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Association between cholinesterase activity and critical illness brain dysfunction. Crit Care 2022; 26:377. [PMID: 36474266 PMCID: PMC9724294 DOI: 10.1186/s13054-022-04260-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Delirium is a frequent manifestation of acute brain dysfunction and is associated with cognitive impairment. The hypothesized mechanism of brain dysfunction during critical illness is centered on neuroinflammation, regulated in part by the cholinergic system. Point-of-care serum cholinesterase enzyme activity measurements serve as a real-time index of cholinergic activity. We hypothesized that cholinesterase activity during critical illness would be associated with delirium in the intensive care unit (ICU) and cognitive impairment after discharge. METHODS We enrolled adults with respiratory failure and/or shock and measured plasma acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) activity on days 1, 3, 5, and 7 after enrollment. AChE values were also normalized per gram of hemoglobin (AChE/Hgb). We assessed for coma and delirium twice daily using the Richmond Agitation Sedation Scale and the Confusion Assessment Method for the ICU to evaluate daily mental status (delirium, coma, normal) and days alive without delirium or coma. Cognitive impairment, disability, and health-related quality of life were assessed at up to 6 months post-discharge. We used multivariable regression to determine whether AChE, AChE/Hgb, and BChE activity were associated with outcomes after adjusting for relevant covariates. RESULTS We included 272 critically ill patients who were a median (IQR) age 56 (39-67) years and had a median Sequential Organ Failure Assessment score at enrollment of 8 (5-11). Higher daily AChE levels were associated with increased odds of being delirious versus normal mental status on the same day (Odds Ratio [95% Confidence Interval] 1.64 [1.11, 2.43]; P = 0.045). AChE/Hgb and BChE activity levels were not associated with delirious mental status. Lower enrollment BChE was associated with fewer days alive without delirium or coma (P = 0.048). AChE, AChE/Hgb, and BChE levels were not significantly associated with cognitive impairment, disability, or quality of life after discharge. CONCLUSION Cholinesterase activity during critical illness is associated with delirium but not with outcomes after discharge, findings that may reflect mechanisms of acute brain organ dysfunction. TRIAL REGISTRATION NCT03098472. Registered 31 March 2017.
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Effect of transcutaneous auricular vagus nerve stimulation on delayed neurocognitive recovery in elderly patients. Aging Clin Exp Res 2022; 34:2421-2429. [PMID: 35809206 DOI: 10.1007/s40520-022-02177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Accepted: 06/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether transauricular vagus nerve stimulation (taVNS) could decrease the incidence of delayed neurocognitive recovery (dNCR) in elderly adults after total joint arthroplasty (TJA). METHODS A prospective, randomized, double-blind, sham-controlled trial was designed. In total, 124 elderly patients undergoing TJA were enrolled and randomly assigned to taVNS group (n = 62), who received taVNS at 1 h before anesthetic induction until the end of surgery, or sham stimulation (SS) group (n = 62), who received SS in the same manner. Neuropsychological batteries were performed before and at 1 week after surgery to assess the incidence of dNCR. Blood samples were collected before surgery and at 1 day after surgery to detect the activity of cholinesterase (AChE and BChE), as well as the levels of inflammatory factors (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6, and HMGB1) and brain damage factor S100β. RESULTS Of 124 patients, 119 completed 1 week neuropsychological tests. The incidence of dNCR was significantly decreased in taVNS group [10% (6/60)] compared with the SS group [27.1% (16/59)] (P < 0.05). Patients who received taVNS had lower blood levels of AChE, BChE, IL-6, HMGB1, and S100β after surgery (P < 0.05), as compared with those in the SS group. There was no difference in TNF-α between the two groups. CONCLUSION The taVNS can decrease the incidence of dNCR after TJA in elderly patients, which may be related to the inhibition of inflammatory cytokine production and the reduction of cholinesterase activity.
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Kozlova DI, Khizha VV, Anosova LV, Korolkova AA, Vasilev DS, Rybakov AV, Pakhomov KV, Shishkin AB, Sumina SV, Ballyzek MF. A New Diagnostic Index Based on the Activity of Butyrylcholinesterase Isoforms for Laboratory Confirmation of Mild Cognitive Impairment Diagnosis. J EVOL BIOCHEM PHYS+ 2022. [DOI: 10.1134/s002209302203022x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Reid GA, Darvesh S. Interaction of Exogenous Butyrylcholinesterase with β-Amyloid Plaques in 5XFAD/Butyrylcholinesterase-Knockout Mouse Brain. Curr Alzheimer Res 2021; 18:470-481. [PMID: 34455970 DOI: 10.2174/1567205018666210827122704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In Alzheimer's disease (AD), and amyloid models such as the 5XFAD mouse, butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) is associated with β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques and has unique biochemical features which distinguish it from that found in neurons. It has been suggested that BChE associated with Aβ plaques may be involved in the maturation of this structure and thus disease progression. OBJECTIVE Currently, it is unknown whether BChE bound to Aβ plaques has altered biochemical properties due to a different primary structure or because of the association of this enzyme with Aβ plaques. Also, the source and binding mechanism of this BChE remains unknown. METHODS Brain tissue sections from the 5XFAD/BChE-KO mouse were incubated with exogenous sources of BChE and stained for this enzyme's activity. Efforts were made to determine what region of BChE or Aβ may be involved in this association. RESULTS We found that incubation of 5XFAD/BChE-KO brain tissues with exogenous BChE led to this enzyme becoming associated with Aβ plaques and neurons. In contrast to neuronal BChE, the BChE bound to Aβ plaques had similar biochemical properties to those seen in AD. Mutations to BChE and efforts to block Aβ epitomes failed to prevent this association. CONCLUSION The association of BChE with Aβ plaques, and the resultant biochemical changes, suggests that BChE may undergo a conformational change when bound to Aβ plaques but not neurons. The 5XFAD/BChE-KO model is ideally suited to explore the binding mechanism of BChE to Aβ plaques as well as the involvement of BChE in AD pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- G A Reid
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - S Darvesh
- Department of Medical Neuroscience, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
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Awan S, Hashmi AN, Taj R, Munir S, Habib R, Batool S, Azam M, Qamar R, Nurulain SM. Genetic Association of Butyrylcholinesterase with Major Depressive Disorder. Biochem Genet 2021; 60:720-737. [PMID: 34414522 DOI: 10.1007/s10528-021-10125-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder (MDD) is characterized as clinical depression, which primarily affects the mood and behaviour of an individual. In the present study butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), a co-regulatory cholinergic neurotransmitter enzyme implicated in several putative neuronal and non-neuronal physiological roles was investigated for its role in MDD. Eighty MDD patients and sixty-one healthy controls were recruited for the study. BChE activity was measured by Ellman's method using serum while DNA samples of the patients were genotyped for BCHE polymorphisms rs3495 (c.*189G > A) and rs1803274 (c.1699G > A) by polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) and tetra-primer Amplification Refractory Mutation System- polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR). The genotyping was further validated by Sanger Sequencing. Biochemical estimation of serum BChE levels revealed a statistically significant decrease of enzyme activity in MDD patients (69.96) as compared to healthy controls (90.97), which was independent of age and gender. BCHE single nucleotide polymorphism rs1803274 genotype GA was found to be associated with the disease under a dominant model (OR 2.32; 95% CI 1.09-4.96; p value = 0.025). Furthermore, risk allele-A frequency was higher in cases (p value = 0.013) than control. Carriers of rs1803274 GA genotype showed reduced mean BChE activity than wild-type allele GG homozygotes (p value = 0.040). Gender-based analysis revealed a protective role of rs3495 in females (χ2 = 6.87, p value = 0.032, RM: OR 0.173, CI = 0.043-0.699 (p value = 0.017). In addition, rs1803274 risk allele-A was observed to be significantly higher in males (χ2 = 4.258, p value = 0.039). In conclusion, the present study is indicative of a role of BChE in the pathophysiology of MDD where genetic polymorphisms were observed to effect BChE activity. Further replication studies in different ethnicities are recommended to validate the current observations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sliha Awan
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Aisha N Hashmi
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rizwan Taj
- Department of Psychiatry, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Sadaf Munir
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Rabia Habib
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Sajida Batool
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan
| | - Maleeha Azam
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan. .,Translational Genomics Laboratory, Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Tarlai Kalan, Park Road, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
| | - Raheel Qamar
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.,Pakistan Academy of Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan.,Science and Technology Sector, ICESCO, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Syed M Nurulain
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Islamabad, 45550, Pakistan.
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Lin X, Tang J, Liu C, Li X, Cao X, Wang B, Dong R, Xu W, Yu X, Wang M, Bi Y. Cerebrospinal fluid cholinergic biomarkers are associated with postoperative delirium in elderly patients undergoing Total hip/knee replacement: a prospective cohort study. BMC Anesthesiol 2020; 20:246. [PMID: 32988381 PMCID: PMC7520969 DOI: 10.1186/s12871-020-01166-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Postoperative delirium (POD) is a frequent complication after surgery and its occurrence is associated with poor outcomes. The neuropathology of this complication is unclear, but it is important to evaluate relevant biomarkers for postoperative status. The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between expression levels of cholinergic biomarkers in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and the occurrence and development of POD in elderly patients. Methods Four hundred and ninety-two elderly patients aged 65 years old or older with elective total hip/knee replacement received combined spinal-epidural anesthesia. Preoperative baseline cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) before surgery. Each patient was interviewed in post-anesthesia care unit (PACU) and on the first, second, third and seventh (or before discharge) postoperative days. POD was diagnosed using the Confusion Assessment Method (CAM), and POD severity was measured using the Memorial Delirium Assessment Scale (MDAS). Preoperative CSF and plasma choline acetyltransferase (ChAT), acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BuChE), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels were determined by ELISA. The levels of ChAT, AChE and BuChE activities were determined by spectrophotometry. Results POD was detected in 11.4% (51/447) of the patients. AChE, BuChE, ChAT, TNF-α and IL-6 concentrations in CSF and plasma have higher consistency. In preoperative CSF and preoperative and postoperative plasma, down-regulation of the concentration and activity of AChE and BuChE as well as up-regulation of the concentration and activity of ChAT and the concentrations of IL-6 and TNF-α were observed in patients who developed POD, and the decrease in BuChE was the most obvious. Logistic analysis showed the activities of ChAT, AChE and BuChE in CSF were still related to POD after adjusting for related factors such as sex, age, years of education, height, weight, body mass index (BMI), and American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) class. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was conducted to determine the Area Under Curve (AUC) of AChE, BuChE and ChAT activity in CSF was 0.679 (P < 0.01), 0.940 (P < 0.01) and 0.819 (P < 0.01) respectively and found that BuChE activity had the most accurate diagnostic value. Conclusion The changes in preoperative activity of AChE, BuChE and ChAT in CSF were associated with the development of POD in elderly patients, and BuChE activity had the greatest diagnostic value, which may be related to central cholinergic degradation. These cholinergic biomarkers might participate in the neuropathology of POD, pending further investigations. Trial registration This study was registered at Chictr.org.cn (NO. ChiCTR1900023729) June 9th, 2019. (Retrospectively registered).
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Lin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Jiaming Tang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, 59, Hai-Er Road, Lao-Shan District, Qingdao, 266000, Shandong Province, China
| | - Chen Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Weifang Medical University, 7166, Bao-Tong West Street, Wei-Cheng District, Weifang, 261053, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xipeng Cao
- Clinical Research Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Bin Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China.
| | - Rui Dong
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Wei Xu
- Department of Neurology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Xinjuan Yu
- Central Laboratory, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Mingshan Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China
| | - Yanlin Bi
- Department of Anesthesiology, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, 5, Dong-Hai Middle Road, Shi-Nan District, Qingdao, 266071, Shandong Province, China.
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Peña-Bautista C, Álvarez L, Durand T, Vigor C, Cuevas A, Baquero M, Vento M, Hervás D, Cháfer-Pericás C. Clinical Utility of Plasma Lipid Peroxidation Biomarkers in Alzheimer's Disease Differential Diagnosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9080649. [PMID: 32707935 PMCID: PMC7464465 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9080649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2020] [Revised: 07/15/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Differential diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex task due to the clinical similarity among neurodegenerative diseases. Previous studies showed the role of lipid peroxidation in early AD development. However, the clinical validation of potential specific biomarkers in minimally invasive samples constitutes a great challenge in early AD diagnosis. METHODS Plasma samples from participants classified into AD (n = 138), non-AD (including MCI and other dementias not due to AD) (n = 70) and healthy (n = 50) were analysed. Lipid peroxidation compounds (isoprostanes, isofurans, neuroprostanes, neurofurans) were determined by ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis for biomarkers' clinical validation was based on Elastic Net. RESULTS A two-step diagnosis model was developed from plasma lipid peroxidation products to diagnose early AD specifically, and a bootstrap validated AUC of 0.74 was obtained. CONCLUSION A promising AD differential diagnosis model was developed. It was clinically validated as a screening test. However, further external validation is required before clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Peña-Bautista
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.P.-B.); (M.V.)
| | - Lourdes Álvarez
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.A.); (A.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Thierry Durand
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (C.V.)
| | - Claire Vigor
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron, IBMM, University of Montpellier, CNRS ENSCM, 34093 Montpellier, France; (T.D.); (C.V.)
| | - Ana Cuevas
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.A.); (A.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Miguel Baquero
- Neurology Unit, University and Polytechnic Hospital La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (L.A.); (A.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Máximo Vento
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.P.-B.); (M.V.)
| | - David Hervás
- Biostatistical Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain;
| | - Consuelo Cháfer-Pericás
- Neonatal Research Unit, Health Research Institute La Fe, 46026 Valencia, Spain; (C.P.-B.); (M.V.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-961-246-721; Fax: +34-961-246-620
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Wu W, Zhang Z, Li F, Deng Y, Lei M, Long H, Hou J, Wu W. A Network-Based Approach to Explore the Mechanisms of Uncaria Alkaloids in Treating Hypertension and Alleviating Alzheimer's Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051766. [PMID: 32143538 PMCID: PMC7084279 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051766] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2020] [Revised: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Uncaria alkaloids are the major bioactive chemicals found in the Uncaria genus, which have a long history of clinical application in treating cardiovascular and mental diseases in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). However, there are gaps in understanding the multiple targets, pathways, and biological activities of Uncaria alkaloids. By constructing the interactions among drug-targets-diseases, network pharmacology provides a systemic methodology and a novel perspective to present the intricate connections among drugs, potential targets, and related pathways. It is a valuable tool for studying TCM drugs with multiple indications, and how these multi-indication drugs are affected by complex interactions in the biological system. To better understand the mechanisms and targets of Uncaria alkaloids, we built an integrated analytical platform based on network pharmacology, including target prediction, protein-protein interaction (PPI) network, topology analysis, gene enrichment analysis, and molecular docking. Using this platform, we revealed the underlying mechanisms of Uncaria alkaloids' anti-hypertensive effects and explored the possible application of Uncaria alkaloids in preventing Alzheimer's disease. These results were further evaluated and refined using biological experiments. Our study provides a novel strategy for understanding the holistic pharmacology of TCM, as well as for exploring the multi-indication properties of TCM beyond its traditional applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenyong Wu
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zijia Zhang
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Feifei Li
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, No. 19A Yuquan Road, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yanping Deng
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Min Lei
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Huali Long
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
| | - Jinjun Hou
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-021-5080-2351 (J.H.)
| | - Wanying Wu
- Center for Modernization of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 501 Haike Road, Pudong New District, Shanghai 201203, China; (W.W.); (Z.Z.); (F.L.); (Y.D.); (M.L.); (H.L.)
- Correspondence: (J.H.); (W.W.); Tel.: +86-021-5080-2351 (J.H.)
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Ha ZY, Mathew S, Yeong KY. Butyrylcholinesterase: A Multifaceted Pharmacological Target and Tool. Curr Protein Pept Sci 2020; 21:99-109. [DOI: 10.2174/1389203720666191107094949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Butyrylcholinesterase is a serine hydrolase that catalyzes the hydrolysis of esters in the body. Unlike its sister enzyme acetylcholinesterase, butyrylcholinesterase has a broad substrate scope and lower acetylcholine catalytic efficiency. The difference in tissue distribution and inhibitor sensitivity also points to its involvement external to cholinergic neurotransmission. Initial studies on butyrylcholinesterase showed that the inhibition of the enzyme led to the increment of brain acetylcholine levels. Further gene knockout studies suggested its involvement in the regulation of amyloid-beta, a brain pathogenic protein. Thus, it is an interesting target for neurological disorders such as Alzheimer’s disease. The substrate scope of butyrylcholinesterase was recently found to include cocaine, as well as ghrelin, the “hunger hormone”. These findings led to the development of recombinant butyrylcholinesterase mutants and viral gene therapy to combat cocaine addiction, along with in-depth studies on the significance of butyrylcholinesterase in obesity. It is observed that the pharmacological impact of butyrylcholinesterase increased in tandem with each reported finding. Not only is the enzyme now considered an important pharmacological target, it is also becoming an important tool to study the biological pathways in various diseases. Here, we review and summarize the biochemical properties of butyrylcholinesterase and its roles, as a cholinergic neurotransmitter, in various diseases, particularly neurodegenerative disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Ying Ha
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Shintu Mathew
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER), ITI Compound, Raebareli, 229010, India
| | - Keng Yoon Yeong
- School of Science, Monash University Malaysia Campus, Jalan Lagoon Selatan, Bandar Sunway, 47500, Selangor, Malaysia
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Gámez-Valero A, Campdelacreu J, Reñé R, Beyer K, Borràs FE. Comprehensive proteomic profiling of plasma-derived Extracellular Vesicles from dementia with Lewy Bodies patients. Sci Rep 2019; 9:13282. [PMID: 31527695 PMCID: PMC6746766 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-49668-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Proteins and nucleic acids contained in extracellular vesicles (EVs) are considered a feasible source of putative biomarkers for physiological and pathological conditions. Within the nervous system, not only neurons but also other brain cells are able to produce EVs, which have been involved in their physiological processes and also in the development and course of several neurodegenerative diseases. Among these, dementia with Lewy bodies (DLB) is the second cause of dementia worldwide, though most cases are missed or misdiagnosed as Alzheimer's disease (AD) due to the important clinical and pathological overlap between both diseases. In an attempt to find reliable biomarkers for DLB diagnosis, our group characterized the proteome of plasma-derived EVs from DLB patients compared to aged-matched healthy controls (HCs) using two different proteomic LC-MS/MS approaches. Remarkably, we found that gelsolin and butyrylcholinesterase were differentially identified between DLB and HCs. Further validation of these results using conventional ELISA techniques, and including an additional group of AD patients, pointed to decreased levels of gelsolin in plasma-EVs from DLB compared to HCs and to AD samples. Thus, gelsolin may be considered a possible biomarker for the differentiation between DLB and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Gámez-Valero
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.,REMAR-IVECAT group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jaume Campdelacreu
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ramón Reñé
- Department of Neurology, Hospital Universitari de Bellvitge, L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Katrin Beyer
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Universitari and Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Francesc E Borràs
- REMAR-IVECAT group, Health Sciences Research Institute Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Nephrology Service, Hospital Universitari Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, Spain. .,Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB), Barcelona, Spain.
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