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Riveros RL, de Sousa Camargos R, Macari M, de Paula Reis M, Leme BB, Sakomura NK. Dynamic of heat production partitioning in rooster by indirect calorimetry. Anim Biosci 2023; 36:75-83. [PMID: 35507842 PMCID: PMC9834651 DOI: 10.5713/ab.22.0026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to describe a methodological procedure to quantify the heat production (HP) partitioning in basal metabolism or fasting heat production (FHP), heat production due to physical activity (HPA), and the thermic effect of feeding (TEF) in roosters. METHODS Eighteen 54-wk-old Hy Line Brown roosters (2.916±0.15 kg) were allocated in an open-circuit chamber of respirometry for O2 consumption (VO2), CO2 production (VCO2), and physical activity (PA) measurements, under environmental comfort conditions, following the protocol: adaptation (3 d), ad libitum feeding (1 d), and fasting conditions (1 d). The Brouwer equation was used to calculate the HP from VO2 and VCO2. The plateau-FHP (parameter L) was estimated through the broken line model: HP = U×(R-t)×I+L; I = 1 if t<R or I = 0 if t>R; Where the broken-point (R) was assigned as the time (t) that defined the difference between a short and long fasting period, I is conditional, and U is the decreasing rate after the feed was withdrawn. The HP components description was characterized by three events: ad libitum feeding and short and long fasting periods. Linear regression was adjusted between physical activity (PA) and HP to determine the HPA and to estimate the standardized FHP (st-FHP) as the intercept of PA = 0. RESULTS The time when plateau-FHP was reached at 11.7 h after withdrawal feed, with a mean value of 386 kJ/kg0.75/d, differing in 32 kJ from st-FHP (354 kJ/kg0.75/d). The slope of HP per unit of PA was 4.52 kJ/mV. The total HP in roosters partitioned into the st-FHP, termal effect of feeding (TEF), and HPA was 56.6%, 25.7%, and 17.7%, respectively. CONCLUSION The FHP represents the largest fraction of energy expenditure in roosters, followed by the TEF. Furthermore, the PA increased the variation of HP measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rony Lizana Riveros
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil,Corresponding Author: Rony Lizana Riveros, E-mail:
| | - Rosiane de Sousa Camargos
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Marcos Macari
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Matheus de Paula Reis
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Bruno Balbino Leme
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
| | - Nilva Kazue Sakomura
- Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, Sao Paulo State University, Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane s/n, 14884-900, Jaboticabal, SP,
Brazil
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Musigwa S, Morgan N, Swick R, Cozannet P, Wu SB. Optimisation of dietary energy utilisation for poultry – a literature review. WORLD POULTRY SCI J 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/00439339.2020.1865117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sosthene Musigwa
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Natalie Morgan
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Robert Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
| | - Pierre Cozannet
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
- Center of Expertise and Research in Nutrition (CERN), Adisseo France SAS, Antony, France
| | - Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale, Australia
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Implementation of net energy evaluating system in laying hens: Validation by performance and egg quality. Poult Sci 2020; 99:2624-2632. [PMID: 32359598 PMCID: PMC7597549 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Three experiments were conducted to determine the effect of different dietary net energy (NE) and AMEn ratios (NE:AMEn) on performance, egg quality, and heat production (HP) in laying hens. In experiment 1, 62 Hy-Line Brown hens were fed 2 treatments with 31 replicates from 44 to 54 wk of age. In experiment 2, 600 hens of the same strain were fed 3 treatments from 22 to 42 wk of age with 10 replicates. Both used a completely randomized design. Diets were based on corn, wheat, wheat bran, barley, soybean meal, canola meal, meat and bone meal, and canola oil. In both experiments, the NE:AMEn ratio of diets was increased with higher oil inclusion compared with T1 controls. The AMEn (kcal/kg), NE (kcal/kg), ether extract (g/kg), and CP (g/kg), respectively, on a DM basis in experiment 1 was T1: 3,011, 2,288, 42, 202 and T2: 3,023, 2,374, 81, 203; and in experiment 2, T1: 3,026, 2,324, 25, 187; T2: 2,949, 2,315, 61, 185; and T3: 3,026, 2,397, 73, 181. Increasing the ratio of NE:AMEn decreased feed intake (P < 0.001) and increased egg mass (P < 0.05) in experiment 2 and increased egg weight (P < 0.01), decreased feed conversion ratio (P < 0.01), increased egg albumen % (P < 0.001), and decreased yolk % (P < 0.05) and shell % (P < 0.05) compared with T1 controls in both experiments. Haugh units and yolk color scores were increased with high NE:AMEn in both experiments (P < 0.001; P < 0.01). Experiment 3 was conducted in calorimetry chambers to measure HP in birds fed experiment 2 diets. Increasing the NE:AMEn increased total retained energy (RE), RE as fat, and RE in the body (kcal/kg BW0.75/D) and NE:AME. The results indicate that using oil to increase the NE:AMEn results in improved performance and egg quality and more efficient energy utilization.
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van der Klein SAS, More-Bayona JA, Barreda DR, Romero LF, Zuidhof MJ. Comparison of mathematical and comparative slaughter methodologies for determination of heat production and energy retention in broilers. Poult Sci 2020; 99:3237-3250. [PMID: 32475460 PMCID: PMC7597740 DOI: 10.1016/j.psj.2020.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding factors affecting ME availability for productive processes is an important step in optimal feed formulation. This study compared a modelling methodology with the comparative slaughter technique (CST) to estimate energy partitioning to heat production and energy retention (RE) and to investigate differences in heat dissipation. At hatch, 50 broilers were randomly allocated in one of 4 pens equipped with a precision feeding station. From day 14 to day 45, they were either fed with a low-ME (3,111 kcal/kg ME) or a high-ME (3,383 kcal/kg ME) diet. At day 19, birds were assigned to pair-feeding in groups of 6 with lead birds eating ad libitum (100%) and follow birds eating at either 50, 60, 70, 80, or 90% of the paired lead's cumulative feed intake. Heat production and RE were estimated by CST and with a nonlinear mixed model explaining daily ME intake (MEI) as a function of metabolic BW and average daily gain (ADG). The energy partitioning model predicted MEI = (145.10 + u) BW0.83 + 1.09 × BW−0.18 × ADG1.19 + ε. The model underestimated heat production by 13.4% and overestimated RE by 22.8% compared with the CST. The model was not able to distinguish between net energy for gain values of the diets (1,448 ± 18.5 kcal/kg vs. 1,493 ± 18.0 kcal/kg for the low-ME and high-ME diet, respectively), whereas the CST found a 148 kcal/kg difference between the low-ME and high-ME diets (1,101 ± 22.5 kcal/kg vs. 1,249 ± 22.0 kcal/kg, respectively). The estimates of the net energy for gain values of the 2 diets decreased with increasing feed restriction. The heat increment of feeding did not differ between birds fed with the low- or high-ME diet (26% of MEI). Additional measurements on heat dissipation, physical activity, and immune status indicated that the energetic content of the diet and feed restriction affect some parameters (shank temperature, feeding station visits) but not others (leukocyte counts, heterophil to lymphocyte ratio, and immune cell function).
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Affiliation(s)
- S A S van der Klein
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada
| | - J A More-Bayona
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada
| | - D R Barreda
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada
| | - L F Romero
- Research and Development, Danisco UK Ltd., Marlborough SN8 1XN, United Kingdom
| | - M J Zuidhof
- Department of Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton T6G 2P5, Alberta, Canada.
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Wu SB, Swick RA, Noblet J, Rodgers N, Cadogan D, Choct M. Net energy prediction and energy efficiency of feed for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2019; 98:1222-1234. [PMID: 30265337 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pey442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Global consumption of chicken meat has increased at a faster rate than any other animal protein source, and thus refinements in energy formulation techniques for feed have continued to gain importance. Formulation of animal feed based on net energy (NE) has been implemented in ruminants and pigs but not in poultry. A closed-circuit respiratory calorimetry system was employed on 25- to 28-day-old broilers fed 19 diets formulated with varying nutrient composition to produce equations to predict NE and apparent metabolizable energy (AME) efficiency of feed for broiler chickens. Performance, energy and N balance, respiratory quotient, and energy utilization were measured in the birds. Linear regression analysis was performed to generate prediction equations for dietary energy content and AME efficiency. The NE content was positively related to AME and ether extract, but negatively to crude protein. The study generated equations that can accurately predict NE, and NE/AME using AME value and chemical composition of feeds. The NE prediction equations were further validated on a separate set of diets with high correlation (r = 0.99) and accuracy. The outcomes are an important step for the broiler industry to adapt to an NE system in place of AME systems for the formulation of broiler chicken feeds following robust validation experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-Biao Wu
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Robert A Swick
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | - Jean Noblet
- INRA, UMR1348 Pegase, F-35590 Saint Gilles, France
| | - Nicholas Rodgers
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
| | | | - Mingan Choct
- School of Environmental and Rural Science, University of New England, Armidale NSW 2351, Australia
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Abbas G, Ahmad F, Saeed M, Ayasan T, Mahmood A, Yasmeen R, Kamboh A. Effect of Dietary Inclusion of Sodium Bicarbonate on Digestibility of Nutrients and Immune Response in Caged Layers During the Summer. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2019. [DOI: 10.1590/1806-9061-2018-0915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Abbas
- Riphah College of Veterinary Sciences, Pakistan
| | - F Ahmad
- University of Agriculture, Pakistan
| | - M Saeed
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - T Ayasan
- East Mediterranean Agricultural Research Institute, Turkey
| | - A Mahmood
- Cholistan University of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, Pakistan
| | - R Yasmeen
- Lahore Garrison University, Pakistan
| | - A Kamboh
- Sindh Agriculture University, Pakistan
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8
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Serum metabolomics study of nutrient metabolic variations in chronic heat-stressed broilers. Br J Nutr 2018; 119:771-781. [DOI: 10.1017/s0007114518000247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AbstractTo investigate the effects of heat stress on broiler metabolism, we assigned 144 broilers to normal control (NC), heat stress (HS) or pair-fed (PF) groups and then monitored the effects using growth performance, carcass characteristics, biochemical assays and GC-MS-based metabolomics. The up-regulation of cloacal temperature confirmed that our experiment was successful in inducing chronic heat stress. The average daily gain and average daily feed intake of the HS group were significantly lower than those of the NC group, by 28·76 and 18·42 %, respectively (P<0·001), whereas the feed:gain ratio was significantly higher, by 14·49 % (P=0·003), and heat stress also increased leg proportion (P=0·027) and intramuscular fat proportion (P<0·001) and decreased breast proportion (P=0·009). When comparing the HS and NC groups and HS and PF groups, our metabolomics approach identified seventy-eight and thirty-four metabolites, respectively, with significantly different levels (variable importance in the projection values >1 and P<0·05). The greater feed:gain ratio of the HS group was significantly positively correlated with the leg, abdominal fat, subcutaneous fat and intramuscular fat proportions and levels of some free amino acids (proline, l-cysteine, methionine and threonine) but was negatively correlated with breast proportion and levels of some NEFA (stearic acid, arachidonic acid, palmitic acid and oleic acid). These findings indicated that the heat-stressed broilers were in negative energy balance and unable to effectively mobilise fat, thereby resulting in protein decomposition, which subsequently affected growth performance and carcass characteristics.
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9
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Downing J, Kerr M, Hopkins D. The effects of pre-transport supplementation with electrolytes and betaine on performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broilers in summer and winter. Livest Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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10
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Aljuobori A, Zulkifli I, Soleimani AF, Abdullah N, Liang JB, Mujahid A. Higher inclusion rate of canola meal under high ambient temperature for broiler chickens. Poult Sci 2016; 95:1326-31. [PMID: 26944983 DOI: 10.3382/ps/pew023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- A Aljuobori
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - I Zulkifli
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A F Soleimani
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - N Abdullah
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Biotechnology & Biomolecular Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - J B Liang
- Laboratory of Animal Production, Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - A Mujahid
- Sumitomo Chemical Enviro-Agro Asia Pacific, Malaysia
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Liu QW, Feng JH, Chao Z, Chen Y, Wei LM, Wang F, Sun RP, Zhang MH. The influences of ambient temperature and crude protein levels on performance and serum biochemical parameters in broilers. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2015; 100:301-8. [PMID: 26249142 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study was undertaken to investigate the effects of ambient temperature, crude protein levels and their interaction on performance and serum biochemical parameters of broiler chickens. A total of 216 Arbor Acre broiler chickens (108 males and 108 females) were used in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement and randomly reared at two temperatures (normal temperature: 23 °C; daily cyclic high temperature: 28-32 °C) and fed on three diets with different crude protein levels (153.3, 183.3 or 213.3 g/kg, with constant essential amino acids) from 28 to 42 days of age. Daily cyclic high ambient temperature decreased final body weight, average daily weight gain, average daily feed intake and serum total protein contents (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p < 0.001, p = 0.008 respectively), but increased feed/gain, mortality, respiratory rate, rectal temperature, serum uric acid contents and serum creatine kinase activity (p = 0.008, p = 0.003, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p < 0.0001, p = 0.003 respectively), irrespective of crude protein levels. At the ambient temperature, reducing crude protein levels resulted in an increase in feed/gain (p < 0.001), but a decrease in serum total protein and uric acid contents. Only serum creatine kinase activity in broiler chickens was interacted by daily cyclic high ambient temperature and dietary crude protein levels (p = 0.003). These results indicated that daily cyclic high ambient temperature had a great effect on performance and serum biochemical parameters in broiler chickens, whereas dietary crude protein levels affected them partially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Q W Liu
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - J H Feng
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Z Chao
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - Y Chen
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - L M Wei
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - F Wang
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - R P Sun
- Institute of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Hainan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Haikou, China
| | - M H Zhang
- Institute of Animal Science, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing, China
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Sayed MAM, Downing J. Effects of dietary electrolyte balance and addition of electrolyte-betaine supplements in feed or water on performance, acid-base balance and water retention in heat-stressed broilers. Br Poult Sci 2015; 56:195-209. [PMID: 25558900 DOI: 10.1080/00071668.2014.995594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The effects of dietary electrolyte balance (DEB) and electrolyte-betaine (El-Be) supplements on heat-stressed broiler performance, acid-base balance and water retention were evaluated during the period 31-40 d of age in a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement of treatments. A total of 240 broilers were assigned to 6 treatment groups each with 8 replicates of 5 birds per cage and were exposed to cyclic high temperature (32 - 24 ± 1°C). Birds were provided with diets having DEB of either 180 or 220 mEq/kg. El-Be supplements were either added to the diet, water or not added to either of them to complete the array of 6 treatment groups. An additional 80 birds were kept at thermoneutral temperature (20 ± 1°C) and were provided with tap water and diets with DEB of either 180 or 220 mEq/kg to serve as negative controls. Exposure to high temperature depressed growth performance, increased rectal temperature and decreased potassium (K(+)) retention. In high-temperature room, birds fed on diets with DEB of 220 mEq/kg tended to increase BW from 35-40 d of age. However, at thermoneutral temperature, broilers fed on diets with DEB of 220 mEq/kg increased K(+) retention. Adding El-Be supplements in feed or water improved feed conversion ratio (FCR), enhanced water consumption and increased K(+) and sodium (Na(+)) retention. Interactions between DEB and El-Be supplements tended to affect body weight gain and FCR during the periods 35-40 and 31-40 d of age, respectively. It is suggested that when using a diet with DEB of 180 mEq/kg, adding the El-Be supplements in drinking water was more beneficial than in feed. Adding the supplements in feed or water was equally useful when using DEB of 220 mEq/kg.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A M Sayed
- a Faculty of Agriculture , Assiut University , Assiut , Egypt
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Almeida VR, Dias AN, Bueno CFD, Couto FAP, Rodrigues PA, Nogueira WCL, Faria Filho DE. Crude protein and metabolizable energy levels for layers reared in hot climates. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2012. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2012000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- VR Almeida
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - AN Dias
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - CFD Bueno
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - FAP Couto
- Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Brazil
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Saravanan S, Schrama JW, Figueiredo-Silva AC, Kaushik SJ, Verreth JAJ, Geurden I. Constraints on energy intake in fish: the link between diet composition, energy metabolism, and energy intake in rainbow trout. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34743. [PMID: 22496852 PMCID: PMC3322127 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2011] [Accepted: 03/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The hypothesis was tested that fish fed to satiation with iso-energetic diets differing in macronutrient composition will have different digestible energy intakes (DEI) but similar total heat production. Four iso-energetic diets (2 × 2 factorial design) were formulated having a contrast in i) the ratio of protein to energy (P/E): high (H(P/E)) vs. low (L(P/E)) and ii) the type of non-protein energy (NPE) source: fat vs. carbohydrate which were iso-energetically exchanged. Triplicate groups (35 fish/tank) of rainbow trout were hand-fed each diet twice daily to satiation for 6 weeks under non-limiting water oxygen conditions. Feed intake (FI), DEI (kJ kg(-0.8) d(-1)) and growth (g kg(-0.8) d(-1)) of trout were affected by the interaction between P/E ratio and NPE source of the diet (P<0.05). Regardless of dietary P/E ratio, the inclusion of carbohydrate compared to fat as main NPE source reduced DEI and growth of trout by ~20%. The diet-induced differences in FI and DEI show that trout did not compensate for the dietary differences in digestible energy or digestible protein contents. Further, changes in body fat store and plasma glucose did not seem to exert a homeostatic feedback control on DEI. Independent of the diet composition, heat production of trout did not differ (P>0.05). Our data suggest that the control of DEI in trout might be a function of heat production, which in turn might reflect a physiological limit related with oxidative metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Subramanian Saravanan
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1067, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture (NuMeA), Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Johan W. Schrama
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - A. Claudia Figueiredo-Silva
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1067, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture (NuMeA), Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Sadasivam J. Kaushik
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1067, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture (NuMeA), Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
| | - Johan A. J. Verreth
- Aquaculture and Fisheries Group, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences (WIAS), Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Inge Geurden
- Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UR1067, Nutrition, Metabolism and Aquaculture (NuMeA), Pôle d'Hydrobiologie INRA, Saint Pée-sur-Nivelle, France
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Romero L, Zuidhof M, Renema R, Robinson F, Naeima A. Nonlinear mixed models to study metabolizable energy utilization in broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:1310-20. [DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Romero LF, Zuidhof MJ, Renema RA, Naeima A, Robinson FE. Characterization of energetic efficiency in adult broiler breeder hens. Poult Sci 2009; 88:227-35. [PMID: 19096078 DOI: 10.3382/ps.2008-00141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
This trial characterized residual feed intake (RFI) and residual maintenance requirement (RME(m)) as measures of energetic efficiency in broiler breeder hens. The RFI was defined as the difference between observed and expected ME intake and RME(m) as the difference between observed and expected maintenance requirements. A total of 600 Ross 708 1-d-old pullets were placed in floor pens. At 16 wk, 144 hens were caged and randomly assigned to 1 of 2 feed allocation treatments (72 birds each). The control treatment had feed allocated on a group basis (GRP) following the standard BW target. A second treatment had feed allocated on an individual-bird basis (IND) and followed the same BW target as GRP. Sexual maturity age, egg and chick production, and several feed conversion ratios were correlated to standardized efficiency indices of RFI (SRFI) and RME(m) (SRME(m)) in each treatment. Greater SRFI and SRME(m) values described a greater energetic efficiency. Residual feed intake was more variable in IND than GRP hens (P < 0.001). The variability of RME(m) did not differ between treatments (P = 0.14). The SRFI was positively correlated to egg production in the GRP hens (r = 0.31), but negatively correlated in IND hens (r = -0.40) and was correlated to feed conversion per chick only in the GRP-based feed allocation (r = -0.44). The SRME(m) correlated strongly to egg production (r = 0.64), chick production (r = 0.64), and feed conversion per chick (r = -0.59) in both feed allocation treatments. Feed intake confounded the RFI calculation, which limits the value of RFI as a selection criterion in meat-producing animals. The independence of RME(m) from feed intake is desirable for energetic efficiency assessment in selection programs because consistent values can be obtained across different management schemes. Hens with lower maintenance requirements (greater RME(m) efficiency) partitioned more energy toward reproduction than did high-maintenance hens. The RME(m) methodology provided an unbiased estimate of energetic efficiency by adjusting the maintenance requirement for the effect of dietary thermogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F Romero
- University of Alberta, Agricultural, Food and Nutritional Science, Agriculture/Forestry Centre, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2P5, Canada
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Rosen DAS, Winship AJ, Hoopes LA. Thermal and digestive constraints to foraging behaviour in marine mammals. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2008; 362:2151-68. [PMID: 17472918 PMCID: PMC2442860 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2007.2108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
While foraging models of terrestrial mammals are concerned primarily with optimizing time/energy budgets, models of foraging behaviour in marine mammals have been primarily concerned with physiological constraints. This has historically centred on calculations of aerobic dive limits. However, other physiological limits are key to forming foraging behaviour, including digestive limitations to food intake and thermoregulation. The ability of an animal to consume sufficient prey to meet its energy requirements is partly determined by its ability to acquire prey (limited by available foraging time, diving capabilities and thermoregulatory costs) and process that prey (limited by maximum digestion capacity and the time devoted to digestion). Failure to consume sufficient prey will have feedback effects on foraging, thermoregulation and digestive capacity through several interacting avenues. Energy deficits will be met through catabolism of tissues, principally the hypodermal lipid layer. Depletion of this blubber layer can affect both buoyancy and gait, increasing the costs and decreasing the efficiency of subsequent foraging attempts. Depletion of the insulative blubber layer may also increase thermoregulatory costs, which will decrease the foraging abilities through higher metabolic overheads. Thus, an energy deficit may lead to a downward spiral of increased tissue catabolism to pay for increased energy costs. Conversely, the heat generated through digestion and foraging activity may help to offset thermoregulatory costs. Finally, the circulatory demands of diving, thermoregulation and digestion may be mutually incompatible. This may force animals to alter time budgets to balance these exclusive demands. Analysis of these interacting processes will lead to a greater understanding of the physiological constraints within which the foraging behaviour must operate.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A S Rosen
- UBC Marine Mammal Research Unit, Room 243, AERL, 2202 Main Mall, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Rosa PS, Faria Filho DE, Dahlke F, Vieira BS, Macari M, Furlan RL. Performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens with different growth potential and submitted to heat stress. BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2007. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2007000300007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- PS Rosa
- Embrapa Suínos e Aves; Universidade do Contestado, Brasil; Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | | | - F Dahlke
- Universidade Federal do Paraná, Brasil
| | - BS Vieira
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - M Macari
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
| | - RL Furlan
- Universidade Estadual Paulista, Brasil
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Furlan RL, Faria Filho DED, Rosa PS, Macari M. Does low-protein diet improve broiler performance under heat stress conditions? BRAZILIAN JOURNAL OF POULTRY SCIENCE 2004. [DOI: 10.1590/s1516-635x2004000200001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - PS Rosa
- Universidade Estadual Paulista
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Rosen DAS, Trites AW. No evidence for bioenergetic interaction between digestion and thermoregulation in Steller sea lions Eumetopias jubatus. Physiol Biochem Zool 2004; 76:899-906. [PMID: 14988805 DOI: 10.1086/378140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/05/2003] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The increase in metabolism during digestion--the heat increment of feeding--is often regarded as an energetic waste product. However, it has been suggested that this energy could offset thermoregulatory costs in cold environments. We investigated this possibility by measuring the rate of oxygen consumption of four juvenile Steller sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) before and after they ingested a meal in water temperatures of 2 degrees-8 degrees C. Rates of oxygen consumption of fasted and fed animals increased in parallel with decreasing water temperature, such that the apparent heat increment of feeding did not change with water temperature. These results suggest that Steller sea lions did not use the heat released during digestion to offset thermoregulatory costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David A S Rosen
- Marine Mammal Research Unit, University of British Columbia, 6248 Biological Sciences Road, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1Z4, Canada.
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Effect of Feeding Levels and Physical Activities on Heat Production in Laying Hens under Different Ambient Temperatures. J Poult Sci 2002. [DOI: 10.2141/jpsa.39.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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