | - Annegret Lucke
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Khaled Ghareeb
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, South Valley University, Qena, 83523, Egypt
| | | | - Qendrim Zebeli
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria
| | - Josef Böhm
- Institute of Animal Nutrition and Functional Plant Compounds, Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University of Veterinary Medicine Vienna, Veterinärplatz 1, A-1210, Vienna, Austria.
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Chen SS, Li YH, Lin MF. Chronic Exposure to the Fusarium Mycotoxin Deoxynivalenol: Impact on Performance, Immune Organ, and Intestinal Integrity of Slow-Growing Chickens. Toxins (Basel) 2017; 9:E334. [PMID: 29053594 PMCID: PMC5666380 DOI: 10.3390/toxins9100334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigates the long-term effects of deoxynivalenol (DON) consumption on avian growth performance, on the proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage of spleen cells, and on intestinal integrity. Two hundred and eight 5-day-old black-feathered Taiwan country chickens were fed diets containing 0, 2, 5, and 10 mg/kg of DON for 16 weeks. Body weight gain of male birds in the 2 mg/kg group was significantly lower than that in the 5 mg/kg group. At the end of trial, feeding DON-contaminated diets of 5 mg/kg resulted in heavier spleens. Moreover, the increase in DON induced cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and DNA damage signals in the spleen, the exception being female birds fed 10 mg/kg of DON showing reduced proliferation. Expression of claudin-5 was increased in jejunum of female birds fed 2 and 5 mg/kg of DON, whereas decreased expression levels were found in male birds. In conclusion, our results verified that DON may cause a disturbance to the immune system and alter the intestinal barrier in Taiwan country chickens, and may also lead to discrepancies in growth performances in a dose- and sex-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie S Chen
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
| | - Yi-Hung Li
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
| | - Mei-Fong Lin
- Department of Animal Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10673, Taiwan.
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Knutsen HK, Alexander J, Barregård L, Bignami M, Brüschweiler B, Ceccatelli S, Cottrill B, Dinovi M, Grasl-Kraupp B, Hogstrand C, Hoogenboom LR, Nebbia CS, Oswald IP, Petersen A, Rose M, Roudot AC, Schwerdtle T, Vleminckx C, Vollmer G, Wallace H, De Saeger S, Eriksen GS, Farmer P, Fremy JM, Gong YY, Meyer K, Naegeli H, Parent-Massin D, Rietjens I, van Egmond H, Altieri A, Eskola M, Gergelova P, Ramos Bordajandi L, Benkova B, Dörr B, Gkrillas A, Gustavsson N, van Manen M, Edler L. Risks to human and animal health related to the presence of deoxynivalenol and its acetylated and modified forms in food and feed. EFSA J 2017; 15:e04718. [PMID: 32625635 PMCID: PMC7010102 DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2017.4718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a mycotoxin primarily produced by Fusarium fungi, occurring predominantly in cereal grains. Following the request of the European Commission, the CONTAM Panel assessed the risk to animal and human health related to DON, 3-acetyl-DON (3-Ac-DON), 15-acetyl-DON (15-Ac-DON) and DON-3-glucoside in food and feed. A total of 27,537, 13,892, 7,270 and 2,266 analytical data for DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside, respectively, in food, feed and unprocessed grains collected from 2007 to 2014 were used. For human exposure, grains and grain-based products were main sources, whereas in farm and companion animals, cereal grains, cereal by-products and forage maize contributed most. DON is rapidly absorbed, distributed, and excreted. Since 3-Ac-DON and 15-Ac-DON are largely deacetylated and DON-3-glucoside cleaved in the intestines the same toxic effects as DON can be expected. The TDI of 1 μg/kg bw per day, that was established for DON based on reduced body weight gain in mice, was therefore used as a group-TDI for the sum of DON, 3-Ac-DON, 15-Ac-DON and DON-3-glucoside. In order to assess acute human health risk, epidemiological data from mycotoxicoses were assessed and a group-ARfD of 8 μg/kg bw per eating occasion was calculated. Estimates of acute dietary exposures were below this dose and did not raise a health concern in humans. The estimated mean chronic dietary exposure was above the group-TDI in infants, toddlers and other children, and at high exposure also in adolescents and adults, indicating a potential health concern. Based on estimated mean dietary concentrations in ruminants, poultry, rabbits, dogs and cats, most farmed fish species and horses, adverse effects are not expected. At the high dietary concentrations, there is a potential risk for chronic adverse effects in pigs and fish and for acute adverse effects in cats and farmed mink.
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Devreese M, Antonissen G, Broekaert N, De Mil T, De Baere S, Vanhaecke L, De Backer P, Croubels S. Toxicokinetic study and oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol in turkey poults, and comparative biotransformation between broilers and turkeys. WORLD MYCOTOXIN J 2015. [DOI: 10.3920/wmj2014.1843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of present study was to reveal the toxicokinetic properties and absolute oral bioavailability of deoxynivalenol (DON) in turkey poults. Six turkey poults were administered this Fusarium mycotoxin per os and intravenously in a two-way cross-over design. Based on non-compartmental analysis, DON was absorbed rapidly (Tmax= 0.57 h) but incomplete, as the oral bioavailability was only 20.9%. DON was rapidly eliminated as well, both after oral (T1/2elimination PO=0.86 h) as well as intravenous (IV) (T1/2elimination IV = 0.62 h) administration. Furthermore, semi-quantitative analysis using high-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that DON-3α-sulphate is the major metabolite of DON in turkeys after IV as well as oral administration, with DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios between 1.3-12.6 and 32.4-140.8 after IV and oral administration, respectively. Glucuronidation of DON to DON-3α-glucuronide is a minor pathway in turkey poults, with DON-3α-glucuronide/DON ratios between 0.009-0.065 and 0.020-0.481 after IV and oral administration, respectively. Only trace amounts of other metabolites were found including 10-DON-sulphonate, de-epoxydeoxynivalenol and 10-de-epoxydeoxynivalenol-sulphonate. In addition, a similar two-way cross-over study was performed in three broiler chickens, in order to compare the biotransformation of DON in both poultry species. High-resolution mass spectrometry revealed that DON-3α-sulphate was the major metabolite of DON in broiler chickens as well, with DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios between 243-453 and 1,365-29,624 after IV and oral administration, respectively. These ratios indicate that broiler chickens metabolise DON even more extensively to the sulphate conjugate compared to turkey poults. Only trace amounts of other metabolites were detected in broiler chickens. In conclusion, it can be stated that the toxicokinetic behaviour of DON in broiler chickens and turkey poults is comparable (low absolute oral bioavailability, rapid absorption and elimination, extensive biotransformation to DON-3α-sulphate), however, relative differences in DON-3α-sulphate/DON ratios exist between both species which might explain the hypothesised difference in sensitivity of both poultry species to DON.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Devreese
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - G. Antonissen
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
- Department of Pathology, Bacteriology and Avian Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - N. Broekaert
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - T. De Mil
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S. De Baere
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L. Vanhaecke
- Department of Veterinary Public Health and Food Safety, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P. De Backer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S. Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, 9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Invited review: Diagnosis of zearalenone (ZEN) exposure of farm animals and transfer of its residues into edible tissues (carry over). Food Chem Toxicol 2015; 84:225-49. [PMID: 26277628 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2015.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2015] [Revised: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the review was to evaluate the opportunities for diagnosing the zearalenone (ZEN) exposure and intoxication of farm animals by analyzing biological specimens for ZEN residue levels. Metabolism is discussed to be important when evaluating species-specific consequences for the overall toxicity of ZEN. Besides these toxicological facts, analytics of ZEN residues in various animal-derived matrices requires sensitive, matrix-adapted multi-methods with low limits of quantification, which is more challenging than the ZEN analysis in feed. Based on dose-response experiments with farm animals, the principle usability of various specimens as bio-indicators for ZEN exposure is discussed with regard to individual variation and practicability for the veterinary practitioner. ZEN residue analysis in biological samples does not only enable evaluation of ZEN exposure but also allows the risk for the consumer arising from contaminated foodstuffs of animal origin to be assessed. It was compiled from literature that the tolerable daily intake of 0.25 μg ZEN/kg body weight and day is exploited to approximately 8%, when a daily basket of animal foodstuffs and associated carry over factors are assumed at reported ZEN contamination levels of complete feed.
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Mesa D, Lourenço M, Westphal P, Kraieski A, Santin E. Modelo de protocolo experimental para induzir, classificar e avaliar as enterites inespecíficas em frangos de corte. PESQUISA VETERINARIA BRASILEIRA 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/s0100-736x2014001000001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vários fatores negativos podem afetar a saúde intestinal de frangos de corte e reduzir o seu desempenho. Aditivos para alimentação animal, chamados melhoradores de crescimento são utilizados na produção de frangos para controlar os problemas intestinais. Entretanto, a dificuldade de se induzir enterites em condições experimentais torna difícil a avaliação destes produtos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o melhor modelo experimental para induzir enterite em frangos de corte. Foram utilizados 192 pintinhos de corte, machos (Cobb 500®), divididos em esquema fatorial 2x4 (com boa ou baixa qualidade do óleo na dieta e com ou sem vacina contra coccidiose e doença de Gumboro), com oito tratamentos. As aves foram alojadas em cama de maravalha, com água e ração à vontade, e foram pesadas semanalmente. Nos dias 14, 21, 28 e 35, seis aves por tratamento foram abatidas para avaliação de lesões macroscópicas e microscópicas mediante a implementação de um sistema padrão de classificação de severidade das lesões que considerou infiltração linfocítica, morfologia dos enterócitos, edema intersticial e dilatação dos vasos linfáticos na mucosa do intestino. Foi observado que frangos alimentados com gordura de baixa qualidade na ração apresentaram menor ganho de peso e maior severidade de lesões histológicas em todos os segmentos intestinais. Estas lesões foram mais severas em aves desafiadas com coccidiose e doença de Gumboro. Estes resultados sugerem que a inclusão de gordura de baixa qualidade na ração, associada ao desafio com cocciciose no primeiro dia de vida e contra doença de Gumboro no 16º dia, é o melhor protocolo para induzir enterite em frangos de corte em condições experimentais, e ainda que o sistema padrão de classificação de severidade de lesões intestinais foi adequado para avaliar as enterites em frangos de corte.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dany Mesa
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brazil
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14
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Deoxynivalenol: signaling pathways and human exposure risk assessment—an update. Arch Toxicol 2014; 88:1915-28. [DOI: 10.1007/s00204-014-1354-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/27/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Ran R, Wang C, Han Z, Wu A, Zhang D, Shi J. Determination of deoxynivalenol (DON) and its derivatives: Current status of analytical methods. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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16
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Dänicke S, Brezina U. Kinetics and metabolism of the Fusarium toxin deoxynivalenol in farm animals: Consequences for diagnosis of exposure and intoxication and carry over. Food Chem Toxicol 2013; 60:58-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Revised: 07/07/2013] [Accepted: 07/08/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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The toxicological impacts of the Fusarium mycotoxin, deoxynivalenol, in poultry flocks with special reference to immunotoxicity. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:912-25. [PMID: 23628787 PMCID: PMC3709269 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5050912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2013] [Revised: 04/19/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Deoxynivalenol (DON) is a common Fusarium toxin in poultry feed. Chickens are more resistant to the adverse impacts of deoxynivalenol (DON) compared to other species. In general, the acute form of DON mycotoxicosis rarely occurs in poultry flocks under normal conditions. However, if diets contain low levels of DON (less than 5 mg DON/kg diet), lower productivity, impaired immunity and higher susceptibility to infectious diseases can occur. The molecular mechanism of action of DON has not been completely understood. A significant influence of DON in chickens is the impairment of immunological functions. It was known that low doses of DON elevated the serum IgA levels and affected both cell-mediated and humoral immunity in animals. DON is shown to suppress the antibody response to infectious bronchitis vaccine (IBV) and to Newcastle disease virus (NDV) in broilers (10 mg DON/kg feed) and laying hens (3.5 to 14 mg of DON/kg feed), respectively. Moreover, DON (10 mg DON/kg feed) decreased tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the plasma of broilers. DON can severely affect the immune system and, due to its negative impact on performance and productivity, can eventually result in high economic losses to poultry producers. The present review highlights the impacts of DON intoxication on cell mediated immunity, humoral immunity, gut immunity, immune organs and pro-inflammatory cytokines in chickens.
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Lohölter M, Meyer U, Döll S, Manderscheid R, Weigel HJ, Erbs M, Höltershinken M, Flachowsky G, Dänicke S. Effects of the thermal environment on metabolism of deoxynivalenol and thermoregulatory response of sheep fed on corn silage grown at enriched atmospheric carbon dioxide and drought. Mycotoxin Res 2012; 28:219-27. [DOI: 10.1007/s12550-012-0137-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Scientific Opinion on the risks for public health related to the presence of zearalenone in food. EFSA J 2011. [DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2011.2197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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BOUDERGUE C, BUREL C, DRAGACCI S, FAVROT M, FREMY J, MASSIMI C, PRIGENT P, DEBONGNIE P, PUSSEMIER L, BOUDRA H, MORGAVI D, OSWALD I, PEREZ A, AVANTAGGIATO G. Review of mycotoxin‐detoxifying agents used as feed additives: mode of action, efficacy and feed/food safety. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2009.en-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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