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Tarım B, Demirtaş ŞE, Bozkurt M, Üstündağ AÖ, Eray O, Ahlat O, Bayır HÖ, Akşit H, Kamanlı S, Özkan S, Yalçın S, Tüzün AE. Feed form and perch design do not interact to production performance, gastrointestinal tract traits, behaviour and welfare of laying hens reared in enriched cages. Br Poult Sci 2024; 65:165-178. [PMID: 38372652 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2024.2308278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 12/20/2023] [Indexed: 02/20/2024]
Abstract
1. It was hypothesised that perch material and design may affect utility and maintenance energy demand in laying hens, affecting their feed form preferences and daily feed consumption. Accordingly, perch design and feed form on hen performance, gastrointestinal tract functions and some behavioural and welfare-related traits were studied in laying hens (ATAK-S) reared in enriched colony cages from 24 to 40 weeks of age.2. The experiment was a 2 × 2 factorial investigating two perch materials and design (circular steel or mushroom-shaped plastic) and feed form (mash or crumble). A total of 396 hens were randomly assigned to one of the four treatment groups with nine replicates each (11 birds per replicate).3. Except for feeding behaviour and prevalence of foot pad dermatitis at 40 weeks of age, the modification of the perch design did not have a significant effect on the traits examined. Mushroom-shaped plastic perches reduced feeding behaviour (p < 0.01) and the incidence of foot pad dermatitis at 40 weeks of age (p < 0.001).4. Performance traits were not affected by feed form. Intake, final body weight and FCR for crumble-fed laying hens were greater than those fed mash (p < 0.01).5. Hens fed mash had higher (p < 0.01) relative gizzard weights along with lower (p < 0.05) pH values, pancreatic chymotrypsin, amylase and lipase activities (p < 0.05), and duodenal absorption surface areas (p < 0.01). Ultimately, this gave higher protein digestibility (p < 0.05) compared to those receiving crumble.6. In conclusion, in enriched cage rearing systems, mashed feed was preferred over crumble to efficiently maintain productive performance. Compared to circular steel, plastic mushroom-shaped perches were associated with better footpad health and welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Tarım
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ş E Demirtaş
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - M Bozkurt
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - A Ö Üstündağ
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
| | - O Eray
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Ahlat
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ankara University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Ö Bayır
- Department of Breeding, Poultry Research Institute, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Akşit
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Balıkesir University, Balıkesir, Turkey
| | - S Kamanlı
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Kırşehir Ahi Evran University, Kırşehir, Turkey
| | - S Özkan
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - S Yalçın
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, Ege University, İzmir, Turkey
| | - A E Tüzün
- Koçarlı Vocational School, Aydın Adnan Menderes University, Aydın, Turkey
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Ciarelli C, Pillan G, Bordignon F, Xiccato G, Birolo M, Trocino A. Space use and navigation ability of hens at housing in the aviary for the laying phase: effect of enrichment with additional perches and genotype. Poult Sci 2023; 102:102962. [PMID: 37683449 PMCID: PMC10498002 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2023.102962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The present study tested the hypothesis that increased availability of perches could favor the adaptation and navigation ability of pullets of different genotypes at housing in a new aviary system for the laying phase. To this purpose, 900 Lohmann White-LSL and 900 Hy-line Brown were randomly allocated at 17 wk of age in 8 pens of an experimental aviary, according to a bifactorial arrangement with 2 genotypes (Brown vs. White) × 2 types of pens (enriched or not enriched with additional perches besides those of the aviary). Data collected between 17 and 20 wk of age showed that the enrichment with additional perches decreased the use of the aviary perches while the rate of successful landings/take-offs was unaffected. As for the effect of genotype, during the night a lower rate of hens on the floor (0.15 vs. 6.63%) and a higher rate of hens on the additional perches (2.47 vs. 0.98%) was found in White compared to Brown hens (P < 0.001); the former hens also used the third tiers for sleeping on the aviary uppermost perches (P < 0.001). During the day, White hens used more the third tier (32.8 vs. 15.6%; P < 0.001) and the additional perches (3.88 vs. 0.91%; P < 0.01) compared to Brown hens, while they stood less on the floor (18.3 vs. 22.6%; P < 0.05). White hens performed a significantly higher number of landings (80.7 vs. 21.9; P < 0.001) and of take-offs (74.3 vs. 10.0; P < 0.001) per pen compared to Brown hens. The risk of unsuccessful landings was higher in Brown compared to White hens (odd ratio: 6.65; 95% confidence interval: 4.36-10.1; P < 0.001). In conclusion, the enrichment with additional perches played a major role in hen distribution and space use than in their navigation ability. At the same time, the significant differences between the 2 genotypes call for a careful evaluation of the aviary design and animal management to optimize welfare at housing and possibly productive results of laying hens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Ciarelli
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - G Pillan
- Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - F Bordignon
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - G Xiccato
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - M Birolo
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy
| | - A Trocino
- Department of Agronomy, Food, Natural Resources, Animals and Environment (DAFNAE), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy; Department of Comparative Biomedicine and Food Science (BCA), University of Padova, 35020 Legnaro, Padova, Italy.
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Feed Space Allowance and Perch Design Criteria for Broiler Breeders Determined by Biometric Data. Vet Sci 2022; 9:vetsci9070350. [PMID: 35878367 PMCID: PMC9321206 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci9070350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2022] [Revised: 07/05/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary This investigation obtained data of broiler breeders’ body measurements to develop adjusted barn equipment, in order to realize high welfare standards and legal requirements. The broiler breeders had an average body weight of 2791.80 g (female) and 3615.88 g (male), and female broiler breeders had a body width of 20.63 cm, while it was 21.94 cm for the males. Accordingly, a trough side and perch length of 21.00 cm (female) or 22.00 cm (male), respectively, must be provided to ensure that all broiler breeders have equal access to feed and to perches. The feet showed an average length of 10.14 cm (female) and 12.05 cm (male). These measurements can be used for perch design. Abstract The equipment used in broiler breeder houses is an important factor in allowing the expression of the various behaviours of the animals, and thus realizing high welfare standards. Presently, detailed requirements for the equipment in broiler breeder houses are not specified in Germany, especially feed space and perch design allowance. One reason is that basic biometric data on broiler breeders are lacking. To close this gap, a pilot study was conducted, and birds’ width, weight, and feet were measured. Broiler breeders at 22 weeks of age (50 female and 17 male) were weighed and photographed digitally, and their body widths were calculated from the photographs. Female broiler breeders weighed 2791.80 ± 334.99 g on average and showed a body width of 20.63 ± 1.88 cm. For males, a mean of 3615.88 ± 432.46 g was measured with a body width of 21.94 ± 2.32 cm. Our examinations revealed that a trough side length of 21.00 cm per hen and 22.00 cm per cock must be provided to ensure that all broiler breeders have equal access to feed. The same dimensions should be planned as the perch length for each animal. Measurements of broiler breeders’ feet (506 female and 150 male Cobb 500) were performed at 60 weeks of age. The length of each toe and the width and length of the foot pad of both sexes were photographed and measured digitally. Female broiler breeders’ feet showed an average length of 10.14 cm, and male birds showed a length of 12.05 cm. Based on recommendations for the perch design for laying hens, round and oval perches for broiler breeders should have a circumference of at least 11.30 cm (female) or 13.40 cm (male). For angular perches, the upper contact area should have a width of 2.80 cm (female) or 3.40 cm (male). The obtained biometric data could be a useful basis for the development of legal requirements for broiler breeders.
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Habig C, Henning M, Baulain U, Jansen S, Scholz AM, Weigend S. Keel Bone Damage in Laying Hens-Its Relation to Bone Mineral Density, Body Growth Rate and Laying Performance. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:1546. [PMID: 34070496 PMCID: PMC8228274 DOI: 10.3390/ani11061546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 05/20/2021] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Keel bone damage is an important animal welfare problem in laying hens. Two generations of four layer lines, differing in phylogenetic background and performance level and kept in single cages or floor pens were weighed and scored for keel bone deformities (KBD) during the laying period. KBD, keel bone fractures (KBF) and the bone mineral density (BMD) of the keels were assessed post mortem. For BMD, relationships to laying performance and body growth were estimated. Caged hens showed more deformities, but fewer fractures and a lower BMD of the keel bone than floor-housed hens. White-egg layers had a lower BMD (0.140-0.165 g/cm2) and more KBD than brown-egg layers (0.179-0.184 g/cm2). KBF occurred more often in the high-performing lines than the moderate-performing ones. However, in the high-performing lines, BMD was positively related to total egg number from 18 to 29 weeks of age. The adult body weight derived from fitted growth curves (Gompertz function) had a significant effect (p < 0.001) on keels' BMD. The study contributes to the understanding of predisposing factors for keel bone damage in laying hens. It showed that the growth rate has a rather subordinate effect on keels' BMD, while the BMD itself greatly affects KBD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christin Habig
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Martina Henning
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Simon Jansen
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
| | - Armin Manfred Scholz
- Livestock Center of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany;
| | - Steffen Weigend
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, 31535 Neustadt, Germany; (M.H.); (U.B.); (S.J.); (S.W.)
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Skånberg L, Kjærsgaard Nielsen CB, Keeling LJ. Litter and perch type matter already from the start: exploring preferences and perch balance in laying hen chicks. Poult Sci 2021; 100:431-440. [PMID: 33518094 PMCID: PMC7858165 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.11.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Early chick environment, such as provision of litter and perches, can be a predictor of laying hen welfare. Inadequate or nonpreferred litter and perch types could have similar negative effects as those seen when not providing these resources at an early stage, such as increased feather pecking and cannibalism in adult flocks. However, suitable litter and perch types for chicks are not well explored. In the present project, 6 different types of litter (crushed straw pellets, hemp shavings, peat, sand, straw, wood shavings) and 6 different types of perches (narrow or wide forms of rope, flat or round wood) were presented in a controlled way (3 at a time) to chicks in 6 pens. Usage was compared in 93 chicks of Lohmann Selected Leghorn Classic divided across the pens, during their first 3 wk after hatch. Different litter types were seen to be preferred for different behaviors. The majority of dustbathing bouts occurred in sand and peat. Chicks foraged more in wood shavings, hemp shavings, and sand than in peat and pellets (P < 0.05). Perch width and shape were found to affect both usage and perch balance, measured as the probability of successful or problematic landings. The wide rope was generally used more during the first week (P < 0.05) and was used more for sleeping or resting (P < 0.05) than the other wide perch types. Furthermore, birds were more likely to land on the wide rope or on flat perches successfully than they were to have a problematic landing (P < 0.05). That birds were more likely to be observed preening on flat perches than on the potentially shaky rope perches could further reflect a sense of security. Our results suggest that presenting several litter types could better fulfill chicks' behavioral needs and that flat perches or a wide rope (4.5-cm diameter) could be appropriate perch types for laying hen chicks and thereby promote early perch use and training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lena Skånberg
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden.
| | | | - Linda J Keeling
- Department of Animal Environment and Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, SE-750 07 Uppsala, Sweden
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Strain differences and effects of different stocking densities during rearing on the musculoskeletal development of pullets. Poult Sci 2020; 99:4153-4161. [PMID: 32867958 PMCID: PMC7598119 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.05.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
There are few published studies on the effect of stocking density (SD) of pullets, particularly between different genetic lines. The objectives of this study were to determine if strain or SD affects musculoskeletal development of pullets and determine any impact on the productivity and keel bone health of adult hens. Lohmann Selected Leghorn Lite (LSL), Dekalb White (DW), and Lohmann Brown (LB) pullets were reared at 4 different SD (247 cm2/bird, 270 cm2/bird, 299 cm2/bird, and 335 cm2/bird) in large cages furnished with elevated perches and a platform. At 16 wk of age, the keel bone, the muscles of the breast, wings, and legs, and the long bones of the wings and legs were collected to compare keel bone development, muscle growth, and bone breaking strength (BBS) between strain (adjusted for bodyweight) and SD treatments. Stocking density did not have an effect on the metasternum length, height, or area of the keel bone, the weights of the bicep brachii, pectoralis major or pectoralis minor, or the BBS of any of the selected bones. However, strain differences were found for all keel bone characteristics, all muscle weights, and the majority of BBS measures. The keel metasternum, height, and overall area of the keel bone were found to be smaller in LB pullets compared with LSL and DW pullets (P < 0.0001); however, cartilage length and overall percentage of the cartilage present on the keel bone was greatest in LB pullets (P < 0.0001). Leg muscles were heaviest in LB pullets (P < 0.05); however, breast muscles were heavier in LSL and DW pullets (P < 0.0001). Lohmann Brown pullets had lower BBS of the tibia (P < 0.0001) and femur (P < 0.0001) compared with LSL and DW pullets, whereas DW pullets had greater BBS of the humerus (P = 0.033). Additionally, there was a higher prevalence of keel bone fractures at 50 wk of age in LB hens compared with DW (P = 0.0144). Overall, SD during rearing used in this study had little impact on the musculoskeletal growth of pullets; however, significant differences were found between strains which may reflect strain-specific behavior. Additionally, differences in keel bone development between strains may lead to differences in keel bone damage in adult hens.
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Rufener C, Makagon MM. Keel bone fractures in laying hens: a systematic review of prevalence across age, housing systems, and strains. J Anim Sci 2020; 98:S36-S51. [PMID: 32810250 PMCID: PMC7433929 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skaa145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rufener
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA
| | - Maja M Makagon
- Department of Animal Science, Center for Animal Welfare, University of California, Davis, CA
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Rufener C, Rentsch AK, Stratmann A, Toscano MJ. Perch Positioning Affects both Laying Hen Locomotion and Forces Experienced at the Keel. Animals (Basel) 2020; 10:E1223. [PMID: 32708400 PMCID: PMC7401534 DOI: 10.3390/ani10071223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of perch positioning on laying hens' locomotion and the resulting energy experienced at the keel. Twenty Nick Chick and 20 Brown Nick hens were trained to transition from a platform to a perch in several configurations. Three variables of perch positioning were tested in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial design: direction (upward vs. downward), angle (flat vs. steep), and distance (50 cm vs. 100 cm). All hens were tested for five jumps of each treatment combination at 27-28 weeks of age. As predicted, we found steep angles and long distances to result in higher peak forces and impulse during take-off, flight, and landing; longer latency to jump; a higher likelihood to perform balancing movements; and a longer latency to peck at the provided food reward. The effect of perch positioning on locomotion and force at the keel during downwards jumps and flight was more pronounced in Brown Nick hens than in Nick Chick hens. Although we cannot state how the observed forces at the keel relate to the risk for keel bone fractures, our results indicated that optimizing perch positioning can reduce accumulated forced at the keel and consequent risk for fracture due to unsuccessful transitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Rufener
- Center for Animal Welfare, Department of Animal Science, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits, Animal Welfare Division, University of Bern, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland; (A.K.R.); (A.S.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Ana K. Rentsch
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits, Animal Welfare Division, University of Bern, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland; (A.K.R.); (A.S.); (M.J.T.)
- Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Ariane Stratmann
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits, Animal Welfare Division, University of Bern, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland; (A.K.R.); (A.S.); (M.J.T.)
| | - Michael J. Toscano
- Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits, Animal Welfare Division, University of Bern, 3052 Zollikofen, Switzerland; (A.K.R.); (A.S.); (M.J.T.)
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Ali BA, Toscano M, Siegford JM. Later exposure to perches and nests reduces individual hens' occupancy of vertical space in an aviary and increases force of falls at night. Poult Sci 2020; 98:6251-6262. [PMID: 31504904 PMCID: PMC8913759 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pez506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Tiered aviaries are intended to improve laying hen welfare by providing resources that enable them to perform essential behaviors. However, hens must be able to navigate these complex systems efficiently and safely. This study investigated the influence of providing perches and nests starting at 17 or 25 wk of age (WOA) on hens' use of vertical space in an aviary at 36 and 54 WOA. Three treatments were applied to pullets raised in floor pens until 17 WOA (4 units/treatment; 100 hens/unit). Control (CON) pullets were placed into aviaries at 17 WOA. Floor (FLR) pullets were placed into aviaries at 25 WOA. Perches and nests were placed in enriched (ENR) pullets' floor pens at 17 WOA prior to moving ENR birds to aviaries at 25 WOA. Five focal hens/unit (n = 20 total hens/treatment) were fitted with accelerometers, and their diurnal movement (g) and frequency (n) and acceleration (g) of falls at night were recorded. Direct observation of focal hens was conducted for 6 min/hen at morning, midday, and evening for 3 consecutive days at 36 and 54 WOA, and location and time spent on vertical tiers were recorded. At 36 WOA, FLR hens spent more time on litter than CON and ENR, which spent more time in the top tier (all P ≤ 0.05). ENR hens exhibited higher vertical movement than CON and FLR hens (0.8, 0.6, and 0.3 g; P = 0.003). CON hens fell most often at night (16 vs. 9 FLR and 5 ENR), whereas FLR hens had higher acceleration and calculated collision force than CON and ENR hens during falls (0.8, 0.5, 0.3 g and 15, 10, 5 N, respectively; P ≤ 0.05). At 54 WOA, hens' movement and vertical distribution were similar across treatments. Delaying birds' access to perches and nests until 25 WOA impacted their movement, vertical space use, and falls at night for at least 10 wk. However, providing perches and nests at 17 WOA, even in floor pens, considerably mitigated such impacts.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Ali
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Also at Animal and Veterinary Sciences Department, Clemson University, SC
| | - M Toscano
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI.,Center for Proper Housing: Poultry and Rabbits (ZTHZ), Division of Animal Welfare, University of Bern, Zollikofen, Switzerland
| | - J M Siegford
- Department of Animal Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI
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Keel bone injury in laying hens: the prevalence of injuries in relation to different housing systems, implications, and potential solutions. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2019. [DOI: 10.1017/s0043933919000011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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Saraiva S, Esteves A, Stilwell G. Influence of different housing systems on prevalence of keel bone lesions in laying hens. Avian Pathol 2019; 48:454-459. [PMID: 31106598 DOI: 10.1080/03079457.2019.1620914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the effect of three housing systems (furnished cages - FC, barns - B, and free-range - FR) on the prevalence and severity of keel bone protrusion and deformations. These health and welfare indicators were measured at the slaughterhouse, using a 4-point scale (0 = absence, 1 = slight, 2 = moderate and 3 = severe). Keel bone deformation was also categorized in relation to the presence of compression over the ventral surface, deviation from a 2D straight plane and deviation from the transverse (C-shaped) or median sagittal (S-shaped) plane. The housing system had a significant effect on prevalence of keel bone deformation (χ2 = 45.465, df = 6, P < 0.001). In FR systems 60.4% of hens presented keel bone deformation, followed by 54.2% in FC and 53.5% in B; however, higher scores for keel bone deformations were more frequent in B systems. Although keel bone protrusion was observed in all laying hen systems, the majority of hens only presented a slight degree (score 1) of protrusion. A positive correlation was obtained for keel bone protrusion and emaciation. The results could be used to initiate detailed investigations into problematic issues that occur during the laying period to improve the health and welfare conditions on farms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sónia Saraiva
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Center of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal.,Directorate-General for Food and Veterinary , Lisbon , Portugal
| | - Alexandra Esteves
- School of Agrarian and Veterinary Sciences, DCV, CECAV, Center of Animal Science and Veterinary, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro , Vila Real , Portugal
| | - George Stilwell
- Animal Behaviour and Welfare Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Investigation in Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Lisbon , Lisbon , Portugal
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Liu K, Xin H, Shepherd T, Zhao Y. Perch-shape preference and perching behaviors of young laying hens. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2018.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Eusemann BK, Baulain U, Schrader L, Thöne-Reineke C, Patt A, Petow S. Radiographic examination of keel bone damage in living laying hens of different strains kept in two housing systems. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0194974. [PMID: 29742164 PMCID: PMC5942800 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0194974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A high prevalence of deviations and fractures of the keel bone is a widespread welfare problem in laying hens. The aim of this study was to experimentally investigate this multifactorial problem throughout the laying period and to compare the prevalence and severity in different layer lines and different housing systems. High performing white (WLA) and brown (BLA) pure bred layer lines and low performing white (R11, G11) and brown layer lines (L68) were kept in both single cages and a floor housing system. A total of 97 hens (19 or 20 from each line, respectively) were repeatedly radiographed in the 35th, 51st and 72nd week of age. Fracture prevalence increased with age (p<0.001). The proportion of deviated keel bone area increased only for caged BLA, WLA and R11 hens (p<0.05) and was significantly higher for caged WLA and R11 hens compared to floor-housed WLA and R11 hens in the 72nd week of age (p<0.05). In the 72nd week of age hens in the floor housing system showed significantly more fractures than hens kept in cages (p<0.05). Prevalence of keel bone deviations was significantly higher in the white layer line R11 but significantly lower in the white layer line G11 compared to both brown layer lines and WLA (p<0.05). Brown layers showed significantly more fractures than white layers (p<0.05) in the 51st and 72nd week of age. Within the brown layers there was a significantly lower prevalence of deviations (p<0.05) and fractures (p<0.05) in the low performing (L68) compared to the high performing line (BLA). Our results show a different development of keel bone damage in caged compared to floor-housed hens under experimental conditions. Additionally, they indicate genetic effects on keel bone damage.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ulrich Baulain
- Institute of Farm Animal Genetics, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Mariensee, Germany
| | - Lars Schrader
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Christa Thöne-Reineke
- Institute of Animal Welfare, Animal Behavior and Laboratory Animal Science, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Antonia Patt
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
| | - Stefanie Petow
- Institute of Animal Welfare and Animal Husbandry, Friedrich-Loeffler-Institut, Celle, Germany
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Pettersson IC, Weeks CA, Nicol CJ. The effect of ramp provision on the accessibility of the litter in single and multi-tier laying hen housing. Appl Anim Behav Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.applanim.2016.10.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Heerkens JLT, Delezie E, Ampe B, Rodenburg TB, Tuyttens FAM. Ramps and hybrid effects on keel bone and foot pad disorders in modified aviaries for laying hens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:2479-2488. [PMID: 27143777 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Non-cage systems provide laying hens with considerable space allowance, perches and access to litter, thereby offering opportunities for natural species-specific behaviors. Conversely, these typical characteristics of non-cage systems also increase the risk of keel bone and foot pad disorders. The aim of this study was twofold: 1) to investigate if providing ramps between perches (housing factor) reduces keel bone and foot pad disorders and 2) to test for genetic predisposition by comparing 2 different layer hybrids. In a 2 × 2 design, 16 pens were equipped either with or without ramps between perches and nest boxes (8 pens/treatment), and housed with either 25 ISA Brown or Dekalb White birds per pen (in total 200 birds/hybrid). Keel bone injuries and foot health were repeatedly measured via palpation and visual assessment between 17 and 52 wk of age and daily egg production was recorded. The relationships between the dependent response variables (keel bone and footpad disorders, egg production) and independent factors (age, ramps, hybrid) were analyzed using generalized linear mixed models and corrected for repeated measures. Ramps reduced keel bone fractures (F1,950 = 45.80, P < 0.001), foot pad hyperkeratosis (F1,889 = 10.40, P = 0.001), foot pad dermatitis (F1,792 = 20.48, P < 0.001) and bumble foot (F1,395 = 8.52, P < 0.001) compared to pens without ramps. ISA Brown birds sustained more keel bone fractures (F1,950 = 33.26, P < 0.001), had more foot pad hyperkeratosis (F1,889 = 44.69, P < 0.001) and laid more floor eggs (F1,1883 = 438.80, P < 0.001), but had fewer keel bone deviations (F1,1473 = 6.73, P < 0.001), fewer cases of foot pad dermatitis (F1,792 = 19.84, P < 0.001) and no bumble foot as compared to Dekalb White birds. Age, housing and hybrid showed several interaction effects. Providing ramps proved to be very effective in both reducing keel bone and foot pad problems in non-cage systems. Keel bone and foot pad disorders are related to genetic predisposition. These results indicate that adaptation of the housing systems and hybrid selection may be effective measures in improving laying hen welfare.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L T Heerkens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - E Delezie
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - B Ampe
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium
| | - T B Rodenburg
- Behavioural Ecology Group, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 338, 6700 AH Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - F A M Tuyttens
- Animal Sciences Unit, Institute for Agricultural and Fisheries Research (ILVO), Scheldeweg 68, B-9090 Melle, Belgium Ghent University, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Campbell DLM, Goodwin SL, Makagon MM, Swanson JC, Siegford JM. Failed landings after laying hen flight in a commercial aviary over two flock cycles. Poult Sci 2016; 95:188-97. [PMID: 26527703 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pev270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many egg producers are adopting alternative housing systems such as aviaries that provide hens a tiered cage and a litter-covered open floor area. This larger, more complex environment permits expression of behaviors not seen in space-limited cages, such as flight. Flight is an exercise important for strengthening bones; but domestic hens might display imperfect flight landings due to poor flight control. To assess the potential implications of open space, we evaluated the landing success of Lohmann white laying hens in a commercial aviary. Video recordings of hens were taken from 4 aviary sections at peak lay, mid lay and end lay across two flock cycles. Observations were made in each focal section of all flights throughout the day noting flight origin and landing location (outer perch or litter) and landing success or failure. In Flock 1, 9.1% of all flights failed and 21% failed in Flock 2. The number of flights decreased across the laying cycle for both flocks. Proportionally more failed landings were observed in the double row sections in Flock 2. Collisions with other hens were more common than slipping on the ground or colliding with aviary structures across sections and flocks. More hens slipped on the ground and collided with physical structures at peak lay for Flock 2 than at other time points. More collisions with other hens were seen at mid and end lay than at peak lay for Flock 2. Landings ending on perches failed more often than landings on litter. These results indicate potential for flight-related hen injuries in aviary systems resulting from failed landings, which may have implications for hen welfare and optimal system design and management.
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Pilotto F, Ribeiro AML, Cargnelutti Filho A, Klein VA. Development and Performance of a Mechanical Egg Collection System Versus the Hand-Operated Dutch Nest. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/1516-635x1704523-530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - AML Ribeiro
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil
| | | | - VA Klein
- Universidade de Passo Fundo, Brazil
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