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Khalilzadeh E, Aliyoldashi M, Abdkarimi B, Azarpey F, Vafaei Saiah G, Hazrati R, Caspani O. Reversal of cold intolerance by testosterone in orchiectomized mice after tibial nerve transection. Behav Brain Res 2023; 441:114269. [PMID: 36574845 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2022.114269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Cold intolerance is a debilitating effect of nerve injury, has a strong impact on the life of patients and no advisable treatment exists against it. Testosterone influences pain pathways and has analgesic effects. A recent study showed testosterone as being an agonist of TRPM8, the predominant ion channel that contributes to cold hypersensitivity after injury. We investigated the effect of testosterone on cold sensitivity after nerve injury. Specifically, using the double plate test (DPT) (thermo-neutral-plate: 31 ºC and cold-plate: 18 ºC) we determined the thermal preference of mice at different points during the study design consisting of: orchiectomy, tibial nerve transection (TNT) (30 days after orchiectomy), 15-days-repeated subcutaneous injections of testosterone enanthate (250 or 500 µg/kg/day) or vehicle (started 12 h after TNT surgery). Different parameters such as time spent on cold plates, distance traveled, animal speed on the cold- and thermo-neutral-plates were determined in naïve, sham and neuropathic animals. Neither orchiectomy nor sham TNT surgery generate effects on cold intolerance and animal activity while TNT surgery decreased the time spent on the cold-plate and the distance traveled during DPT. Testosterone administration reversed the effect of nerve injury, decreasing the cold hypersensitivity and increasing activity of TNT mice. However, the effect of testosterone on cold avoidance reduced with time and at 14 days after TNT surgery, a higher dose was needed to reverse the effect generated by nerve injury. This indicates that although testosterone administration has a positive effect on cold intolerance, it might not be suitable for prolongated treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emad Khalilzadeh
- Division of physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Neurophysiology Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Ludolf-Krehl-Str., 68167 Mannheim, Germany.
| | - Mohammadhassan Aliyoldashi
- Division of physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Babak Abdkarimi
- Division of physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Farzin Azarpey
- Division of physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran; Neurophysiology Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Ludolf-Krehl-Str., 68167 Mannheim, Germany
| | - Gholamreza Vafaei Saiah
- Division of physiology, Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Reza Hazrati
- Brain Research Center, Laval University, Quebec, Canada
| | - Ombretta Caspani
- Neurophysiology Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim of the University of Heidelberg, Mannheim Center for Translational Neuroscience (MCTN), Ludolf-Krehl-Str., 68167 Mannheim, Germany
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Maseroli E, Vignozzi L. Testosterone and Vaginal Function. Sex Med Rev 2020; 8:379-392. [DOI: 10.1016/j.sxmr.2020.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 03/08/2020] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
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Effects of Sex Hormones on Ocular Blood Flow and Intraocular Pressure in Primary Open-angle Glaucoma: A Review. J Glaucoma 2019; 27:1037-1041. [PMID: 30312278 DOI: 10.1097/ijg.0000000000001106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is a multifactorial optic neuropathy characterized by progressive retinal ganglion cell death and visual field loss. Some speculate that sex plays a role in the risk of developing POAG and that the physiological differences between men and women may be attributed to the variable effects of sex hormones on intraocular pressure, ocular blood flow, and/or neuroprotection. Estrogen, in the form of premenopausal status, pregnancy, and postmenopausal hormone therapy is associated with an increase in ocular blood flow, decrease in intraocular pressure and neuroprotective properties. The vasodilation caused by estrogen and its effects on aqueous humor outflow may contribute. In contrast, although testosterone may have known effects in the cardiovascular and cerebrovascular systems, there is no consensus as to its effects in ocular health or POAG. With a better understanding of sex hormones in POAG, sex hormone-derived preventative and therapeutic considerations in disease management may provide for improved sex-specific patient care.
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Gupte R, Brooks W, Vukas R, Pierce J, Harris J. Sex Differences in Traumatic Brain Injury: What We Know and What We Should Know. J Neurotrauma 2019; 36:3063-3091. [PMID: 30794028 PMCID: PMC6818488 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2018.6171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing recognition of the problem of male bias in neuroscience research, including in the field of traumatic brain injury (TBI) where fewer women than men are recruited to clinical trials and male rodents have predominantly been used as an experimental injury model. Despite TBI being a leading cause of mortality and disability worldwide, sex differences in pathophysiology and recovery are poorly understood, limiting clinical care and successful drug development. Given growing interest in sex as a biological variable affecting injury outcomes and treatment efficacy, there is a clear need to summarize sex differences in TBI. This scoping review presents an overview of current knowledge of sex differences in TBI and a comparison of human and animal studies. We found that overall, human studies report worse outcomes in women than men, whereas animal studies report better outcomes in females than males. However, closer examination shows that multiple factors including injury severity, sample size, and experimental injury model may differentially interact with sex to affect TBI outcomes. Additionally, we explore how sex differences in mitochondrial structure and function might contribute to possible sex differences in TBI outcomes. We propose recommendations for future investigations of sex differences in TBI, which we hope will lead to improved patient management, prognosis, and translation of therapies from bench to bedside.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raeesa Gupte
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - William Brooks
- Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Hoglund Brain Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- The University of Kansas Clinical and Translational Sciences Institute, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Rachel Vukas
- School of Medicine, Dykes Library of Health Sciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janet Pierce
- Department of Molecular and Integrative Physiology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Janna Harris
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Hoglund Brain Center, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas
- Address correspondence to: Janna Harris, PhD, Hoglund Brain Imaging Center, MS 1052, 3901 Rainbow Boulevard, Kansas City, KS 66160
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Bianchi VE, Locatelli V, Rizzi L. Neurotrophic and Neuroregenerative Effects of GH/IGF1. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18112441. [PMID: 29149058 PMCID: PMC5713408 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18112441] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2017] [Revised: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction. Human neurodegenerative diseases increase progressively with age and present a high social and economic burden. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) are both growth factors exerting trophic effects on neuronal regeneration in the central nervous system (CNS) and peripheral nervous system (PNS). GH and IGF-1 stimulate protein synthesis in neurons, glia, oligodendrocytes, and Schwann cells, and favor neuronal survival, inhibiting apoptosis. This study aims to evaluate the effect of GH and IGF-1 on neurons, and their possible therapeutic clinical applications on neuron regeneration in human subjects. Methods. In the literature, we searched the clinical trials and followed up studies in humans, which have evaluated the effect of GH/IGF-1 on CNS and PNS. The following keywords have been used: “GH/IGF-1” associated with “neuroregeneration”, “amyotrophic lateral sclerosis”, “Alzheimer disease”, “Parkinson’s disease”, “brain”, and “neuron”. Results. Of the retrieved articles, we found nine articles about the effect of GH in healthy patients who suffered from traumatic brain injury (TBI), and six studies (four using IGF-1 and two GH therapy) in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS). The administration of GH in patients after TBI showed a significantly positive recovery of brain and mental function. Treatment with GH and IGF-1 therapy in ALS produced contradictory results. Conclusions. Although strong findings have shown the positive effects of GH/IGF-1 administration on neuroregeneration in animal models, a very limited number of clinical studies have been conducted in humans. GH/IGF-1 therapy had different effects in patients with TBI, evidencing a high recovery of neurons and clinical outcome, while in ALS patients, the results are contradictory. More complex clinical protocols are necessary to evaluate the effect of GH/IGF-1 efficacy in neurodegenerative diseases. It seems evident that GH and IGF-1 therapy favors the optimal recovery of neurons when a consistent residual activity is still present. Furthermore, the effect of GH/IGF-1 could be mediated by, or be overlapped with that of other hormones, such as estradiol and testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vittorio Emanuele Bianchi
- Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clinical Center Stella Maris, Strada Rovereta, 42-47891 Falciano, San Marino.
| | - Vittorio Locatelli
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca via Cadore, 48-20900 Monza Brianza, Italy.
| | - Laura Rizzi
- Molecular Biology, School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, via Cadore, 48-20900 Monza Brianza, Italy.
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Translational Perspective on the Role of Testosterone in Sexual Function and Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2017; 13:1183-98. [PMID: 27436075 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 05/13/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The biological importance of testosterone is generally accepted by the medical community; however, controversy focuses on its relevance to sexual function and the sexual response, and our understanding of the extent of its role in this area is evolving. AIM To provide scientific evidence examining the role of testosterone at the cellular and molecular levels as it pertains to normal erectile physiology and the development of erectile dysfunction and to assist in guiding successful therapeutic interventions for androgen-dependent sexual dysfunction. METHODS In this White Paper, the Basic Science Committee of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America assessed the current basic science literature examining the role of testosterone in sexual function and dysfunction. RESULTS Testosterone plays an important role in sexual function through multiple processes: physiologic (stimulates activity of nitric oxide synthase), developmental (establishes and maintains the structural and functional integrity of the penis), neural (development, maintenance, function, and plasticity of the cavernous nerve and pelvic ganglia), therapeutically for dysfunctional regulation (beneficial effect on aging, diabetes, and prostatectomy), and phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibition (testosterone supplement to counteract phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor resistance). CONCLUSION Despite controversies concerning testosterone with regard to sexual function, basic science studies provide incontrovertible evidence for a significant role of testosterone in sexual function and suggest that properly administered testosterone therapy is potentially advantageous for treating male sexual dysfunction.
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Siddiqui AN, Siddiqui N, Khan RA, Kalam A, Jabir NR, Kamal MA, Firoz CK, Tabrez S. Neuroprotective Role of Steroidal Sex Hormones: An Overview. CNS Neurosci Ther 2016; 22:342-50. [PMID: 27012165 PMCID: PMC6492877 DOI: 10.1111/cns.12538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Progesterone, estrogens, and testosterone are the well-known steroidal sex hormones, which have been reported to have "nonreproductive "effects in the brain, specifically in the neuroprotection and neurotrophy. In the last one decade, there has been a surge in the research on the role of these hormones in neuroprotection and their positive impact on different brain injuries. The said interest has been sparked by a desire to understand the action and mechanisms of these steroidal sex hormones throughout the body. The aim of this article was to highlight the potential outcome of the steroidal hormones, viz. progesterone, estrogens, and testosterone in terms of their role in neuroprotection and other brain injuries. Their possible mechanism of action at both genomic and nongenomic level will be also discussed. As far as our knowledge goes, we are for the first time reporting neuroprotective effect and possible mechanism of action of these hormones in a single article.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Nasir Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nahida Siddiqui
- Department of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Rashid Ali Khan
- Department of Pharmaceutical Medicine, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Abul Kalam
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India
| | - Nasimudeen R Jabir
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Shams Tabrez
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
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Musicki B, Bella AJ, Bivalacqua TJ, Davies KP, DiSanto ME, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Hannan JL, Kim NN, Podlasek CA, Wingard CJ, Burnett AL. Basic Science Evidence for the Link Between Erectile Dysfunction and Cardiometabolic Dysfunction. J Sex Med 2015; 12:2233-55. [PMID: 26646025 DOI: 10.1111/jsm.13069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Although clinical evidence supports an association between cardiovascular/metabolic diseases (CVMD) and erectile dysfunction (ED), scientific evidence for this link is incompletely elucidated. AIM This study aims to provide scientific evidence for the link between CVMD and ED. METHODS In this White Paper, the Basic Science Committee of the Sexual Medicine Society of North America assessed the current literature on basic scientific support for a mechanistic link between ED and CVMD, and deficiencies in this regard with a critical assessment of current preclinical models of disease. RESULTS A link exists between ED and CVMD on several grounds: the endothelium (endothelium-derived nitric oxide and oxidative stress imbalance); smooth muscle (SM) (SM abundance and altered molecular regulation of SM contractility); autonomic innervation (autonomic neuropathy and decreased neuronal-derived nitric oxide); hormones (impaired testosterone release and actions); and metabolics (hyperlipidemia, advanced glycation end product formation). CONCLUSION Basic science evidence supports the link between ED and CVMD. The Committee also highlighted gaps in knowledge and provided recommendations for guiding further scientific study defining this risk relationship. This endeavor serves to develop novel strategic directions for therapeutic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biljana Musicki
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Anthony J Bella
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery and Department of Neuroscience, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute at the University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Trinity J Bivalacqua
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kelvin P Davies
- Department of Urology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michael E DiSanto
- Department of Surgery/Division of Urology, Cooper University Hospital, Camden, NJ, USA
| | - Nestor F Gonzalez-Cadavid
- Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, Harbor-UCLA Medical Center and Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute, Torrance, CA, USA.,Department of Urology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Johanna L Hannan
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Noel N Kim
- Institute for Sexual Medicine, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Carol A Podlasek
- Departments of Urology, Physiology, and Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Christopher J Wingard
- Department of Physiology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Arthur L Burnett
- The James Buchanan Brady Urological Institute and Department of Urology, The Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Cavaleri F. Review of Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Parkinson’s and Alzheimer’s diseases helps further define pathology of the novel paradigm for Alzheimer’s with heavy metals as primary disease cause. Med Hypotheses 2015; 85:779-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mehy.2015.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Revised: 09/25/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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A systematic review of animal models for experimental neuroma. J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg 2015; 68:1447-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjps.2015.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2014] [Revised: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Datto JP, Bastidas JC, Miller NL, Shah AK, Arheart KL, Marcillo AE, Dietrich WD, Pearse DD. Female Rats Demonstrate Improved Locomotor Recovery and Greater Preservation of White and Gray Matter after Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury Compared to Males. J Neurotrauma 2015; 32:1146-57. [PMID: 25715192 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2014.3702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The possibility of a gender-related difference in recovery after spinal cord injury (SCI) remains a controversial subject. Current empirical animal research lacks sizable test groups to definitively determine whether significant differences exist. Evaluating locomotor recovery variances between sexes following a precise, clinically relevant spinal cord contusion model can provide valuable insight into a possible gender-related advantage in outcome post-SCI. In the current study, we hypothesized that by employing larger sample sizes in a reproducible contusive SCI paradigm, subtle distinctions in locomotor recovery between sexes, if they exist, would be elucidated through a broad range of behavioral tests. During 13 weeks of functional assessment after a thoracic (T8) contusive SCI in rat, significant differences owing to gender existed for the Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan score and CatWalk hindlimb swing, support four, and single stance analyses. Significant differences in locomotor performance were noticeable as early as 4 weeks post-SCI. Stereological tissue-volume analysis determined that females, more so than males, also exhibited greater volumes of preserved gray and white matter within the injured cord segment as well as more spared ventral white matter area at the center of the lesion. The stereological tissue analysis differences favoring females directly correlated with the female rats' greater functional improvement observed at endpoint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey P Datto
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Johana C Bastidas
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Nicole L Miller
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Anna K Shah
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Kristopher L Arheart
- 2 The Departments of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Alexander E Marcillo
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - W Dalton Dietrich
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,3 The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,4 The Department of Cell Biology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,5 The Department of Neurology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,6 The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
| | - Damien D Pearse
- 1 The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,3 The Department of Neurological Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,6 The Neuroscience Program, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida.,7 The Interdisciplinary Stem Cell Institute, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine , Miami, Florida
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The effects of testosterone and insulin-like growth factor 1 on motor system form and function. Exp Gerontol 2015; 64:81-6. [PMID: 25681641 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Revised: 01/31/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
In this perspective article, we review the effects of selected anabolic hormones on the motoric system and speculate on the role these hormones may have on influencing muscle and physical function via their impact on the nervous system. Both muscle strength and anabolic hormone levels decline around middle age into old age over a similar time period, and several animal and human studies indicate that exogenously increasing anabolic hormones (e.g., testosterone and insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1)) in aged subjects is positively associated with improved muscle strength. While most studies in humans have focused on the effects of anabolic hormones on muscle growth, few have considered the impact these hormones have on the motoric system. However, data from animals demonstrate that administering either testosterone or IGF-1 to cells of the central and peripheral motor system can increase cell excitability, attenuate atrophic changes, and improve regenerative capacity of motor neurons. While these studies do not directly indicate that changes in anabolic hormones contribute to reduced human performance in the elderly (e.g., muscle weakness and physical limitations), they do suggest that additional research is warranted along these lines.
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Pradhan DS, Solomon-Lane TK, Grober MS. Contextual modulation of social and endocrine correlates of fitness: insights from the life history of a sex changing fish. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:8. [PMID: 25691855 PMCID: PMC4315020 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 01/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Steroid hormones are critical regulators of reproductive life history, and the steroid sensitive traits (morphology, behavior, physiology) associated with particular life history stages can have substantial fitness consequences for an organism. Hormones, behavior and fitness are reciprocally associated and can be used in an integrative fashion to understand how the environment impacts organismal function. To address the fitness component, we highlight the importance of using reliable proxies of reproductive success when studying proximate regulation of reproductive phenotypes. To understand the mechanisms by which the endocrine system regulates phenotype, we discuss the use of particular endocrine proxies and the need for appropriate functional interpretation of each. Lastly, in any experimental paradigm, the responses of animals vary based on the subtle differences in environmental and social context and this must also be considered. We explore these different levels of analyses by focusing on the fascinating life history transitions exhibited by the bi-directionally hermaphroditic fish, Lythrypnus dalli. Sex changing fish are excellent models for providing a deeper understanding of the fitness consequences associated with behavioral and endocrine variation. We close by proposing that local regulation of steroids is one potential mechanism that allows for the expression of novel phenotypes that can be characteristic of specific life history stages. A comparative species approach will facilitate progress in understanding the diversity of mechanisms underlying the contextual regulation of phenotypes and their associated fitness correlates.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Matthew S Grober
- Department of Biology, Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA ; Neuroscience Institute, Georgia State University Atlanta, GA, USA
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Gürer B, Kertmen H, Kasim E, Yilmaz ER, Kanat BH, Sargon MF, Arikok AT, Ergüder BI, Sekerci Z. Neuroprotective effects of testosterone on ischemia/reperfusion injury of the rabbit spinal cord. Injury 2015; 46:240-8. [PMID: 25467821 DOI: 10.1016/j.injury.2014.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2014] [Revised: 10/25/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
AIM Previous studies demonstrated the neuroprotective effects of testosterone, but no previous study has examined the neuroprotective effects of testosterone on spinal cord ischemia/reperfusion injury. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether testosterone could protect the spinal cord from ischemia/reperfusion injury. METHODS Rabbits were randomised into four groups of eight animals as follows: group 1 (control), group 2 (ischemia), group 3 (methylprednisolone) and group 4 (testosterone). In the control group only a laparotomy was performed. In all other groups, the spinal cord ischemia model was created by the occlusion of the aorta just caudal to the renal artery. Levels of malondialdehyde and catalase were analysed, as were the activities of caspase-3, myeloperoxidase, and xanthine oxidase. Histopathological and ultrastructural evaluations were performed. Neurological evaluation was performed with the Tarlov scoring system. RESULTS After ischemia-reperfusion injury, increases were found in caspase-3 activity, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and xanthine oxidase activity. In contrast, decreases in catalase levels were observed. After the administration of testosterone, decreases were observed in caspase-3 activity, myeloperoxidase activity, malondialdehyde levels, and xanthine oxidase activity, whereas catalase levels increased. Furthermore, testosterone treatment showed improved results concerning histopathological scores, ultrastructural score and Tarlov scores. CONCLUSIONS Our results revealed for the first time that testosterone exhibits meaningful neuroprotective activity following ischemia-reperfusion injury of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bora Gürer
- Ministry of Health, Fatih Sultan Mehmet Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgey Clinic, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Hayri Kertmen
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgey Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Emin Kasim
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgey Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erdal Resit Yilmaz
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgey Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Burhan Hakan Kanat
- Ministry of Health, Elazig Education and Research Hospital, General Surgery Clinic, Elazig, Turkey
| | - Mustafa Fevzi Sargon
- Hacettepe University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Anatomy, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Ata Türker Arikok
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Department of Pathology, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Berrin Imge Ergüder
- Ankara University, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Zeki Sekerci
- Ministry of Health, Diskapi Yildirim Beyazit Education and Research Hospital, Neurosurgey Clinic, Ankara, Turkey
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Savastano LE, Laurito SR, Fitt MR, Rasmussen JA, Gonzalez Polo V, Patterson SI. Sciatic nerve injury: A simple and subtle model for investigating many aspects of nervous system damage and recovery. J Neurosci Methods 2014; 227:166-80. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneumeth.2014.01.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2013] [Revised: 01/16/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Elkabes S, Nicot AB. Sex steroids and neuroprotection in spinal cord injury: a review of preclinical investigations. Exp Neurol 2014; 259:28-37. [PMID: 24440641 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2014.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2013] [Revised: 12/25/2013] [Accepted: 01/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a debilitating condition that affects motor, sensory and autonomic functions. Subsequent to the first mechanical trauma, secondary events, which include inflammation and glial activation, exacerbate tissue damage and worsen functional deficits. Although these secondary injury mechanisms are amenable to therapeutic interventions, the efficacy of current approaches is inadequate. Further investigations are necessary to implement new therapies that can protect neural cells and attenuate some of the detrimental effects of inflammation while promoting regeneration. Studies on different animal models of SCI indicated that sex steroids, especially 17β-estradiol and progesterone, exert neuroprotective, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory effects, ameliorate tissue sparing and improve functional deficits in SCI. As sex steroid receptors are expressed in a variety of cells including neurons, glia and immune system-related cells which infiltrate the injury epicenter, sex steroids could impact multiple processes simultaneously and in doing so, influence the outcomes of SCI. However, the translation of these pre-clinical findings into the clinical setting presents challenges such as the narrow therapeutic time window of sex steroid administration, the diversity of treatment regimens that have been employed in animal studies and the lack of sufficient information regarding the persistence of the effects in chronic SCI. The current review will summarize some of the major findings in this field and will discuss the challenges associated with the implementation of sex steroids as a promising treatment in human SCI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stella Elkabes
- The Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurological Surgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ 07103, USA.
| | - Arnaud B Nicot
- UMR 1064, INSERM, Nantes, France; Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, France; ITUN, CHU de Nantes, France
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Li S, Zhang L, Guo Y, Li X. Relationship of cardiac sympathetic nerve innervation and excitability to cardiac hypertrophy in very elderly male hypertensive patients. High Blood Press Cardiovasc Prev 2013; 20:115-21. [PMID: 23918154 DOI: 10.1007/s40292-013-0018-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2013] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our study aimed to disclose the relationship of cardiac sympathetic nerve innervation and excitability to myocardial hypertrophy in very old elderly male hypertensive patients with low serum testosterone level. METHODS A total of 80 elderly male hypertensive patients aged from 80 to 95 years were recruited. Heart rate variability is determined by 24 h dynamic electrocardiogram and heart rate variability analysis system. Cardiac function and left ventricular mass index were determined using color Doppler ultrasound. RESULTS Standard deviation of all normal sinus R-R intervals over 24 h (SDNN) significantly decreased in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy patients as compared with those without cardiac hypertrophy. SDANN and Standard deviation of the average normal sinus R-R intervals for all 5-min segment index, time-domain index reflecting sympathetic nerve tension, obviously decreased and LFnu and LFnu/HFnu, frequency-domain index representing sympathetic nerve excitability, significantly increased in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy patients as compared with those without cardiac hypertrophy. Myocardial norepinephrine content significantly increased while tyrosine hydroxylase expression significantly lowered in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy patients, and a negative correlation between myocardial tyrosine hydroxylase expression and myocardial norepinephrine content was present. Serum total testosterone level decreased in hypertensive cardiac hypertrophy patients and was an independent risk factor for the increase in myocardial norepinephrine content and decrease in tyrosine hydroxylase expression. CONCLUSIONS These data confirm that cardiac sympathetic nerve hypoinnervation and relative increase in cardiac sympathetic nerve excitability are closely related to cardiac hypertrophy in very old hypertensive patients. A lower serum total testosterone level was the independent risk factor of cardiac sympathetic nerve hypoinnervation and relative increase in excitability in very old male hypertensive patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijun Li
- Division of Geriatric Cardiology, Chinese PLA General Hospital, No. 28, Fuxing Road, Beijing, 100853, People's Republic of China
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Zhang GL, Wang W, Kang YX, Xue Y, Yang H, Zhou CM, Shi GM. Chronic testosterone propionate supplement could activated the Nrf2-ARE pathway in the brain and ameliorated the behaviors of aged rats. Behav Brain Res 2013; 252:388-95. [PMID: 23756138 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2013.05.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Revised: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 05/31/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Aging is usually associated with a progressive disruption of the redox balance leading to recurrent damage resulting from oxidative stress. Oxidative stress resulting from excessive free-radical release is likely implicated in the initiation and progression of motor behavior disorders. Therefore, antioxidant therapies have received considerable attention in motor behavior defects treatment. The nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) binds to antioxidant response element (ARE) to induce antioxidant and phase II detoxification enzymes under conditions of oxidative stress, which reduces oxidative stress and accumulation of toxic metabolites. Testosterone has many physiological and behavioral effects throughout the lifespan and shown to affect motor behavior in adult male rats and gonadectomized rats. However, whether Nrf2-ARE pathway is activated after testosterone administration has not been studied in aged rats. The tilting-plane test and the horizontal-wire test as well as the oxidative stress parameters, the expression of Nrf2, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) and NAD(P)H: quinone oxidoreductase-1 (NQO1) and the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunoreactive (TH-ir) cells in brain were examined in aged rats following chronic subcutaneous injections of testosterone propionate (TP). Our study showed that chronic TP supplement significantly ameliorated the decline of balancing reactions and muscular strength associated with aging. Oxidative stress parameters were ameliorate, the expression of Nrf2, HO-1 and NQO1 at protein or gene levels and the number of TH-ir cells significantly increased in substantia nigra or caudate putamen after TP treatment in aged rats. Our findings demonstrated that chronic TP treatment activated Nrf2-ARE pathway may influence the maintenance of the balancing reactions and muscular strength and reduce TH-ir cells death in aged rats. Therefore, TP supplement have shown for therapeutic strategies in the treatment and modification of motor behavior disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo-liang Zhang
- Department of Neurobiology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050017, PR China
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Birnie M, Morrison R, Camara R, Strauss KI. Temporal changes of cytochrome P450 (Cyp) and eicosanoid-related gene expression in the rat brain after traumatic brain injury. BMC Genomics 2013; 14:303. [PMID: 23642095 PMCID: PMC3658912 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2164-14-303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) induces arachidonic acid (ArA) release from cell membranes. ArA metabolites form a class of over 50 bioactive eicosanoids that can induce both adaptive and/or maladaptive brain responses. The dynamic metabolism of ArA to eicosanoids, and how they affect the injured brain, is poorly understood due to their diverse activities, trace levels, and short half-lives. The eicosanoids produced in the brain postinjury depend upon the enzymes present locally at any given time. Eicosanoids are synthesized by heme-containing enzymes, including cyclooxygenases, lipoxygenases, and arachidonate monoxygenases. The latter comprise a subset of the cytochrome P450 "Cyp" gene family that metabolize fatty acids, steroids, as well as endogenous and exogenous toxicants. However, for many of these genes neither baseline neuroanatomical nor injury-related temporal expression have been studied in the brain.In a rat model of parietal cortex TBI, Cyp and eicosanoid-related mRNA levels were determined at 6 h, 24 h, 3d, and 7d postinjury in parietal cortex and hippocampus, where dynamic changes in eicosanoids have been observed. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction with low density arrays were used to assay 62 rat Cyps, 37 of which metabolize ArA or other unsaturated fatty acids; 16 eicosanoid-related enzymes that metabolize ArA or its metabolites; 8 eicosanoid receptors; 5 other inflammatory- and recovery-related genes, plus 2 mouse Cyps as negative controls and 3 highly expressed "housekeeping" genes. RESULTS Sixteen arachidonate monoxygenases, 17 eicosanoid-related genes, and 12 other Cyps were regulated in the brain postinjury (p < 0.05, Tukey HSD). Discrete tissue levels and distinct postinjury temporal patterns of gene expression were observed in hippocampus and parietal cortex. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest complex regulation of ArA and other lipid metabolism after TBI. Due to the temporal nature of brain injury-induced Cyp gene induction, manipulation of each gene (or its products) at a given time after TBI will be required to assess their contributions to secondary injury and/or recovery. Moreover, a better understanding of brain region localization and cell type-specific expression may be necessary to deduce the role of these eicosanoid-related genes in the healthy and injured brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew Birnie
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 515, 45267 Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ryan Morrison
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 515, 45267 Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Ramatoulie Camara
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 515, 45267 Cincinnati, OH, USA
| | - Kenneth I Strauss
- University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 231 Albert Sabin Way ML 515, 45267 Cincinnati, OH, USA
- Present Address: Michigan State University College of Human Medicine, 333 Bostwick Ave NE, 49503 Grand Rapids, MI, USA
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Kim JJ, Oh SJ, Shin JH, Hwang SY, Hyun SY, Yang HJ, Lee G. Testosterone related good neurologic outcome on the patients with return of spontaneous circulation after cardiac arrest: A prospective cohort study. Resuscitation 2013; 84:645-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.resuscitation.2012.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2012] [Revised: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/29/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Zhang HT, Jiang JQ, Wang ZL, Chen JJ, Wang SY, Ding H, Li XP, Li Y. Preparation and validation of monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive ELISA for detecting testosterone levels. FOOD AGR IMMUNOL 2013. [DOI: 10.1080/09540105.2013.775221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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Mladinic M, Nistri A, Taccola G. Acute Spinal Cord Injury In Vitro: Insight into Basic Mechanisms. ANIMAL MODELS OF SPINAL CORD REPAIR 2013. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-197-4_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Minasyan AL, Aznauryan AV, Meliksetyan IB, Chavushyan VA, Sarkissian JS, Galoyan AA. A morphological-histochemical study of neurodegenerative and regenerative processes in flexor and extensor collaterals of the sciatic nerve after crushing in the presence of PRP-1. NEUROCHEM J+ 2011. [DOI: 10.1134/s181971241104012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Oboti L, Peretto P, Marchis SD, Fasolo A. From chemical neuroanatomy to an understanding of the olfactory system. Eur J Histochem 2011; 55:e35. [PMID: 22297441 PMCID: PMC3284237 DOI: 10.4081/ejh.2011.e35] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
The olfactory system is the appropriate model for studying several aspects of neuronal physiology spanning from the developmental stage to neural network remodelling in the adult brain. Both the morphological and physiological understanding of this system were strongly supported by classical histochemistry. It is emblematic the case of the Olfactory Marker Protein (OMP) staining, the first, powerful marker for fully differentiated olfactory receptor neurons and a key tool to investigate the dynamic relations between peripheral sensory epithelia and central relay regions given its presence within olfactory fibers reaching the olfactory bulb (OB). Similarly, the use of thymidine analogues was able to show neurogenesis in an adult mammalian brain far before modern virus labelling and lipophilic tracers based methods. Nowadays, a wealth of new histochemical techniques combining cell and molecular biology approaches is available, giving stance to move from the analysis of the chemically identified circuitries to functional research. The study of adult neurogenesis is indeed one of the best explanatory examples of this statement. After defining the cell types involved and the basic physiology of this phenomenon in the OB plasticity, we can now analyze the role of neurogenesis in well testable behaviours related to socio-chemical communication in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Oboti
- Department of Animal and Human Biology, University of Turin, Italy
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