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Molad R, Levin MF. Construct Validity of the Upper-Limb Interlimb Coordination Test in Stroke. Neurorehabil Neural Repair 2021; 36:49-60. [PMID: 34715755 PMCID: PMC8721533 DOI: 10.1177/15459683211058092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Coordination impairments are under-evaluated in patients with stroke due to the lack of validated assessments resulting in an unclear relationship between coordination deficits and functional limitations. Objective Determine the construct validity of the new clinical upper-limb (UL) Interlimb Coordination test (ILC2) in individuals with chronic stroke. Methods Thirteen individuals with stroke, ≥40 years, with ≥30° isolated supination of the more-affected (MAff) arm, who could understand instructions and 13 healthy controls of similar age participated in a cross-sectional study. Participants performed synchronous bilateral anti-phase forearm rotations for 10 seconds in 4 conditions: self-paced internally-paced (IP1), fast internally-paced (IP2), slow externally-paced (EP1), and fast externally-paced (EP2). Primary (continuous relative phase-CRP, cross-correlation, lag) and secondary outcome measures (UL and trunk kinematics) were compared between groups. Results Participants with stroke made slower UL movements than controls in all conditions, except EP1. Cross-correlation coefficients were lower (i.e., closer to 0) in stroke in IP1, but CRP and lag were similar between groups. In IP1 and matched-speed conditions (IP1 for healthy and IP2 for stroke), stroke participants used compensatory trunk and shoulder movements. The synchronicity sub-scale and total scores of ILC2 were related to temporal coordination in IP2. Interlimb Coordination test total score was related to greater shoulder rotation of the MAff arm. Interlimb Coordination test scores were not related to clinical scores. Conclusion Interlimb Coordination test is a valid clinical measure that may be used to objectively assess UL interlimb coordination in individuals with chronic stroke. Further reliability testing is needed to determine the clinical utility of the scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roni Molad
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, 5620McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, 60387Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mindy F Levin
- School of Physical and Occupational Therapy, 5620McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.,Feil and Oberfeld Research Centre, 60387Jewish Rehabilitation Hospital Site of Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Rehabilitation, Montreal, QC, Canada
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Balasubramaniam R, Haegens S, Jazayeri M, Merchant H, Sternad D, Song JH. Neural Encoding and Representation of Time for Sensorimotor Control and Learning. J Neurosci 2021; 41:866-872. [PMID: 33380468 PMCID: PMC7880297 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.1652-20.2020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2020] [Revised: 11/10/2020] [Accepted: 11/12/2020] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability to perceive and produce movements in the real world with precise timing is critical for survival in animals, including humans. However, research on sensorimotor timing has rarely considered the tight interrelation between perception, action, and cognition. In this review, we present new evidence from behavioral, computational, and neural studies in humans and nonhuman primates, suggesting a pivotal link between sensorimotor control and temporal processing, as well as describing new theoretical frameworks regarding timing in perception and action. We first discuss the link between movement coordination and interval-based timing by addressing how motor training develops accurate spatiotemporal patterns in behavior and influences the perception of temporal intervals. We then discuss how motor expertise results from establishing task-relevant neural manifolds in sensorimotor cortical areas and how the geometry and dynamics of these manifolds help reduce timing variability. We also highlight how neural dynamics in sensorimotor areas are involved in beat-based timing. These lines of research aim to extend our understanding of how timing arises from and contributes to perceptual-motor behaviors in complex environments to seamlessly interact with other cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Hugo Merchant
- Instituto de Neurobiologia, UNAM, campus Juriquilla, Querétaro, México 76230
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Park SW, Sternad D. Robust retention of individual sensorimotor skill after self-guided practice. J Neurophysiol 2015; 113:2635-45. [PMID: 25652928 DOI: 10.1152/jn.00884.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/03/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Long-term retention of a motor skill has received relatively little systematic study, even though lasting neuroplasticity is the holy grail of any clinical intervention. This study examined the acquisition and retention of a novel bimanual polyrhythmic skill, practiced with sparse explicit feedback mimicking real-life scenarios. Self-paced and metronome-paced practice conditions were compared in their effect on long-term retention. Two groups of subjects first underwent extensive practice of 20 practice sessions over 2 mo, then followed up with three retention sessions after 3 mo. Results showed that subjects developed robust spatiotemporal patterns, despite the lack of reward and little quantitative error feedback about their performance (Hypothesis 1). These movement patterns were reproduced after a 3-mo interval, frequently even in the first trial, with no intermediate practice (Hypothesis 2). Self-paced training of movement patterns led to slightly less variability in the retention test (Hypothesis 3). These results document the specificity and stability of kinematic patterns and their underlying neuroplastic changes and underscore the effectiveness of self-guided practice. The findings are discussed in the context of current neuroimaging results and their clinical implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woong Park
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts;
| | - Dagmar Sternad
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; Department of Physics, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts; and Center for the Interdisciplinary Research of Complex Systems, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts
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Kennedy DM, Boyle JB, Wang C, Shea CH. Bimanual force control: cooperation and interference? PSYCHOLOGICAL RESEARCH 2014; 80:34-54. [PMID: 25481636 DOI: 10.1007/s00426-014-0637-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Three experiments were designed to determine the level of cooperation or interference observed from the forces generated in one limb on the forces exhibited by the contralateral limb when one or both limbs were producing a constant force (Experiment 1), one limb was producing a dynamic force while the other limb was producing a constant force (Experiment 2), and both limbs were producing dynamic force patterns (Experiment 3). The results for both Experiments 1 and 2 showed relatively strong positive time series cross correlations between the left and right limb forces indicating increases or decreases in the forces generated by one limb resulted in corresponding changes in the forces produced by the homologous muscles of the contralateral limb. Experiment 3 required participants to coordinate 1:1 and 1:2 rhythmical bimanual force production tasks when provided Lissajous feedback. The results indicated very effective performance of both bimanual coordination patterns. However, identifiable influences of right limb forces on the left limb force time series were observed in the 1:2 coordination pattern but not in the 1:1 pattern. The results of all three experiments support the notion that neural crosstalk is partially responsible for the stabilities and instabilities associated with bimanual coordination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deanna M Kennedy
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Jason B Boyle
- Department of Kinesiology, University of Texas at El Paso, El Paso, TX, 79902, USA
| | - Chaoyi Wang
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA
| | - Charles H Shea
- Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, USA.
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Park SW, Dijkstra TMH, Sternad D. Learning to never forget-time scales and specificity of long-term memory of a motor skill. Front Comput Neurosci 2013; 7:111. [PMID: 24032015 PMCID: PMC3759005 DOI: 10.3389/fncom.2013.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite anecdotal reports that humans retain acquired motor skills for many years, if not a lifetime, long-term memory of motor skills has received little attention. While numerous neuroimaging studies showed practice-induced cortical plasticity, the behavioral correlates, what is retained and also what is forgotten, are little understood. This longitudinal case study on four subjects presents detailed kinematic analyses of humans practicing a bimanual polyrhythmic task over 2 months with retention tests after 6 months and, for two subjects, after 8 years. Results showed that individuals not only retained the task, but also reproduced their individual "style" of performance, even after 8 years. During practice, variables such as the two hands' frequency ratio and relative phase, changed at different rates, indicative of multiple time scales of neural processes. Frequency leakage across hands, reflecting intermanual crosstalk, attenuated at a significantly slower rate and was the only variable not maintained after 8 years. Complementing recent findings on neuroplasticity in gray and white matter, our study presents new behavioral evidence that highlights the multi-scale process of practice-induced changes and its remarkable persistence. Results suggest that motor memory may comprise not only higher-level task variables but also individual kinematic signatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se-Woong Park
- Department of Biology, Northeastern University Boston, MA, USA
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Dynamics of coordination in cross-country skiing. Hum Mov Sci 2009; 28:204-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2008.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2008] [Revised: 11/17/2008] [Accepted: 11/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Abstract
The authors manipulated movement amplitude in a bimanual circle-tracing task to alter the natural tracing frequency of the arms. Participants (N = 14) traced different-diameter circles simultaneously with the two arms in either in-phase (0 degrees) or antiphase (180 degrees) coordination, using the index fingers or plastic styli. Movement amplitude altered the natural tracing frequency of the arms, as demonstrated by the following 2 findings: (a) The larger the difference in circle diameter, the larger was the shift from the fixed-point values of 0 degrees and 180 degrees, and the shift increased as movement frequency increased. Those results are consistent with the manipulation of delta omega in the bimanual pendulum paradigm. (b) Increasing movement frequency induced transitions from 1:1 to non-1:1 coordination, contrary to findings in previous investigations of polyrhythmic coordination. Tactile feedback played a minimal role in stabilizing bimanual coordination in the current tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Buchanan
- Department of Health and Kinesiology, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-4243, USA.
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Abstract
Motor events are behaviorally meaningful, discrete entities (e.g., key strokes) that are generated at some specific portion of an effector's movement trajectory. Bimanual coordination may be conceptualized with reference to such discrete motor events or with reference to continuous movement trajectories. Studies inspired by the former approach suggest that hand coordination is primarily achieved by assigning a coherent timing goal structure to the motor events produced by each hand. Studies conducted with the latter approach have shown that between-hand interdependence may also arise from the cross-coupling of the command signals that generate each hand's motion. Little is known, however, about the relationships between timing-level coordination and trajectory-level coordination of the hands. Some aspects of these relationships are analyzed using data from experiments that involved bimanual finger tapping and circle drawing at identical and different frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andras Semjen
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Semjen A, Summers JJ. Timing goals in bimanual coordination. THE QUARTERLY JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY. A, HUMAN EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY 2002; 55:155-71. [PMID: 11873845 DOI: 10.1080/02724980143000226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Phase coupling between movement trajectories has been proposed as the basic mechanism of hand coordination in the production of bimanual rhythmic movements with a 1:2 frequency ratio. Here a central temporal coupling view is proposed as an alternative. Extending previous models of two-handed synchronic and alternate-hand tapping, we hypothesized that 1:2 tapping is performed under the control of a single internal timekeeper set at the frequency required for the fast hand. The fast hand is assumed to use every signal and the slow hand every other signal of the timekeeper, to produce actions coordinated in time. The model's predictions for the variance-covariance pattern of tap timing within and across hands were tested in an experiment that required tapping with both hands with 1:1 or 1:2 frequency ratio. The finger contact on the response plate was to be short or long, according to instruction. Prolonged finger contact entailed profound modifications in the movement trajectories but failed to modify the variance-covariance pattern of the tap timing. This pattern proved to conform to predictions under both the short and the long contact conditions, thus supporting the central temporal coupling hypothesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Semjen
- Centre de Recherche en Neurosciences Cognitives, CNRS, Marseille, France.
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Sternad D, Turvey MT, Saltzman EL. Dynamics of 1:2 Coordination: Generalizing Relative Phase to n:m Rhythms. J Mot Behav 1999; 31:207-223. [PMID: 11177632 DOI: 10.1080/00222899909600989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Interlimb rhythmic movements can be modeled as coupled oscillators, with stable performance characterized by the relative phase between the limbs. In the present study, that modeling strategy, verified previously for 1:1 coordination, was generalized to 1:2 coordination with a view to n:m coordination. The generalized model predicted interactions between coordination (specifically, 1:1 vs. 1:2) and the frequency asymmetry between the limbs determining mean relative phase and its variability. The predicted interactions were evaluated with bimanual 1:2 and 1:1 rhythmic tasks in which participants (N = 8) oscillated hand-held pendulums whose uncoupled frequencies could be adjusted so that different interlimb asymmetries were produced. The authors needed new analytic procedures to verify stable 1:2 coordination and to resolve stochastic and deterministic sources of variability in the component oscillations. The major expectations from the generalized model were confirmed, and the implications of additional but unpredicted findings for the modeling of multifrequency behavior are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Sternad
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, 266 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Sternad D, Turvey MT, Saltzman EL. Dynamics of 1:2 Coordination: Sources of Symmetry Breaking. J Mot Behav 1999; 31:224-235. [PMID: 11177633 DOI: 10.1080/00222899909600990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Three asymmetries in the dynamics of 1:2 interlimb coordination were examined: the asymmetry in uncoupled frequencies, the asymmetry in coupled frequencies, and the left-right functional asymmetry of the body. In a bimanual 1:2 task, participants (N = 8) oscillated hand-held pendulums whose uncoupled frequencies were adjusted so that the first kind of asymmetry could be manipulated. For any given pendulum pair, the pendulum assuming the faster motion in the 1:2 coordination was oscillated in the right and the left hands. By assigning combinations of uncoupled eigenfrequencies and coupled task-specified frequencies across hands, the authors studied the interaction of all 3 asymmetries. The results confirm the appropriateness of generalized relative phase as a collective variable for 1:2 coordination. Additionally, they suggest that the generalized form of the detuning parameter represents the first asymmetry and that the coupling function expresses the second asymmetry. In 1:2 coordination, the body's functional asymmetry plays a limited role.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar Sternad
- Department of Kinesiology, Pennsylvania State University, 266 Recreation Building, University Park, PA 16802, USA.
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Sternad D, Saltzman EL, Turvey M. Interlimb coupling in a simple serial behavior: A task dynamic approach. Hum Mov Sci 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9457(98)00006-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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