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McCarthy-Ryan MF, Mellalieu SD, Jones H, Bruton A, Moore IS. Characterizing Longitudinal Alterations in Postural Control Following Lower Limb Injury in Professional Rugby Union Players. J Appl Biomech 2024; 40:287-295. [PMID: 38866380 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2023-0259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2023] [Revised: 04/02/2024] [Accepted: 04/11/2024] [Indexed: 06/14/2024]
Abstract
Assessment of player's postural control following a lower limb injury is of interest to sports medicine practitioners due to its fundamental role in daily tasks and sporting activities. The aim was to longitudinally monitor professional rugby union players' postural control during each phase of the rehabilitation program (acute, middle, and late) following a lower limb injury. Seven male rugby union players (height 1.80 [0.02] m; mass 100.3 [11.4] kg; age 24 [4] y) sustained a time loss, noncontact lower limb injury. Static postural control was assessed via sway path (in meters), and dynamic postural control was assessed via vertical postural stability index. Group differences (P < .05) were reported across the acute, middle, and late phase. Smaller magnitudes of sway path were observed for eyes-open sway path, and for the middle and late phase smaller magnitudes of vertical postural stability index (P < .05) at the end session compared with first session. Whereas larger magnitudes of vertical postural stability index were found between baseline and the last session (P < .05). Large interindividual and intraindividual variation was apparent across the 3 phases of rehabilitation. Postural control improvements were identified during rehabilitation. However, postural control did not return to baseline, with altered kinetics throughout each rehabilitation phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly F McCarthy-Ryan
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen D Mellalieu
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Holly Jones
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
| | - Adam Bruton
- College of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Brunel University London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Isabel S Moore
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Sciences, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff, United Kingdom
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2
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Morrison S, Newell KM. Strength training as a dynamical model of motor learning. J Sports Sci 2023:1-16. [PMID: 37270792 DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2023.2220177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
This paper outlines a framework for strength training as a dynamical model of perceptual-motor learning. We show, with emphasis on fixed-point attractor dynamics, that strength training can be mapped to the general dynamical principles of motor learning that arise from the constraints on action, including the distribution of practice/training. The time scales of the respective dynamics of performance change (increment and decrement) in discrete strength training and motor learning tasks reveal superposition of exponential functions in fixed-point dynamics, but distinctive attractor and parameter dynamics in oscillatory limit cycle and more continuous tasks, together with unique timescales to process influences (including practice, learning, strength, fitness, fatigue, warm-up decrement). Increments and decrements of strength can be viewed within a dynamical model of change in motor performance that reflects the integration of practice and training processes at multiple levels of learning and skill development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven Morrison
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Old Dominion University, Norfolk, VA, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
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3
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Kimura A, Yoshioka S, Fukashiro S. Joint Coordination With a Change in Task Constraint During Accurate Overhead Throwing. J Appl Biomech 2023; 39:169-178. [PMID: 37142403 DOI: 10.1123/jab.2022-0130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
In sports situations, players may be required to throw at different speeds. The question of how skilled players throw the ball accurately to the desired location under different speed conditions is of interest to biomechanics researchers. Previous research suggested that throwers use different types of joint coordination. However, joint coordination with a change in throwing speed has not been studied. Here, we show the effects of changes in throwing speed on joint coordination during accurate overhead throwing. Participants were seated on a low chair with their trunk fixed and threw a baseball aimed at a target under 2 different speed conditions (slow and fast). In the slow condition, the elbow flexion/extension angle coordinated with other joint angles and angular velocities to reduce the variability of the vertical hand velocity. In the fast condition, the shoulder internal/external rotation angle and the shoulder horizontal flexion/extension angular velocity coordinated with other joint angles and angular velocities to reduce the variability of the vertical hand velocity. These results showed that joint coordination differed with changes in throwing speed, indicating that joint coordination is not always fixed, but may differ depending on the task constraints, such as throwing speed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arata Kimura
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo,Japan
- Department of Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo,Japan
| | | | - Senshi Fukashiro
- Department of Sport Science and Research, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo,Japan
- Department of Movement Sciences, Japan Women's College of Physical Education, Tokyo,Japan
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4
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Mielke F, Van Ginneken C, Aerts P. A workflow for automatic, high precision livestock diagnostic screening of locomotor kinematics. Front Vet Sci 2023; 10:1111140. [PMID: 36960143 PMCID: PMC10028250 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1111140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 02/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Locomotor kinematics have been challenging inputs for automated diagnostic screening of livestock. Locomotion is a highly variable behavior, and influenced by subject characteristics (e.g., body mass, size, age, disease). We assemble a set of methods from different scientific disciplines, composing an automatic, high through-put workflow which can disentangle behavioral complexity and generate precise individual indicators of non-normal behavior for application in diagnostics and research. For this study, piglets (Sus domesticus) were filmed from lateral perspective during their first 10 h of life, an age at which maturation is quick and body mass and size have major consequences for survival. We then apply deep learning methods for point digitization, calculate joint angle profiles, and apply information-preserving transformations to retrieve a multivariate kinematic data set. We train probabilistic models to infer subject characteristics from kinematics. Model accuracy was validated for strides from piglets of normal birth weight (i.e., the category it was trained on), but the models infer the body mass and size of low birth weight (LBW) piglets (which were left out of training, out-of-sample inference) to be "normal." The age of some (but not all) low birth weight individuals was underestimated, indicating developmental delay. Such individuals could be identified automatically, inspected, and treated accordingly. This workflow has potential for automatic, precise screening in livestock management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Falk Mielke
- Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Chris Van Ginneken
- Comparative Perinatal Development, Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Peter Aerts
- Functional Morphology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Antwerp, Antwerp, Belgium
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5
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Chen YC, Chang GC, Huang WM, Hwang IS. Quick balance skill improvement after short-term training with error amplification feedback for older adults. NPJ SCIENCE OF LEARNING 2023; 8:3. [PMID: 36635300 PMCID: PMC9837031 DOI: 10.1038/s41539-022-00151-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated behavioral and cortical mechanisms for short-term postural training with error amplification (EA) feedback in the elderly. Thirty-six elderly subjects (65.7 ± 2.2 years) were grouped (control and EA, n = 18) for training in stabilometer balance under visual guidance. During the training session (8 training rounds of 60 s in Day 2), the EA group received visual feedback that magnified errors to twice the real size, whereas the control group received visual feedback that displayed real errors. Scalp EEG and kinematic data of the stabilometer plate and ankle joint were recorded in the pre-test (Day 1) and post-test (Day 3). The EA group (-46.5 ± 4.7%) exhibited greater post-training error reduction than that of the control group (-27.1 ± 4.0%)(p = 0.020), together with a greater decline in kinematic coupling between the stabilometer plate and ankle joint (EA: -26.6 ± 4.8%, control: 2.3 ± 8.6%, p = 0.023). In contrast to the control group, the EA group manifested greater reductions in mean phase-lag index (PLI) connectivity in the theta (4-7 Hz)(p = 0.011) and alpha (8-12 Hz) (p = 0.027) bands. Only the EA group showed post-training declines in the mean PLI in the theta and alpha bands. Minimal spanning tree analysis revealed that EA-based training led to increases in the diameter (p = 0.002) and average eccentricity (p = 0.004) of the theta band for enhanced performance monitoring and reduction in the leaf fraction (p = 0.030) of the alpha band for postural response with enhanced automaticity. In conclusion, short-term EA training optimizes balance skill, favoring multi-segment coordination for the elderly, which is linked to more sophisticated error monitoring with less attentive control over the stabilometer stance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ching Chen
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science and Technology, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung City, Taiwan
- Physical Therapy Room, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung City, Taiwan
| | - Gwo-Ching Chang
- Department of Information Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Min Huang
- Department of Management Information System, National Chung Cheng University, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Ing-Shiou Hwang
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
- Institute of Allied Health Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan.
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van der Veer IPA, Verbecque E, Rameckers EAA, Bastiaenen CHG, Klingels K. How can instructions and feedback with external focus be shaped to enhance motor learning in children? A systematic review. PLoS One 2022; 17:e0264873. [PMID: 36007080 PMCID: PMC9409566 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0264873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim
This systematic review investigates the effectiveness of instructions and feedback with external focus applied with reduced frequency, self-controlled timing and/or in visual or auditory form, on the performance of functional gross motor tasks in children aged 2 to 18 with typical or atypical development.
Methods
Four databases (PubMed, Web of Science, Scopus, Embase) were systematically searched (last updated May 31st 2021). Inclusion criteria were: 1. children aged 2 to 18 years old; 2. Instructions/feedback with external focus applied with reduced frequency, self-controlled timing, and/or visual or auditory form as intervention, to learn functional gross motor tasks; 3. Instructions/feedback with external focus applied with continuous frequency, instructor-controlled timing, and/or verbal form as control; 4. performance measure as outcome; 5. (randomized) controlled studies. Article selection and risk of bias assessment (with the Cochrane risk of bias tools) was conducted by two reviewers independently. Due to heterogeneity in study characteristics and incompleteness of the reported data, a best-evidence synthesis was performed.
Results
Thirteen studies of low methodological quality were included, investigating effectiveness of reduced frequencies (n = 8), self-controlled timing (n = 5) and visual form (n = 1) on motor performance of inexperienced typically (n = 348) and atypically (n = 195) developing children, for acquisition, retention and/or transfer. For accuracy, conflicting or no evidence was found for most comparisons, at most time points. However, there was moderate evidence that self-controlled feedback was most effective for retention, and limited evidence that visual analogy was most effective for retention and transfer. To improve quality of movement, there was limited evidence that continuous frequency was most effective for retention and transfer.
Conclusion
More methodologically sound studies are needed to draw conclusions about the preferred frequency, timing or form. However, we cautiously advise considering self-controlled feedback, visual instructions, and continuous frequency.
Trial registration
Registration: Prospero CRD42021225723. https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/display_record.php?ID=CRD42021225723.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ingrid P. A. van der Veer
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- * E-mail:
| | - Evi Verbecque
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
| | - Eugene A. A. Rameckers
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
- Department of Functioning and Rehabilitation, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Centre of Expertise, Adelante Rehabilitation Centre, Valkenburg, The Netherlands
| | - Caroline H. G. Bastiaenen
- Department of Epidemiology, Functioning, Participation & Rehabilitation, Research School CAPHRI, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Katrijn Klingels
- Faculty of Rehabilitation Sciences and Physiotherapy, Rehabilitation Research Centre—REVAL, Hasselt University, Hasselt, Belgium
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Synchrony in triadic jumping performance under the constraints of virtual reality. Sci Rep 2022; 12:12417. [PMID: 35859003 PMCID: PMC9297677 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-16703-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The use of an immersive virtual reality system as a work space for sports and physical education can help maintain physical communication from separate places. In this study, we verified the possibility of constructing a movement synchrony system by reproducing the mathematical ordered pattern of “triadic jumping” in a virtual space. Three jumpers were asked to move together in a space that was cramped and insufficient for them to pass each other. Within this restricted space, the ordered pattern of the jumpers’ synchrony systematically transited to another state depending on the geometrical configuration of the work space. Although the temporal rigidity of the synchrony was partially lost, the ordered pattern of the “triadic jumping” synchrony that emerged in the virtual space was qualitatively equivalent to that emerging in real space. We believe the idea of expanding the work space for physical education to a virtual one could turn into reality if the sensory feedback of the collision successfully improves the spatial-temporal rigidity of the joint action ordered pattern.
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Franks B, Roberts WM, Jakeman J, Swain J, Davids K. A Descriptive Case Study of Skilled Football Goalkeepers During 1 v 1 Dyads: A Case for Adaptive Variability in the Quiet Eye. Front Psychol 2022; 13:908123. [PMID: 35874354 PMCID: PMC9302000 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2022.908123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 05/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence investigating skilled performers in sport suggests that a prominent component of skilled behavior is, in part, due to the development of more effective and efficient perception-action couplings. Further, the Quiet Eye has emerged as a useful tool in which to investigate how skilled performers regulate action through fixating on visual information within the immediate environment before the onset of a goal directed movement. However, only a few contributions to the literature have attempted to examine the individual variations within these Quiet Eye fixations in skilled participants. In this case study, we first asked how goalkeepers control their actions, via the Quiet Eye in a representative task. Second, we sought to examine whether inter- and intra- individual differences in the Quiet Eye are present in skilled goalkeepers as a functional component of skilled performance. Results were consistent with previous work on football goalkeepers, with QE fixations located at the ball and visual pivot. However, individual analysis reveals different Quiet Eye gaze patterning between (inter) and within (intra) the goalkeepers during saving actions. To conclude, we have provided a descriptive case study in attempt to understand the Quiet Eye behaviors of a skilled sample of professional goalkeepers. In doing so we have suggested how adaptive variability, founded upon an Ecological Dynamics framework, may provide further insight into the function of the Quiet Eye.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Franks
- Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity Research Group (SEPARG), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - William M. Roberts
- Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity Research Group (SEPARG), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
- Te Huataki Waiora—School of Health, University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand
| | - John Jakeman
- Sport, Exercise and Physical Activity Research Group (SEPARG), Faculty of Health and Life Sciences, Oxford Brookes University, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan Swain
- Sport Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences, Canterbury Christ Church University, Canterbury, United Kingdom
| | - Keith Davids
- Sport and Human Performance Research Group, Sheffield Hallam University, Sheffield, United Kingdom
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9
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Pryhoda M, Newell KM, Wilson C, Irwin G. Task Specific and General Patterns of Joint Motion Variability in Upright- and Hand-Standing Postures. ENTROPY 2022; 24:e24070909. [PMID: 35885134 PMCID: PMC9323647 DOI: 10.3390/e24070909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/05/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The preservation of static balance in both upright- and hand-stance is maintained by the projection of center of mass (CM) motion within the region of stability at the respective base of support. This study investigated, from a degrees of freedom (DF) perspective, whether the stability of the CM in both upright- and hand-stances was predicted by the respective dispersion and time-dependent regularity of joint (upright stance—ankle, knee, hip, shoulder, neck; hand stance—wrist, elbow, shoulder, neck) angle and position. Full body three-dimensional (3D) kinematic data were collected on 10 advanced level junior female gymnasts during 30 s floor upright- and hand-stands. For both stances the amount of the dispersion of joint angle and sway motion was higher than that of the CM and center of pressure (CP) with an inverse relation to time-dependent irregularity (SampEn). In upright-standing the variability of neck motion in the anterior–posterior direction was significantly greater than that of most joints consistent with the role of vision in the control of quiet upright posture. The findings support the proposition that there are both task specific and general properties to the global CM control strategy in the balance of upright- and hand-standing induced by the different active skeletal-muscular organization and the degeneracy revealed in the multiple distributional variability patterns of the joint angle and position in 3D.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moira Pryhoda
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Denver, Denver, CO 80208, USA
| | - Karl M Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
| | - Cassie Wilson
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Gareth Irwin
- Cardiff School of Sport and Health Science, Cardiff Metropolitan University, Cardiff CF23 6XD, UK
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10
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Newell KM, Rovegno I. Teaching Children's Motor Skills for Team Games Through Guided Discovery: How Constraints Enhance Learning. Front Psychol 2021; 12:724848. [PMID: 34955954 PMCID: PMC8707507 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2021.724848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 11/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper we examine the role of instructional strategies as constraints within a discovery learning framework for the teaching of open skill team ball games to elementary school-aged children. The cohesive and adaptive integration of constraints (individual, environment, and task) by practitioners of movement and physical activity (instructor, teacher, coach) is proposed as the pathway to exploiting the effectiveness of guided discovery learning. The qualitative analysis of the practical instantiations of this framework by expert teachers is examined with respect to the learning of open skill team invasion games (e.g., basketball, soccer). The primary constraints to action in this learning-teaching developmental framework are coordinated so as to keep the self-organization of skill development (movement pattern and tactics) continually evolving, while preserving the child's motivation and enjoyment for the expanding repertoire and performance capacity of his/her perceptual-motor skills. In this open skill and elementary school age-related context, generality and specificity are both necessary and complementary in the expression of task, skill and practice influences on motor learning and performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karl M. Newell
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, United States
| | - Inez Rovegno
- College of Education, University of Alabama, Tuscaloosa, AL, United States
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Kelso JAS. The Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB) model: from matter to movement to mind. BIOLOGICAL CYBERNETICS 2021; 115:305-322. [PMID: 34406513 DOI: 10.1007/s00422-021-00890-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
This article presents a brief retrospective on the Haken-Kelso-Bunz (HKB) model of certain dynamical properties of human movement. Though unanticipated, HKB introduced, and demonstrated the power of, a new vocabulary for understanding behavior, cognition and the brain, revealed through a visually compelling mathematical picture that accommodated highly reproducible experimental facts and predicted new ones. HKB stands as a harbinger of paradigm change in several scientific fields, the effects of which are still being felt. In particular, HKB constitutes the foundation of a mechanistic science of coordination called Coordination Dynamics that extends from matter to movement to mind, and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Scott Kelso
- Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida, 33431, USA.
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry, BT48 7JL, Northern Ireland.
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12
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Pacheco MM, Santos FG, Tani G. Searching Strategies in Practice: The Role of Stability in the Performer-Task Interaction. ECOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/10407413.2021.1942877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Matheus M. Pacheco
- School of Physical Education and Sport at Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo
- Movement Control and Neuroplasticity Group KU Leuven
| | | | - Go Tani
- School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo
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13
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Kelso JAS. Unifying Large- and Small-Scale Theories of Coordination. ENTROPY 2021; 23:e23050537. [PMID: 33925736 PMCID: PMC8146522 DOI: 10.3390/e23050537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2021] [Revised: 04/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Coordination is a ubiquitous feature of all living things. It occurs by virtue of informational coupling among component parts and processes and can be quite specific (as when cells in the brain resonate to signals in the environment) or nonspecific (as when simple diffusion creates a source–sink dynamic for gene networks). Existing theoretical models of coordination—from bacteria to brains to social groups—typically focus on systems with very large numbers of elements (N→∞) or systems with only a few elements coupled together (typically N = 2). Though sharing a common inspiration in Nature’s propensity to generate dynamic patterns, both approaches have proceeded largely independent of each other. Ideally, one would like a theory that applies to phenomena observed on all scales. Recent experimental research by Mengsen Zhang and colleagues on intermediate-sized ensembles (in between the few and the many) proves to be the key to uniting large- and small-scale theories of coordination. Disorder–order transitions, multistability, order–order phase transitions, and especially metastability are shown to figure prominently on multiple levels of description, suggestive of a basic Coordination Dynamics that operates on all scales. This unified coordination dynamics turns out to be a marriage of two well-known models of large- and small-scale coordination: the former based on statistical mechanics (Kuramoto) and the latter based on the concepts of Synergetics and nonlinear dynamics (extended Haken–Kelso–Bunz or HKB). We show that models of the many and the few, previously quite unconnected, are thereby unified in a single formulation. The research has led to novel topological methods to handle the higher-dimensional dynamics of coordination in complex systems and has implications not only for understanding coordination but also for the design of (biorhythm inspired) computers.
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Affiliation(s)
- J. A. Scott Kelso
- Human Brain & Behavior Laboratory (HBBL), Center for Complex Systems and Brain Sciences, Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, FL 33432, USA;
- Intelligent Systems Research Centre, Magee Campus, Ulster University, Derry~Londonderry BT48 7JL, UK
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