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Pan AD, Jacobs BF, Bush RT, de la Estrella M, Grímsson F, Herendeen PS, van der Burgt XM, Currano ED. First evidence of a monodominant (Englerodendron, Amherstieae, Detarioideae, Leguminosae) tropical moist forest from the early Miocene (21.73 Ma) of Ethiopia. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0279491. [PMID: 36630378 PMCID: PMC9833558 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0279491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Accepted: 11/16/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Many tropical wet forests are species-rich and have relatively even species frequency distributions. But, dominance by a single canopy species can also occur in tropical wet climates and can remain stable for centuries. These are uncommon globally, with the African wet tropics supporting more such communities than the Neotropics or Southeast Asia. Differences in regional evolutionary histories are implied by biogeography: most of Africa's monodominance-forming species are Amherstieae-tribe legumes; monodominance in Neotropical forests occur among diverse taxonomic groups, often legumes, but rarely Amherstieae, and monodominance in Southeast Asian forests occurs mostly among Dipterocarpaceae species. African monodominant forests have been characterized ecologically and taxonomically, but their deep-time history is unknown despite their significant presence and bottom-up ecological influence on diversity. Herein we describe fossil leaflets of Englerodendron mulugetanum sp. nov., an extinct species of the extant genus Englerodendron (Berlinia Clade, Amherstieae, Detarioideae) from the 21.73 Ma Mush Valley site in Ethiopia. We also document a detailed study of associated legume pollen, which originate from a single taxon sharing characters with more than one extant descendant. Taxonomically, the pollen is most comparable to that from some extant Englerodendron species and supports a likely affiliation with the Englerodendron macrofossils. The Mush Valley site provides the first fossil evidence of a monodominant tropical forest in Africa as represented by leaflets and pollen. Previous studies documented >2400 leaves and leaflets from localities at six stratigraphic levels spanning 50,000-60,000 years of nearly continuous deposition within seven meters of section; all but the basal level contain ≥ 50% E. mulugetanum leaflets. Modern leaf litter studies in African mixed vs. monodominant forests indicates the likelihood of monodominance in the forests that surrounded the Mush paleolake, particularly after the basal level. Thus, we provide an early case for monodominance within the Amherstieae legumes in Africa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron D. Pan
- Museum of Texas Tech University, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas, United States of America
- Botanical Research Institute of Texas, Fort Worth, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bonnie F. Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rosemary T. Bush
- Department of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois, United States of America
| | - Manuel de la Estrella
- Departamento de Botánica, Ecología y Fisiología Vegetal, Celestino Mutis, Campus de Rabanales, Universidad de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
| | - Friðgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Patrick S. Herendeen
- Division of Plant Science and Conservation, Chicago Botanic Garden, Glencoe, Illinois, United States of America
| | | | - Ellen D. Currano
- Department of Botany and Geology and Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyoming, United States of America
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Maldonado-Borja MG, Cerros-Tlatilpa R, Galván-González LG. A new species of Struthanthus Mart. (Loranthaceae) from Oaxaca, Mexico. PHYTOKEYS 2023; 225:69-81. [PMID: 37213817 PMCID: PMC10194811 DOI: 10.3897/phytokeys.225.101238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 04/07/2023] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Struthanthusibe-dzisp. nov. is a new species described and illustrated from the cloud and pine-oak forests of the Sierra Madre del Sur in Oaxaca, Mexico. This species shares similarities of leaf shape and inflorescence type with S.deppeanus, S.quercicola, and S.ramiro-cruzii. However, S.ibe-dzi can be recognized by its glaucous branches, leaves and inflorescences; compressed nodes; convoluted distal half of styles in pistillate flowers; and staminate flowers with asymmetrical thecae and an extended connective forming an apiculate horn in both anther series. A distribution map and an identification key are provided to separate S.ibe-dzi from morphologically similar congeners present in the region.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Guadalupe Maldonado-Borja
- Maestría en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMexico
| | - Rosa Cerros-Tlatilpa
- Maestría en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMexico
| | - Luis Gil Galván-González
- Maestría en Manejo de Recursos Naturales, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas, Universidad Autónoma del Estado de Morelos, Av. Universidad 1001, Col. Chamilpa, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62209, MexicoUniversidad Autónoma del Estado de MorelosCuernavacaMexico
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Grímsson F, Ulrich S, Coiro M, Graham SA, Jacobs BF, Currano ED, Xafis A, Zetter R. Hagenia from the early Miocene of Ethiopia: Evidence for possible niche evolution? Ecol Evol 2021; 11:5164-5186. [PMID: 34025999 PMCID: PMC8131786 DOI: 10.1002/ece3.7408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Fossil pollen believed to be related to extant Hagenia abyssinica were discovered in the early Miocene (21.73 Ma) Mush Valley paleoflora, Ethiopia, Africa. Both the fossil and extant pollen grains of H. abyssinica were examined with combined light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and transmission electron microscopy to compare the pollen and establish their relationships. Based on this, the fossil pollen grains were attributed to Hagenia. The presence of Hagenia in the fossil assemblage raises the questions if its habitat has changed over time, and if the plants are/were wind pollinated. To shed light on these questions, the morphology of extant anthers was also studied, revealing specialized hairs inside the anthers, believed to aid in insect pollination. Pollen and anther morphology are discussed in relation to the age and origin of the genus within a molecular dated phylogenetic framework, the establishment of complex topography in East Africa, other evidence regarding pollination modes, and the palynological record. The evidence presented herein, and compiled from the literature, suggests that Hagenia was an insect-pollinated lowland rainforest element during the early Miocene of the Mush Valley. The current Afromontane habitat and ambophilous (insect and wind) pollination must have evolved in post-mid-Miocene times.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friðgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Silvia Ulrich
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity ResearchUniversity of ViennaViennaAustria
| | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary BotanyUniversity of ZurichZurichSwitzerland
| | | | - Bonnie F. Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth SciencesSouthern Methodist UniversityDallasTXUSA
| | - Ellen D. Currano
- Departments of Botany and Geology & GeophysicsUniversity of WyomingLaramieWYUSA
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Caires CS, Gomes-Bezerra KM, Machado AFP, Dettke GA. Nomenclatural novelties and synopsis of Passovia (Loranthaceae): new synonyms, new combinations and reinstated species. RODRIGUÉSIA 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/2175-7860202172092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Abstract Passovia includes Neotropical mistletoes characterised by inflorescences composed of bracteolate triads, rarely monads with one bract and two bracteoles; small tetra-hexamerous flowers; and laterally excavated filaments with basifixed anthers. The genus occurs from Mexico to Bolivia and Brazil, including Jamaica. Twenty-four species were recognised, including four reinstated species: P. alternifolia, P. lepidobotrys, P. micrantha, P. myrsinites, and three new combinations are proposed: P. intermedia, comb. nov., P. lobaterae, comb. nov., and P. murcaei, comb. nov. An identification key to species, synonyms, and typifications are presented.
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Liede-Schumann S, Grimm GW, Nürk NM, Potts AJ, Meve U, Hartmann HE. Phylogenetic relationships in the southern African genus Drosanthemum (Ruschioideae, Aizoaceae). PeerJ 2020; 8:e8999. [PMID: 32426182 PMCID: PMC7213013 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Drosanthemum, the only genus of the tribe Drosanthemeae, is widespread over the Greater Cape Floristic Region in southern Africa. With 114 recognized species, Drosanthemum, together with the highly succulent and species-rich tribe Ruschieae, constitute the 'core ruschioids' in Aizoaceae. Within Drosanthemum, nine subgenera have been described based on flower and fruit morphology. Their phylogenetic relationships, however, have not yet been investigated, hampering understanding of monophyletic entities and patterns of geographic distribution. METHODS Using chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequence data, we performed network- and tree-based phylogenetic analyses of 73 species of Drosanthemum with multiple accessions for widespread species. A well-curated, geo-referenced occurrence dataset comprising the 134 genetically analysed and 863 further accessions was used to describe the distributional ranges of intrageneric lineages and the genus as a whole. RESULTS Phylogenetic inference supports nine clades within Drosanthemum, seven of which group in two major clades, while the remaining two show ambiguous affinities. The nine clades are generally congruent to previously described subgenera within Drosanthemum, with exceptions such as cryptic species. In-depth analyses of sequence patterns in each gene region were used to reveal phylogenetic affinities inside the retrieved clades in more detail. We observe a complex distribution pattern including widespread, species-rich clades expanding into arid habitats of the interior (subgenera Drosanthemum p.p., Vespertina, Xamera) that are genetically and morphologically diverse. In contrast, less species-rich, genetically less divergent, and morphologically unique lineages are restricted to the central Cape region and more mesic conditions (Decidua, Necopina, Ossicula, Quastea, Quadrata, Speciosa). Our results suggest that the main lineages arose from an initial rapid radiation, with subsequent diversification in some clades.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Nicolai M. Nürk
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Alastair J. Potts
- African Centre for Coastal Palaeoscience, Nelson Mandela University, Port Elizabeth, Eastern Cape, South Africa
| | - Ulrich Meve
- Department of Plant Systematics, University of Bayreuth, Bayreuth, Germany
| | - Heidrun E.K. Hartmann
- Department of Systematics and Evolution of Plants, University of Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany
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Loranthus europaeus (Loranthaceae) in Ukraine: an overview of distribution patterns and hosts. UKRAINIAN BOTANICAL JOURNAL 2019. [DOI: 10.15407/ukrbotj76.05.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Grímsson F, Graham SA, Coiro M, Jacobs BF, Xafis A, Neumann FH, Scott L, Sakala J, Currano ED, Zetter R. Origin and divergence of Afro-Indian Picrodendraceae: linking pollen morphology, dispersal modes, fossil records, molecular dating and paleogeography. GRANA 2019; 58:227-275. [PMID: 31275086 PMCID: PMC6582451 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2019.1594357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2019] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The pantropical Picrodendraceae produce mostly spheroidal to slightly oblate, echinate pollen grains equipped with narrow circular to elliptic pori that can be hard to identify to family level in both extant and fossil material using light microscopy only. Fossil pollen of the family have been described from the Paleogene of America, Antarctica, Australia, New Zealand, and Europe, but until now none have been reported from Afro-India. Extant pollen described here include representatives from all recent Picrodendraceae genera naturally occurring in Africa and/or Madagascar and south India and selected closely related tropical American taxa. Our analyses, using combined light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy, show that pollen of the Afro-Indian genera encompass three morphological types: Type 1, comprising only Hyaenanche; Type 2, including Aristogeitonia, Mischodon, Oldfieldia and Voatamalo; Type 3, comprising the remaining two genera, Androstachys and Stachyandra. Based on the pollen morphology presented here it is evident that some previous light microscopic accounts of spherical and echinate fossil pollen affiliated with Arecaceae, Asteraceae, Malvaceae, and Myristicaceae from the African continent could belong to Picrodendraceae. The pollen morphology of Picrodendraceae, fossil pollen records, a dated intra-familial phylogeny, seed dispersal modes, and the regional Late Cretaceous to early Cenozoic paleogeography, together suggest the family originated in the Americas and dispersed from southern America across Antarctica and into Australasia. A second dispersal route is believed to have occurred from the Americas into continental Africa via the North Atlantic Land Bridge and Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Friðgeir Grímsson
- Department of Botany and Biodiversity Research, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - Mario Coiro
- Department of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bonnie F. Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank H. Neumann
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Louis Scott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Jakub Sakala
- Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Ellen D. Currano
- Departments of Botany and Geology & Geophysics, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY, USA
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Paleontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Grímsson F, van Valkenburg JL, Wieringa JJ, Xafis A, Jacobs BF, Zetter R. Pollen morphology of the African Sclerosperma (Arecaceae). GRANA 2018; 58:99-113. [PMID: 30828286 PMCID: PMC6376959 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2018.1519033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Three currently accepted Sclerosperma species appear to produce four different pollen morphologies. Sclerosperma mannii and S. walkeri pollen share the same distinct reticulate sculpture, but S. profizianum produces three different pollen types (microreticulate, fossulate, and perforate). The pollen morphology suggests that S. mannii and S. walkeri are sister taxa of the same intrageneric lineage. The pollen diversity observed in S. profizianum suggests (a) this taxon is unique regarding its pollen diversity despite being a non-heterostylous plant or (b) that circumscription of S. profizianum as a species may well be in the need of redefinition.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Jan J. Wieringa
- Naturalis Biodiversity Center, National Herbarium of The Netherlands, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Bonnie F. Jacobs
- Roy M. Huffington Department of Earth Sciences, Southern Methodist University, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Grímsson F, Xafis A, Neumann FH, Scott L, Bamford MK, Zetter R. The first Loranthaceae fossils from Africa. GRANA 2018; 57:249-259. [PMID: 29780299 PMCID: PMC5940175 DOI: 10.1080/00173134.2018.1430167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
An ongoing re-investigation of the early Miocene Saldanha Bay (South Africa) palynoflora, using combined light and scanning electron microscopy (single grain method), is revealing several pollen types new to the African fossil record. One of the elements identified is Loranthaceae pollen. These grains represent the first and only fossil record of Loranthaceae in Africa. The fossil pollen grains resemble those produced by the core Lorantheae and are comparable to recent Asian as well as some African taxa/lineages. Molecular and fossil signals indicate that Loranthaceae dispersed into Africa via Asia sometime during the Eocene. The present host range of African Loranthaceae and the composition of the palynoflora suggest that the fossil had a range of potential host taxa to parasitise during the early Miocene in the Saldanha Bay region.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alexandros Xafis
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Frank H. Neumann
- School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Louis Scott
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of the Free State, Bloemfontein, South Africa
| | - Marion K. Bamford
- Evolutionary Studies Institute, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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Grímsson F, Kapli P, Hofmann CC, Zetter R, Grimm GW. Eocene Loranthaceae pollen pushes back divergence ages for major splits in the family. PeerJ 2017; 5:e3373. [PMID: 28607837 PMCID: PMC5466002 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.3373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We revisit the palaeopalynological record of Loranthaceae, using pollen ornamentation to discriminate lineages and to test molecular dating estimates for the diversification of major lineages. METHODS Fossil Loranthaceae pollen from the Eocene and Oligocene are analysed and documented using scanning-electron microscopy. These fossils were associated with molecular-defined clades and used as minimum age constraints for Bayesian node dating using different topological scenarios. RESULTS The fossil Loranthaceae pollen document the presence of at least one extant root-parasitic lineage (Nuytsieae) and two currently aerial parasitic lineages (Psittacanthinae and Loranthinae) by the end of the Eocene in the Northern Hemisphere. Phases of increased lineage diversification (late Eocene, middle Miocene) coincide with global warm phases. DISCUSSION With the generation of molecular data becoming easier and less expensive every day, neontological research should re-focus on conserved morphologies that can be traced through the fossil record. The pollen, representing the male gametophytic generation of plants and often a taxonomic indicator, can be such a tracer. Analogously, palaeontological research should put more effort into diagnosing Cenozoic fossils with the aim of including them into modern systematic frameworks.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paschalia Kapli
- The Exelixis Lab, Scientific Computing Group, Heidelberg Institute for Theoretical Studies, Heidelberg, Germany
| | | | - Reinhard Zetter
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
| | - Guido W. Grimm
- Department of Palaeontology, University of Vienna, Wien, Austria
- Orléans, France
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Schliep K, Potts AJ, Morrison DA, Grimm GW. Intertwining phylogenetic trees and networks. Methods Ecol Evol 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/2041-210x.12760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 119] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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