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Nigatu YT, Elton-Marshall T, Mann RE, Hamilton HA. Associations of cannabis use, opioid use, and their combination with serious psychological distress among Ontario adults. Stress Health 2022; 38:38-46. [PMID: 34038026 DOI: 10.1002/smi.3071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Considering the widespread use of cannabis and opioids, examining the use of cannabis, opioids and their combination with serious psychological distress (SPD) is important. A total of N = 12,358 adults participating in the Monitor surveillance study between 2014 and 2019 were included. Cannabis and opioid use reflected any use of the substances in the past 12 months. SPD was defined as having a score of 13 or more on the Kessler-6 questionnaire, a 6-item scale that includes feeling nervous, hopeless, restless or fidgety, sad or depressed. Odds ratios (ORs) were estimated from logistic regression models accounting for complex survey design and sociodemographic factors. Overall, 12.8% of the sample reported cannabis use only, 18% reported opioid use only, and 4.9% reported both cannabis and opioid use. Use of both cannabis and opioids was significantly associated with SPD in both women (OR = 4.24; 95% CI, 2.34 to 7.69), and in men (OR = 2.99; 95% CI, 1.56 to 5.73) compared to use of neither. The joint association of cannabis and opioids with SPD was additive. Addressing those who use both cannabis and opioids may help reduce the burden of SPD among adults in Ontario.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yeshambel T Nigatu
- Institute for Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tara Elton-Marshall
- Institute for Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, Ontario, London, Canada
| | - Robert E Mann
- Institute for Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hayley A Hamilton
- Institute for Mental Health Policy and Research, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.,Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Bernerth JB, Walker HJ. Altered States or Much to Do About Nothing? A Study of When Cannabis Is Used in Relation to the Impact It Has on Performance. GROUP & ORGANIZATION MANAGEMENT 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/1059601120917590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
As more local, state, and national governments change laws regarding the legality of cannabis use, it is essential for organizations to understand how the workplace may be influenced by these changes. The current study begins to answer this question by examining the relationship between three temporal-based cannabis measures and five forms of workplace performance. Using data from 281 employees and their direct supervisors, our results indicate that cannabis use before and during work negatively relate to task performance, organization-aimed citizenship behaviors, and two forms of counterproductive work behaviors. At the same time, after-work cannabis use was not related (positively or negatively) to any form of performance as rated by the user’s direct supervisor. We discuss methodological, theoretical, and practical implications for researchers, organizations, and governmental agencies concerned with cannabis use.
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3
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Girotto E, de Andrade SM, Mesas AE, González AD, Guidoni CM. Working conditions and illicit psychoactive substance use among truck drivers in Brazil. Occup Environ Med 2015; 72:764-9. [PMID: 26304775 DOI: 10.1136/oemed-2015-102868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to identify the role that working conditions play in predicting the consumption of illicit psychoactive substances (IPS) among truck drivers. METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted with truck drivers who transport grains to Paranaguá Port, PR, Brazil. The truck drivers were interviewed, and they completed a self-administered questionnaire regarding their sociodemographics, lifestyles, working conditions, and consumption of IPS over the past 30 days. The statistical analysis included logistic regression models progressively adjusted for sociodemographic and lifestyle variables. RESULTS A total of 670 male drivers with a mean age of 41.9 (±11.1) years were assessed. The prevalence of IPS consumption over the past 30 days was 10.9% (n=73). The drugs used primarily consisted of amphetamines (n=61). After adjusting for working characteristics, sociodemographic and lifestyle variables, the following working conditions were associated with the consumption of IPS: driving mostly at night (OR=3.91; 95% CI 1.75 to 8.74), driving while tired (OR=2.26; 95% CI 1.31 to 3.89), and earning a higher monthly income (OR=2.08; 95% CI 1.16 to 3.72). Drivers who were 39 years old or younger (OR=2.11; 95% CI 1.05 to 4.25) and not living with a partner (OR=2.22; 95% CI 1.17 to 4.22) were also more likely to consume IPS. CONCLUSIONS Driving mostly at night, being tired, and earning more increase the use of IPS among truck drivers, regardless of other working characteristics, sociodemographic, and lifestyle variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edmarlon Girotto
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Selma Maffei de Andrade
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Arthur Eumann Mesas
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Alberto Durán González
- Department of Public Health, Postgraduate Program in Public Health, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Camilo Molino Guidoni
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Health Sciences Center, Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
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Anderson BM, Rizzo M, Block RI, Pearlson GD, O'Leary DS. Sex, drugs, and cognition: effects of marijuana. J Psychoactive Drugs 2011; 42:413-24. [PMID: 21305906 DOI: 10.1080/02791072.2010.10400704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Despite the knowledge that many drugs affect men and women differently, few studies exploring the effects of marijuana use on cognition have included women. Findings from both animal and human studies suggest marijuana may have more marked effects in women. This study examined sex differences in the acute effects of marijuana on cognition in 70 (n=35 male, 35 female) occasional users of marijuana. Tasks were chosen to tap a wide variety of cognitive domains affected by sex and/or marijuana including attention, cognitive flexibility, time estimation, and visuospatial processing. As expected, acute marijuana use impaired performance on selective and divided attention, time estimation, and cognitive flexibility. While there did not appear to be sex differences in marijuana's effects on cognition, women requested to discontinue the smoking session more often than men, likely leading to an underestimation of differences. Further study of psychological differences in marijuana's effects on men and women following both acute and residual effects of marijuana is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beth M Anderson
- Olin Neuropsychiatry Research Center, 200 Retreat Avenue-Whitehall Bldg, Hartford Hospital Institute of Living, Hartford, CT 06106, USA.
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Vázquez Moyano M, Uña Orejón R. [Anesthesia in drug addiction]. REVISTA ESPANOLA DE ANESTESIOLOGIA Y REANIMACION 2011; 58:97-109. [PMID: 21427826 DOI: 10.1016/s0034-9356(11)70008-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The growing social problem of drug abuse has increased the likelihood that anesthesiologists will find acute or chronic drug users among patients requiring anesthesia for elective or emergency surgery. We must therefore be aware of the effects drugs have on the organism and their possible pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic interactions with anesthetic agents in order to prevent complications during surgery and postoperative recovery. Such knowledge is required for the management of abstinence syndrome or overdose, which pose the greatest potential dangers for the hospitalized drug addict.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Vázquez Moyano
- Servicio de Anestesiologáa, Reanimación y Terapéutica del Dolor, Hospital Universitario La Paz, Madrid.
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Metrik J, Rohsenow DJ, Monti PM, McGeary J, Cook TAR, de Wit H, Haney M, Kahler CW. Effectiveness of a marijuana expectancy manipulation: Piloting the balanced-placebo design for marijuana. Exp Clin Psychopharmacol 2009; 17:217-25. [PMID: 19653787 PMCID: PMC2810847 DOI: 10.1037/a0016502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Although alcohol and nicotine administration studies have demonstrated that manipulating subjects' expectancies regarding drug content affects drug response, research with marijuana has not adequately studied drug expectancy effects. The present pilot study was the first to evaluate the credibility and effect of expectancy manipulation on subjective measures and smoking patterns using a marijuana administration balanced-placebo design (BPD). In a 2 x 2 instructional set (told delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol [THC] vs. told no THC) by drug (smoked marijuana with 2.8% THC vs. placebo) between-subjects design, the authors examined the effect of marijuana expectancy manipulation and the pharmacologic effect on affective and physiologic measures, cigarette ratings, and smoking behavior with 20 marijuana smokers (mean age = 20 years; 25% female). Large main effects of expectancy were found on ratings of cigarette potency, strength, taste, smell, and satisfaction, and observed smoking behavior. Pharmacologic effects were particularly evident for self-reported physical reactions to marijuana and cigarette potency and satisfaction ratings. This study demonstrated the feasibility of the BPD research with marijuana and yielded promising results for future studies examining the independent and combined effects of marijuana pharmacology and expectancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jane Metrik
- Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA.
| | - Damaris J. Rohsenow
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Peter M. Monti
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - John McGeary
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Travis A. R. Cook
- Providence VA Medical Center, Providence, RI, and Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, Brown University
| | - Harriet de Wit
- Department of Psychiatry, Human Behavioral Pharmacology Laboratory, The University of Chicago
| | - Margaret Haney
- Division of Substance Abuse, New York State Psychiatric Institute, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University
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Zhang PW, Ishiguro H, Ohtsuki T, Hess J, Carillo F, Walther D, Onaivi ES, Arinami T, Uhl GR. Human cannabinoid receptor 1: 5' exons, candidate regulatory regions, polymorphisms, haplotypes and association with polysubstance abuse. Mol Psychiatry 2004; 9:916-31. [PMID: 15289816 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mp.4001560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A number of lines of evidence make the gene that encodes the G-protein-coupled CB1/Cnr1 receptor a strong candidate to harbor variants that might contribute to individual differences in human addiction vulnerability. The CB1/Cnr1 receptor is the major brain site at which cannabinoid marijuana constituents are psychoactive as well as the principal brain receptor for endogenous anandamide ligands. It is densely expressed in brain circuits likely to be important for both the reward and mnemonic processes important for addiction. Altered drug effects in CB1/Cnr1 knockout mice and initial association studies also make variants at the CB1/Cnr1 locus candidates for roles in human vulnerabilities to addictions. However, many features of this gene's structure, regulation and variation remain poorly defined. This poor definition has limited the ability of previous association studies to adequately sample variation at this locus. We now report improved definition of the human CB1/Cnr1 locus and its variants. Novel exons 1-3, splice variant and candidate promoter region sequences add to the richness of the CB1/Cnr1 locus. Candidate promoter region sequences confer reporter gene expression in cells that express CB1/Cnr1. Common polymorphisms reveal patterns of linkage disequilibrium in European- and in African-American individuals. A 5' CB1/Cnr1 "TAG" haplotype displays significant allelic frequency differences between substance abusers and controls in European-American, African-American and Japanese samples. Post-mortem brain samples of heterozygous individuals contain less mRNA transcribed from the TAG alleles than from other CB1/Cnr1 haplotypes. CB1/ Cnr1 genomic variation thus appears to play roles in human addiction vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- P-W Zhang
- Molecular Neurobiology Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse-IRP/NIH, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
The smoking of marijuana for medicinal applications is a volatile and difficult issue for the medical and regulatory communities which has reached the forefront of discussions of public policy. Any consideration of this issue must take into account the substantial toxicity, impurity, and morbidity associated with marijuana use. Several states have passed ballot initiatives or legislation that allow a medical excuse for possession of marijuana. These initiatives bypass the Food and Drug Administration process of proving safety and efficacy, and they have created serious regulatory dilemmas for state regulatory boards. Several examinations of the issue have consistently drawn question to the validity of smoking an impure substance while voicing concern for the well being of patients in need. The historical, social, medical, and legal issues are examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric A Voth
- The Institute on Global Drug Policy, St. Petersburg, FL, USA.
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Hoffman AF, Riegel AC, Lupica CR. Functional localization of cannabinoid receptors and endogenous cannabinoid production in distinct neuron populations of the hippocampus. Eur J Neurosci 2003; 18:524-34. [PMID: 12911748 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.2003.02773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The possible localization of cannabinoid (CB) receptors to glutamatergic and GABAergic synaptic terminals impinging upon GABAergic interneurons in the CA1 region of the rat hippocampus was examined using the electrophysiological measurement of neurotransmitter release in brain slices. Whereas activation of cannabinoid receptors via the application of the cannabinoid agonist WIN55,212-2 significantly and dose-dependently reduced evoked IPSCs recorded from interneurons possessing somata located in the stratum radiatum (S.R.) and stratum oriens (S.O.) lamellae, evoked glutamatergic EPSCs were unaffected in both neuronal populations. However, in agreement with previous reports, WIN55,212-2 significantly reduced EPSCs recorded from CA1 pyramidal neurons. Additional experiments confirmed that the effects of WIN55,212-2 on IPSCs were presynaptic and that they could be blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A. The involvement of endogenous cannabinoids in the presynaptic inhibition of GABA release was also examined in the interneurons and pyramidal cells using a depolarization-induced suppression of inhibition (DSI) paradigm. DSI was observed in CA1 pyramidal neurons under control conditions, and its incidence was greatly increased by the cholinergic agonist carbachol. However, DSI was not observed in the S.R. or S.O. interneuron populations, in either the presence or absence of carbachol. Whereas DSI was not present in these interneurons, the inhibitory inputs to these cells were modulated by the synthetic cannabinoid WIN55,212-2. These data support the hypothesis that cannabinoid receptors are located on inhibitory, but not excitatory, axon terminals impinging upon hippocampal interneurons, and that CA1 pyramidal neurons, and not interneurons, are capable of generating endogenous cannabinoids during prolonged states of depolarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander F Hoffman
- Cellular Neurobiology Research Branch, National Institute on Drug Abuse, National Institutes of Health, US Department of Health and Human Services, 5500 Nathan Shock Drive, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
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Abstract
The localization of cannabinoid (CB) receptors to GABAergic interneurons in the hippocampus indicates that CBs may modulate GABAergic function and thereby mediate some of the disruptive effects of marijuana on spatial memory and sensory processing. To investigate the possible mechanisms through which CB receptors may modulate GABAergic neurotransmission in the hippocampus, whole-cell voltage-clamp recordings were performed on CA1 pyramidal neurons in rat brain slices. Stimulus-evoked GABA(A) receptor-mediated IPSCs were reduced in a concentration-dependent manner by the CB receptor agonist WIN 55,212-2 (EC(50) of 138 nM). This effect was blocked by the CB1 receptor antagonist SR141716A (1 microM) but not by the opioid antagonist naloxone. In contrast, evoked GABA(B)-mediated IPSCs were insensitive to the CB agonist. WIN 55,212-2 also reduced the frequency of spontaneous, action potential-dependent IPSCs (sIPSCs), without altering action potential-independent miniature IPSCs (mIPSCs), measured while sodium channels were blocked by tetrodotoxin (TTX). Blockade of voltage-dependent calcium channels (VDCCs) by cadmium also eliminated the effect of WIN 55,212-2 on sIPSCs. Depolarization of inhibitory terminals with elevated extracellular potassium caused a large increase in the frequency of mIPSCs that was inhibited by both cadmium and WIN 55,212-2. The presynaptic effect of WIN 55,212-2 was also investigated using the potassium channel blockers barium and 4-aminopyridine. Neither of these agents significantly altered the effect of WIN 55,212-2 on evoked IPSCs. Together, these data suggest that presynaptic CB1 receptors reduce GABA(A)- but not GABA(B)-mediated synaptic inhibition of CA1 pyramidal neurons by inhibiting VDCCs located on inhibitory nerve terminals.
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Abstract
Though some estimate that marijuana use has cost U.S. companies billions of dollars in lost productivity, the relationship between use of marijuana and job performance is far from clear. In this paper, I review studies on this topic from four different methodological perspectives and discuss models to account for their apparently contradictory findings. This discussion suggests hypotheses for future research addressing possible reasons for inconsistencies in past findings.
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Yuille JC, Tollestrup PA, Marxsen D, Porter S, Herve HF. An exploration on the effects of marijuana on eyewitness memory. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF LAW AND PSYCHIATRY 1998; 21:117-128. [PMID: 9526721 DOI: 10.1016/s0160-2527(97)00027-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J C Yuille
- Dept. of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
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Sussman S, Stacy AW, Dent CW, Simon TR, Johnson CA. Marijuana Use: Current Issues and New Research Directions. JOURNAL OF DRUG ISSUES 1996. [DOI: 10.1177/002204269602600402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Due to recent evidence of the increasing frequency of marijuana use among adolescents and young adults, and due to the many remaining research issues regarding this drug, it is appropriate to summarize some of the important data about marijuana and to suggest some directions for research and service. This article first provides a review of the history, botany, active ingredients, effects, and negative consequences of marijuana use. Next, prevention and cessation of marijuana use are discussed. Finally, this paper provides a selective examination of current issues in marijuana research. Several salient issues are highlighted including its preference among certain subgroups (high risk youth and ethnic differences), its relations with illegal behavior (marijuana use and driving, current marijuana-related legislation, and marijuana use and violence), and its recent portrayal in the media.
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Abstract
Blood samples from 425 suspected drugged drivers who were clinically impaired and negative for alcohol were analysed. Fifty-six percent of the samples were positive for tetrahydrocannabinol (THC). Tetrahydrocannabinol-positive blood samples were analysed for amphetamines, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, cocaine metabolites and opiates. Eighty-two percent of the samples were found to be positive for one or more drugs in addition to THC, and the concentrations of these drugs were often high. Thus, THC in combination with other drugs seems to be a much more frequent reason for impairment than THC alone among Norwegian drugged drivers.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Gjerde
- National Institute of Forensic Toxicology, Oslo, Norway
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